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THE LIBRARY
OF
THE UNIVERSITY
OF CALIFORNIA
LOS ANGELES
B. 0.
BAKER
LAWYER
UyA^^y-î
'_--
L/
PITMAN SHORTHAND
The WORLD RECORD System
The
WORLD RECORD
Makes Pitman Shorthand
Course
the Easier to Understand,
the Easier to Learn, the Easier to Write,
and the Easiest
to
Read.
Pun(5luation, English, Dic5tation,
Business Correspondence and Spelling,
Court Reporting
Sr JOHN
W.
HARRELL
The Commercial School Book Company
Copyright 1913
By
J.
W. Harbell
H^3
The
WORLD RECORD
System
WORLD CHAMPIONSHIP SHORTHAND

SPEED RECORDS.
The
greatest spêd and accuracy records writing and reading short-
hand throughout
all
time have been
made by Pitman
writers,
proving
conclusively that the Pitman System gives to the writer greater speed
capacity and greater accuracy in reading than any other System in existence.
e
S]
^
<
E
^
^
"3
It follows therefore, that just as the Pitman System gives to the most
expert writers greater speed and accuracy than any other system, it gives
to the novice, or the average shorthand writer greater speed and accuracy
than he could develop with anv other system.

Therefore, knowing as wê do that one hundred words a minute is
about the average speed attained by most stenographers, and that it is
necessarv to be able to write about one hundred words a minute to hold
an average stenographic position, we can readily understand why more
than eighty-five per cent of the stei\ographers employed by the Government and in every Department of Commercial and Professional Service
are
^^^
]Z
Pitman
^^'riters.
The United
Government employs 1579 Stenographers in the

Washington and 1356 of them are Pitman Writers,
States
nine departments at
more than 85%.

The \\'ôrld's Best Record learning Pitman Shorthand was made
students of this "World Record Course."
Ill
448568
l)y
International Speed Contest Records

Here
Is
Proof Absolute that Pitman Shorthand

Is
the Best.
PITMAN WRITERS WIN EVERY TIME.

Record of International Shorthand Speed Contests.
Five Minute Tests.
April
14, 1906,
Baltimore, Sidney H. Godfrey,
Pitman Writer
Gross Speed Per Minute, 167 Words; Net, 150; Accuracy, 98.1%
M. Wood,
Pitman Writer
Gross Speed Per Minute, 225 Words; Net, 163; Accurary, 96%
]\Iarch 30, 1907, Boston, Nellie
April
18, 1908,
M. Wood,
Pitman Writer
Philadelphia, Nellie
Gross Speed Per Minute, 260 Words

April
10, 1909,
Providence, Nellie M.
Net, 253
Accurary, 98.4%
Wood,
Pitman Writer
Gross Speed Per Minute, 277 Words
Willard B. Bottome, (Pitman)
Net. 264; Accuracy, 95.3%
Net, 264
Lake George, Willard B. Bottome,

Pitman Writer
Gross Speed Per Minute, 280 Words; Net, 262; Accuracy, 94.3%
August
24, 1909,
23, 1910, Denver, Clyde H. Marshall, (Success Writer)

Gross Speed Per Minute, 280 Words Net, 268; Accuracy, 95.58%,
Pitman Writer
Net, 269
Willard B. Bottome, (Pitman
(World's Record)
August
August
28, 1911, Buffalo,
Nathan Behrin,
Pitman Writer
Gross Speed Per Minute, 280 Words; Net. 268; Accuracy. 95.71%
August
20, 1912,
Neew York, Nathan
Behrin,
Pitman Writer
Gross Speed Per Minute, 281 Words; Net, 277.6; Accuracy. 98.8%
All of the
World Records made by Pitman

IV
Writers.

The
WORLD RECORD Course

THE WORLD'S BEST RECORD.
Miss Ruby Slaton
Miss Hazel Minor
WHO READ COLD SHORTHAND
NOTES
Without any previous knowledge of any system of shorthand, IMiss

Slaton and Miss Hazel Minor learned Pitman Shorthand by the
Harrell Method so thoroughly within three months that the}- took their
Ruby
examinations separately unfamiliar matter dictated at a speed of

one hundred words a minute their shorthand notes were exchanged, and
each transcribed the other's shorthand notes thus written rapidly without
assistance, and there was not an error in the transcript of either.
To make the test more rigid and severe, and to subject th-em to all of
the embarrassment incident to a first experience as stenographer in a
business office the crucial test of a stenographer's competency they
Avere sent separately to the offices of The Franklin Life Insurance Company where the Cashier, Mr. Frank Reedy, a stranger to them, selected
from his files the letters of which photographic reductions are shown on
the following pages, dictated one of them to ]\Hss Hazel Minor and the
other to Miss Ruby Slaton. Neither of the young ladies heard the dicMr. Reedy took their shorthand notes as soon as
tation to the other.
they were written and exchanged them. Without any assistance whatever from each other or otherwise, and with no previous knowledge whatever of the nature or the contents of the letter either had to transcribe,
they transcribed each other's shorthand notes rapidly and without error.
Search the world over, and nowhere will you find any record made
by students of any other Pitman text book, or an}^ other system of shorthand at anv time that compares at all favorably with this wonderful
final
achievement,
THE WORLD'S BEST RECORD LEARNING SHORTHAND
This
letter
was
dictated
by Mr. Frank Reedy
to
Miss Ruby
Slaton and transcribed from Miss Slaton's Shorthand

Notes by Miss Hazel Minor.
J O MUMPH9EY V.ceP"!va
6 R HIEBONYMUS.Tnsa-.o'w
0" H B BUC^. Mcdico;Diec
0" r MAXON Aoit Med Dt
The Franklin
J
VMEBB .jR.OF
FRANK RECOr.
WIL'. TAYLOfl A^st Set*

As.;T-Ea
tCGAP S PARNES
EDti" S. SCOT Vf
HEN3Y ABELS Se
Life
OE^ S&TA1>DEn1 Ageî.
WORKMAN.)
Vari-a^t'i^
Insurance Company,
SPRINGFIELD. ILLINOIS.
C*
>ALLAs. TEXAS
llarch 24,
1908
Hon. B. D. Glasôv/,
Dickeris,
Texas.
Dear Sir:
IIT
KE #6156S, Roberson
Referrinc to your favor of the 14th inst. and our conversation by telephone of the 2l8t insti concerniiig the above
naned, policy and the insured thereunder, I wish to say that
I have notified the Home Office of the Company, and the proper
blanlcs for proof of clalni v;ill reach you in a few days.
Inasniuch as Mr. Roberson died on the 12th inst., and
the note was not due until the 22nd inst., it v/as unnecessary
for me to forv/ard the note to you for payment at the time of v
your request for it, because we understand tliaj the policy is
in force, and that the unpaid premium v/ill, upon satisfactory
proof of claim, be deducted from the value of the policy, and
the balance be immediately paid to the beneficiary.
This instance fully illustrates the disposition of our
Company to oblige its policy-holders in every way popsible.
Y/lien Mr. Roberson 7;rote us last ITovember that he could
not possibly pay, he did not loiow that we would grant him such
a reasonable extension, nor that the policy would be paid at
30 ea.rly a date.
Even after signing the note, he wrote us that
it v/as useless for him to hope to meet it at maturity, because
since signing, he had lost his health and, consequently, lôpe
of redeeming his finaiicial independence.
Please convey to the "beneficiary this information concerning the policy, when the proofs of death of the insured
are sent to her for execution, and otherv/ise assist us in the
satisfactory adjustment of the claim.
We should appreciate a letter indorsing the Companj'- from
yourself, and also one from the beneficiary.
Thiwoking you for your kind advices in the matter, and
trusting that you will have many words of commendation for our
Company, I am.
Yours very truly.
letter was dictated by Mr, Frank Reedy to Miss Hazel

Minor and transcribed from Miss Minor's Shorthand
Notes by Miss Ruby Slaton.
This
,EOOARb SCCrXP.eiMni
-'mCNHY ABEIS Stc.oWf/
The Franklin
J
WEaB.
JR.
Life
iitO 8&'-^!)0E.nI Aj.rci

\V r WORKMAN (Va**-*;*
Insurance Company,
OF SPRINGFIELD. ILUNOIS.
FRANK dEIBV
DALLAS. TEXAS
Edgar
March 24, 1903
Scott,
President, Franklin Life Insurance Co.,
Springfield, 111.
Dear Mr. Scott:
IIT RE #61565, Roberson
lir.
S.
Referring to my letter of the 21st inst., asking for tlank

proof of clain under above named policy, I wish to report the facts
in this case as follov/s:
During the days of grace allov/ed by the policy for the payiiiant
of the annual premiiun on above policy'-, I took up, by correspondence,
the importance of the payment of the premi-'jiii with the assured, v.ith
the result that Ilr. Roberson replied that, owing to the financial
stringency and the failure of crops, he was unable to pay his preniuia, and, although he regretted to lose his insurance, yet he felt
that it was impossible to pay 1^he premium.
I replied immediately that insurance is never so valuable as
V7hen money matters are uncertain, and that our company is all the
I enclosed a note on the
more anxious to assist its policy-holders.
regulcir form, covering the premium and interest, and asked him to
sign it and return for your approval and thereDy get the needed extension. He did so. You approved the note and it was returned to
us for collection on Eebruciry 22, 1908.
A letter promptly addressed to Mr. Roberson, asking that he
give the note prompt attention, brought the replj"- from him, that it
"was useless for him to attempt anything further; that hia health was
failing, and that his future finances were very uncertain.
I replied
again saying that the insurance held good until the note matured tlie
22nd inst., but that he should make a strong effort to pay it at
that time.
A very few days before the not became payable a letter v/aa
received from District Attorney Glasgow, of Dickens, Texas, asking
that the note be sent to the Pirst national Bank at that place immediately, and that he would see to its payment, .Hot having tiiae to
reach him by mail, I called him by telephone to investigate the
matter, with tlie result of learning from him that Mr. Roberaon died
on the 12th of this month.
I understand, of course, that this policy is in force, and that
it v/ill be paid upon completion of proofs of death, less the amount
of the premium covered by the above note.
This case will prove valuable to the company, in that the people
will all the more exert themselves to keep their "insurance in force
and thereby give us a truer exposition of the value of our policies.
Yours truly.
'^^^^
WORLD RECORD EXAMINER'S

AFFIDAVIT
THE STATE OF TEXAS<
COUNTY OF DALLAS.
THIS IS TO CERTIFY, that on March 24, 1908, I received a request

by telephone from Mr. J. W. Harrell to the effect that he wished me
to give a test to two young ladies, Miss Hazel Minor and Mis^ Ruby
Slaton, that would, in my opinion, demonstrate their ability to meet
the requirements of any business.
I was not personally acquainted with either, and at the time I agreed
to serve him I had nothing in mind as a special test; in fact, I was
away from the office on important business matters nearly all afternoon, and returning very late found one of the young ladies. Miss
Hazel Minor, waiting for me and ready to take any dictation I might
give.
I accordingly rather hastily dictated a letter involving many of the
technical expressions of our business, without repeating any sentence
or portion of a sentence, and dismissed the young lady.
Then the other student. Miss Ruby Slaton, appeared, and to her I
dictated another letter so totally different as to afford no possible suggestion as to the wording of the other letter.
Neither of the young ladies heard the dictation to the other. They
left their shorthand notes with me and I exchanged them, and to my
surprise and pleasure they transcribed each other's shorthand notes,
thus written, not only very rapidly, but accurately. There was, in fa.3r.
not a mistake in either letter.

I will say that I cannot conceive of a test that would more fairly
and conclusively demonstrate the value of a system of shorthand,
or the Harrell method of training stenographers.
test, one of the young ladies. Miss Ruby Slaton, came
exactly one month later and took various kinds of letters,
covering the full routine of my business, with speed and accuracy,
demonstrating absolutely indisputable evidence of her proficiency.
I have read the statement of Mr. Harrell in regard to these tests,
and the photographic reproductions of the letters dictated as afore-
As a further
to
my
said
office
and signed by me, and they are
correct.
not interested financially nor otherwise with Mr. Harrell, nor

any other business school.
I
am
FRANK REEDY,
Cashier.
Signed and sworn to before me, this 11th day of May, 1908.
W. T. PACE, Notary Public, Dallas County, Texas.
Note. Mr. Reedy is well-known throughout the Southwest as the
Secretary-Treasurer of the Texas Methodist Sunday School Conference.
\III
late
Shorthand Alphabet
an ideal one for it gives a separate letter
sounds
we can utter, which enables us to
for each of the forty distinct
write the letters representing the sounds as they come in words.
The shorthand
The shorthand
alphabet
letter for
the middle of any letter

..;-X->,
The
is
"M"
"A"
"make", and
IS
is
"K"
i^..^-~~y^
<~~>.
is
and
is
^r^
Therefore,
is
"aim";
heavy dot by
'.
.
"ache";
is
"came."
signs or letters used to represent the sounds are the briefest,
These require but

single movement of the pen to represent a sound, and they are joined
writing more easily than the longhand letters.
and a curved
dot, a dash, a straight stroke
stroke.
a
iti
Consonants
.\\xv>^.i
V
Cay
LU)
Way T D
Ar
Emp-b
Ith
Ing
Ray Hay Heh
HOW TO MEMORIZE THE

By
letters,
from
glancing at the
to
right,
at
By sounding
the
Iss
V.\y Ish
V_
Weh Wuh Veh Vuh
ALPHABET.
j\
two
letters,
_\
Way
Ar
P, B,
first six
direction
forty-five degrees.
>s^
first
Zhe
we see that the

downward in the same
an angle of about
Written downward
Lay
of the alphabet
first line
P, B, F, V, R, Way, are written
left
//rrjj,
Z Chay
The S
we
find they are
made with
the
same way, and the sounds are the same, except that B is voiced
a little more than P. They are so closely related in sound, and are made
we link them in
so nearly alike,
the difference being shown by shading,
lips in the
memory
naturally.
Now make
left
of them
them
in
the
make
mind with
By sounding
first
two
letters,
the next two
and
the letters
P, B, on a sheet of paper, and to the
letters,
F.
V, and you will readily link
as left curves written in the
and
you
alike with the lips, the difference being that
same
direction.
made
more than F,
will observe that they are
is
voiced a
little
Pitman-HarrelIv Shorthand
and as
shown by shading, we Hnk them

each other, and similar in some respects to
this difference is
closely related to
Thus we have discovered sufficient

them in memory.
in
memory
between these four
relations
a:r
and B.
letters
to link all of
If
you
will write
and
on a sheet of paper and
are
all
written in the
that respect
little
more
differently
the fact
closely with
from
to the left of P, B,
Way, the fact that they

same direction will link them in mind as similar in
that R and Way are curved strokes will link them a
write F, V, and then to the right of P,
and
F
V
write R,
and V, and the fact that R and Way are curved

them with F and V as dissimilar curves
will link
and as the sounds they represent are not similar, they are easily associated
with F and V as dissimilar curves representing dissimilar sounds.
Now
write
ing order: P,
write R,
straight
all
B;
of the six letters given, beginning with P, in the follow-
to the left of these write F, V,
and to the right of P, B

letters come from the
Way, and you will observe that all of these

line, P.
We make it light for P, and shade
for
it
B ; we
curve
it
and shade that curve for V ; we curve it to the right for R,

shade
that
curve
for Way, and all are written in the same direction,,
and
downward from left to right at an angle of about forty-five degrees front
to the left for F,
the line of writing.
Now we
only the
have memorized these
letters,
P, B, F,
R, Way, but that
is^
first step.
Develop Permanent
Memory
To make this memory permanent, reduce time reaction or hesitation,,

and make the writing of these letters leflexive or spontaneous, you should
write them in the order given, P, B, F, V, R, Way, carefully twenty times:
and to prevent mind wandering each letter should be sounded audibly as
you write it, and all of the six letters should be written from memory
every time.
Every time you write rhem compare them with the letters
in the lesson.
Cover them with a card and write them from memory
again, striving to make them more accurately every time. Make them with
Accuracy must be
as quick movement as you can make them accurately.
acquired
first,
then speed will follow naturally.
very important as
a powerful factor
training the hand to write the letters readily as the sounds are heard.
Occasionally bright and highly gifted persons make poor lea-ners be-
Sounding the
it
in
letters audibly as they are written is
links the letters with the sounds they represent,
and
it is
Pitman-Harrell Shorthand
own
cause they act on hasty inferences of their
instead of following the
method here given.

If you find that you can memorize the letters easily without following
our plan, remember that to understand how a thing should be done is one
never-failing
thing, but to be able to
time
is
images are made

thus
made
is
it
expertly
way
in the brain
is
quite a different thing.
\êry
Careful work
The dark room work
it.
a thing
is
the
little
way
and that
in
a physical
is
the dark
in
room must be
development of knowledge
the doing of it is the training
in the
done, and expertness
of the nervous system
is
but you should remember that the image
only a negative.
done to develop
of the
do
required for a photographer to take a negative, and that
development dependent upon
systematic exercise and consequent growth.
The negative
in the brain of a brilliant person, like the negative of
a photograph, undeveloped,
Analyze the
letters in
soon fades away.
each of the other lines of the alphabet, discover
their relations, in what respects they are similar, thus linking them in
memory, and write them twenty times as you d'd the first line; bearing in
mind the fact that it is as easy to associate au'l remember dissimilar things
by their dissimilarity as it is to associate and remember similar things by
their similarity.
Written downward
Write "L" and "Sh"
Upward
or
Downward
Chay
\^
jf
Ith
Thee
"'^
Lay
Yay
^'"^^
'^^^
Strokes
Ish
the other
Downward
Zhay
The upward Sh is Shay, and the downward Sh is Uh.

The upward L is Lai;\ and the downward L is El.
Written forward
^^
K
Write "Hay" and "Ray"
Upward
Gay
^ ^y
-^
Ray
Hay
M
'
^-n.
n^
>^
Ing
Emp-b
'
H H
^
Iss
Weh Wuh Yeh
"
Vuli
Having memorized the consonant strokes as directed, write all of them

from memory five times. Every time you write them cover them with
a card and, from memory, write them again, each time more rapidly than
before, sounding them as you write them.
Write the entire alphabet from memory five times as directed in the
preceding paragraph once every day for thirty days.
VOWELS
A
vowel is a clear sound made through an open position of the mouthchannel, which molds or shapes the voice without obstructing its utterance; as e, a, o.
The union
of two simple sounds is a diphthong as ie in tie, oy in boy.

consonant is a sound formed by a closer position of the articulating
organs than any position by which a vowel is formed as p, b, f, v.
;
First Position
As heard
in the words,
Now
write
all
Aw
She
saw
him
the
Vowels
Oi
rob
my
FIRST POSITION
boy
vowels on a sheet of paper,
about the height of a T-stroke above the line of writing twenty times.
Every time you write them cover them with a card and write them again
more rapidly than before.
FIRST POSITION VOWELS

CONSONANT STROKES.
are placed
by the
BEGINNING OF
ABOVE HORIZONTALS or to the LEFT of OTHER

STROKES are BEFORE THE STROKE; when placed on the other
side, they are AFTER THE STROKE,
Vowels
Examine all of the following illustrations carefully, and then

seven perfect copies of each line.
ek
imp
in
ik
ke
me
ne
eke
imp
in
Ke
key
me
knee
When
LEADING
the
VOWEL
in a
word
is
or
gi
Guy
MOST PROMINENTLY ACCENTED
FIRST POSITION,
SLANTING STROKE
or
is
written
the
FIRST VERTICAL
ABOVE THE LINE OF
WRITING.
v_i
if
it
/
itch
.r
ill
make
I
saw
r
taw
/;
jaw
law
Pitman-Harreli, Shorthand
The purpose of writing consonants
is
sonant,
if
any reason the vowel should not be
for
\ e
bi
buy
VI
SI
li
vie
sigh
lie
All the consonants of a
boy
word are
WRITTEN CONNECTEDLY
PEN, and
the vowels are then placed
strokes.
,
L
peak
inserted.
WITHOUT LIFTING THE

by the
of the leading vowel

vowel by the position of the con-
in the position
to indicate the position of the leading
balk
dock
L_.
talk
When ONE FIRST POSITION
STROKES
it
is
placed by the
pitch
cheer
VOWEL occurs BETWEEN TWO

BEGINNING OF THE FIRST
STROKE.
mill
mile
kneel
knife
WRITING EXERCISE.
Write the following exercises according
your notes to your teacher.
to these rules,
and submit
she, tea, me, fee, tie, pie, die, thy shy, buy, nigh, my, Guy, coy, Foy,
Moye, imp, is, in, itch, if, thaw, gnaw, saw, jaw. Gee, knee, sigh, key,,
mock, cheap, tip, beam, dim, keep, kick, peep, Bopp, pipe, hit, dip, job,
ease,
deem,
ice,
King, Fife, knife.
Second Position Vowêls

A
As
in the words,
Write
Make Joe
get
up
vowels on a sheet of paper, ON THE

sounding each vowel as you write it twenty
of the second position
all
LINE OF WRITING,
times.
SECOND POSITION VOWELS

CONSONANT STROKES.
by the
are placed
-I
'
X
ape
go
-(..:
C.
...X
ate
oath
ale
-I
k_
Ed
owoJ
bow
foe
Abe
up
or
LEADING
may
know
V^
Fay
pay
say
):
so
Coe
jC
lay
,
low
MOST PROMINENTLY ACCENTED

SECOND POSITION, the FIRST VERTISLANTING STROKE is written ON THE LINE OF
the
VOWEL
CAL
egg
X:
When
own
aim
ache
MIDDLE OF
in a
word
or
is
WRITING.
dome
bail
robe
Jake
fame
lame
name
Rome
or O occurs BETWEEN TWO STROKES

is placed BY
THE FIRST STROKE; the other SECOND POSITION VOWELS
are placed BY THE SECOND STROKE.
When A
it
,u...
dumb
bell
rub
check
gem
Lem
numb
Pitman-Harreli. Shorthand
wreck
dump
rug
^> ^\
jump
fail
tub
tape
fell
Write the following" exercise according to these

rules,
and submit
WRITING EXERCISE.
day, gay, tow, sew, Poe, sho\v, dough, ate, egg, ode, oath, sow, up,
Utt, age, aim, ache, gay,
mow,
code, joke, peck, tub, gem, death, game,
bait, Kate, make, faith,

comb, dumb, numb, pump, tape. Jake, gate, take, neck, B^ck, Buck,,
maim;*T:humb, thump, hub, touch, buck, bug,
dump,
cage, bake, check, cheque, choke.
Third Position Vowêls
As
in the words,
Write
Ah 00
Arm Luke
00
at
Look
Ou
Out
View
on a sheet of paper, BELOW

sounding each vowel as you write it
of the third position vowels
all
THE LINE OF WRITING,
twenty times.
THIRD POSITION VOWELS

SONANT STROKES.
\
Abb
:)
use
are placed
"^
our
at
by the
END OF CON-
use
Ann
add
owl
LEADING or MOST PROMINENTLY ACCENTED

is THIRD POSITION, the FIRST VERTICAL
SLANTING STROKE is written THROUGH THE LINE OF
When
the
VOWEL in a word
or
WRITING.
v^'
bough
Va
vow
t^
due
y
shoe
z-iza
cow
__z:^
cue
v:;/;
few
due
a THIRD POSITION VOWEL occurs BETWEEN
STROKES it is placed BY THE SECOND STROKE.
When
vamp
lamp
..Â.-.>-^=\ ^.
wrap
roup
cap
tap
nap
gang
tamp
Jack
.....^
loop
-^
lap
lad
TWO
Jap
.4
loud
WRITING EXERCISE.
Write the following exercise according to these
rules,
and submit
dew, chew, cue, few, cube, add, out, at, use, sue, due, am, bow, shoe,
cow, hue, Hugh, palm, balm, calm, jamb, back. Jack, took, book, nook,
shook, cook, gang, poop, Duke, sham, dupe, chap, Jap, cab, boom, fad,
shad, bout, boot, cowed.
When there are TWO OR MORE VOWELS in a word, the LEADING or MOST PROMINENTLY ACCENTED VOWEL DETERMINES THE POSITION OF THE OUTLINE. Thus
....^r
easy
>y
icy
}.
Ada
essay
Abbie
adieu
ivy
X
obey
Erie
oily
eel
V.
Eva
\
Ida
L,.
Effie
echo
J
Anna
Eula
ashy
Emma
Ella
=^--^
Aggie
Annie
Ora
f-allow

When two vowels are to be placed before one stroke, the second
vowel is placed closer to the stroke
than the first one.
the signs used to show two vowels

are called coalescents.
The
of the
coalescent takes the position

first of the vowels it rep-
resents.
>..
Ewing
lona
Ewing
When two vowels are to be placed after one stroke, the first vowel
is placed closer to the stroke than
the second.
idea idea
If the first of the
sents
is
the
to
vowels
i.
\,
Eev ey
idea
Fowie
When two vowels coalesce, or

run together, as in line
1, they
may be written as in line 2; and
\..,
.Nt
payee
When
vowels
in a
Noah Noah Dewey Dewey Dowie
left.
it
the
If
represents
Owen
showy
Ewing
word, the
of the
first
is
a dash,
it
Noah.
The diphthongs are changed to
coalescents by adding a light tick,
as in Dcxvcv.
power
fewer
:Mduel
two or more consonant strokes and two
there are
repre-
it
points to the right; as in
"^S
J.
vowels
a dot, the coalescent points
or
more
FIRST VERTICAL OR SLANTING STROKE
VOWEL,
and the vowels

written in the position of the LEADING
strokes
according
positions
the
to the
by
respective
in
their
are placed
is
rules heretofore siven.
/r\
"W
Thus
<
f/;
lobby
folly
Molly
.^zIA../l).^
lady
valley
muddy
lazy
duly
balmy*
naughty
3
Cody
Talley
shoddy
.L/T.
fellow
carry
^^;
volley
Lottie
I
lidy
zi^.^; .\
levy
ruddy
Barry
showery
baby
fury
10
When two
vowels occur between two consonants, the strokes for

both consonants must be written, and one vowel must be placed by each
Thus
stroke.
ni'i'-s
may be
coalescent
Siam
'"i-
voyage
hyena
sower
chaos
Vayette
poet
v~>
i
Joyo'is
Zion
poem
poet
weigher
layer
miasma
used for two vowels between two strokes.
-^
payer
bias
Wyoming
Viola
Thus
being
boyish
sower
doer
WRITING EXERCISE.
Evie,
Effie,
obey essay,
Essie,
payee, Isaiah, Ohio, Iowa,
Emma,
Ida,
iota,
Noah, Hughey,
idea,
adieu, Abbie, pity, Kitty, kittie, poesy,
funny, naughty, shady, Dewey, joyous, piety, duty, diet, tidy.
AR AND RAY RULES.

1
Use Ar
Rome room
ream
to join easily with a following
Use Ray
F, V,
rum
rhyme
ramble
or Mp-b.
romp
rumble
Thus
remove
arm
Rumbo
to join easily with a following Chay, Jay, T, D, Ith, Thee,
or Ing.
Thus
.:^...^^..Zl....^...zt ...^.....^Zt....,^..c^:^..:(^...
rich
urgf
Use Ray
rate
road
to join easily
earth
wreathe
rife
Ervay
ruin
wrong
ring
with a preceding M, Mp-b, Hay, or Ray.
Thus
mar
empire
Harry
roar
mirror
emperor
horrify
rarefy
bearer
terror
Harvey

IN
^^
11
ALL OTHER COMBINATIONS

When
word begins Ar,
Arp
hourly
ark
When
rake
When
cherry
dairy
roup
rub
rob
word ends Ar, (no vowel
bear
door
dare
chair
rap
eureka
argue
Aurora
error
early
Thus
word begins Ray, (no vowel before R) use Raf.
rally
When
Europe
herb
orb
Thus
vowel before R) use Ar.
(a
jar
fair
word ends Ray,
Berry
Barry
(a
dowery
fire
rock
rag
after
roar
fewer
lower
vowel after R) use Ray.
fairy
showery
fiery
rely
Thus
R) use Ar.
shower
rear
fury
power
fear
Thus
Parry
Larry
WRITING EXERCISE.
Arc, Eric, herb, orb, fewer, shower,
dower, chair,
tire,
road, write, rate, route, rich, urge, earth, Avrong,
ruin,
ripe,
rainy,
rub,
renew,
renewed, tarry, ferry, fury, carry, Corey, dowry, Harry, hurry, Harvey,
Hervey, heroic, Aurora, repay, remove, rife, emperor, mirror, merry,
mar, marry, bearer, terror, fury, vary, door, dear, fair, jar. Czar, power,
roar, rear. Eureka.
LAY AND EL RULES.

1
Use Lay when L
is
the
ONLY CONSONANT STROKE
IN A
WORD. Thus
.
6.
lay
low
^ ^
lie
law
^
lieu
^
Lee
r.
ale
^C
owl
oil
^^
oily
f...
allow

12
Use Lay to join easily to a following

Shay or Lay. Thus
.^
../:\...'^.:..^..^......'^
leap
elbow
Use El
P, B, F, V, T, D, Ith, Thee, S,
Z,
alto
Nellie
knoll
lazy
Elsie
Thus
or Ing.
J.
lash
....^.....^.-...^...X..X...x^
.-:7:...>r:....^
kingly
lathe
lath
allied
to join easily with a preceding
.:r .^^..
nail
Elvy
life
a.
^.. ..R....:0
Newel
Nile
annual
annul
kneel
kneeling nailing
ALL OTHER COMBINATIONS
IN
When
Elm
Elco
alike
When
lake
word begins
When
fellow
alum
Alma
illuminate eliminate alimony
^ /^/^'Y^
lame
loco
word ends
-> >
file
Elmo
Thus
El.
alkali
vale
El, (no
Use Lay
vowel follows
loom
vowel after
use El.
it)
^'->"-->
^.-tI.-
vile
vowel
duel
Cooley
volley
fuel
Buel
(a
vowel
valley
fallow
after
Bewley
to join easily with a preceding S or
Thus
tallow
Jewel
royal
use Lay.
duly
-rylatch
^- -^ -^
Dowell
it)
love
locate
loop
/-
word ends Lay,
folly
lamp
loam
^- -^
Alleghany
Thus
word begins Lay, (no vowel before L) use Lay.
like
When
vowel before L) use
El, (a
coil
Thus
royally
stroke,
July
whether
or not.
Repeat from memory all of the Ar and Ray and the El and Lay rules
times every day for thirty days.
five
NOTE. Either Lay
or El may be used after

for convenience in joining to other strokes;
mileage, mill, milling, mailing.
It is better to use Lay in mile, mileage, mill, and
mail, but in milling and mailing the downward stroke, El, makes a more easily and rapidly written
as in mile,
outline.
15
WRITING EXERCISE.
Write the following exercise according
to the foregoing rules
and submit your notes
to
your
teacher.
Lee,
lie,
low, allow, Lou, alloy, Ealy, oily, Eulah,
Ella, elbow, lip,
lobe, lap, loop. Alba, Elva, love,
life,
ill,
loof,
lay, ail, ale,
Levy, Levi,
alto, allied, alight, Lettie, load, laid, lithe, lath, Lithia, Elsie,
Leovy,
Lawsie, lazy, Louis, Louisa, Louise, Lucy,
lassie,
lash,
lashed, Lily,
nail, kneeling, kingly, Nile, annual, annul, nailing, manual. Elk,

Elm, Elco, alike, Elmo, alum, Alma, eliminate, illuminate, Ulm, alimony, alkali, lake, lame, lime, like, loom, limb, loop, latch, lug, loco,
file, fail, viol, royal, July, Cauley, tallow, Bewley, duly, Buel, fuel, vowel,
Loula,
folly, fellow,
Cooley.
WORD-SIGNS
There are about three hundred and twenty words which are repeated so often
they constitute about seventy per cent of the words commonly used, and for
these contracted or abbreviated outlines are given, which should be thoroughly
memorized.
From a careful examination of every word-sign you will observe that it is

an important element of the word it represents, and you should note carefully
the elements which are not written out the parts omitted.
Memorize
the Word-Si^ns Thoroughly
14
EXERCISE ON VOCALIZATION
Make seven
PERFECT COPIES
pronouncing the
you write the
of the following exercise,
syllable distinctly, to train the ear, as
words very slowly, every

shorthand outline.
Make the first two copies slowly, and then write

than before, but make PERFECT outlines every time.
for speed.
Speed without accuracy is worthless.
'^
<^
')
,_^
'
S....'
/^
4..
'I
^^
J*
/^Tx.
i..
'^
si<
"}
^
.-V
s\
^V.A"I
...^rr-.. .-4^.
--^.....p.
'-^
Z"^.
y^.
^ r-^:
tea, fee,
3.
Erie.
oar.
5.
-/"
V-
'^'
6.
L L
^-i
"
v>^^
Y.
')%
'
>r^.
"^
12
'
'
.'^^
"
^^
1^
!^
1^
--,^.= >^
*
j3
14
^
^
V^._
{^
'
^y"
\
\
'
"'"
^^^
"^
"
>
'^~^
'
Ada,
Emma,
obey, echo, El-
essay, Effie.
at,
am, out, use, owl, use,
_y'
mew,
due,
tew, vow,
shoe,
Anna,
Eula,
adieu, Annie,
lona,
iota,
Ewing-Ewing,
^*^^^'
Isaiah,
Noah,
Ohio,
Dewey-Dewey, Dowie.
l^
!-
idea-idea, payee-payee,
Noah-
Noah, showy.
13.
Fay, few,
fee,
new,
^^-
go, low,
Ewell-Ewell, Iowa.
^^^^
*
10.
'
^^^
know,
may,
day,
ashy, Abbie, Aggie.
^^"
\
own, egg, oak, oath,
bow. hue.
9.
\'
Eva, easy, era ivy,
f ^-'f
jj
see, key, sigh,
add.
10.
aid, aim,
la,
7.
/"
^,
eke, ice, eel.
sew, show.
o.
gnaw,
oily, icy,
^.
/"
/)
2.
of, in, ease,
Lee.
..
Eat,
Do
1.
,4.
..
./^
v\'
3..^
each time more rapidly

not sacrifice accuracy
it
^^^'
nigh,
know,
sea.
low, hue, mv, bov, use,
Roy.
//
15.
shoe, law, pew,

Sfnaw, chew
buy,
use,
Date and sign the copies you have made and submit them to your teacher.
If
them
your notes have not been written neatly and orderly on the page, copy
carefully before submitting them.
15
EXERCISE ON VOCALIZATION CONTINUED.

Make seven PERFECT COPIES of the following exercise, pronouncing the
words slowly, everj' syllable distinctly, to train the ear, as you write the shorthand outline. Phonetic spelling is simply correct pronounciation. By pronouncing the words slowly and listening to the sounds you will soon find that the
pronounciation will give you the shorthand outline almost every time.
After making the first two copies, write the exercise each time more rapidly
than before until jôu
?^
S".
^
make
Y*
the required seven copies.
^^
^^
1-
A.
.^<-
i)ick,
Ijit,
boil,
file,
knife, like.
2.
3.Q
nieek,
'
%^ /n
UA^.V^.V
/^
mile,
life,
limb,
talk,
limp, live,
lithe.
bought,
3.
type, ripe,
sheep,
rob, dodge, guide.
4.
tame, dome, came,

mail, mole, robe.
comb,
5.
gem, dumb,
i)ump,
bump,
palm, room,
tack,
jamb, tube, book.
damp,
fell, jet,
6.
7.
rub.
shower, jar, par, Czar, fowl,

mule.
far,
8.
lobby, folly,
Mollie, Lottie,
naughty, shoddy, volley.
9.n
9.
fellow,,
10.
valley, duh', balmy,

carry, Barry, tallow.
11.
Zion, pious, poet, diet, joyous, sewer, chaos.
12.
12.
booty,
Jewess-Jewess, gaiety-gaiety,
joyous-joyous, Louis.
13.
cake, roar, pipe, bib,

tidy, hero.
14.
Harry, hurry, gag, duty,

keg. Pope.
18
14
15.
lady, Cody, muddy,

lazy, levy, Robey.
15.
name, fear,
among,
ey,
Date and "^^n the copies you have made, and submit them
lash, shell,
cook,
rare,
mon-
Irish.
to 3ôur teacher.
Pitman-Harreu. Shorthand
16
The
The sounds represented
in
Iss-Circle
longhand
b}^
5 and Z
or
occur more fre-
quently than any other sounds of the language, and for that reason the Isscircle
is
we
S or Z, as it joins with any of the other

and can be written more rapidly than any other sign
used as a brief sign for
characters
more
easily
could use.
beginning of a stroke comes first; any vowel becomes next; then comes the stroke; then any vcwel following the stroke, and then the circle at the end of the stroke.
The
circle at the
fore the stroke
The
circle is
On
made
O-MOTION.
Straight Strokes by the
.& k ^
I
Iss-Pee-iss
soap
>^
sap
I
said
z^
^. ^..J^.^y:
such
seek
"-
Iss-Ray sorrow Sarah
-'^
:l
pose
On
days
adz
ties
case
spy
stew
HAY by CLOSING THE HOOK.
sty
HAY
and
Sahara
THE O-MOTION.
Pee-Iss-Pee
Between
sky
^
Iss-Hay
Between Similar Straight Strokesby
surrey
L-
stay
^-^
HAY ON THE RIGHT
tst
ksk Ray-iss-RayHays-Hay
SIDE.
Between Divergent Straight Strokes OPPOSITE
task
risk
THE ANGLE.
disc
justice
NOTE In
position vowel,
it
such combinations as
7' is
following
a,
comes between the T-stroke and the
On Curved
....(^
safe
I$s-F-Iss
Strokes
-L
word "task"
the third
/j-^-circle.
'^
same
soar
in the
in the curve.
3.......^
save
we have
written in the third position after the T, and
v^
^
views
face
sign
poser
Between Curved Strokes IN
says
sing
i,x..
-:ri
honesty
visit
ways
THE CURVE.
Between Straight and Curved Strokes IN
;i^
desire
basin
THE SECOND CURVE.
^.^^ ^
Mason
The
side of the stroke
..\?.
t'
-b
..
V^
..-
l^
'-
..'"V
facility
resume
circle is
formed when made
ac-
CIRCLE SIDE.
SEVEN PERFECT COPIES
is
the
'^"''^
'
,<:v|".
Suppose, stays, suds, seeks,

sorrows.
Tasty,
r-"^\p
Pose, days, chase, case, pass, rose,
^,^
N.
~L
loseth
on which the
cording to the foregoing rules
MAKE
Nason
decide,
saps,
Tuesda}^ cask,
bi-
ceps, resource.
Task,
.r
desk,
gasp,
bestow,
rusty
no-sir,
mask.
risk.
....V--^
Pacifj%
Same,
^lose,
desire,
soon,
sir,
safe,
save, seize.
nose, loss, face, vase,
Xason, unsung,
sel,
visit,
thistle.
lastlj-,
size.
nestles, ves-
Rules for the Uses of the Circles and the Strokes.
MAKE SEVEN PERFECT COPIES

1.
When
S or
is
ONLY STROKE in a word. USE the STROKE.
the
Thus^
>
say
2.
essay
When Z BEGINS
^
Czar
3.
saw
a word,
ask
espy
STROKE. Thus,
the
zero
f
aside
word
i
acid
Zanesville
Zion
zinc
BEFORE
S or
Z,
USE
the
w^^
escape
assume
assail
the foregoing and the following outlines.
\
sack
spy
'f
side
When a VOWEL ENDS

the STROKE. Thus
rosy
Compare
size
^..k.^Lx^.
When a VOWEL BEGINS

STROKE. Thus,
Compare
seize
sees
USE
zealous
zeal
4.
>
use
juicy
lazy
sad
<v^
scope
r.
Sam
word immediately
daisy
noisy
lassie
sale
AFTER
busy
the preceding and the following outlines
-^
rose
l-"^
juice
lace
^
days
"
noise
^
lass
bees
S or Z.
USE
When
5.
TWO VOWELS are BETWEEN
In
Z and any
S or
other con-
USE the STROKE. Thus,
sonant,
6.
19
:>
science
pious
^ f->r^
chaos
joyous
bias
ALL OTHER CASES, USE
CIRCLE
the
Lewis
Diaz
S or Z.
for
-^-rsigns
buys
pies
case
joys
Dees
loose
MEMORIZE THE FOREGOING RULES PERFECTLY.
THE DIPTHONG SW,

A
Large Circle
JLJ
o^:2r::^,
,.,n
swore
swayed swiich
swearing
swivel
paces
vowel
/.
suage
at the
end
sweet
^_
swine
I
swayed
Sway.
is
-^
-^
sweep
Swope
swipe
of a Stroke, or
swum
swarm
"^
<^
<^,...ff^.
swim
^v^
swam
swamp swing
between Strokes^
is
ses,
Thus,
,..__JSO.......Se
pieces
swear
swell switch
Large Circle
ces, zes, etc.
swim
<r..j^...
SWAY.
beginning of a stroke
^ ^ ^
-f
sweet
seat
at the
or
faces
N-JP
noses
may be
^.
roses
"
losses
""
possessive excessive exist exhaust incisive decisive
'
'
possess possessory recess recess
written in the ses
z^.^ -f.^ k
circle.
'No
excess abscess
Thus,
-^.t^-A. --^
exercise emphasize capsize
exercise
emphasize
Pitman-Harreli< Shorthand
20
Ste and Ster Loops
Small Loop
and
is St^
it is
used when the sounds of S and T are

lost, artist.
Thus,
together in the same syllable, as in stay, post, cost,
post
best
toast
/^
store stillest stoutest
stuffy
stitch
Large Loop
^4
posts
Sez Circle or a Loop adds
-^ ^.
..X
tests
nests
rr:.-,
rests
costs
.V
feasts
vast
artistic destiny suggestion
^^
b"
duster
poster
Looping
must
zest
e--fc,,..L.^
mystify justify statistics
Thus, _\:)
Ster.
is
nest
voiced
feast
tossed
cost
L. ^_ -^4
:i:
study
chest
muster
/^,
faster
luster
N^.
buster
Thus,
S.
X)
^... .^.....^
Xi...
dusters musters roasters coasters busters
posters
W-HOOK
^^
Weh-P weh-b
l.l.Z^^.--.c^LC..CC..lli^..DI^
w-t
w-d w-ch w-j
^..^^
wem
w-s w-z w-sh w-zh w-r w-w

^^..^..îC.^
w-gay
w-k
w-ray
wemp-b weng
wen
w-v w-th
w-f
w-yay
wel
A LARGE HOOK at the beginning of a stroke on the CIRCLE

of RAY, and OPPOSITE THE CIRCLE SIDE of other straight
strokes, or IN A CURVE is W, and in reading the W comes first.
SIDE
Thus,
11
Wt
Wd
-T
"^
^^
wood
week
wag
wqif
wig
"'Aod
walk
.1:
Q
wide
widow
'n,^,.
wicked
....(a
wealth
Waco
^^^ ^
Wp Wb
-^
wife
weep
v/eb
'^
.c
waiver
wise
^ ^^
wine
wing
work
warm
wiser
-^
wedge witch
C
with
c^
wore
^...
watch
^
worth
21
.s
'-^
1;
i;
,.^
Ir^
post, boast, test, dust, chest
fast,
L.
step, stub, stout, study, stitch
^...
stiff,
steepest, stoutest, stiffest,
r:
must, nest, lost
j^
.,.
.-/zz:-
k -^
stave, stith, steam,
stem
stil-
starost
lest,
majes-
justify, destiny,
tic,
vast,
i
6
eulogistic
poster, boaster, duster, coaster,
caster
.x<t::>
/il
>:r^..
muster, lustre, Foster, nestor,
master
9
investor,
barrister,
Dexter, register
10
bolster,
\o
10
paces,
bases,
cases,
pieces,
roses
ko
/^
i=je_.<T^
C'
11
faces, laces, noses,
Moses,
loss-
es
12
12
Caesar,
13
emphasized, exercise, exhaust,

exist, possessed
14
posts, boasts, tests, casts, costs
15
posters, boasters, dusters, cast-
13 _.
14
15
.^
.X:>...
.j4
A...
..'^.
6^
Cicero, basis,
ors, coasters
disease,
Touch Typewriting and English
22
Making
a stroke
M, N, El
D, and not T,
Halving Adds T or D
HALF-LENGTH adds T or D. Thus,
fc
I:
day
date
lay
or
Ar may be
is
added.
late
SHADED
know
note
when
HALVED
show
to
that
Thus,
i^
..^
need
"
:__....
made
NOTE None
r_.^..^.._.^
--\
needed
erred
old
ended
D from T.
Mp-b, Ing, Yay and Way are never HALVED to add T or D unless
there is an appendage to the stroke, a circle or a hook to distinguish them from Med, Ned, Eld and Ard.
shaded
of the other strokes are
to distinguish
DISJOIN
It is occasionally better to
that
dated
HALVED
stroke to
show
HALVED.'
it is
X.
:âwaited
doubted
piped
to
make
judged
kicked
for
or
indebted
bobbed
roared
for
GENT-CURVESto
make
gigged
or
rotated
Thus
gagged
after
reared
hurried
horrid
TANGENTS
the outline legible.
In words of one syllable, write out the stroke for

or
radiated
or TANThus
vacate evoked located vacated monied eliminate illuminate
looked
Hay
after similar connecting straight
the outline legible.
Write out the stroke
locate
n:v...Xli:
biped
tided

strokes
_..\
\:
Ray
to
make
the outlines legible.
x]...l _,:I__.ll..!:l .1
road
hate
head
right
heed
read
or
Thus
^ ^.^
hat
height
hood
after

23
In words of two syllables with two accented vowels, write out

the stroke for
-n
or
D to
indicate the syllables.
Thus
n^'^ "Ui /^l>l
""i
unite
allied
annoyed allowed
allude married
borrowed renewed
tirade
torrid

I-
^T^
pay, pate, day, date,
know,
note,
debt,
not,
tight
y*
r-
a..v
pet,
cheat,
net,
deed
caught,
apt, etched, act, art, east, eased,
used
4...V
_,
V
r.
K.
f^
5
<.
6-
k-
Pat, chat, cat, bad, light, fight,
thought
pit, get,
mate,
fate, lot, fougnt,
naught
-^
need,
shout,
foot,
feet,
void,
meet, night
7
"^
pout,
let,
oust, late, kite, coat,
mate
8 made, need,
died, might
erred, did,
old,
melt, mold, nailed, failed,
left,
moved, kept
^
S '^V
'^
l^
4
I.,.
'"^ ^^.
-rn-
\^
klj
\î-^K
> "^ r ^.
10
caged,
reached,
hitched
budged,
latched,
touched,
notched,
11
faded, loaded, shaded, needed,

ended, noted, voted
12
acted,
13
biped,
dated, doubted, tided,
awaited, indebted, rotated
14
lauded,
pitied, alluded,
allotted, lifted, invited
vital,
vitalK',
needle,
notify,
written, writing, heating

5.
îj,
.-.
"i^^^"^'
1-
'-01.
15
undoubted, undoubtedly, indicated, intended, estimate, aptitude, multitude
XI
16
hate, rate, heed,

road, head
17
allied, unite, annojêd.
write,
huge,
allowed,
allude, married, tirade

diet, radiate, poet,
Jewett,
19
myriad
lad}',
muddy, Cod}',
booty, duty, naughty
putty,
20
kicked, piped, looked,
18
9/n'
20.
'^ ~T
r~i
fiat,
duet,
paid, bate,
pod
vacate,
Pitman-Har
24
Shorthand
lELi.
WORD-SIGNS
NOTE T
T
or
used for "time,' and occasionally
is
it
is
convenient to use
for "what."
Either
more
Ar
or
Rav may be used
Ray
for "are."
often joins to other strokes
easily than Ar.
m, any
if
'v_
^\.
might-y
about
fact
for,
few, half
old,
ever
^.L ^
world, hold, held
good
doubt
get,
have
..Lrrr..
however
time,
may
what
be,
improve-ment
cou'd
it
at,
are
out
our
think
long
new, knew
thing,
thank, thousand
us, use
thee,
thy
they,
them
am, may, him

cause, because
where
though, thou
when
was
by,
represent-ative-ed
buy
whenever
be, object
come, can, came, country
these, thyself
establish-ed-ment
this
thus,
influence, in his
each
change, which
charge,
astonish-ed-ment
those
much
your, yes
c-^
"^
will, wilt
shall,
shalt
wish,
she
wherever
influences
influenced,
honest
herewith
her,
hear, here
importan-t-ce
no,
next
î
simpl-e-y-icity
that
(
without
me, my, time
away
put
know
map
similar-ly-ity
language
own
why
now
along
give-n
25
PHRASING
Phrasing
the joining, grouping or blending of outlines represent-
is
ing a group of related words.
AN
Light Tick
AND.
or
at the end,
like
but
it
and
and were,
joined at the beginning of a phrase
should be joined at the beginning
if
and
you.
and
if,
what
the,
the,
the,
if
is
THE.
^.
.:i
whenever
are the.
for the,
and whenever
an hour,
a few,
for,
k
were
is A,
be joined
possible.
Light Slanting Tick at the end, or between words,
with the,
may
-f\
and we,
or
Occasionally this tick connects words, or
the,
wherever the
Light Slanting Tick at the beginning is I. The I-Tick at the

beginning is always above the line of writing, and it governs the posiA T or K-Tick may be used for I between words.
tion of the outline.
1
think
linlt,
.^
when
do,
when
know,
think,
when
have
tzL
.r:
shall,
will,
4 S^.
"a.
"::i
.2r
.r2
lam,
have,
the,
shall
be,
if I
can
be,
so
think you will have the
1 15
I
think,
because
was
Light Slanting Tick written like Chay on the line of writing at

the beginning of a phrase is HE. The HE-Tick at the beginning is always on the line of writing, and it governs the position of the phrase.
he may,
he knows,
he
NOTEThe
may
he
he,
I-Tick
is
ginning by position.
and the HE-Tick
will,
he cannot
he
be,
will
have
distinguished frorh the
is
he cannot have the
at the be-
FIRST POSITION,
SECOND POSITION.
The I-Tick
always
the.
HE-Tick
is
always
Pitman-HarreIvL Shorthand
26
The HE-Tick may connect words
in
any
position.
S
when he was,
so he thinks,
ii
he was,
shall he be.
if
he can
because he was
be,
Any of the other Word-Signs may be joined together, or with other

words, in phrasing, the Word or Word-Sign at the BEGINNING
governing the position of the outline.

-^
U
>
>
of the,
on the,
01 liie,
^
is
the
^.
\-.
to the,
shoula the,
but the,
as to
all
how
how many,
how much,
Should
may
long,
how
be written upward or
too
much
muc
with these,
soon,
with
downward
the
although
hough
almost
the
/^.
who
.<l
as the
1^
before the,
this,
to
too important
with those, what was
form a sharp angle
with a following wôrd
2^
-^^.
would not have, would not
be,
/rw:^^.
AKrr^^JS-r
.0^^::^
you should not have, should you receive, you should not
....(^.V^..
be.
if
you think you

will
The Word-Sign
in phrasing,
for
You may be
and occasionally
it
have
inverted to join at a sharp angle
takes the position of the follow-
ing word.
As
or
Has may be
joined in phrases, but the circle for as occasionally
takes the position of the following word.
Sway
at the beginning of a phrase
Is His, Is As, His
Is,
His Has, As
Is,
be used for As We,

or Has His, As Has, Has
may
As.
-^
as
fast,
S.
as
far,
as
if,
as
if
we should,
L,.
as for that,
c.
as well as.
as
we
fear
A DOT
CON. COM,
at the
BEGINNING,
COG.
or
'x..
or a
BREAK
Us, As,
bv
Is,
THE OUTLINE,
|x>..
accommodate recognize
His or Self may be added by
recommend
SMALL CIRCLE,
anc
LARGE CIRCLE. Thus,
C
myself
is
Thus,
decompose
SELVES
IN
21
himself
hers-herself
yourself
ourselves
L
themselves
yourselves
DICTATION.
Copy every
letter given for dictation several times,
forth in the class until you write

It is
truly, or
it
then dictate
back and
it
correctly without hesitation.

Mr. or Messrs., Dear Sir, Gentlemen, Yours
not necessary to write

truly yours in shorthand.
Ntx\
\_,a.
Mr. B. M. Smith,
Indianapolis, Ind.
Dear
If
the
Sir:
you can be
first
May, we
of
make up
in
Cincinnati about
ready to
shall be
a route-list for
you
to
work
Texas, Louisiana, and Mississippi.
We
to
think
make
it
would be well
for
you
these states before the hot
summer months, and
be
ready to
work Missouri and Minnesota
in July
and August.
Write us when you receive
when you
will
be in
Very
TWH-VH
this just
Cincinnati.
truly yours,
23
2
1
28
DOUBLING
DOUBLING
LENGTH
the
of
ING
adds
Kr
or
Gr
(ker or ger).
Thus,
inker
DOUBLING
finger
linger
LENGTH
the
EMPER or EMBER.
of
anchor
hunger
kinker
Mp-b (emp) adds R
(er),
making
it
Thus.
timber lumber September damper bumper jumper
DOUBLING the LENGTH

iter,
of
ANY STROKE adds T'r,
D'r or Th'r
Thus,
der or ther.)
\^letter
father
mother
neither
order
rather
letters fathers
mothers voters orders
weather
A'owels are placed by double length strokes just as they are by single length or half length strokes, and the syllable added by doubling
lows and vowel after the double length stroke.
NOMENCLATURE
Shorthand outlines are named thus:
Gay
Gay
Gay
C\
-Iss-Chay-2
ss-Chet-2
Get
D-Iss-J-2
J-Xet-2
-N-2
-
I
F-B-2
F-1
i>^
J-Ste-3
.S^,.
'
f
_
these
J-S-2
K-1
F-2
K-2
F-3
Ket-1
.j^
V-1
V-2
names and
illustrations
K-Iss-1
Ket-2
'V-3
From
K-Ster-1
you can readily
name
other
shorthand
characters.
fol-
29
NOTET or D added by HALVING follows any vowel after the

HALVED STROKE, but a circle or a loop at the end of a halved
stroke FOLLOWS the T or D.
\>
')
^ ^.
pates, dates, cuts, cheats, notes
fathers, letters, oysters,

ers,
moth-
waters
inkers, fingers, lingers, hankers,
cankers
4
/T^
^
N,
A.
^^
lifts,
\^
\::i^-
\p
cumbers,
molds,
lifters,
molders,
fold
bumpers, dampers,
chambers, tempers
arts,
orders,
fights,
fighters,
lights
I:.
"-Co
paste, pates, pasted, pasty, dust
possess,
possessed,
posted,
invoices
invest,
invested,
poster,
refutes,
re-
adjusts,
ad-
fused, refuses
10
.A.
13
/:..
10
adjust,
adjusted,
juster, adjusters
j^.
11
12
{,.
:^
:^
11
w
^...
midst, lightest, latest,
fattest,
stillest
1..
12
vitals,
needles, notify, writing,
endless
.._Ao.
24.
..!LiJP.
tiP
13
peace, pieces, toss, tosses, face
14
dispose, dispossess, reduce, reduces, repulse
15
harness, harnessed,
sense, senses
harnesses,
30
A DOT
THE.
END
,^.k.
having
at the
Thus
is
ING.
A LIGHT SLANTING TICK
is
ING
i^<..
decomposing
composing
making
making the
recognizing tne
taking the

&
Messrs. Smith
New York
Nason,
City.
Gentlemen:
have your
and
will
v^^
November
about the
field
9,
City the last
days of December to
five
L^
letter of
New York
be in
you wish me
you
see
to v/ork
after the first of January.
have worked the best
in
cities
Missouri, Illinois and Iowa recently,
and
think
it
days,
me
would be well for
work Minnesota before the
to
especially
St.
holi-
Paul, Duluth and
Minneapolis.
I
list
to
have made up the attached route-
month of December so as
reach New York about December
for the
26.
J-::-,
S,(,
V^
have
Minnesota
in
thought
February,
of
but
working
if
you
can have some one else to do so,
me
would
suit
Ohio,
Illinois,
better to
and
it
work Iowa,
Indiana,
as
the
winters in Minnesota are too severe

for me.
Very
JWH-VH
truly yours,
31
HOOKS
I'Oft
hand L hook
TL
P
ri-.-N
VnV
t^
r
dl,
CHL
r^
ch
jl,
I,
The consonant Z, frequently unites with another consonant,

word "apple a-pl forming a dipthong.
in the
as with p
These dipthongal consonants are elementary sounds, and are represented

by elementary dipthongal consonant signs which are to be memorized just
as you did the simple consonants of the alphabet.
The dipthongal consonants
are distinguished from the simple consonants

beginning of the stroke, and in writing them, the hooks are
by hooks
at the
made
the stroke following with a continuous movement.
first
DIPTHONGAL CONSONANTS.
k\
/ ./
^_^
Pel Bel Tel Del Chel Jel
^^^
Li
I
idle
,//.......
I-)
addle
total
I>^
Gel
^^
battle
muddle
Kel
Gel
clip
globe
floral
pickle
^
Rel and Shel
upward
barrel
buckle
glory
^^^ w
Thel Thel Ethel Bethel
'y^.\y^\y'-.^
Mitchel cudgel Rel
are written
Chel Jel
Fel Vel Th'l Thel Shel Zhel Mel Nel
Rel
^ \
-.
'
Te; Del
Kel
J KyK/
<^
Shel
Mel
Nel
panel
Hummel
final
bushel
facial
Campbell tunnel
32

^'
^'
\--^
t
-\
^
{
V--
(.
<
play, plea, blow, blew, clay
apple,
flow,
bible,
able,
fly,
addle,
flew, oval,
ogle,
eagle
Ethel
i
pebble,
table,
double,
pickle
{ z:
s
:l
>
J__
pledge, black, club, globe, clip
tattle,
chappel, bottle,
dabble,
tickle
bloom, flame,
flap,
fable,
feeble,
flood, floor
nickel,
shackle,
blame
10
^ \^
^'7
4 n
-J
-A
r~^
fickle,
buckle, IMitchell, muddle,
nipple
bble,
coddle, cudgel,
local,
"l: ble
11
reply,
giggle,
shuttle,
glib,
clock
11
12
climb, clam, flag, flake, facial
13
fling, shovel, cavil.
12
e
13
id
-^ \
14
14.
Bethel, aw-
ful
bungle, wrangle, clinch, flinch,

flange
15
,.\
15
Campbell, panel, pummel, channel,
funnel
Combined with Hooks
Iss-Circle
The
made
Iss-Circle is
SIDE OF STROKES and
1 ^
Iss-Pel
:r
sable
settle
distinctly within
!=...
saddle
sickle
Iss-Fel
satchel
-^
civil
CIRCLE
hooks on the
BETWEEN STROKES.
.^
33
Thus,
i^
\-..^^...
safflower civility peaceable physical
ndisclose feasible rascal explore exclaim
install
unsettle unsaccle innill
classical
Notice that install and instill each has a prominently accented vowel
T and the L, and for that reason the L stroke is written out.
between the
The diphthongal consonants Tel and Del are heard distinctly in the
words unsettle and unsaddle, but the circle cannot be made easily in
the hook between N and Tel or Del, and for that reason the L stroke
is
used
Twây, Dwây,
Kway, Gwây, Hwây
Tway
Dway
L.c_...c_
Pway B-w K-w
G-w
UJ-J-J^^.
Tway Dway
twig dwell
twitch
The sound of Qn
.C-,
d'..^..
Hway whoa
whip
Dwyer
is
the
Pueblo
same
^..^^^
whew wharf
whirl
~r
Kway Gway
as Kxi',
r
side\\ise
quire
and Gu
5^
is
guano
the
same
quail
as
quell
Gw.
^^...S- ii!i:^
subway squad
sequel exqiii.-iie
square
34

^v
^v
(^v
,^.
^
1
supply, supplies, supplied, split,

splits
^<i>_^
\jy^l
^^T-sn
splurge.
splash,
splicing,
splotch, supplicate
'V
/.
:\^^^^
v^-v_i>
sable, sublime, sublimely, sub-
limate, sublimeness
,.|
1.
subtle, settled, settles
settle,
settle
sidle, saddle,
sidled,
saddle*',.
sidle
sachels, sickle,
satchel,
cycl(\
suckle
7
Seigel,
safiflower,
civil,
suf-
flate, civility
civilized, civilizer, civilizes, senility,
social
peaceable,
passable,
bicycle;
possible, disciple
10
display, displaced, displays, displaces, displease
11
disclaim,
displayed,
exclaim,
disclose, disclosed
12
feasible, visible,
infusible,
in-
visible, refusable
13
explicit, explore, explosive, tax-
able, rascal
i4....::fc
-^..^-A^
14
unsettle,
unsettled,
unsaddled, unsaddle
unsaddle,
for
K may be INTERSECTED
COMPANY. Thus.
(T-
ur company, your company,
for this
35
(written through a preceding stroke)
company, Smith Company, Gas
and company. Table Company's
Co.,
WORD-SIGNS
issue
party, hope,
happy
.aC^.
to be
feature,
V.
v^
Vc
holy
it
after
are,
future
go,
recollect
gave, together
eviden-t-ce-ly
ago
kingdom, common
ordinary. Lord, read
nature,
of
>^
if
will- wilt
whole, allow
it,
avoid
yard,
await
yo
our
concealed,
advi-ce-se
previous
caught
agent
^^
way
quite,
note
not, in
hence,
seldom
what
knows
extraordinary
several
United States-U.
dollar-s
do, defendant,
somewhat
^^_P-- n>
.<r>
had, advertise-ment
familiar-ly-ity
its,
it
is
home
itself
under, hundred
at first
ti
regular-ly-ity
say, so
hand
somebody
advantage
)/
large
/
advantage-s-ous
^-^
largest
Hi
agency
^'1
you
purpose
impossib-le-ility
immediate-ly
irregular-ly-ity
year
usual-ly
put
remit-tance
S.
36
The Campbell-Black Table Company,

Mitchell, South Dakota.
Gentlemen:
We
enclose
Shuttles,
written
letter
&
Stiffles
Flood about the
double clinch nickeled globe
4876
double
flanges and
eagle club clamps, table
panels
by-
them on our order
shipped
November
7.
Please write them and see
if
you
can please them by removal of the

panels and clasps, or by replacing the
clamps and panels.

If
the tables are unstable, as they
claim,
with the
globe
double
eagle
club clamps clinched and the nickeled
swivel
flanges
buckle blocks,
clasped by the globe
we
shall conclude that
the tables cannot be
our purposes,
and
made
suitable for
shall
discontinue-
handling the Campbell-Black
Table
Company's globe double eagle club

clamp
tables,
nickeled swivel flanges,
clinched, panels and clasps.
Yours
truly,
and
T may
be
D mav
be
INTERSECTED
INTERSECTED
/^
my
ATTENTION or COMMITTEE,
DEPARTMENT. Thus,
,>
your attention
attention
for
for
37
best attention
our attention
House Committee
Navy
Dept.
Fire Dept.
WORD-SIGNS
piibli-c-sh-ed
knowledge
anything
disadvantage
enlarge
discharged
notwithstanding
in
nevertheless
request
average
New York
discharge
something
forever
especial-ly
never,
November
inquire,
above
anywhere
essential-ly
nowhere
unaware
we
are,
while,
one,
expectan-t-ce-y
superintendent
wire
with
)y
we will
we know
with me-my
with him, we
^^N
your.
history
memorand-a-um
may
acknowledge
whom
we may be-improve
whether
become, became
except
accept
situate-d
refer-s-ence
references
/LAo...
as
when
satisf-y-ied-actory-ily
'^^.^
peculiar-ly-ity
stenographer
January
as
we
are
respect-ful-Iy
initial
entire,
neither
insur-ed-ance
no other
English
another
nothing
February
enough, in fact
f.
o. b.
O. K.
\.
448568
collect-C.
O. D.
38

The
Safflovver Bicj^cle
Civil
Supplies
Company,
Schuylkill, Pennsylvania.
Gentlemen:
you can
If
voice
you
for
the enclosed in-
settle
bicycle
recently
for the Sadler
Company by December
have
can
18,
company
the
Cycle
Sadler Cycle
Company
to bicycle
we
possibly
supply
bi-
and bicycle supplies to
cycles
rate
shipped
supplies
the
at the regular
agents in the future.
As you know,
is
it
the rule to
sell
bicycles and bicycle supplies to agents

exclusively, and for that reason
possible that
we
company
satisfy the bicycle
would be
feasible
that
at Schuylkill
Company as
displeasing agents who
the Sadler Cycle
bicycles
^-î'i3_:^.\A_L.!Z\__C.__ ^_
and
bicj^cle
where and nothing
However, we
as
the
plies
Civil
it
with
agents
handle
supplies
else-
else.
shall
Cycle
Sadler
the
is
to handle bicycles
and bicycle supplies
without
it
shall not be able to
do our best for
Company
Safiflower
as
well
Bicycle
Sup-
Company.
Respectfully yours,

SHORTHAND
PlTMAN-Hi^RRELIv
i?ight
hand
E hook
rJ^\
/5CHR
'n1/
\\
II
^ t t ? r
v\
pr,
br,
dr,
tr,
chr,
jr,
(T-
kr,
gr,
frequently blends with other consonants, forming- a dipthongal

consonant, and such diphthongal consonants are represented by hooked
Thus
strokes.
Per Ber pry
upper
prow
^\
Ter Der
trip
//
> >V
trap
rubber
Fer Ver
S^.- ^
feeder
drip
fiber
"
^/
>
C/ierJer pitcher butcher ledger Thatcher
fry
fever
^''
crate grade
rocker
'I
,^JJ2
-}
^-
''^
Thr Ther three through feather lather
t.
Phyfer
frill
ladder
Z>
-"-^
throw
major
5/!er Z/jg/- measure dasher Mozier flasher leisure
figure
Mer Ner
,Z1^^,.Z]Ker Cer
frame
i^
maker
Tanner rumor
Ler
Schiller
would be very difficult to make the hook,

the stroke would be sufficient. Thus,
In combinations where
on Mer, the shading of
banner
it
JÛ
trimmer drummer dimmer
framer
farmer
40
Make
vi
pray, pry, prow, Pratt, price
priced,
^^
\ \ \
\
'
PERFECT COPIES
,%
\.
seven
\L
brow,
brew,
prized,
bruise
bright,
bride,
brood.
broad,
brace
^
l
1-
o,
1
T)~
1-
,k
'b.
1>
.^...
--
^-
12
err-
-I
D
-
Q-
"
.crsf!
""
trait,
trust,
trusts, traits
draw, draws, dry, dries, dress
drew, dried,
dreads
crow, cry, cried, crowd, cross
crosses,
dread,
dresses,
10
.-f
...,..3*
,.-J^*...
crrsr-'.....
-^
"
'
11
...
crew,
grow, grows,
grease,
grace,
grade, grades, greatest, greed,
graces
^
12
crows,
grew
crisis,
crews
'i
'--"-
^ ^
-^
13
trite,
Troy, true
"
11
try, tray, tries,
,,
10
'^
Is
ll
.V.....I
Q
"
free, freeze,
freezes, frost, fry
')-
/ -
13
fright,
throw
freight,
freights,
three,
\
41

Messrs. Cross, Dinner & Price,
Brier Creek, Missouri.
Gentlemen:
The Brewster Butcher Company,
of
say the Bruner fiber feeder

press shipped them recently, and the
Banner trimmer, made by the Schiller,
1 anner Dagger Company, are unsatisthis city,
factory.
The feeder sticks and hangs, and the

Rogers drum ganger and the shaver
trigger fail to work when the primer
is
free.
We
have tried to operate the feeder

ganger does not con-
for them, but the
trol the feeder so the trigger will trip
when
the trimmer drops.
\\'e
make
had
for the trimmer,
operated pretty well,

still
drum, and
which
but the ganger
a tinner trim the
a trap
hangs and stops the feeder.
We
a
new
think it would be well to send

feeder press and let us ship the
press the Brewster Butcher

have back to you.
Company
you should ship them a new one,

you ship works all
right before you ship it.
If
^:
IS
t,
^
1
\.
4-.a-
cr^Â^
/^^ Nd
see that the press
Trusting that
ter in this city,
16
^^d:
v,...-,...lJp
-''^^
-X
we may
whenever you have presses
we
serve you
to look af-
are.
Respectfully yours,
42

1.
2.
7.
.._J-
4.
X A ^
.\.
3^.
^.v
^
5.
t-.
7.
\>-
i-
V-
:^.
v.
.1.
and
and for-a fact, a few-a

and advise-ce, and several-
if,
and save,
and ever, and have, a view, and
evidently, a view-and view,
and
if
it-a feature,
and
after,
and it, and at-and

and do,
8.
a time,
a dollar,
9.
and had-an
and
it
is-and
thousand,
its,
out,
and
and think,
advertisement,
and
itself,
10.
thy, and they-and them, and

though, and that, and without,
11.
and these-and thyself, and this,

and thus-and those, and was, and
'
11
and
use,
12.
and what, and would, and on, and

how, an old-and hold,
13.
and read, and seldom-and concealed-and sealed, and her-and

hear, and are, and our-an hour.
and why, and way-and weigh,
and away, a yard-and await, and
y-r.
12
>-
13.
s
14.
_^^V
14.
>-
establish-an establishment,
15.
15.
cL.
16.
17.
common-a kingdom, and company-and came, and cause-and because, and give, and go-iand gave.
a
and
and
quite, and could-and quote,

get, and when, and whether,
and
will,
and
shall,
a year,
and
your, an old-and held,

18.
18.
and up-and pay, and hope-a partyand happy, and by-and buy, and
be-an object-and object, and to be,
future-a foot, an office, a face,
-1
-1--
and how, and first, and already,

and ought, and a-and an,
half,
6.
10.
and who-and whom, and before,

and owe, and is-and his, and ashas
3.
and we-and with, and were, and

you, and yet, and he-ând the
knew-a
and in-and any,
and
knew, and now, and me-and my,
and important-an important.
Pitman-Harreix Shorthand
Circles
The
Iss Circle or the
X X
!Â
Sper Sper supper sober
When
stroke
circle
:i
cider
setter
may
.^
be combined with hooks oppo-
is
is
made
made
Thus,
circle in place of the hook.
!^
:]
2s,
Swtr sweeter sweeper sweater swooper
suitor
the side on which the circle
The Iss-Circle
Thus,
IssFr
Sw
the hook of a dipthongal consonant
small circle only
Combined wîtli H ooks
by making the
site the circle side
43
is
made
is
on the
naturally
fz.sivigger
circle side of a
the
circle
the
in the hook.
WITHIN
the R-hook
BETWEEN STROKES.
0-
suffer soother
sinner
saner sooner
destroy outstrip extra pastry mystery
gastric
When it would be difficult to make an Iss Circle distinctly within an

R-hook between strokes the circle is formed by an unnatural or peculiar
joining.
Thus,
.t:..^.k
t^,.
t^
.t,..
descry disagree disgrace Jasper decipher deceiver
44

seeker,
succor,
sicker,
seeger,
sober,
super,
sabre,
sadder,
suitor,
cider,
sticker.
:^
stopper.
'^
.
supper,
setter,
stouter.
I-
spry,
L L
spring,
sprig,
spread.
stray.
strong,
string,
strung,
scroll,
scrape.
6
^^
^
soberly,
supreme,
sacrifice,
sacred, supersede.
57
suffer, cipher, sever, southerly,
sooner.
^-^
signer, saner, soother,
simmer,
dishonor.
prosper, destroy,
ex-
express,
pressed, distress.
expressive,
reciprocity,
struse, extreme, lustrous.
abstract,
beseecher,
a b-
besieger,
risker, expositor.
prescribe-prescribe,
subscribe-
subscribe, proscribe.
describe, descry, disagree, dis-
grace, postscript.
14.
.^,
'^
L^^
^.u
decipher, deciphered, dissever,
discourteous,
discriminated.
Pitman-Harrell Shortiiaxd
45
^lessrs. Souter
&
Strong,
Springfield, Ohio.
Gentlemen:
I
ing
have a son
the
who
is
now
supervis-
Supreme Sacred Order
Soothers but
he
of
has
expressed distressing surprise at the dishonor and

mistrust of deceivers who discriminate to spread distrust among the
suffering Soothers, and though he is
a signer of the Sober Soothers' Reciprocity Seizure Scroll, if I could
sever the Soothers' Reciprocity Proscript Scroll, or get him superseded as
Supervisor of the Supreme bacred Order of Soothers without disgrace, he
would be extremely happy to be extricated without dishonor, and for that
reason I thought you might succor
Jasper in his extreme distress without
sacrifice
to you.
hand you an abstract of the Supreme Sacred Soothers' Reciprocity

I
Seizure Prospcript Scroll deciphered,
and hope you can prescribe some way

to supersede or extricate Jasper and
destroy the force of the Seizure Proscript without
dishonor,
or
sever
the Supreme Sacred Order of Soothers' ties without disgrace, and the
sooner the better for us.
Respectfully yours,
46
1.
^ -J---J
advantage, a large
and each, and which, and chargea charge-and much, a note-and
/-/
^..-.-.^-^.^
and wish-a wish, and shall, an issue-and issue, an advantage-and
note, a hundred-an end,

and in-and any, and know, and
own, a thing-a long, a language,
and influence-an influence-and in
^.
and knows-and hence, and

along, an honest-and influenced,
and next,
his,
me-and
and
my,
and
may-and
him, a home-and home, a knew-
and knew, and now,

an important-and important, and
may be-an improvement-and improve,
map-and map, and
a
might-a
mighty-and meet-and
omit, an immediate-and immediately.
and
and
and
and
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
we will, and wireand where, and aware,
while-and
we
are,
need,
inquire-an inquiry-and
anywhere, and nowhere,

and unaware, and enough, and nothing,
and never, and wherever,
and
forever, a purpose-and purpose,
and become-and became,
and somewhat, and sometime,
and somebody, and something, a
subject-and subject,
and put, and about, and doubt-a
doubt, and hand, a holy-and holy,
a peculiar-and peculiar, a knowledge, a regular-and regular-ity,
and
a familiar-and familiar-ity,
notwithstanding,
and nevertheless, and above, and
represent, an agent, an agency,
an average-and average, and respect, a request-and request, a
momorandum- a memo., and public-and publish,
and enlarge, a disadvantage, a
reference-and refers,, and references, an advantageous-and
ad-
vantages,
16.
17.
and objects, and anything, and

publishes, and largest, and years,
an exchange-and exchange, and
irregular-an irregularity, and acknowdedged, a .stenographer, an
extraordinary-and extraordinary-ily,
\^
18.
18.
an especially-and especially,
essential-and
tory,
essentially,
an
his-
and whenever, and except,
F
A
Hook
Small
SIDEis F
at the
Thus
or V.
.X.\,.^l.
or
V Hook
end of a straight stroke, ON
\ ^
Pef Bef Tef Def ChefJef Kef Gef Ref Hef
Long Narrow Hook
^hief
at the
(t^
(\
THE CIRCLE
LL
47
thievish
pave
b
cough
dove
beef
end of a curve
is
hoof
roof
Thus,
or V.
(h
thievishness
thieves
thieving
N-Hook
A
Small
Hook
at the
\\
Pen Ben Ten Den Chen Jen
\
pen
chain
When
-to
A CURVE
LL
Fen Ven
etc.
:)
cane
rain
men
a final vowel follows F,
fine
Am
put the vowel in position after
V^
L'
Pavey
Dovey
beefy
coffee
Wapn Sen
etc.
/^
loan
known
J.
shown
or N, use the stroke for F,
it.
assign
or N,
Thus,
:<r^\.
heavy
thine
is N. Thus,
1 llr'--^^^..^....
J'
tin
IN
or
Z^
THE CIRCLE
end of a stroke, OPPOSITE
SIDE OF A STRAIGHT STROKE
review
penny
tiny
Chaney
canny
rainy
many
Pitman-Harrkll Shorthand
48
circle or a loop
making the
stroke by
pains
canes
The
^^
made
is
^^
(..
be added to an N-hook at the end of a straight

N-hook. Thus,
hens
rains
Circle
^.
=^
_...^
may
circle or the loop in place of the
,,.IZ^-,
dens
...,^
chains
Jones
coins
N-hook
in the
at the
-^
2^
'^
^
guns
\
bones
!^
J:.
pines
tons
end of curved strokes. Thus,
^k. ^ ^ ^
r
fence
vines
fines
thence
men's
earns
nuns
lines
vanes
oceans
assigns
irons
-tion,-sion,-cian-Hook
is
A Large Hook on either side of a straight

-TION-CIAN-SION-CEAX, etc. Thus,~
-^
P-tlon
K:k..ir.^...._^.
ji..^...j^..
there
If
is
:^
turned OPPOSITE A PRECEDING

no preceding curve, it is turned OPPOSITE
-TION-Hook
CURVE.
any curve
F-tion V-tion S-tion Lap-tion M-tion, etc
T-tion Chau-tion K-tion
NOTEThe
stroke, or in
is
THE LEADING VOWEL.

^^zr-",*-\..^-^
vacation location vibration
nutrition
i;.
deception
caution auction
\^
action addition portion operation
LARGE HOOKS and all hooks

The
or BETWEEN STROKES.
STROKES
SIDE
OF
ON THE CIRCLE
Iss-Circle
is
made within
..k^./rz^..S^>^.^.k^
.'acation location
-.^:.^.^
paves
caves
raves
^r"-..!
heaves
doves
^...^
e)-
sessions
sections
dissipations
vibrations
all
r^.coughs
^_,_
cautions auctions fashions notions lotions
-v.
\^^
pastoral
destroy
reciprocity
monstrous
expressive
montrously
Small
Hook
=..- -^
u-
annexation
secession
is
-ETIOX
>
,..^,
possession
accession
cessation
following a circle
accusational
oppositional
small circle following the
Thus,
(seshion).
-p.
sensational
taxation
49
SESSION-hook
L, ^.disposition
dispensation
impositon
made
distinctly
is
within the hook.
decisions
C
thick
Large Hook
>--*:
^_
1?^.,-^
physicians
sensations
physician
sensation
musicians
at the
Cr:^_(Â
thicken
..
end of Ith
^1
_..
thickness thick-set thicket
K.
Thus.-
(y
(r^.
is
thick-head thickish
G::::
thick-skin
(y^thick-skull
Brief Si^n for

for Y may be written either way
The Brief Sign

sharp angle with any of the consonants.
\.j
/.
i^^.^.
Yeh-P Yeh-B Yeh-T Yeh-D,
Yuh-M Yuh-Mp-b Yeh-N
.<^^.
yes
Yopp
Yeh-Ing,
z:.,..^,....^.^^^,
yell
yam
youngsters Yankee
^....^..
11
iuj/:j..cc2\
Yek-F Yeh-V Yeh-lih Yeh-The,
etc.
I
youth
to join easily at a
Thus,
yacht
Yates
yoke
etc.
young
yellow
z\ ^: ^.^..^^^^.^^
yelp
eulogy
yuletide
::>:.. ,,zbr:^;^^^^
yawn yellow Europe yearning unison yucca
Yarborough York
Yoakum
50
WORD-SIGNS
\^ ^
N^
A^-
comply
call-equal-ly
people
apply
difficult-y
called-equalled
appear
Ov
\^ "X
p^
JS ^\
care-occur
eared-occurred
kino-coined
pVincip-al-e
practic-s-e
particular
ry
can-question-ed
accord-ance
account
opportunity
/\
part
spirit
(X
\ X
\ ^V \
^ V V^
\V
jv
^k
began
v^
member-remember
IT
combined-behind
\j
lip
P
were
r
*!
authorized
deal-idle
deliver
delivered
other
differ-en-t-ce-ly
did not-didn't
'
do not-don't
/child-children
/
/
/
<-/
"
throughout
whatever
hand
during
authority
of
at
direct
I
aver-t-red-virtue
favored
author
either
the-ir-re-thej'
'
dear-doctor
"1
9
/
//
whichever
which were-are
gentlemen
gentleman
religion
if
general-ly
imagin-e-ation
generation
Jbetw
^
een
witness
require
n-.ovement
^-^^^
>-^
all-evil
value
valued
^'d
\j
of
will
will
what if-time
over
every-very
favor
objective
objection
toward-trade
from
from
hat
from our
of ten-phonograph y
been
truth-it
full-y
offered,
number-brother
tell-it
at all
begun
bill-belong
believe-d
able to
(till-until-what
r
count
begin
upon
happen-punishment
>
' <
(
J
aie
thine-within
then
than
short
assured
sure-ly
assure
pleasure
usury-azure
learn-alone
will not
Mr.-mere-remark
in
our-in re-uni e-
manner
owner
opmion-any one
information
order
in

51
Coalescent Vo^vêl Sounds

The
Brief
W or Y may be written
a vowel of the position in
We
Wa
Wah
which
it is
in
any vowel position to show that
written follows
it.
Thus,
Pitman-Harrei<Iv
52
Shorthand

1.
with
2.
rv..
:>
you
3.
4.
beyond
the,
6.
owe
on
should
is
the,
the,
the,
the, be the, to be the,
the, for the,
the,
think the, thank the, them the,
seldom the-concealed the, hear

the, why the,
the-her the,
are
the,
13.
14.
in
the, shall the, will the,

the, me the-time the, not the,
note the, whether the,
each the, which the, charge thethe, need the, hand the,
much
-/-
17.
18.
while the, where the, whenever
wherever
the,
became
the-
the,
put the, about the, doubt the,

represent the, especially the,
notwithstanding the, publish the,

the, above the, discharge the,
acknowledge
the, use the,
astonish the-astonished the, establish the-established the, came

the-can the, give the-given the,
cause the-because the,
could the-quote the, get the, when
the,
the, that the,
11.
become
the,
so the, use the, was

without the,
16.
18
hope
10.
15.
the-has the, and the,
time the-what the, at the-out the,

do the, had the-advertise the, it
..__:\...
17
the,
the,
8.
12
,/
how
by the-buy
away
15
as
ought
the,
the,
ever the, have the, however the,

evidently the, after the,
12.
to
the,
though
14
of the,
up the-pay
is
,i_...^
the,
7.
9.
Clw
the,
or the, but the, already the, before the,
if
13 ..-_.-v
what
the,
who the-whom
5.
the,
the, yet the,
the, all
......
were
the,
would

53
H-Tick and H-Dot

The
Brief Sign for H,
may be used for

angle. Thus,
.^
when
hemp
white
light slanting tick written like
will join
^
hawk
etc.
why
whistle
(hwistle)
whist
Chay
with the following stroke at a sharp
l.,!^..:^.zl-.^
H-K H-Gao H-S H-Z H-Ar
hem
it
whiskey
hag
V\^
Hussey
hollow
Hill
help
hazy
horse
helpless
hole
haul
wholesale
..-^-
-rq-
whit
Whitlow hearer humanity home
humiliated
horsepower
Hurley
horseback
homespun
unheard
:î:^.
inhere inhale unhealthy rehear bunghole buckwheat
A
vowel.
Dot may be placed by a vowel
to
show
that
mahogany watchhouse
mohair
widowhood
Use the
Hay
Thee, Chay,
stroke to join easily with a following P. B, F, V, T, D,

J, Ish,
Zhe,
Ray
-rA <^..
v.^.^ ^...^
hub
hubbub
haughty
hedge
hide
or
Hay.
^
hash
Thus,
^.......^^-^...^^^^.ysi
hush
honey
heavy
Harvey
horrid
^^^
hide
the
adhere unhandy
hop
comes before
Thus,
k ^M
Ith,
hot
heed
heavily
hurry
hives
harvest harvester Harry Harris Harrison Horace
54
1.
and with
and were
the,
and
the,
that the, and without the, and es2.
tabHsh the-and established the,

and if the, and for the, and half
the, and think the, and thank the,
3.
and have the, and though the, and

was the, and use the, and are the,
4.
and
why
the, and up the-and pay

and hope the, and to be the,
and do the,
I am, I am right, I am read}^ I
the,
5.
may
6.
-M-
7.
am now,
know,
know
I
J -i
J^
8.
9.
11.
12.
13.
aware,
think,
thought,
have
must,
need,
that,
understood,
think that,
have,
the, I insist,
I said,
shall,
rather,
think the,
be right,
know
am
am
nothing,
submit,
10.
may
be, I
might,
object,
shall be, I
shall have,
shall not be, I shall not submit,
I desire, I dare, I suppose, I fear

the, I undertake
saw,
see,
was,
ask, I ask your,
was never, I was wrong,

was ready, I would
right, I
14.
would
ask, I
would
not, I
not be, I would not do,

not have,
15.
17.
18.
was
be,
would
would
will, I will be, I will do, I will
have,
16.
will
have them,
went-I want, I want nothing,

I should be, I should be sorry,
I should have,
I should not, I should not be, I
should not do, I should not do so,
I should not have said,
I
when
think,
whenever
may.
be,
when
I
am,
I
if
do, shall
am-if
Pitmax-HarrkIvL Shorthand
DO
Intervocalization
may
Dash- Vowels, Dipthongs or Coalescents
THROUGH,
or
AFTER
vowels are read
the
R-Hook
or
be written
Strokes to
BEFORE,
show
that the
BETWEEN THE STROKE AND THE HOOK.
Thus,
Ic
coal
call
.'^
cool
tolerable
falsity
fall
'^":^
k:\,^^'
S.^
colony
vulgar
corpse
falsify
culture lecture
culminate cultivable
moral authority
Dot-Vowels are changed

to
show
that
it
is
picture literature
qualify
/
adjourn church
shortage
to circles to
the stroke and the hook, and the circle
short vowel.
Coleman
column
volume
normal
fulfill
X ^
/
course
vulnerable
courtesy
curtain
accuracy
that they come between

be placed before the stroke
show
may
a long vowel, or after the stroke to
show
that
it is
Thus,
carbon
care
cartoon
canal
Calvin America
barley
bargain
rrling partial
Carthage cardinal darling
calculation paralyze paralysis quality
barter
darken Columbus Gordon
parallel
attorney
Vowels may be written through Lengthened strokes to show that

they come in the syllable added by Doubling. Thus,
Irr.i--
curvature immature adventure garnature empiric
entire
curvature
empire
material
56

..^
/:
/\
A...
1.
he may, he may be, he

he will have,
will,
2.
he will say, he will ask, he will

think, he will do, he will
3.
4.
1
^^
7
he
will be,
fc
^ ^
-
6
^_ji^
o.-..
v\.
-A--.
8
9
do
so,
he cannot be, he cannot do, he

cannot say, he cannot have, he
cannot think,
he came, he cannot, he comes, he
goes, he makes,
he was, he says, he asks, he is not
-he has not, he is now-he has now,
he has never, he has nothing, he
is not to be, he is innocent, he
wants,
he is to receive, he is to become,
he is to go, he is to leave; he is
to make-he has to make,
he knows, he has not-he is not,
he now, he never, he knows the,
he shall, he shall be, he shall not
he thinks, he knows thai,
he thinks the, he takes, he took,
he supposes, he has nothing,
be,
10
11
12
13
14
15
i-cv(Lt,V''-'-
16
17
18.
_.,
18
he should be, he should not be,

he should not have, he should not
do, he should submit,
if
he may, if he cannot, so he
thinks, if he was, because he was,
because he would be, because he
would have, because he asks, does
he ask, does he say,
may, if I cannot, so I think,

was, because I was,
because I would be, because I
would have, because I ask, because I think, wherever I am,
if
if
we think-we think, we have-we

have, we desire-we desire, we didwe did, we shall,
we do-we do, we have said-we
have said, we do so-we do so, we
deem, we shall be-we shall be,
with them, with that, with
with earn, with which,
its,
Pttman-Harrell Shorthand
}i7
Rules lor the Uses of the Strokes

and the Brief Si^ns
The
shorthand you write will depend upon your

according to the following rules.
Perhaps the best way to memorize the rules would be to undertake
but one at a time. Read the first rule carefully, then examine the illustrations following it, and be sure that you thoroughly understand the
legibility of the
ability to write
it
application of the rule in the writing of every outline.
Then
write the rule in your note-book, and immediately under
it
write the illustrations carefully.
Then cover the rule, and, from memory, write the rule in your notebook again, and compare it with the rule in the text-book.
Cover the illustrations in your note-book, and write the illustrations
under the rule as you wrote it last.
Repeat this method five times, and then write the exercise following
the rule in the text-book according to the rule.
Follow this method in learning each of the following rules, and

your painstaking effort to do the work exactly as directed will lend a
confidence in your ability and expertness in writing and reading shorthand later on.
Rule
1.
When
S, Z,
V\/
Yay
ay,
a word, use the stroke,

in position
by the
or
Hay
is
the only consonant stroke in
so you can place the vowel
stroke.
'^
^
see
Rule
2.
easy
use
Exercise:
^_
sees
seize
^:
way
C
yes
-^.^ 1
Ohio
Hugh
West
saw essay so sue ease ice icy Esau woe woo away yeast
3'es Ohio west hue hew aha sway
When Z
begins a word, use the stroke, whether there
before
or not.
Czar
zeal
Exercise:
or vowels
Thus
it
zest
Zanv
Thus
zealous
zero
Zion
Zanesville
zealot zigzag zone zoo zouave
zenith
Zeno
is
a vowel
58
Rule
When
3.
saucer
Exercise:
Rule
seaside
society
.L.1^
assume
5.
so you
y^
asthma
aside
word before S, Z, Way, Yay, or Hay,

can place the vowel before it. Thus
acid
away
"^^
Oyama
awake
mossy
stairway
rosy
Omaha
Tokio
I-
coffee
honey
review
tidy
lady booty shoddj^ gravy funny Fannie rainy lazy lassie
When two
vowels occur between any two consonants, ths

must be written so you can place
one vowel by each stroke. Thus
strokes for both consonants
chaos
Zion
Exercise:
7.
O'Hara
Ohio
a vowel ends a word after S, Z, Way, Yay, Hay, F. V.

N, T, D, or any other consonant, the stroke must be written
so you can place the vowel in position by it. Thus
Exercise:
Rule
utilize
When
Casey
6.
^^
sesame sighing possess Japanese modernize
^0
Rule
-3
assignee awoke ascent assault asleep ostrich Austin
Exercise:
Rule
^ L
a vowel begins a
use the stroke,
ask
Thus
revolutionize patronize fraternize revolutionized
When
4.
the principal consonant of an accented syllable,
is
i f I
i.
Caesar
S or Z
usually better to use the stroke for S or Z.
it is
Wyoming peon
Jewett
Whenever
diet
it is
use the stroke
ruin
duet
stay
pasty
russet
poet
,^.
radiate
zouave
Siam piano science seance royal
palliation
real
necessary to place a vowel by T, D, Tr or Di
so you can place the vowel by
^^
Exercise:
state
instill
justice
\.
feasted
pastry
it.
"
destroys
Thus
^
extras
ready naughty rusty distress abstruse necessity tasty
Rule
In
8.
SHORT,
or
"i
pod
bite
Exercise:
VV^"^
V
feed
plod
exist
abused
posed
Use
caused
for
wicked
or
H'
resist
insist
cloud
proud
shroud
after a large circle.
n.
Thus-
^^
emphasized exercised desist insisted
after
when a word ends zd.
teased
H 1
fused
roused
-f
dazed
raised blazed sized analyzed closed
the Brief Signs in
brief sign at the
all
Thus-
''-'
^'
they can be joined easily
quad
flood
recessed resisted capsized diseased
Write the stroke
Exercise:
for
subsist
>V^
if
bright
bait sheet issued shied plied bhied clod
possessed choicest
10.
Thus
from T.
9.
Exercise:
Rule
words, write out the stroke for

T after a shaded stroke
and write out
after a light stroke,
to distinguish
Rule
UNCOMMON
59
seized
pleased
accused
mused dozed
other cases where Brief Signs are provided
in rapid writing.
beginning of a stroke conies
first;
any vowel
before the stroke comes next; then comes the stroke; then any vowel
following the stroke, and then any brief sign at the end of the stroke.
When a final vowel follows F, V, N, TION or SESSION; or when

two vowels occur between F, V. N, TION or SESSION and another
consonant, use the stroke for F, V, N, or write
TION
or
SESSION
out.
INSTRUCTION.
Read
all
of the foregoing rules and examine the illustrations carefully
twice every day for thirty days,

night.
the second time
just before retiring every
60
2
3
with
with
with
with
with
we
these-with these, with thiswith those-with those,

each, with much-we charge,
your, we thank, we admit,
which, we doubt-we had it,
decided, we have that-we have
this,
we
that,
shall
shall have,
4
5
6
7
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
"-'
"
"
t
t-
we
now,
we may be, we may be right, we

may be ready, we may be received,
we understood,
with the, with-a-n, with
we
said,
we
whom-we
said so,
and with the, and with a-n, and

with whom-and we ought, and we
think, and we 'thank,
and with these, and with this, and
with those, and we do-and we do,
and we had-and we had,
and with each, and with which,
and with much, and with advantage, and with justice,
and we have the, and we have a,
and we think the, and we shall
be, and we are in the,
what a-n, what the. what was,
what are the, what do they,
what could, what could they, what
could your, what does the, what
does it matter,
what did the-what did he, what
did they, what did your, what answer, what could we think,
what could we do, what could we
take, what could we have, what
could we charge, what could we
said,
were
were
the,
they,
were
a,
were
these-were
it,
were
this-were
those,
18
.L:
shall do,
may, with w^hom, one-we know,

while-we will,
wire-we are, we will have, we will
do, we will do so, we received,
have
17
shall
we take, with its, we fear, we

hope, with justice,
with me-with my, with him-we
ought,
9
do-we
we
would
would
a,
would be, would

would have,
ask,
accept,
61
Prefixes
1.
A DOT
at the BEGINNING of an outline is CON, COM, COG,

CUM.
When CON, COM, COG, CUM, or KIN occurs in the midst
of a word, it may be shown by DISJOINING the preceding and
or
(a)
them very
the following parts of the outline and writing

together, or one of
them
partially
^ ^ \ '\^
^
1
.y^.::..
convey confuse composed complain recommend

accommodate.
2.
(a)
under the other.
reconcile
close
Thus,
irreconcile
decompose recognize
A LIGHT SLANTING TICK DISJOINED at the BEGINNING of an outline is CONTRA, CONTRO, CONTRI or
COUNTER.
When CONTRA, CONTRO, CONTRI or COUNTER occurs in
the midst of a word, it may be shown by a VERTICAL or a
HORIZONTAL TICK
Joined to the preceding part of the outwith the part of the outline that follows Disjoined; or by
Disjoining the preceding and the following parts of the outline
and writing them very close together, or the second under the
This.
first.
line
:^
1.
^.
^'-^
s-
controvert countermand contraband countersign controversy uncontradicted incontrovertible contribution.

counterfeit contravene
3.
A HALF-LENGTH
line,
or
(a)
JOINED
or
N, called NET, at the beginning of an outDISJOINED, is INTER, INTRO, ENTER
ANTI.
NET may
be used for
INTER, INTRO,
ENTER
or
ANTI
in
the midst of an outline.

(b)
A DOUBLE-LENGTH N may be used for INTER, INTRO,

ENTER or ANTI, though NET is better. Thus,
^.i-i-s^-t.^^s,'^
entertain
introduce
interfere
intervene
:^
intercede
anticipation
^
intercept
..-^
interpose.
62

1
i_
would
not, would not do, would

not be, would be made, would be
said,
would come, would do, would do

so, would be seen, would be sor-
ry,
'Vc\^X
would
received,
would
be
would be wrong, would be
your, would have said,
would have the, would say, would
see, would the-would he, would
be
written,
-
go.
5
,,/V,
o-
6
7
would
rather,
would receive,
would write, would not take,
would order,
you may, you may be, you must,
you may receive, you may go,
you could, you could be, j'ôu
could do, you could have, you
could not,
10
ry^~^
,x-
'v^
fvi
10
you cannot, you can be, you

could not have, you could not be,
you could have said,
vou should, you should be, you
should not have, you should not
be, you should not have said,
you siiould not, you should now,
you should do, you should have,
j-ou
11
j'ou
should have
will,
you
said,
W:"
be,
you
will
have, you will do, you will be sor-
"
V
^
'^
'^
v..
"'^
^
(,
12
you have, jôu have said, you have

them, you have now, you think so,
13
of my, of importance, of that, of

them, of your,
14
of
these,
of
this,
of
those,
of
many, of advantage,
15
of us-of his-of as, of that which,

of such, of several, of one.
16
16
>
to the, to you, to such-to as
17
to your, to our, to them, to think

that, to those
18
n/V.
v-TTN^^
much
to several, to one,
S'/
18
who,
to that, to advantage, to receive,
to make, to write.

Pitmax-HarrELL Shorthand
63
A SMALL INITIAL BACK HOOK
is IN, EN or UN; and

used to advantage in combinations where the use of an NSTROKE would result in the formation of a small BACK-
4.
it is
HOOK. Thus,
L
instruct
unstrung
/^.^
enslave
L:
^..^
instrument
insolvent
insoluble
n^
:^
insulation
insult
un-
insulted
seemly.
5.
(a)
A SMALL CIRCLE BEFORE the remainder of an outline is

CIRCUM or SELF.
The CIRCLE for CIRCUM or SELF may be JOINED in SELFISH or SELF-ESTEEM; and occasionally it may be JOINED
Thus,
to a preceding IN, EN or UN.
^J
=^
circumspect
circumvent
circumvention
circumscribe
uncircumscribed
lp7
.4^
self-made
self-
praise self-esteem selfish unselfishness.
6,
written over, or partially over the remainder of an outline
MAGNA, MAGNI,
or
is
MAGNE. Thus,
'T.
Ti.
T '^.
magnify magnitude magnanimous magnificent magnetism magnified magnesia magnetic
magnet magnificence
7.
An F-STROKE may
DLE
or the
END
foreknowledge forenoon
tofore therefore.
of
be used at the
an outline for
forethought forbodc unforseen
BEGINNING,
FORE
informal
or
FOR.
the
MID-
Thus,
informer wherefore here-
64
v-î
1
all the, all that, all
my, almost,
all
matters,
2
all
right, all
we
be, all
3
these,
all
your,
all
will
all
this,
all
all
those,
all
although,
they,
its,
do,
too late, too much, too

many, too important,
large, too
many,
or the, or his, or you, or

or something,
fc
cL-p
6 but he, but has, but you, but that,
but once,
7
1.
-^
S-7
f
Z._^
"^
^
-
14
15
-----
cA
<
/I
I'OV <^1^
"
"
I(^
<-^\ '-^.
fc,
i~.
"X
17
before me, before him, before our,

before your, before you will have,
on
on his-on
on them
the,
''Our,
us,
on
all,
on
10
on each, on which, on these, on

this, on those,
11
on M'hat, on you, on one, on my,

on so many,
12
should he-should the, should they,

should your, should this-thesethose, should think-thank,
13
who
QL^
12
t_
his-us, before
before the, before
you, before that, before they,
14
15
16
17
who
who
who
is-has,
could be,
who
should,
could,
who
was,
who
will be,
will
think,
who shall be,

who shall have,
say,
shall not be,
who
who
had,
who will have, who

who should not be,
who should not have,

how the-he, how his, how much,
how large, how far,
how many, how must, how could
could
we, how could you, how
they,
Jt
18
owe the-him, owe you, owe

owes the, owes them,
us,
65
Sunday,
Î o n d a y,
TucL-diy,
Wednesday, Thursdny
J
2
Friday, Saturday. January, Fcbruarj-,
March
April,
May, June,
September, October, Noveinbcr,
July, Au-î:.-!
December, Annual
5
semi-annual, quarterly,
monthly, yearly
Alabama,
Arkansas,
.veckly,
Colnrado,
California, Connecticut.
7
Delliware,
Florida,
Idaho, Iowa
Illinois,
tucky,
9
Indiana,
Georgia,
Lvansas.
Ken-
Louisiana
Montana,
^Nlinnesoia,
"!.!;
îiigan,
Missouri, Maine
10
^^lississippi,
chusetts,
Marylriiid,
New
Massa-
li:i-.-iy.
New
Hampshire
11
12
New York. NcnT'Ii. XcI raska,

North Dakota, Oregon
Ohio, Pennsylvariii
Rhode IsC jio-
land, f'outii Daknt<'. .?outh

lina
13
Texas, Utah, Viiginii, Vciriiont,

\\'}-oming
14
\\'ashington,
Wisconsin,
Carolina
15
Oklahoma,
ka,
^>^=-'^H^
Vvc-;t
Virginia,
Teriness:^,
N )rth
New
Mexico, Alas-
Arizona
16
New York
17
Philadelphia, Pittsburij. Springfield, Grand Rapids, Milwaukee
18
City, Chicago, New

Orleans, Atlanta, Baltinivsre
Saint Louis, Saint Pui', Ka-isa?

Worth. Laiias. Houston
City, ForL
^
Pitman-Harreul
66
Shortiiaxntd

u^
_
1
the-is he,
is
is
a,
not,
is
is
in,
is
now,
2
is
that,
^ ^ H
a-^
ff
^-
8/^-^
0/
y^
i^^
-<r-N-^...
y^
jv
'
is this,
own, is
way,
in this, is this
as the, has the, as to, has
as
good
as
a,
as
as
little,
as
you know,
you may be,
as
now,
as
as shall, as usual,
shall be,
has that, as though, as those, as

will be, as
much, as
many,
may,
j'ou
7
as you, as
aS;
as
as yet, as young, as
-iiyiT^s.,.
V"
f
in the, his
large,
8
'
your,
for the, as good,
/..,
5
5
this, is
the, is this the
4
4
is
not
is
knowledge
his
may
be,
as was, as will have, as
no other,
as advertised, as just,
10
10
(TV
"^
Q_^
/^
<:^
made, has never, as our-as
are,
as your, has nothing,
"^
11
as
s V12
as
if,
as
if
as
if
the, as for, as for that,
they,
we, as if you, as early, as

if your,
as we think-as we think, as we
have-as we have, as you think, as
you have, as would be
as you will be, as you will have,
as
if
long, as
13
13
t"V VVcv
14. /n/^\
(jr/
<r/
14
you will do, as you may think,

you may have,
I think you will, I think you will
be, I think you will have, I hope
you will be, I hope you will have,
you think, if you think you
if
you will,
will, when you think
have you thought, have you not,
are you not, are you in, how are
as
as
15
16
1/
you, how are they,

those,
18
how
are these-
you are, if you are in, for you

are, are you never, are you satisfied
if
Pit -m ax -H arkkll S ii ort h an
Svifflxes
1.
A DOT at the END of an outline is-ING.

A CIRCLE at the END of an outHne is-INGS. Thus,
...
\.
A,
or
BL may
be
mination-BLE
JOINED
sayings
living
END
of
^:
gleanings
I
tracings
an outline for the
ter-
Thus,
^....Â.Âv
attainable
sensil'le
at the
-BLY.
or
^^-^
feasiblle
..X, -.^,...^^
composing making
having doing thinking Iniying

2.
jnoii table
liable
notably
reversible
responsible
fusible
taxable
3.
The Terminations -ILITY -ALITY -ULITY -ERITY -ORITY

-ARITY -OLITY -ANCY -lANITY may be shown by DISJOINING THE LAST STROKE PRECEDING THE -ILITY
-ALITY -OLITY -OSITY -ACITY, etc. Thus,
H.'^x
sensibility
feasibility
ability
attainabilit)-
^.....z:^.\.-\
profitability
liability
-^1
reversibility
^1
ami-
notability
posterity
hostility
locality
'"\
legality
vitality
principality
frugality
formality
volatility
temerity
majority
sincerity
utility
4.
popularity
tenacity
verbosity
vagrancy
Christianity
credulity
The J-STROKE may be JOINED, DISJOINED
SECTED,
for
-OLOGY
or
y^"^
}
physiology
geology
or
INTER-
(written through the preceding part of the outline)
zoology
-ALOGY.
histology
;.
theology
Thus,
sÂ^r^/'
pathology
genealogy
chronology
mineralogy

68
5.
The
F-STROKE
F-HOOK may
or the
ceding part of the outline for
be
JOINED
-FORE, -FUL,
or
to the pre-
-FULLY.
Thus.
:^,!^..^ o^,.:v I
sinful
6.
needful
The
be
k ^^ 3:
INTERSECTED
"L
ever whenever
soever
LAY may
otherwise.
namely manly
9.
END
n^,.
^.^-L
whensoever
wherever
or
executive
for
-EVER,
X.
whoever
-c
whosoever
however
how-
not easily written
it is
HEAVY SLANTING TICK DISJOINED
an outline
^^ ^-
is
-INGLY.
^^ -^^
at
Thus,
1-
^' ^-
]-
scrutinizingly
unscrutinizingly
entertain-
or
INTERSECTED,
-SHIP or -TIAL, -CIAL.

omit -TIAL entirely.
It is occasionally^
ISH may be
used,
JOINED, DISJOINED
for the termination
9 > ^
friendship
or
^
obstructive
activity
-LY when
lovingly interestingly unceasingly knowingly

ingly seemingly shockingly trustingly
safe to
-TIVE;
inhumanly nobly completely evenly
finely
of
joyful
,...
wheresoever
be DISJOINED for
Thus,
A SHADED,
the
10.
active
The V-STROKE or the V-HOOK may be used

ISS-V may be used for -SOEVER. Thus,
^ ./^. .^^.
8.
peaceful
-IVITY. Thus,
for
"^^^
objective subjective productive native motive
7.
careful
the V-STROKE may be used for

before -TIVE.
be written out, as in NATIVE.
V-STROKE may
..\
(a)
watchful
The V-HOOK or
K may be omitted
-TIVE may
(a)
handful
lawful
successful
painful
/*
;^
township
^^
kinship
confidential substantial
ownership
>
receivership
hardship
presidential-presidential
11.
69
A SMALL CIRCLE
following the end of an outline is -ABLENESS, -BLENESS, -FULNESS or -SOMENESS. BLENS

may be used for -ABLENESS or -BLENESS, and F-ISS may be
used for -FULNESS. BLENS is usually joined, but F-ISS

Thus,
be JOINED, DISJOINED or INTERSECTED.
may
^y\^.
X ^.
serviceableness
ness sinfiilness
teachableness
A LARGE CIRCLE
carelessness
uselessness
13.
V-ISS may be
or
"^
sensitiveness
NET
when
heartlessness
Thus,
'a^':!
carelessness
or
INTERSECTED
for
-IVENESS
\^
-ts
expensive-
descriptiveness
apprehensiveness lucrativeness
comprehensiveness abusiveness accusativeness
N) may be used
will not join easily.
V^
noiseless-
Thus,
for the termination,
NOTEThe N-HOOK
may
=n.
disappointment
/^....
presentment
be omitted before
ENTERTAINMENT.
-MENT,.
Thus,
"".....^x.. 1
refinement pavement confinerhent appointment

ment-entertainment announcement resentment
word
uselessness
-LESS-
is
pitilessness
DISJOINED
(a half-length
MENT
affabie-
lonesome-
positiveness
...^..\^
the
Sr
^^ ^..'^-I^^
ness exclusiveness
14.
worthlessness
-TIVENESS.
wholesomeness
for -lessness.
1^
tirelessness
usefulness
following the end of an outline
^ ^
h ^-^
ness fearlessness
grewsomeness
INTERSECTED
-"V
>.
^-'
handsomeness
irksomeness
tiresomeness
ness noisesomeness
NESS.
LAY-ISS may be
indispensableness
peacefulness
r--
,.
- ^
"^
V.
blissfulness
carefulness-carefulness
....^
12.
entertain-
MENT,
as in

70
15.
Occasionally
it is
advantageous to use
the termination, -EST, and
UPWARD.
^-0
may
EST
(a half-length S) for
be written
DOWNWARD
or
Thus,
^,<
c-rt
>t?
,\J.
.=.Jh,,
gravest-gravest-gravest faintest-faintest visionist excursionist bravest
finest-finest
16.
it
A SMALL CIRCLE JOINED or DISJOINED adds -SELF.

A LARGE CIRCLE JOINED adds -SELVES. Thus,
">
myself
himself
..^rr:^.
yourself
herself
(o
itself
thyself
themselves
CL-^
-^
yourselves
ourselves
oneself
(one's self)
17.
or
GAY may
be omitted, and the circle only
may
be used for
Thus,
EX.
c.\...
express-express
18.
K may
examine-examine examination-examination
be omitted before -TION.
>^
v^
refraction-refraction
instruction-instruction
exact-exact
example-example
Thus,
destruction
sanction
4-
rt
ratification-ratification
anxious justification
19.
L may
be omitted occasionally to form a contraction.
intelligence
intelligible
intellectuality
intellection
intelligent
lectually
20.
2 ^
t
intelligently
-z:
Thus,
..^
intellect-intellect
intellectual
N may be omitted to secure an easily written outline.

N is a nasal sound, and is not always essential to
intel-
legibility.
Thus,
V^
-4^
i_
u,.
appoi(n)tment disappoi(n)tment orname(n)tal

rudame(n)tal fundanie(n)tal husba(n)dman ide(n)tical demo(n)strate stra(n)ger passe(n)ger

^r-
assig(n)ment
burde(n)some
tra(n)siTiute
21.
kUl
-^
tra(n)sniit
P between
-TION, and
V-ti-a(n)sact
tra(n)saction
tra(n)slate tra(n)slucent
and
is silent.
such cases
in
tra(n)spose
merclia(n)dise
71
it is
It is also silent
omitted.
and
.JQ. Z}:z::>..rrrrC^ .Zi^..-...\r^
between
Thus,
presum(p)tion resum(p)tion exem(p)tion redem(p)tion pum(p)ed dum(p)ed stani(p)ed

cram(p)ed clam(p)ed jum(p)ed
NOTE If
you will pronounce the words DUMPED, pumped

stamped, cramped, clamped, jumped, carefully you will observe
is T, as if spelled DUMPT, PUMPT,
that the sound following
STAMPT, CRAMPT, CLAMPT, JUMPT, and they are written
according to sound, DUMT,

22.
PUMT, STAMT, CRAMT.
R may
occasionally be omitted to secure a
more
outline
when
legibility.
surprise-su(r)prise
its
omission does not endanger
tra(n)scribe-tra(n)sc(r)ibe
snbsc(r)ibe
etc.
easily written
Thus,
tra(n)sc(r)ipt
presc(r)ibe
pos(t)sc(r)ipt manusc(r)ipt desc(r)ibe
NOTE In the word POSTSCRIPT

it is
23.
is
when
in speech.
often
ELIDED
elided,
.xiC
We
mos(t)Iy vessel vas(t)Iy

mes(t)ic wais(t)coat
NOTE There
the
first
WHAT WE HEAR
is
it is
it
is
not essential to legibility.
^ ^ ^^
las(t)ly
elided just as
ONLY.
(forced out) in speech, and
and when
^.
write
lis(t)less
pos(t)pone
.^y:^
t.^
pos(t)man
omitted
Thus,
pos(t)master
do-
is no T in VESSEL, but the CIRCLE between

VESSEL is the same as the circle between V and
L in VASTLY, apparently a LOOP and VESSEL is given
to show that between some strokes the CIRCLE looks like a
and
LOOP.
in
72
24.
W may be treated
written outline.
as a vowel and omitted to secure an easily
Thus,
withdraw-withdraw-withdraw-withdraw
withstand
withhold
withheld
withstood
within-
wJthin
25.
The
N-HOOK may
-ON,
in
:i
^..
hereinafter
after
be used for -IN or -UN, and occasionally for
compound words.
Thus,
"^
hereunto hereinbefore hereinabove

whereunto
NOTE Occasionally
it is
U^
\
hereon
thereafter
thereunto
therein-
N-STROKE to sewords, THEREUNTO,
better to use the
cure an easily written outline; as
in the
THEREINAFTER, WHEREUNTO.
termination, -ENT or -lENT, may be omitted in such words
DEFICIENT, EFFICIENT, PROFICIENT, SUFFICIENT,
The
as
etc.
Thus,
U
deficient,
w....
efficient,
.LÎ\j....lW
proficient,
wonderfully proficient.
sufTicient,
inefficient,
insufficient,
wonderfully
deficient,

72>
Word-Blending
In reporting speech
it is
but natural to group words already grouped
words which nature has blended and coalescedwhich flow

together as
they were the syllables of a single word by combinations
mind
in the
if
of outlines written continuously or in close proximity.
Each
one
at a
of the following principles should be thoroughly
time
memorized,
and the illustrations given should be written ten or
fifteen
times.
Read the explanation
examine the
carefully, then
the explanation in your note-book, and under
Then
cerefully.
illustrations.
Copy
write the illustrations
write the illustrations seven times, repeating the ex-
memory
planation from
it
every time you write the illustrations.
Then
proceed to learn the next principle in the same way.

Write every principle thus memorized as directed in the foregoing
paragraph
times every day for thirty days.
five
Words
we
often blend or coalesce in speech, and
them to write the outline easily and fluently.

The words IT and WILL often blend in rapid
that reason, instead of using the separate strokes,
WILL, we
If,
use the blended form, T'L, for IT
instead of using the word-sign for
words
form,
AT ALL
utterances, and, for

for IT,
and
LAY
for
WILL.
ALL, we
would be L, the same
the consonant element
naturally blend
as in
often blend or coalesce in speech,
should write
WILL,
we
it
out,
and as the
use the blended
AT ALL. Hence the following principles:

ALL or WILL may be added by an L-HOOK. Thus,
TEL,
for
j/^
it
will-it
all,
to
will,
[
at
all,
in
all,
of
z "^
:^:.i
all-of
thy
all,
will,
which
will,
by
all
means,
of
all
NOTE
The V-STROKE may be used for OF (instead of the

word-sign) to enable us to modify it to add words which blend
with it naturally; as OF ALL.
ARE
or
OUR
and occasionally
WERE
may
be added by an R-
HOOK. Thus,
..^
at our-at our,
by our,
!:^
in our,
which were,
1
it
A.
were, they are, they were, of our, to our
74
3.
OWN
THAN, ONE,
or
NOT may
be added by an
N-HOOK.
Thus,
":>
better than, any one,

did not
my
own, your own, our own, her own,
will not,
are not,
if
not,
NOTE
When NOT is added by an N-HOOK to a single length

word-sign the stroke is usually made half-length; though the
N-HOOK may be used to add NOT to a HALVED or a DOU-
BLE-LENGTH
4.
stroke.
^,
I
Examine DID
HAVE or IF may be added by an
OF,
c^
NOT
or
:r^
have-I have, to have, who have, who have been,

of, day of, they have, they have not been
it
carefully.
V-HOOK. Thus,
will
H.
I
have
to be,
which have been,
instead
5.
TO
or
lines
HAVE
may
be
would suggest
it
IMPLIED when
the combination of out-
Thus,
readily in reading.
%
ought (to) have been, said (to) have been, will not (have) been, might not (have)
been, it will not (have) been, would not (have) been, shall not (have) been, could not
(have) been, should not (have) been,
6.
IT
or
may
not (have) been.
DID and occasionally OUGHT may

HALF-LENGTH.
be added by making
a stroke
NOTEThe PRONOUN may be IMPLIED,

SIGN for YOU may be INVERTED to form
Thus,
outline.
S
if
it
when
say
it
'
^-^ i
were, if it did, it ought not, it ought not (to) have, it ought not (to have) been,
did you say it was-when did you say it was, where did (you) say it was, did you
was, didn't you say it was.
HAD
or
WOULD may be added
ceding stroke
HALF-LENGTH
POSITION.
Thus,
'^
;
and the WORDan easily written
<:-<-t < <
(indicated)
and writing
by making the preit
in the
THIRD
would be, it would not be, it would not (have) been-it would not have been, she
would be, she would (have) been, they would not say, they would not (have) been, if
they had not been, they would not (have) known.
it
Pitmax-Hakkkll Shorthand
8.
STORE may
be added by a
Thus,
vocalized.
STER-LOOP,
^ ^ v^'^-^
and the loop may be
-^
"^
=^
our store, your store, book store, drug store, entire store, another store,
my
9.
tlieir
store,
her store, store.
store,
HOUSE may
be added by a
SMALL CIRCLE
the
or
S-
STROKE.
-^yr^
my
house-my house,
house-glass house,
in the
NOTE Make
::"
house-in the house, ware house-ware house glass house-glass
house.
his
in
.d.^
a circle large to add a circle.

Hay-iss for house, unless the con-
It is usually better to write
text
10.
makes the contracted form unmistakable.

or
or AWAY may be added by
WEH
WAY
.-^-
SESSION may
daily
its
12.
\^ ^
another session, entire session
session,
by the
another way, Broadway, in the way-
SESSION-HOOK. Thus,
I
d:
^
I
present session,
first
session, last lession,
session, at its session, at their session, session
TO
or
TO THE may
following
be indicated by writing the outline of the

line of writing.
It should touch the
word under the
Thus,
line.
-^
to do. to think, to
13.
my may,
be added by the
"~^
k^
or
->.^,
r.
any way, give away, go away, your way,

in the way. our way-our way.
11.
WUH,
Thus,
Way-Stroke.
do
that,
to
OF
or
*^
make,
to have, to say, to say that, to hear, to ask that you, to think
so.
OF THE may
the following outlines
be indicated by writing the preceding and
VERY CLOSE TOGETHER.
Thus,
day (of the) week-day (of the) week, most of the people, none of them. Act of Conday of the month, some of the parties, most of the work,
gress, yours of the Sth inst.,
place (of) residence.
NOTE Of may
as in
occasionally be implied without lifting the pen;
PLACE OF RESIDENCE.

76
FROM
14.
TO may
and
pressions as
TIME,
etc.
...'2::^.
II
be indicated by
PROXIMITY
in such ex-
FROM HOUSE TO HOUSE, FROM TIME TO

Thus,
.^^.: n^l r^
^.^:rc:x _ _
from time to time, from day to day, from week to week-from week to week, from hour
to hour, from house to house, from month to month, from home to home.
A CIRCLE-WORD-SIGN may be ENLARGED to add IS or

HIS, AS or HAS. A large circle in the first position would be
IS HIS or IS AS, or HIS IS or HIS HAS. A large circle in
the second position would be AS HAS or HAS AS, or AS IS,
AS HIS, or HAS HIS or HAS AS, and the context would sug-
15.
gest the word added by doubling the size of the circle. In like
manner the SEMI-CIRCLE WORD-SIGNS may be ENLARGED to add words represented by other SEMI-CIRCLE
WORD-SIGNS, and the context will guide you as to the word
Thus,
thus added.
o
is
a-uy\/:'\
his-his is-is as-his has, as is-has his-as has-has as,
':k
c^
we were-with what-we would-with
would-you
we,
you
you, were you-were we-were you, what you-what would-what
were, if yovi would be willing, what would be, we would have, were you not.
NOTE
The word-sign for you may be INVERTED for convenience in joining to other characters, or any of the enlarged
SEMI-CIRCLE WORD-SIGNS may be slanted to join to other
characters
16.
more
easily.
A LIGHT SLANTING TICK

-ING THE.
in the place of
an
-ING-DOT
is
Thus,
placing the, knowing the, having the, doing the, making the, tracing the, trusting the,
contributing the,
17.
composing
the,
concerning
the.
LENGTHENED to add THEIR or THERE,

OTHER, WHETHER or THEY ARE. Thus,
Any
stroke
may
be
piease anscr whether (or) not, answer whether (or) not, please state, please state
whether (or) not, please state whether they were (or) not, whether, whether (or) not, if
there is no other, if there is nothing, I will ask (you to) state whether (or) not
77
NOTE The words in parenthesis are implied Please state

whether or not is written twice to show that it is not necessary
to make the circle large to show the S in please and the S in
state.
A small circle is sufficient, as you will observe by pronouncing the two words as one, PLEASTATE,
THEY WERE,
DOUBLING.
doubling the length of a stroke adds
If
18.
DEAR may
and occasionally
THEY
OTHER
ARE,
THEIR, THERE,
WHETHER,
or
be added by
adding another
THINGS EQUAL TO
THE SAME THING ARE EQUAL TO EACH OTHER.
length would add them again, for
Thus,
do yon recollect whether, do you recollect whether (or) not, do you recollect whether
they were, do you recollect whether they were (or) not, do you recollect whether they
were there, do you recollect whether they were there (or) not, ask whether (or) not,
ask whether they were (or) not, ask whether they were there (or) not, state whether
(or) not
19.
THEY
^
20.
OTHER or WHETHER may

SHADED SLANTING TICK. Thus,
ARE, THERE, THEIR,
be added by a
upon
their,
their,
went
down
^ ^
>
there,
around there, place
there, of their,
to
:>v
their,
since
their,
A SHADED SLANTING TICK
in place of the
-ING THEIR, -ING THERE,

-ING WHETHER, or -ING THEY ARE.
-INGLY
.,^.
or
:i
Zf
advise
their,
compose
their.
^ \
-ING-DOT
is
-ING OTHER,
Thus,
î^.....
lovingly, interesting their, exceeding their, confiding their, boastingly, rejoicingly, smilingly, seemingly,
2L
knowing
The STROKE,
add
-
THEY
'
the, the,
'
their,
unerringly.
TH may be
OTHER
ARE,
used for
THE, and
WHETHER.
or
X^
:c
lengthened to
Thus,
::(^-.
the other, on the other side, in the other one, in the other way, in the other
store, in the other place, I
know
the other,
know
the others.
'
78
27.
D may
be
INTERSECTED
DEPARTMENT.
for
Thus,
War Department, Navy Department, claim department, Postoffice Department, legal

department, medical department, fire department, clothing department, shoe department, carpet department.
28.
B may be DISJOINED for -BILITY or -ABILITY, and it may

be written very close to or partially under the preceding outline for
best of
29.
my
ABILITY.
ability, best of
Thus,
our
ability, best of their ability, best of
feasibility,
instability, possibility,
B may
be
INTERSECTED
some abbreviations
ter to intersect
it is
for
BANK,
and
permissible to join
it,
-^^
in the writing of
though
it is
bet-
Bank,
state
bank,
embankment, national bank.
30.
ability, liability,
it.
^ ^^ -A i
city
your
insatiability, inscrutability.
First National Bank, Frst National

bank, our bank, your bank, large bank, strong bank.
RAY may be INTERSECTED for RAILROAD. RAY-WEH

may be INTERSECTED for RAILWAY. RAY may also be
INTERSECTED for -RUPTCY. Thus,
^.-YJc^t^.k
k^,^..
Pacific Railroad, Pacific Railway, Erie Railway, Erie Railway Company, Pennsylvania
Railway, Santa Fe Railrod, terminal railway, bankruptcy, bankruptcy court, court (of)
bankruptcy.
31.
P may
be
INTERSECTED
LvxA,:\, ./^
\
v..
<^
-.
for
PARTY
or
PATENT. Thus,
^\
:2i /^l
^
democratic party, republican party, prohibition party, socialist party, our party, your
party, their party, old party, independent party, letters patent.
K
Pitman-Hakrell Shorthand
22.
V may be used for OF, and

THEY ARE, OTHER, THEIR. THERE
The STROKE,
79
lengthened to add
WHETHER.
or
Thus,
L L L L
of, of their, of their own, of all other, of
one of their own, place of their own.
of,
23.
The STROKE,
how
there,
24.
there,
is
is,
is,
THEY
there not,
is
The STROKE,
HAS, and
OTHER
'
as,
as,
as there
is
any of their own,
there enough,
is
is
there
Z, in the third position,
(to)
be,
what
is
there,
why
is
there.
WHETHER.
is,
their,
may be used for IS, and

ARE, THERE, THEIR, OTHER or
lengthened to add
or
any of
Thus,
there, he
is
others,
all
Z, in the first position,
lengthened to add
WHETHER.
:::La"^.
is
may
be used for AS, or
THERE, THEIR, THEY ARE,
Thus,
iv'
has there been, has there not been, has there never, has there not,
would not be, as there would not (have) been.
as there would, as there
25.
K may be INTERSECTED (WRITTEN THROUGH A PRECEDING OUTLINE) for COMPANY. Thus,
,^
^ _^, 4^,,^^..^,:^^
express company. Smith Company, gas company, advertising company,

company, packing company, book company, your company, their company.
our company,
harvester
26
INTERSECTED for ATTENTION, COMMITTEE,

TESTAMENTARY. Thus
T may
be
.H- .^
^^\
4,
t ^ A-t
or
/^
finance committee, prompt attention, claim committee, best attention, our attention,
your attention, call your attention. House Committee, advisory committee, letters tes-
tamentary.
80
32.
ISH may be INTERSECTED
for
ASSOCIATION. Thus,
^-^.^^ 3t^
b-î^-
building association, savings association, medical association, benevolent association,

bar association, brewing association, merchants' association, citizens' association, citizens'
33
association,
may
citizens'
INTERSECTED
be
^4medical
ciety,
34
association.
for
L^ -^
SOCIETY. Thus,
'^-
^^
society, humane society, debating society, temperance society, publishing

tract society, modern society, high society, literary society, society.
ITH may be INTERSECTED

AUTHORITIES. Thus
for
-^-^-^^-^ \
AUTHORITY ITH-ISS
so-
for
medical authority, medical authorities, legal authority, legal authorities, excellent ausplendid authority, your authority, my authority, good authority, best authori-
thority,
ties.
35.
AR may be INTERSECTED for ARRANGE, ARRANGED or

ARANGEMENT, -AR-ISS for ARRANGES or ARRANGEMENTS. Thus,
-^
^..^r->:=^^V->:::^..:]?^.
:^.
-A
I shall arrange, I have arranged, make arrangements, please make arrangements, your
arrangements, best arrangement, satisfactory arrangements, he has arranged, their
arrangements, we shall arrange.
36.
may
be
INTERSECTED
-A ^^ ^ k
for
JOURNAL. Thus,
'^ /
^^
medical journal, journal of commerce, evening journal, Atlanta Journal, poultry journal,
trade journal, religious journal, school journal, college journal, journal.
37.
THAN
may
SMALL FINAL BACK-HOOK.
be added by a
Thus,
\s
\t>
o{
::--Sr
less than, faster than, vaster than,
>>
otherwise than, matters than, brothers than, sisters
than, authorities than, noise than, fuss than.
81
OMISSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS.

Such words or parts of words as would be suggested by the context
and readily supplied by an intelligent reader may be omitted or implied.
Thus,
-^
..c^
hand
(in)
hand, one
your, according (to)

,
:2
::
i:"
i:^..
two, two (or) three, according (to) that, according (to)

according (to) my, according (to) law, according (to the)
evidence, according (to the) facts.
^
''
(or)
their,
^^
V-^ ^
\ ^^)
such (a) case, in such (an) opportunity, for (a) great deal, wise
above,
through
(and)
(and) good-wisdom (of) God, over (and) over, over (and)
through, at (a) certain place, about (a) minute.
in
(the)
spirit,
in
82
FIGURES.
There have been several schemes for writing figures developed by
none of them have proved entirely safe for reporting purposes except the following combination scheme which any competent shorthand writer will readily adapt to any emergency that may
different writers, but
arise in his practice.
always better to write One, Six, Ten and Eleven in shorthand

are to be written separately, though in large numbers the
It is
when they
figures are safe.

It is easier to
write Five in shorthand
when
though the figure is always legible.

Note particularly the arbitrary method
to be written sepa-
it is
rately,
70, 80, 90.
Also that the
ten separately, though
WORD-SIGN
N may
of writing 20, 30, 40, 50, 60,
used for 100 when it is writbe written under any number for HUNis
be JOINED or DISJOINED for THOUSAND;

over
a number for MILLION, and B may be JOINED or
be written
DRED; ITH may

may
INTERSECTED
BILLION.
for
'
1;
2; 3;
400,000
4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9;
f
82,000;
5,800;
10;
11;
20; 30; 40;
SO;
60;
70; 80;
100;
90;
5,000,000
96,000;
88,000;
50,0000;
^
24,000;
400,000;
r
94;
r-
85,000;
TeiUli
National
Bank
8,000,000,000;
LONGHAND ALPHABET
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HIJKLMN OP QRSTU VWX Y Z
SUMMARY
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compose
decompose
Jsp.
counterfeit
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entertain
intervene
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instruct
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circumspect
circumscribe
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foreknowledge
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decomposing
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feasibility
sensibility
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ownership
physiology
zoology
sinful
-^
13
14
.'>-^...
VCo^
12
magnify
magnitude
presidential
(X
enslave
\j
careful
objective
subjective
'
83
Pitman-Harbell Shorthand
84
^<
>^
^/
f-
loving-ly-their
interesting-ly-their
blissfulness
ô^d"\
indispensableness
a{^
sinfulness
"
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peacefulness
X"^
carelessness
heartlessness
J!>^.
irksomeness
sensitiveness
\^
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apprehensiveness
pavement
refinement
~^
7
i.
hereinafter
hereinbefore
~>v
>r.
deficient
sufficient-ly-cy
this
>
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company
Smith Company
finance committee
\
10
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11
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Navy Department
best of
^^
liability
my
ability
embankment
V3.,.../\L
claim department
/--
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13.;
prompt attention
"^^
i4.....J>....r^.
bankruptcy court
Pennsylvania Railroad
Erie Railway Company
democratic party
letters patent
^
2
-"-
^.J
building association
medical association
medical society
publishing society
medical authority
best authorities
I
have arranged
make arrangements
please
medical journal
journal of commerce
less than
faster than
7.....C...
L^L^
vaster than
85
86
Contractions and Distinctions
X,...\
comply
supreme
people
comparatively
applicable
spiritual-ly
spirituality
complied,
applied
^
C
.^.
\
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objector
combin-e-ation
appeared-particular
opportunity
part
comprehend,
apprehend
number, brother
have been
combined, behind
to
\'^ \
buil-d-t,
V V^
prmt
probation
approbation
publication
vV-^.
obscur-e-ity
pV
\ V^'^
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profit
till,
complaint
\r\\
tell,
applicant
prospect
prospective
.^
JJ
^^
publicity
"X
preliminary
\<'1''i\i\
.V^^.-
at last
at length
truth, it were
at our, true
^
V
<5
..
\7
at
trade, toward
told
at some time
at the same time
surprise
express
suppress
... experience
superscribe
postscript
explicit
postal card
<x
passenger
Pennyslvania
hand
circumstance
extravagant
expla-i-n-ation
Ov
cv
once
whatever
suspension
happiness
acceptance
c)
\^ 0\
at
spoken
.^
.\ .\
witness
witnesseth
special
*?
between
speak
<?
'?
^^
preserv-eâtive
preservation
\|
until, what will

will
it
at all
at least
perspective
f\
observative
observation
observance
observatory
subscribe
broad
poverty
....
J:'^..
practica-1-ly-ble
\
_
observed
be not
observe
V'/.V
\'^^.
probabl-e-y
-w^
subordinated
subordinate
substantial-ly
^\/VJ) p \
V
prohibition
billed
able to
subordination
perpendicular
perhaps
fV
believe
appear
practi-c-s-ed
belong
member, remember
property
A... \
bill,
able,
piincip-le-al-ly
practi-ce-se
'\
t^^
complete
upon, open
happen, punishment
tb
at
at
at
at
any time
one time
any rate
all
events
transfer
transform
transact
transcript
Pitman-HarrEll Shorthand
87
MODEL LETTER
Pneumatic Tools Air Compressors

Hoists.EleclricDrills.Etc.
CHICAGO
April
S,
1910
National Dictograph Company,

1265 Broadway, New York City,
Gentlemen:
We have been using your Dictograph in our offices
here in Chicago for some little time and

that we like it very much indeed.
s?ver in many ways, and

along without it.
am free to say
It has proven a time
would not care to try to get
Heretofore we have been using branch
exchange telephone, but we find your systenl much more
rapid and convenient in every way, and
am sure that
anyone desiring- a convenience of this kind in an office
or factory- will find youi Dictograph just as satisfac-
tory as we have.
Very truly yours,
CHICAGO PNEUMATIC TOOL COMPANY
President.
88
can, question
Christian-ity
kind, coined
translate
1^
transaction
transcription
transposition
-[
J)o
-
transport
transportation
transgress
contingent
cannot
account
count
decree
accord-ing-ance
describe
consequent-ly
correct
'
character
attainment
Lq
L-
-iT^
stranger
d~^
I
atonement
s q
l/^
testamentary
deal,
o
I
v/
quality
n-4i
J,
\j
1^
,
1/
.^.'
acquaint-ance
consequential
correspondent
scoundrel
extinguish
commercial-ly
extemporaneous-ly
v^
dissatisfaction
district
calculate-d
collateral-ly
exorbitant
begin
begun, again
adminis-trator
economy, economical
characteristic
_
discrepancy
J^-r^.i^.. Jrr^rr^ Jo...
J
-^
discover-y-ed
deserve
qualify
o
determination
develop
equal
difficult-y
during
denomina-t-e-ion
doctrine
delinquent
had been
determine
I
capitalist
call,
idle
au-ect
'
cared, occurred
dehver-ed-y
dear, doctor
II^
I
care, occur
testament
it will not
extreme
yours truly
administratrix
did not
>
began
administration
deficien-t-cy
altogether
do not
had not
govern-ment
degree
executrix
administer
l^.^
day or two
deride
derision
executor
signature
glory
glorify
direction
.1
li^
yI
J
/<.
jLL
duration
arriv-e-al
damage
hereafter
discriminat-ed-ion
whichever
representative
religion
general-ly
imagin-e-ation
jurisprudence
gentlemen
gentleman
jeopard-y
jeopardise
repeat
rapid
w-rap-t-ped
representation
Pitman-Harkell Shorthand
89
DICTATION
Read the shorthand over and over until you can read it as rapidly as
you can talk. Then copy it. Then write it from dictation until you can
write it at a speed of 100 words a minute making correct notes before
recitation.
.1-^.a^llr^f
Dear Mr. Brice:
You would
away
the
not think of throwing
j-our fountain
ink
is
pen .simply because
exhausted.
why throw
Then,
awaj' j-our
duplicating machine
We
can
If
can re-ink them as well as you

jôur fountain pen.
fill
you
will
examine one
parently worthless
lind that the fabric
all.
We
and
tically
of
your ap-
you
ribbons,
is
scarcely
will
worn
at
take these, treat them with
our special process,

ink.
worn
ribbons?
return
new
refill
them
ribbons,
them with
to
and
you praconly
for
one-half the cost.
Read the enclosed

plains
folder.
our proposition
trial will
fully,
ex-
but
convince you, and the sooner
you send them the more you
Why
It
will save.
not pack them up, put on the
enclosed shipping label, and send them
along right now?
Yours very
truly,
90
aristocra-cy-tic
irrelevant
arbitration
we
are not
with our own
revolver
respectively
relinquish
(
republican
arrived
follow,
fall,
e,
f
feel,
phonography
phonographic
r\
'
"^
withdraw
throughout
on either hand
on the other hand
on their hands
/'
offer
from
within, thine
(r-Q
.r\
than
within a day or two
within a week or two
freight
offered,
.0
foundation
effort,
thanksgiving
authority
f\
phonographer
::^.
fill
ful-ly
(^
vj
often,
i^D
overwhelm
thankful-ly
relieve
from what
Vj-'-
further
although
/ A&-^-
fruit
this
week
hitherto
either
felony
frequent-ly
furniture
^
/
financial-ly
Q
y
r\
Vj
thev are, their

other
southern
southeast-southeast
southeasterly
southeastern
three or four
forward
afterward
for instance
philanthrop-y-ic-al-ly
assign
efficient-ly
suff'icient-ly-cy
frantic
assignment-assignment
east
..L^..L4^ formal-ly
eastern
former
wisdom- wisdom
"^-^-^
forego
pleasure
sure-ly
forget
forgive
assure
usury
from our
fugitives
value
valued
r^ /^^
learn, alone,
will not
we will not
loan
over
every, very
very respectfully
very respectfully
oversight
vaster than
than
overc-a-om^
faster
are not
irrespective
arrange-d
a:chiiect-ur-e-al
organize
order
ordered
retire
yours
na
legislative
legislation
your honor
you have nothing
amount
mount
with me-my
with him, we
with
may
whom
machine, mission
machinery
movement
91
^^'-^ -L
Thomas
St.
Dear
F. Nash,
Joseph, Mo.
Sir:
Answering your
8,
will say that
if
you can ship your
automobile to our shops
you without
delay.
Louis
at St.
we can have
right away,
for
November
letter of
repaired
it
We
we
think
have the new style of axles with
shall
cylinder bearings by the last of this
week, and
you
if
tomobile in
St.
week,
next
will
have your au-
Louis by the
doubtless
we
first
shall
of
be
ready to put on the improved axles by
)^luc
that
time.
ship
the
However,
if
you should
automobile, and
we should
not have the improved cylinder bearings,
we
shall use an axle of similar
make, which you could change to the

cylinder
bearing
at
any
time
you
might wish to make the change, and

all
3ôu
would have
simply to get the
and put them on,
to
do would be
cylinder
without
bearings
the neces-
sity of sending the automobile to our
Or,
shons.
if
you wish, we could hold
the automobile a few days,

sary,
to
if
neces-
get the improved axles for
you.
Respectfully yours.
92
we note
we note that
we understand
machinist
n echanic
mistaken
we might
neglect
..<;r-...Sr:<..Q-j'.:
we might not
c^
^^-%
<r^..
neglectful-ly
we may not
Mr. mere, remark
Mrs. remarks
i^...
may have been

"Z^C..
or not
mortgage
more or less
merchandise
to have
of his ow-n
to his own
merchantable
mercantile
we may be able
mortgagor
V
stenographic
I have, or of-if
but have-if
L^^
have been
evidenced
virtue,
avert
southwest
^ p oninion
\_ 3 information
'
inferior-ity
insistent, inconsistent
inspect
in reply
only
underwriters
unreasonabl-e-y
inform
two or three
uniform
^
universal-ly
in
"<i^'"
.S-^~V^
anniversary
order to
that
order
<
una ir the circumstances
in
in
~..>f..-.
writing
handwriting
..N4?.
in
in
in
reference
respect
in
our
response
understand
elsewhere
some wa}'
somewhere
somehow
or other
or other
or other
something or other
meanwhile
individual-ly
identical-ly
independent
in regard
capabl-e-y
unless
entangle
investigation
danger
intelligible
in
in
north
northeastern
northwestern
northern
university
our hands
on our hands
on the one hand
in
i;^
z
Z^,
î
Ur^
enli,ghtenment
s;;^
in
I
C_-^
x.^
reference to that
regard to the matter
endeavor-ed
differen-t-ce
yours very truly

very tridy yours
exasperate-d
exasperation
jurisdiction
identification
consequence
next week
beforehand
one or two
on the contrary
and company
boa;d of trade
A:
93
.=^
Dear
Roberson:
Air.
You
from
believe in protecting your
don't you?
fire,
protecting
may
home
how about
from the other elements?
it
The next time

roof
But
rains your shingle
it
your ceilings may be
leak,
water-soaked, and some of the choicest
and most valuable contents of your
home damaged beyond
repair.
For
sooner or later shingles are bound to
warp and
curl, pulling
out nails, and
lowing the rain to beat
more they
and even though they
Further-
in.
when shaded,
quickly
rot
al-
may
look firm,
they allow the water to soak through.
But
run
is
it
this
not necessary for you to

for
risk,
no more than
at
what ordinary shingles cost you can

get absolute protection
Here
at
last
is
in
"FHntoid."
a roofing that will
withstand, year in and year out the
most severe weather conditions.

FHntoid
of
is
made
raw materials.
of the
It
is
very best
laid
in
layers over the entire surface.
three
Over
that goes a red coating that oxidizes

after
short exposure and
surface solid
as
slate
makes
and absolutely
94
unaiifected
^
Just
_.
^^^^'^
\^
^--^:
longer to
^r^..)...^. A.rv..i."^v
y
^'^7^
X^Y
'-p
has been since
Can you
trust
doubtful protective quali-
old roof as the booklet shows.
'
The
cost
includes
pay the
^^~r'.*~T|
Simply
.,
^^
its
moment and
it
Flintoid can be laid right over the
(J^
..\..^../..\.'^^.)^
for
long
dampness.
ties?
down
sit
up how
figure
heat, cold, or
your roof was put on.
by
-Wv3
y:..
nails,
cement and we
freight.
fill
in the
dimensions of your
roof on the enclosed order blank, sign,
and mail today.
>
(
'^
J^
/^
'^"^
>_-.t__f...\
.-T'TTv.
.^.
3^
Very
Write These Letters
iii
truly yours.
Shorthand
Minneapolis, Minn. January
1,
19
Mr. Q. Z. Ajax,
Quincy, Illinois.
Dear
Sir
We are very much

by your
letter of
pleased to enclose the Garwick circular requested
December
25.
Very
truly yours,
Mr. John C. Brown,

Chicago, 111.
Dear
I
Sir
regret very
by your
letter of
much
that I cannot give
January
you the information requested
5.
Yours very truly
To an unmarried woman,
Miss Elsie Green,
Rochester, N. Y.
Dear Madam:
The Engraved Cards and Lithographed Invitations ordered
by your letter of January 7 have been shipped by Adams Express.
Very
respectfully,

Pitman-Harrei L Shorthand
95
Dear Mr. Brooke:
The onlv thing

from ordering
k.^
r^.....
^<d'..\R
still
that
hesitate
still
money can
remove your prejudice
r.
.^...^:^..r
î
its
ways
of
which we might once and for
::::z...':^..c^...vr:
to
believe
purchase.
There are a number
C~N
to
offers positively the best value
it
that your
.i\.:^
you
that
is
doubt as
in
little
You
value.
Piano-
Princeton
Player long before this

are
kept you
that has
your
In
time
all
doubts
j'our misgivings.
We
might point to the 8000
satisfied
purchasers.
We
mipht show you
steady
the
stream of orders that number more

than half a thousand each month.
We
might
drawer
filled
plan better
in
to
bj-
but
far than
OUR
monthAT
full
The Player
ment.
to 3'our
-^
Lo A^.p S^
any
of these.
are to try the Princeton Player
Simply deposit the
we have
your own home for thirty days
one
...\..^..C
after
bursting with unso-
testimonials
licited
You
open drawer
pull
Then
home,
put
it
to
first
be delivered
will
read}- for
la
RISK.
small pav-
j-our
use.
test as thorough, as
severe as you wish.

If
the
Player does not more than
please and
satisfy
vou
in
every par-
Pitman-Harrei^l Shorthand
96
simply say
ticular,
move
it
at
so,
and we
will re-
our expense and refund ev-
ery penny of your deposit.

If
you are as thoroughly pleased
the 8000 others
who have
as
purchased,
have simply to continue making
3'ou
your small monthly payments.
Could we possibly make
a fairer
more
liberal
more
clearly prove our absolute faith
in the
offer?
Could any
offer
Princeton Player?
Accept
this offer today.
Simply sign
the enclosed deposit blank, enclose $10,
and mail now, and the
come
to
you
at
a married
will
once.
Very
To
Player
truly yours.
woman,
Mrs. Elsie Hutchins,

Rochester, N. Y.
Dear Madam:
The Paper and Envelopes with your initial "H" Embossed
on Gold, as ordered by your letter of January 20, have been mailed
separately.
Very
respectfully,
To an unmarried woman,
Miss Irma Hayes,
St. Paul, Minn.
Dear Miss Hayes
The Catalog requested by your letter of January 12 has been

mailed to you separately, and we enclose our latest price-list.
Very
respectfully yours,

Dear Mr. Bright:
There
in
Chicago, not
much
larger than yours, that secured
over
two hundred new savings de-
positors
.<C^
bank here
is
And
month.
last
secured
them, mind you, on the sole strength

circular
business-getting
of
letters
without the aid of a single personal

solicitor.
That
is
you
to
why
as
tho
For
Check.
it
letter
this
it
were
show you how
as vital
Certihed
about a concise,
tells
wonderfully practical
will
is
little
book
that
same
to write the
kind of letters that brought this business for the Chicago bank.
you can get
and
same book
this
how
for less
than you often pay for a mere handful of
good
Think
earners,
of
cigars.
the
the
money
hundreds of
thrifty ambitious
men and young women

own immediate
locality
young
right in your
who ought
ooen up savings accounts.
If
to
you had
them all together in your private office

where you could talk to them as man
to man, it would be no trouble to seOf
cure a big proportion of them.
course you can't do this. but why
not do as the Royal Trust Company
Why not go to them? Why
did?
the strong advantage your

before them through sincere heart-to-heart straight-from-theshoulder letters letters that breathe
not
bank
->
put
ofifers
98

additional
cost,
expense,
additional
and conduce, and oblige-
yours truly, as to the matters.
Almighty God,
as far as, as fast as, answer, according to their statement, according to agreement, assault,
as if it were.
events, defendant's wita few

nesses, action at law,
were there, another position,
at all
above stated, defendant

appur-
appertain, appertaining,
tenance, as aforesaid,
alien, aliened, alienated, alienation, as soon as convenient, are

not-are not. as it were, at any
Z^./^/i^Q_^..-~i.<r^..q.-.J
rate
"^^^^^V
at first, at least, at last, Atlantic

Ocean, at length, all that is said,
asking us, asking that you
are there not, rather not, alongside, at hand, and contents, are
there some, at his house
actual damage, affidavit and orand

der, articles of agreement,
his heirs, and assigns.
by
10
own. combined-bindtheir
because
not,
behind-bond-be
there are, back stairs, British
America, brother-in-law
forth, bill of excepbest
of particulars,
terms, best price, best quality,
board of directors
back and
tions,
bill
bona
benefic-ialfide,
bebeneficial estate,
forehand, burden of proof, bill
of lading, bill of sale
11
benefit,
ent-iary.
12
balance due you, balance your

account, best knowledge, best
of
my
knowledge, best of his
knowledge
13
circumstantial
sel-council,
14
evidence,
cancel,
axle,
counexcel,
costly, castle, counsel for the

defendant, counsel for the plaintiflf
LAWYER
PMLAS, TEXAS
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course
S> ^
^'X
simple, practical
that
gives
hints
on
live
boiled
English,
size,
costs less
it
brings
Dollars
is
and
worth
if
this
book
you don't
at least half a
to
feel
dozen
amount, YOU CAN HAVE

YOUR MONEY BACK FOR THE
^^"'^^ ^^'^
v<\
'^^
ASKING.
simply wrap a
and mail today.
Very
Misses Smyth
it
will
bankers college
this
Pigeon Hole
to
your own desk,
r:,
}6..--'rrrr/...>:...x....\.X
book
because
Business
in
Two
"^^
->!
this
than a couple of theatre tickets.
L)
j-ou
everv-day use of words and
down
v_5 L
^
'I
plain,
And, mind you,
that
convincing writing.
ear-
vital principles underlying the art of
/^S
do
to
.V...
'^"'''^-^^^ ;'-=\
'^
^
what
just
is
show vou how
./...-./i.^.v
same
yourself would use in a personal talk.
( ^
VjV...
v.../
the
and personality
nestness
\c
same enthusiasm
C:^^. ...
the
99
$2-bill in this letter,
truly yours,
& Whyte,
Cleveland, Ohio.
Ladies
The Hats and Trimming

January
Material ordered by your letter of

10, as per the at-
were shipped by freight January
tached Bill of Lading.
Very
Mr. Jerome K.
respectfully,
Zilliox,
Cincinnati, Ohio.
Dear
Sir:
be pleased to examine your machine for

printing letters from typewriter type through a
ribbon as in typewriting as soon as it reaches me.
The trouble with many such machines is that
they do not make quite as uniform impression
of the letters as the typewriter, and letters thus
reproduced are easily distinguished from typeI shall
written
leters.
Very
truly yours.
100
counsel for the

prisoner, according to the lease. Christian
Society, criminal jurisprudence.

2
call the attention of

the court to the fact that, call
the attention of counsel, chan-
certiorari,
cery.
3
chancery
practice,
chancery
court, covenants, county, county
court,
county
of, county attorney, circourt, called for the defendant, called for the plaintiff,.
cuit
called in his own behalf, court

of justice, constitutional, constitutionality, contiguous-ly,
carbonic acid,
camped
7
crooked
their,^
cleaning their,
causing
contributing their, contributory
negligence,
had not, down

away, direction,
did not, do not,

stairs,
doing
destruction
duration,
day and year, declare

dend
9
stairs,
there, capitalist,
thereof,
a divi-
attorney, district, disdocumentary evicourt,

dence, direct evidence, defendant in error,
director-s-'s re-
district
trict
port
10
discount
for
cash,
Columbia, dear
did not say so,
that, didn't
11
12
District
of
do not think,
didn't you say
sir,
you say so
Episcopal church, express company, eternal life, either party^

extension
extenua
tion,
extempor-e-aneous
early consideration, executioner
-ly,
13
examination
in chief,
ex parte, ex-
pire, expert,
14
experiment, expression,
export,
exasperate-d,
exasperation,
ex-
empt,
(T
101
Dear Mr. Smith:
You
for
soon be wanting supplies
will
the
new
you are erecting,
plant
and you know how trying

tion supply-buying
obtain
to
a proposi-
when you have
is
from a
equipment
your
Some
dozen different sources.
of the
parts are sure to have to go back for
there
delayed
be
will
alterations,-
shipments of some of the goods that

will
cause loss of time.
You have been

how much
saying to yourself,
quicker, easier, and better
you could put your plant

you could get somewhere
equipment
that
shape
in
meet
would
if
complete
your
needs.
That
is
install for
just
what we are ready
complete equipment that
will
your most exacting demands
omy
:o
you on an hour's notice,
of operation in day-in
in
meet
econ-
and day-
out wearing quality.
And because we
with
vou
rock
every
item
will need,
minimum
can furnish
we can do
Directory of Plant
it
very
it
at a
bed-
of cost to you.
The catalog enclosed
over
you
equipment that
of
is
perfect
Equipment.
carefully'.
Go
Note particu-
102
fellow citizens, for instance, for

the purpose, four or five, fortunate, fortunately, unfortunate,
yours,
fraternally
furniture,
first above, footstep, footsteps,
offered-from what.
place,
to
fortune, from place
financial
affirst installment,
fairs,
decree, fee simple, further

consideration, felonious,
final
feloniously,
fratricide,
consideraton,
for
and
sideration, for there

faithfully yours,
is
for
the
connothing,
in
from the last report, further

particulars, foundation, for the
aforesaid, for his said,
said
for the sake, for their sake, first

national bank, for their infor-
mation,
8
they are known, for their

own, from year to year, for infor
stance, father-in-law,
our, from our stock, from

our store, from our own, from
their own-further than, falsely,
from
flatter,
10
from gengeneration, gentlemen of the jury, giving away,

going away, God, guide,
goods and
eration
11
Â.
chattels,
to
not, had not known, have

concluded, here and there, Habeas Corpus. House of Repre-
had
sentatives,
12
human
13
their
set
hereunto
hands and seals, how do you
know whether he was or not,
honorable senator, hereinabove
14
how long have you known
life, he can have, he cannot have, he shall be,
homicide,
he will therefore.
him,
\.
NO _j
103
"Star" brand belting.

"
'=N.
\^
"^
s^^
)-^x
p,
-N.l
proved
"~"^
?\
k.-x
Vj"
A.
->^
^l-^
'T-
l.\
S--V
-/"
same
X"
y
\ L/f
^,.
this
quality
we could
the
of
V^
""
y^
Vi
^-
>>
V.
You simply cannot
V-
dollar's
/^
^'rr?.X
\.
buy
afford to
worth of supplies
until
you
price for the
entire equipment.
and
rrTTNL
Fill
price
give you in furnsh-
ing your plant complete.
"^
V
-
the
one item just to
just
is
know our rock-bottom
has
outwear three-
to
you an idea
give
No
ability
it
price on the market.
And
"^ ^ 'X^^
x^..
In actual tests
from the very
factory
^~^
""^
its
on
made
is
times-over any other beltmg at
f'ip^-ix^
A
own
This
r^.l).
our
in
choicest stock.
O
..-.'..
^^'^^
Y (-
quoted
the special prices
larly
out and mail the enclosed speci-
fication-blank today.
*\.
full
particulars
Ver-*'-
Our
prices
and
come by return
will
truly yours,
Dear Mike:
Don't think for a minute that you can't succeed. You can't tell
There are success possibilities in every one. Don't take
try.
anybody's word for it that you can't achieve success BIG success.
The world is full of croakers men who declare that this or that
thing can't be done. The Alps could not be crossed in winter! It was
impossible for the American Revolution to succeed but it did.
The Atlantic cable was a mere impractical, hair-brained dream but
we have it.
The first step in your journey toward success in the business world
is a correct preparation for the work of the business world.
Opportunity
awaits you, and a good salary will be yours right from the start. That
means that you must have a solid business education the kind of an
education that President Garfield said is of more benefit to the rising
young man or young woman than a university education.
Don't be too eager to get away from school. Your success will be
measured by the thoroughness of your preparation and this is your
golden opportunity to lay the foundation for all time to come.
Sincerely your friend,
till
you
104
1
has there been, has there not

been. House of Commons,
he
may have been, had been, bad
there been
had there not been, he may be
may not be there, he

has no other he sent the-ir-re,
he went there, heavenly hosts
there, he
have not, have been, have not

been, how long
have
(you)
lived, how long have (you) lived
there
in
this
state,
in
your
state,
in
first
place,
that state, in the

the second place
5
^r-
'^\^V^^
the sight of God, it will be

necessary, it will not be necesin
sary,
ness,
is it
it
ought not,
is
it
not.
are,
is it
there,
is
in
his busi-
not a fact that you

is
there not, is
there nothing
tliere anything, is there anything else, is there nothing else,
is there one, I shall therefore
is
I know there had been, I think

there will be, I know therefore,
in their opinion
I know they are just, I know

they are not, if they are guilty,
I know they are now
10
have had, if not-find, in his

word, in his escape, in his ease,
I
in his zeal, in his usual
way, in his hurrj^ in the

Scrinture, in a similar manner,
in the house
11
in his
12
in
his supreme, in the first instance, in his grave, in his grief,

in his house-influences
13
if
thev had not,
been,
have
14
I
is,
will arrano'e,
in reply to
favor,
if
they had not
went
there, in law, I
arranged, I shall arrange
I
it
am
sure there
your esteemed
has been said, I will
ask (you to) state
h-..Â.lI
10:
Dear Mr. Johnson:
<i^ Aî
year since
It is just a
memorable
^^
When
Calculator."
written
Today nearly
chines are
you about.
"Crown"
errors
is
in
saving
clerical
in
no longer an experiment.
It is
proved practical appliance which
It is a
made
ever
In great
over the land,
all
money and
ma-
these
of
5,000
stores, in factories,
has
was
letter
everj-day use.
in
business offices
labor.
that
had an unknown, unheard
of appliance to tell
time,
sent you that
about the "Crown
letter
itself
indispensable wherc-
has been installed.
it
do not know why you have been
during
silent
months,
twelve
these
but whatever has prevented you from

trying
this
machine,
want
to
re-
want
to
permit you to place this calculator
in
move
your
you
it
that obstacle now.
office
fully
back
and try
intend
even
in
indeed
even
it
though
advance to send
receive noth-
if I
ing from you but a frank opinion of
and
"^
(^
So
ofifer
a return
I
shipment
at
am making you
so
fair
made
it
it,
expense.
this ofifer
an
and broad that even
you had made

not have
my
if
yourself you could
the conditions fairer.
106
I will ask ''-ou to) state whether (or) not, I will ask (you to)
state whether there is, I will
ask you to state whether there
was
2
am
am
yours
in reply to
intend to be, I
not asking (you) about that
your
truly,
letter,
your honor pleases, international law,

into,
I
am dear
friend, if there has been
in
if
regard to the matter, I know

has been, I know there
there
was
5
there is anything, if there is

nothing, I have seen .their-I
have sent there, I think there js
in
if
their supposition,
no objection,
if
if
there
there
is
is
any-
thing more
7
there
if
nothing more.
is
con-
sider the-I consider it the, I am

inclined to think that, in arrest
of judgment
irreparabl-e-y,
interlocutory de-
cree, in witness whereof,

you will be
trust not,
a-your letter),
am in
I am
trust
receipt (of
directed to
state
10
in
payment
not have,
11
12
of account, I cancan have, I shall be
I can be, if he can be, I think

not, I am not-I might not, if it
be not, if they had not known
if
not-in what, in this connection,

continued, is connected, is
his
compelled
13
reference,
in
reference to
their, in his life, in strone. in as
in
man-"
L..z.:.:^....!:..!b3.n.,
14
in
his
consideration, in his age, in

immediate, in his remittance,
in his situation, in his
sympathy
lo;
no longer a question of wheth-
It is
machine
er the
really practical, for
is
5,000 concerns
you know and respect
have
tried
actually
stand behind
It
and now
out
it
it.
no longer a question whether
is
or not you can aflford
it,
for under the
new offer YOU PAY FOR THE MACHINE AS IT PAYS FOR ITSELF.
Read
the
3ôurself
if
through and
offer
you could receive
ask
a fairer
one.
quarter a day
couple of cigars
your
in
just
places
the cost of a
of $5.00 enables
payment
"Crown"
the
AT ONCE.
office
The
you
first
to put
the machine into immediate monej'-
niaking,
money-saving
and
use,
balance you have nearly a
the
whole year
to pay.
I
pon
have attached
convenient cou-
to the circular enclosed.
sign this coupon, enclose
velope with a $5
me
at
my
go forward,
me.
all
in
an en-
and mail
Your name
risk.
security for
bill,
it
Simply
is
it
to
enough
The "Crown"
will
transportation charges
fully prepaid, as fast as return express
can take
it.
Very
truly yours,
108
in regard to this, in reference to

these, in respect to these, in respect to your, in reply to your
inasmuch
as. in
construction,
they are,
in
such
as, in the
believe there-
exchange
joint stock, judicial sale, justice

court, justice of the peace, joint
procedure
,
^/^
just received, jumped their, juxtaposition, generalization, jeopardize, jetsam
him, let
question, let
let
him answer
me
the
ask (you) this
question
r^-^-^f
/--^
letters patent, letters testamentary, last week, last month, lat-
largest
est,
>
7
last will
and testament,
lightest,
house,
lowest
longest. Lord's
terms, lastly
<^^>
making them, meanwhile,

it
may
please your honor,
may
not,
moved
9
10
misdirection, mother-in-law, my
beloved brethren, my brethren
my
dear sir, misfortune, master

chancery, mention, motion
denied
in
'^
i-a
^' -^
^-^-^
11
'
motion to dismiss,
collection, may
court, mightiest,
may
best replease the

have been,
more than
""-o
12
national bank stock, next week,
next year, nor

13
14
is
there,
no
sir
New
ca,
S \1
my
it
Testament. North AmeriNorth Carolina, Northern
on or about, on or before, on
the one side, on the other side,
on either side, of course
109
Dear Mr. Grim:
You
of course, as a matter
will,
economy
and
convenience
new
stock-racks in your
'if
install
factory
racks that will classify your supplies
^s^^r^rT
-^....
<z^
and make them easily accessible.

But
addition to affording these
in
advantages, you will want racks that
^C^
^^L.^.WT
^'^^C^''^^^
more
no
occupj'
than
space
j'our
supplies actually demand.
Every foot
of space in your factory
a fixed ex-
is
you money
pense to you.
It
costs
every day, year
in
and year
every foot
means
of
space
that
out,
is
and
wasted
actual money-loss.
This one feature

alone makes the
compactness
of
Thompson
steel rack
superior to any other device in
use
for the storage of parts and supplies.
For the Thompson
adjustable
is
You do
every varying demand.
to
not
have to waste a large combination of
two or three
combination
parts,
and
stuff a small
You
to overflowing.
can
adjust each combination separately to

the
nature
ticles
it
given
not
and
quantity
contains
:.
:.L
that
ar-
parts
are
an inch more room than
they actually need.

in
so
the
of
Think what
money gained every day
in
this
the
.10
1
of course they are-their, one of

the most, opening their, O. K.,
objection sustained
overruled, otherwise
than, on the one subject, official
objection
manager,
of
side
3
or
his
official
estate,
on one
the
heirs,
or
assigns,
ordi-
nary-Lord-read, ordinarily, over

and above, obscurity
preliminarv,
parliament-ary,
please inform us, please notify
us, please forward
parties
hereto
please accept,
have,
please
answer the ques-
tion, profit-prophet, profitabl-ey. plaintiff in error, preponder-
ance of evidence, prejudice

party of the first part, party of
the second part, parties of the
first part, parties of the second
part, parties of the first and the
quote,
please
second
parts,
quote
please quote us, please
your
please quote prices, please let
us
V=-^ -^^:5
know whether
or not, pris-
oner at the bar, Presbyterian

Church, please arrange
please make arrangements. Pacific Ocean, pacification, postal
card
10
rely, release-relies, realize,

lease, released, reparable
Roman
Catholic Church,
re-
Roman
Catholics, render their decision

11
seizen, stock market, some other

cases, subpoena, statute of limitation
12
second installment, shallbe taken into consideration, sincerely

yours, shall I think,
set forth, set off
so far as,
13
Southwest,
not.
ought
she
Southwesterly.
Southwestern,
says
Southeast, Southeastern.
there is, secretary, sacred
14
secured, security, secretary of

secretary of war. secretary of the navy
state,
111
Yet, as your supplies
year wouid be.
or stock increases, you will find these
racks capable of unlimited expansion.
You
make
can
additions or extensions
any point to meet increasing
at
quirements.
Each
and new sections

old
and
fit
unit,
perfectly with the

are built
Constructed of the most du-
steel,
they are tested
the heaviest loads, no matter
Once
eoually placed.
will
is
Thompson's racks
to last.
rable
section
re-
to
hold
how
installed,
un-
they
never cost you one cent of addi-
tional
expense, and
they will last a
life-time.
Arrange now to make these racks

one of the great conveniences of your
plant.
Fill
out
and mail today the
enclosed post card.
It
will bring our
representative to give you a complete
estimate of your needs.
This infor-
mation puts you under no obligation

to buy,
and
it
is
yours for the asking.
Send the post card by return
Very
mail.
truly yours,
112
of
state
Wyoming,
exchange,
stock
stockholders,
New
York,
of
state
state of Illinois
state of Pennsylvania, state of

Wisconsin, step by step, sena-
tor-center
3
son-in-law, sister-in-law,
wide, statist, statement
to the best of
my
state-
recollection,
on the other hand, they were

not. taking away, this witness,
that said
5
think there
is,
thinks there
's,
their stock, thou hast, the contents, to have been, those have
been-thou hast been, they will
not, to a great extent, to that
extent
6.
truly yours, taken into consideration, Tuesday evening, to-wit,

they went there often
third party, thankful-ly. there

are some, there are many, there
are enough, tenth street
into,
unfortunately,
unreasonabl-e-y, unaltered,
unfortunate
underwriters,
United States, United States of

America,
10
United
States
United
States Senate,
Senator, in like, unlike
(you-he-I-weunless
they) can, unless it is, unless
there is, unless (you-he-I-wethey) have
11
unless,
12
vice-oresident, vice versa, viva

truly
very
voce, very truly,
yours, virtually
13
where said-we reside-we are

said, wise and good-wisdom of
God, were not, which are-were
not. which are-were of, we always, whenever
14
we
enjoy,
we
many, we are
will
not
with
received,
not,
was
it
not,
113
LEGAL FORMS
(
BILL OF SALE.
KNOW ALL MEN

PRESENTS
BY THESE
Frank V. Penrose, of Philadelphia, county of Philadelphia, and state of Pennsylvania,

in consideration
of
eight hundred
($800) dollars to me paid by Oliver
Holmes, of said city, county and
state, the receipt whereof is hereby
that
I,
acknowledge, do hereby grant, sell,

and deliver unto the said
Oliver Holmes, the following goods
and chattels, namely:
transfer,
(Here follows a description of the

goods in a separate paragraph).
TO HAVE AND TO HOLD
all
and singular the said goods and chattels to the said Oliver Holmes and
his executors, administrators, and assigns, to their own use and behoof forever
And
hereby covenant with
grantee that
of the
said
am
the
the lawful owner
goods and chattels;
that
they are free from all incumbrances;

that I have good right to sell the
same as aforesaid; and that T will

warrant and defend the same against
the lawful claims and demands of all
'lersons.
IN
said
my
WITNESS WEREOF
I,
Frank V. Penrose, hereunto

hand and seal this first day
June. 19.
the
set
of
114

1
whether there
they
when they
are right,
whether
whether they
will be,
ready,
are
are tinished
when
therefore-wonderful-ly,
not, wide stairs, with
our information, with our own,
with our own hands
was there
with our, were

it not for
were
it.
the,
were it not,
were it not
safe
it
not for these, were it
possible, were it not for-were it
not a fact, we mieht, we might
were
not,
why
why
why
why
not have, why not do so,

not say so, why not take,
not ask the, we recognize
we magnif^^ whenever I can, we

are, we are yours truly
not
we should be
glad
to
know
whether or not. wherever I am,

when I do, weight of evidence.
8
we cannot have, we can have,

we shall be, we shall not be,
who
9
shall be
with
Wednesday
relation,
evening, whenever there has

been, we remain yours truly
10
we
enclose herewith,
letter (a letter),
know
other-we
11
we
12
13
,
14
we
workman
regard,
quire,
we
enclose
went there-one
they are
regret,
we
re-
why not now. why

why not be-object
workmanlike,
not
insist,
you
can,
faithfully,
to make,
yours
you cannot, yours

you will not be able
yesterday
very trulj\ yours truly,

vou will thereupon, you
will thereby, your honor,
you
have had the
yes
sir,
115
PARTY WALL AGREEMENT

THIS AGREEMENT, made
sixth
day
of January, A. D., 19
this
,
be-
W.
Westcott, of Milwaukee,
Wisconsin, and Edward Schawb. of
the same citj- and state.
tween
::yj l^zint:^..^.
p V
:>"
"^
'^_^^
Kf^^^^
^')
C.
WITNESSETH,
that
the
said
adjoining
of
being owners
estates situated on the west side of
Tenth street, between White and LaClede streets, in said city of Milwaukee, the boundary line between
said estates being ten feet from tiie
west side of tenth street, hereby mutually grant and covenant, each for
himself, and his heirs and assigns, to
and with the other, and his heirs and
assigns, that either party hereto or his
heirs or assigns, may build a party
wall of the thickness required by law
on an\- oart or the whole of the said
parties
boundary line between the said estates, which the other party, his heirs
and assigns, shall have a right to use
as herein provided, the middle line of
;f
which wall shall coincide with said

boundary line; and either party hereor his heirs or assigns, may extend
any direction on said line any wail
50 built, and may rebuild the same
to,
in
in
case of the partial or total destrucand when any portion of
tion thereof;
any wall so built, exetnded, or rebuilt

used by the party, or by the
heirs or assigns of the party, by
shall be
whom
the portion of the wall so used
was not constructed, he or they sh^ll

pay to the party who cunatvcoted
.1)
)i^..^:ij\,'Vt,
116
the same, or to his heirs or assigns,
one half of the value
at the
tinie
of
such use of the whole thickness of the

portion
such
of
including
wall,
the
foundation thereof, so used by hini or
them; and the sum so to be paid
l'^-J\\ J'\
shall
remain a cbare,e upon the
until paid,
land of the party liable
same; but no covenant
'.o
pay
the
hcr'-in contain-
ed shall be personally binding oa ?tny
person or persons, except
re-ôect
in
of breaches
committed during
their
of,
seizin
built
under
tended
or
title
to,
Whenever any
estates.
in
this
the
party
agreement
height,
his or
said
vâll
shall be ex-
the chimneys
pre-
viously built in such wall shah be carried
up to
proper height, and any
in-
jury caused by such extciiiuon shall
made good,
be
the party
in
making
the
at
expense
the extension; and
case of dispute as to any value be-
fore
mentioned,
amonnt
the
shall be referred to
party hereto, or
signs,
said
agreement,
^1^
b}'
referees,
his
in
choosing a
bv each
heirs
or as-
case of disthird
pel son
as arbiter.
IN
'^ f^?'
'Jicreof
two disinrcrcsted
parties to be appointed one
'--^5^^.^.
^.
of
WITNESS WHr.REOK
parties hereto have hereunto set
hands and seals the day

above
writter:.
a;:d yea.
ihc
tlieir
I'rst
117
ACKNOWLEDGMENT.
STATE OF WISCONSIN
County
of
Milwaukee.
Personally came before me this

the above
sixth day of January, 19
C. W.
Schawb, to me
named
Westcott and Ed'-vard
known t be the persons who executed the iorc.cfouig instrument, and acknowledged the sime.
>
HARVEY
S-\NOERS,
Notary
F-il/ic.
Dear Charles
Lawyer though
I
wish
I am, and, kindly said by some, a successful lawyer,

had started out when I was twenty as a Stenographer.
I wish I could write shorthand today, and I doubly wish I could have
written shorthand ten years ago when I was a struggling young lawyer,
living off most uncertain briefs and the more uncertain monthly remittances of a fond old farmer father whose ambition had always been to
have 'a lawyer in the family.'
A stenographer in a law office can become a lawyer as quickly as a

'law student' can in that same law office. The stenographer has every
acquire a knowledge of the law as it is dictated
chance to
to him every day in the year has every chance to obtain a thorough
grasp of those intricate methods of dealing with people which a successhas scores of chances to become familiar with
ful lawyer must master
the inside v/orkings of a law case of any sort, which familiarity could
never be gained in a law college alone in a thousand years.
NATURALLY
So far as law experience is concerned, the law office stenographer

has a big lead over the law student of any law office or law college.
Please do not misunderstand me.
am
not condemning law col-
leges, but I am most emphatically and everlastingly commending the

course of those young persons who have been wise enough to become
stenographers in a business college so they might become stenographers
in a
law
office so they
might become lawyers.
Yours
truly,
::
118
Dear Albert
A knowledge
of stenography enables a young man to go into a business or railway office at a salary from the start several times as large as
he would receive if he went into that office minus that business educaRailway officials and business men train their young men stenotion.
graphers who are directly under the heads of departments to fill the
All the
places of those department heads in case of an emergency.
knowledge all the dexterity in handling details that the head of the
department has been years and years in acquiring are naturally absorbed
by the stenographer.
Mr. Charles S. Fee, General Passenger and Ticket Agent of the
Northern Pacific Railroad, St. Paul, Minnesota, entered the railway service as a stenographer in May, 1873, and was secretary to the General
Manager of the Michigan Central Railroad. His duties as stenographer
soon enabled him to get a more thorough grasp of the details of railway
management, so that in 1875 he became Chief Clerk to the General Manager of the Hannibal & St. Joseph Railroad. In 1877 he was promoted
to the position of Chief Clerk to the General Manager of the Northern
In 1883 just ten years after he started as stenoPacific Railroad.
grapher he was appointed General Passenger and" Ticket Agent.
Wishing you every
success, I am.
Sincerely your friend,
Dear George
There's no other position in a business house or a professional office
that so quickly gives the young employe a thorough insight into the
thousand and one details of that business or profession as does the position of stenographer.
William Loeb, formerly Secretary to President Roosevelt now ColYork when a lad of sixteen, made up his mind
lector of the Port of
He had been told that as court stenoto become a court stenographer.
grapher he should know the outlines of a thousand and one lines of business.
In the campaign of 1884 he started to work on a newspaper. Then
he became a stenographer in a Life and Fire Insurance office. Six
months later he resigned to take a position in a railway freight office to
Then he entered the employ
learn the details of the railroad business.
then went to a bank, and, finally, stepped upon
of an express company
the threshold of his real career by securing a place in a law office. In
his spare moments he studied law, for a year or two, also took a short
course in medicine, and reported a long series of medical lectures.
At twenty-two he was ready to take a position as court reporter. His
rapid rise to the very lucrative and important position of Secretary to
President Roosevelt, and later to the position of Collector of the Port of
New
New
York, is known to everybody.

Stenography points out the royal road to a position of prominence.
Sincerely,
Pitmax-Harrell Shorthand
119
WARRANTY DEED.
THIS INDENTURE made
the -sc-
between JvAond day of April, 19

win Swor, of Cleveland, Ohio, party
of the first part, and Wade VV'ea> or,
of the same city and state. Pi-rty of
,
the second part,
WITNESSETH
tion of the
sum
pany
that the sa-i
of the first part, for
and
in
considera-
of eight3'-two thousand
($82,000) dollars, lawful
money
of the
United States of America, well and

truly paid by the said party of the second part to the said party of the first
part, at and before the ensealing and
delivery of these presents, the receipt
whereof
is
hereby acknowledged, has
granted, bargained, sold, aliened, en-
conveyed, and conand by these presents do'.-s
feoffed, released,
firmed,
grant, bargain,
sell,
alien, enfeoff, re-
convey, and confirm unto the

said party of the second part, his heirs
lease,
and assigns,
all
that
parcel
of
land
and being in the city of

Cleveland, county of Cuyahoga, and
state of Ohio, and bounded and par-
situate, lying
ticularly described as follows:
(Description
of
land
here).
Together with all and singular the

buildings, improvements, woods, \.'a-, s.
rights,
liberties,
privileges,
heredita-
ments, and appurtenances to the same

belonging or in anywise appertaining,
and the reversion and reversions, remainder and remainders, rents, issues
and profits thereof, and of ever}'

and parcel thereof; and also all
estate,
right,
title,
interest,
pr.rt
ti;
.'
prouerty.
120
Dear John:
The door
And
of opportunity is often opened.
passes through a chance to
PUSH OPEN
the door to
it
gives
him who
SUCCESS.
Stenography opened the door of Opportunity to "Billy" Myer, of

He secured a position as stenographer with
the Mexican Central Railway, Mexico City, Mexico.
Joplin, Mo., five years ago.
He was
seventeen years old then.
PUSHED OPEN
the door of
Now,
SUCCESS.
at
He
is
twenty-two he has
Superintendent of
Freight and Transportation, for which position his experience as stenographer fitted him.
A business
of
SUCCESS,
education will help anybody to climb higher on the ladder

and the better your education the higher you will climb.
Mr. Robert Hitt, Congressman from the Ninth District of Illinois,

the office of First Secretary of Legation and Charge d'Affaires at
He was appointed Secretary of
Paris December, 1874, to March, 1881.
November
the
same
year.
On
later
in
State
7, 1882, he was elected Memfill
vacancy
caused
by
the death of Hon. R. M. A.
of
Congress
to
the
ber
filled
Hawk.
Mr. Hitt learned stenography at college. His ability in this respect
aided much in securing for him the position he held at the United States
Embassy at Paris. Like other members of Congress who are familiar
with stenography, he found it extremely useful in taking notes during
congressional debates.
Mr. Asbury Francis Lever, Congressman from South Carolina, started out in the business world as a stenographer. After his graduation
from Newberry College he became Private Secretary to Hon. J. William
Stokes, whom he afterwards succeeded in Congress. His ability as a
stenographer secured for him the position as Private Secretary to Congressman Stokes, and it was this position that gave him the insight into
public affairs that fitted
him
to
fill
the vacancy caused by the death of
Mr. Stokes.
Very
truly yours,
121
demand whatsolaw and equity, of the

said party of the first part, of, in, and
to the said premises, with the appur-
possession, claim, and
'"t\-''^-\
ever, both in
tenances:
TO HAVE AND TO HOLD
the
premises, with all and singular

the appurtenances, unto the said party
said
of the second part, his heirs
and as-
signs, to the only proper use, benefit,
and behoof of the said party of the

second part, his heirs and assigns
forever.
And
his
the said party of the first parf

executors, and administra-
heirs,
tors,
does by these presents covenant,
grant, and agree to and with tho >aid
...^ \^..\^..^..
party of the second part, his heirs ^^n6

assigns, forever, that he, the said party
of the first part, and his heirs, all and
singular the hereditaments and premises hereinabove described and granted, mentioned
and intended to be
so, with the appurtenances, unto th<said party of the second
part,
his
heirs and assigns, against him, the said
party of the first part, and his heirs,
and against all and everj'^ other person
or persons whomsoever lawfully claiming or to claim the same or any part
thereof, shall
and
will
warrant and for-
ever defend.
j.r^.\^..^::i^h
IN
WITNESS WHEREOF
the
said party of the first part has here-
unto set his hand and seal the day

j'ear first above writtci:.
and

122
Mr. Alonzo B. Nicholson, Superintendent

Southern Mutual Life Insurance Building,
Oklahoma
Dear
the
W.
City, Okla.
Sir:
The following is a list of sub-contractors who have contracted to do

work specified on the Southern Mutual Life Insurance Building:
P. NELSON & COMPANY, New York City,
Contract to do all painting and decorating of every kind and
character in strict accordance with the plans and specifications as
set forth in proposition "A."
Millwork will be furnished this sub-contractor with one coat of
stained paste filler.
This contract does not cover the priming of window frames.
The priming and the staining of millwork will be done by the millwork sub-contractor.
THE AMERICAN METAL MANUFACTURING COMPANY,

mingham,
Bir-
Ala.,
Contract for all sheet metal wôrk with the exception of fire doors,
metal doors and window frames, and the necessary wired glass for
said fire doors, metal doers and window frames; also the metal window strips of reversible type on metal windows, which are to be furnished by another contractor.
STANDARD COMPANY, Knoxville, Tenn.
Contract to furnish all ornamental and finishing iron, steel,
brass, bronze, and certain glass in connection with the above mentioned materials, hereinafter called ornamental iron work, which is
furnished by the structural
not included in the SCOPE OF
THE
WORK
steel contractor.
It is understood that the sub-contractor has included in this
contract sufficient allowance for the Mail Chute and Directory Board,
f. o. b. Oklahoma City, and this contractor contracts for all labor
necessary to erect said Mail Chute and Directory Board complete in
the building.
OKLAHOMA PLANING
Contracts to furnish
later than May 4, 19
MILL, Shawnee. Oklahoma.

window frames f. o. b. Oklahoma
all
VANDERVROOT GRAVEL COMPANY,
City not
Guthrie, Oklahoma.
Contract to furnish all builders' sand c. f. i. building site in

wagon load lots, all wagons to contain one and one-third cubic
yards, and in the event material is delivered in wagons containing
less than this amount, we can, at our option, either measure the
wagon and give them credit for the contents thereof, or reject the
load. -The contract in this particular is very clear and binding, and
it will be necessary for them to adhere strictly to the terms of it.
WORKS, Memphis, Tenn.
SHEET
Contract for all labor and material for furnishing and placing
all metal windows, and the glass and glazing of same; also all the
SOUTHWESTERN
METAL
123
POWER OF ATTORNEY.
X.^:^
KNOW ALL
PRESENTS,
THESE
AIEN BY
Peter Schleiker,
that
Pennsylvania
of the city of Pittsburg,
being about to go abroad, hereby appoint
Swcm,
Q.
C.
my
state aforesaid, to be
my
^,k,^l>U,^CA
^
man-
behalf to
upon
age and cultivate, or let
lease for
such period and upon such terms as

he shall think
fit,
rents of any or
all
and to receive the
my
of
lands,
houses
and other buidinlgs, or any part there-
^C
)lv
attorney in
'
\^.
y^..
my
name, and on
an.l
city
the
of
of;
and to
'V,
1
v...^
pull
erect,
down and
buildings on any part of

tate;
u'
timber for sale or repairs
to cut
any
insure
to
real es-
buildings
such
damage by
or
against loss
my
repair
fire,
and
to make arrangements with tenants,
J' 7. 1,'^r?,
surrenders
and to accept
of
and generally to deal with
any part thereof,
estate, or
ually as
real
as effect-
myself could do; and also
proceedings by way
lawful
to take
leases,
my
of action, or otherwise for recovery of
rent in arrear, or for eviction of tenants;

to
to
commence and carry
defend
tions,
and
suits
touching
my
thereof,
or
which
law or
at
or
real
other
my
equity,
or
ac-
proceedings
estate or
touching
'
in
on,
any part
anything
in
real or personal estate
124
doors, metal doors, metal covered fire doors, and paneled metal
fire doors and trim, and furnishing and placing of all wire
glass in same, furnished complete and in place in the building as
specified in pages K-1 to K-6 inclusive.
Also all metal reinforcement mullions, all weights, chains and
hardware, also the metal reversible window device.
This sub-contractor is to deliver material to the site of the
building at such time as the contractor may direct, and the sub-contractor is to install sash weights, chains, hardware, etc., and glaze the
windows, also hang the metal doors.
will set window frames and fill the sills and mullions, but
all the other labor and material are to be furnished by this sub-confire
covered
We
tractor.
PATENT SCAFFOLLING COMPANY,
San Francisco,
Calif.
Contract to furnish and deliver, f. o. b. cars Oklahoma City,

Patent Scaffold Hangers with Cables.
These hangers are to be furnished complete in every respect
with the exception of the platform.
Each hanger
1-6'
1
I-Beam,
shall consist of
15' long, for the out-rigger.
Anchor Bolt
Drums with put-log and guard-rail support.

These hangers have been leased for a period of six months. If
used for more than six months, we will be charged 20c per working
day for each hanger.
2
We,
therefore, contemplate the use of these hangers three

advance of the time they will be needed, so that we will
not be compelled to pay any additional cost for an extension of
weeks
in
time.
MISSOURI GLASS AND PAINT COMPANY,
St. Louis, Mo.,

Contract to furnish and set in place all glass throughout the
building as it is contemplated to be constructed under alternative
"A" and as outlined in a general way on page 00-1 under the proposal
form attached to the specifications prepared by the architects.
This contract especially includes all the polished plate glass,
beveled plate glass, securing them in place, polished wired glass
as specified for all elevator enclosures, prism glass and copper bars,
beveled plate glass in design patterns, glass in connection with show
cases in lobby, and the Zouri, easy set or equal bars.
The cleaning of the glass is to be done according to the glazing
specifications.
This contract covers all glass and glazing in the entire building,
with the exception of such glass as is specified under the head of
sheet metal and sidewalk lights.
OKLAHOMA IRON WORKS,
Oklahoma
Contract to deliver at building

and base plates.
City,
site all cast iron lintels, mullions,
maj- be
any wise concerned;
in
demand, sue
also to
ment
and
of,
charges for
^.
1^^_^^_^
-^\sL-y\\>
125
money,
and give
receive
ing or to belong
to
now
me;
to
compromise,
arbitration,
and
belon;.,'-
to
settle
and
submit
accounts,
all
claims
me
between
disputes
foi
and other per-
debts, chattels,
to
dis-
moneys, securities
all
sonal estate whatsoever
and
and
enforce pay-
for,
any other person; and for
and
or any
all
of the purposes aforesaid to execute

all
such instruments and do
things as he shall think

receipt
fit,
..J.
and
A../
\
.
^TTTTl
^y^
\...\^_^^.
(\
-
to
./- -r'7>;^_3-'>..x
^..\
and upon
Bank,
same
in
my
or otherwise, in or
such manner, as
fit;
my
an}'^
and
other
ings in respect of an\- part of

or personal estate, as
shall think
fit;
and
interest,
my
in
poli-
expenses of repairs
improvements,
from
and
said attorney shall
premiums upon
cies of insurance,
thereof:
in
and also out of such mon-
eys to pay
dends,
in-
upon any
such investments, securities,
or
name;
any part thereof,
vest the same, or
think
the
in
withdraw the same, and to
my name
^,^
-
M^.
National
State
such
any monej^s under these
of
presents, to deposit the
j5~>n.-\-^s^
all
my
outgo-
my
rer.l
said attorney
to receive the divi-
and
income
arising
personal estate or any part
and for the purposes afore-
126
SMUCKER,
Denver, Colo.
Contracts for ail the granite, as specified on page CC-1 of the
specifications, and in strict accordance with the plan.
PRESSED BRICK COMPANY, Chicago, 111.,
Contract to furnish within thirty days' notice, f. o. b. cars
Chicago. 180,000 common brick, more or less.
They agree that no salmon or soft brick will be furnished or
allowed under this contract.
All brick to be evenly shaped and burnt, and must meet with
the approval of the architects.
A. L.
DIAMOND
SAMUEL FERGUSON.
Contracts to test
Oklahoma
all
City,
cement used
in the building.
AMERICAN PROSAIC TILE COMPANY, New

Contract to furnish
all
the ceramic floor
York City,
upon thirty days'
tile
notice after September 1.

They agree to exercise great care in selecting the tile, and same
is to be of first-class quality, and must be securely pasted on paper
backing and carefully boxed for shipment.
All boxes are to be marked in accordance with diagrams of
floor space.
In the event any defective material is furnished under this contract, same is to be removed and replaced by this sub-contractor.
THE EASTERN TERRA COTTA COMPANY,- Newark,
N.
J.,
Oklahoma
City all the structural

terra cotta, especially including all terra cotta ashlers, sills course,
together with the returns, reveals, sills, lintels, bases, capitals, ornamiental cornices, coping, beam covering in light court, copings,
parapets, etc., as described in said specifications, pages D-1 to D-3
inclusive.
Contract to deliver
f.
o. b cars,
THE PITTSBURG STRUCTURAL STEEL COMPANY,
Pittsburg,
Pa.,
Contract to deliver all structural steel f. o. b. wharf, Galveston,

Texas. Contract date, April 25. and deliveries at Galveston are to
commence 85 days from the date of this contract, and continue at
the rate of n'~t less than two stories per week for the sixteen stories,
thus completing the delivery at Galveston within 145 days.
M. JOHNSON, Cincinnati, Ohio,
Contracts the furnishing and application of water-proofing and
insulating material for the entire basement of the building, especially
the retaining walls and basement floor and foundations, according
to the plans and specifications. The only exception to the specification covering waterproofing and insulating is that a bed of crushed
rock, the drains toward sump, and the concrete against which the
waterproofing is to be placed are to be furnished by parties other
than this sub-contractor.
ALEXANDER
127
thcni. to sign
any of
said, or
checks,
my
on
and execute
to
contracts,
my name
behalf
all
assign-
transfers,
ments, and instruments whatever; and

also
to
and
appoint
remove
at
his
pleasure any substitute for, or agent
under him,
matters
the
terms as
respect of
in
all
aforesaid,
my
or any of
upon
such
said attorney shall think
fit;
and generalh-
my
estate and to the premises as fully
and effectually
to
in all
could do;
self
ratifv
to act in relation to
respects as
my-
hereby undertaking
everything
my
which
said
attorney, or any substitute or agent
appointed by him under the power
in
behalf
hereinbefore
contained,
shall do. or
purport to do.
in virtue of
that
these presents.
IX
WITNESS WEREOF
^hereunto
k..^-
set
my
hand and
tenth dav of December, 19
seal
have
this
128
HYDRAULIC PRESSED BRICK COMPANY,
St. Louis, Mo.,

Contract to deliver their No. 110 face brick in car load lots f. o. b.
Oklahoma City up to approximately 200.000 brick, more or less.
All brick, both as to color and size, to be like sample marked for
identification, approved, and filed in this office.
Any brick varying in color or size to such an extent as to render
them undesirable will be rejected.
McCAULAY BROTHERS & COMPANY,
Chicago, 111.,
Contract to do all interior and exterior plain and ornamental
plastering of every kind and character, and all metal ferring suspended ceilings and corner beads. It is understood and mutually
agreed that all interior partitions which are specified to be constructed of metal lath and channel studs are changed to 3" Hollow Gypsum
tile, and that all exterior wall ferrings and hollow partitions specified
to be hollow clay tile are to be changed to hollow Gypsum blocks of
same dimensions, and that sub-contractor is to furnish all labor and
material of every kind and character necessary to erect in the building the aforesaid partitions and wall ferrings as above described.
The partition around smoke stack will be made of hollow tile
instead of
Gypsum
blocks.
understood and mutually agreed that all plaster

coves except in connection with the ornamental plastering, and all
beam splays shown en plans, also all suspended ceilings in basement
except in boiler room and engine room are to be omitted from this
It is further
contract.
It is also understood that all metal lath used under this contract
is to be No. 27 painted expanded metal.
CONTINENTAL LUMBER COMPANY,
Beaumont, Texas,
Contract to furnish from time to time as
we may
designate up
thousand barrels of cemfent f. o. b. Oklahoma City, c. i. f. building site. We are charged 10c for each sack delivered, and are credited for all sacks returned in good condition.
Don't accept any torn sacks, or sacks which are only partially
to ten
filled.
Have all sacks thoroughly inspected before they are returned,

and see that the time-keeper obtains a receipt for the sacks when
returned.
Very
truly yours,
129
COURT REPORTING
If you were engaged to report a case in court, the first thing to do
would be to get the title of the case; that is, if k were a damage suit
brought by John Doe against the Roe Railroad Company for injuries
received in an accident, the title would be like this
:
Date
STATE OF
County
ss.
of
THE
JOHN DOE
vs.
COUNTY
COURT OF
IN
No.
Term.
Roe Railroad Company)

-for Plaintiff
for
Defendant.
O. K. Ermine, Judge.
-Yourself, Stenographer,
All the foregoing information can be gotten from the Clerk of the
Every case will be different. The form given is representative
only. The facts ar-e essential. The form is for the stenographer to determine. All the information necessary may be gained from the court
docket, the clerk, or the papers filed in the case, and the heading, or
title, may be written before the case is reported or afterward, when the
stenographer knows all the facts.
Court.
The stenographer should understand
the names of witnesses when

or be very careful to wîte the name of each witness in
longhand when he is called to the stand. This is easily done after the
name of the witness is called and before he reaches the witness stand.
Do not hesitate to ask the witness his full name, and how to soell it,
if necessary when he takes the stand, and write it down carefully.
read
in court,
The words, "sworn for the plaintiff" or "sworn for the defendanl;"
as the cas may be, should follow the name of every witness and when
a witness is recalled, the words, "recalled for the plaintiff" or "recalled
for the defendant" should follow the name of the witness.
;
The stenographer's name and address should be

transcript of evidence,
his benefit.
as
inserted on the
suggested above, as an advertisement for

130
y
United States of America)
Perjury
)
>^
=>
I
Nov.
H all
Luther A.
November
cy"
W.
A.
Direct
Term
MORGAN
10
sworn,
testiiicd.
examination by
HARDEMAN.
MR.
Your name
Q.
is
what?
W. A.
A.
Morgan.
Where do you
Q.
at
Eastman,
Q.
twelve- or
Do you know Luther

Yes.
A. Hall?
sir.
How
Q.
long have you
Ever since
A.
About
A.
in
years.
fifteen
A.
live
long have you lived
Dodge county?
Q.
Dodge county.
in
How
A.
live?
went
known him?
to the
county
twelve or fifteen years.

Q.
ties
will ask
you what opportuni-
you have had
to
become
familiar
with Mr. Hall's handwriting?
have seen
n^ ^L,
miliar with
Q.
it.
will ask
you
Do you know
take
very
it
often enough to be fa-
it
Whose would you

looks
A.
much
to be his.
to look at that.
handwriting?
that
say
like
It
it
was?
his.
looks like
A.
It
would
his.
\\'hose
Q.
131
is
knowledge and
what
one.
\\'hose
that
at
Do you know?
that?
is
The same handwriting
A.
i-;
(Paper numbered "r">.
ask you to look
will
That
A.
belief?
believe.
Q.
your
to the best of
it,
Hall's
should judge.
What do you
Q.
A.
believe
believe about
handwriting.
his
is
it
it?
(Paper numbered "2").
Examine
Q.
tures
to
<r-^
<^
the
handwriting?
body and signa-
Do you know
that.
that
AMiat do you say as lo
body and signatures
the
seems to me that
It
handwriting
numbered
A.
3'ou
Goodwin's
deed to certain lots?

er seen
(Paper
Hall's.
know anything
Judge
to
same
the
is
A.
"3").
Do
Q.
gard
L.
of that?
it
A.
re-
in
having
have nev-
it.
MAJ. BACON:
Do
Q.
j-ou
know
an^-thing.
Morgan,
of the premises
286
the
in
16th
county,
originally
Yes,
sir,
315 and
of
Dodge
district
\\'ilkerson?
have been on the land
time or two, especially 286

that
is
A.
a
believe
the number.
BY THE COURT:
Q. Are thert
any improvements on these

Yes,
]\Ir.
lots
sir,
on 315 there
and possibly
is
lots?
A.
a small field
a little house.
There was
132
,\:
-Si^-./^rO-.J.
^-i
new house
last
year, but
moved
cabin
up on 286
think that has been
as there
put
no improvement
is
at
present.
.lw..^.<^.'
Do you know when
Q.
these im-
provements were put there?
Vv^-^'^
were put there about the
They
A.
latter part oC
last year.
You say you
Q.
think they have
twelve
lêen put there within the last
months.
MAJ. BACON:
anything
about
who you
is
all
Q.
You
sir.
papers
these
know.
my
in
You
don't think
don't testify to
have
your opin-
in
Hall?
the extent of your testimony?
Yes,
A.
That
anything
ion they were written by Col.

is
except
A.
hand before.
about them except that
That
know
don't
think wrote them?
had them
Q.
A. Yes,
believe.
sir,
think they were
all:
written by him.
Q.
That
That
is
is
my
Q.
How
have
been
all
you
far
is
this lot of land
you
from
the
talking:
public road?
A.
about
There
runs through 286, and

a
A,
testified to?
recollection.
public road.
is
a road that
believe
it
is
133
A.
^
Q.
CL^
self?
You have been

Once
A.
out there your-
few days ago.
there last January or February.
Q.
When
before that?
A.
was
there last January or February.
Q.
lieve
Q.
When
that
A.
before that?
my
wias
first
be-
trip.
Mr. Morgan, you say
last Jan-
uary or February was the
first
trip
vou have made on that road?
A.
Yes^
sir,
that far
Q.
as
far as these lots.
will ask you,
if
that
time you were ever there,
know when
if
Q.
A.
from
That
first
did you
judged from their
the lumber.
what your testimony
is
based upon,
it
the
these houses were put uo,
you knew?
newness
is
how
is
it?
]\Ir.
you are
true that
terms with Col. Hall?
Morgan,
is;
isn't
on
unfriendly
A.
You mean
now?
Q.
Yes.
.::rr:^
T^.. c-s.
'^
Q.
have
some words.
Are you not on unfriendly terms
with him?
very well
as well as
."..1
Mr. Hall and
A.
recently had
A.
Of course
like the
I
do.
could not
man, knowing him;
134
^. U.OnV^.
-I
//^
r^
Q.
Isn"t
with him personally?
friendly terms
-^-
have been recently, as
On
Q.
Yes,
A.
told you.
unfriendly terms with him?

sir.
past riding around the
some time
country hunting
A.
case?
shal
Mr. Morgan, haven't you been
Q.
for
you are on un-
true that
is
evidence
u^^
in
th's
have been with the Mar-
went some time ago with the
Marshal to Judge Goodwin's and to
two or three
where
him
showing
places,
lived.
the}^
Helping them get up evidence
Q.
in the
case?
you would
A.
don't 'know wh.it
call that.
You have been
Q.
paring evidence
in
assisting in pre-
case
this
getting
witnesses and talking with them, and

seeing what they would testify,
things of that kind?
A.
If
you
and
call
going with the Marshal assisting
When you
Q.
to see
tell
.^-^-
Clark and Peterson, didn't you
them they must
Judge?"
\
Q.
called with Forsyth
A.
Are you
did not.
"stick
up
to
sir.
positive about that?
A.

Of course
^
J
Have you
Q.
in
case?
this
with them
talked
A.
don't remember.
Don't you think
Q.
f-A
am.
about what their testimony would be
'^
1
135
you had done
if
you could remember
it
them
talked with
them
A.
it?
at all
to stick to the truth.
You never
Q.
indicated which side
you thought the truth was on?

course,
truth
told
truth.
You never spoke
Q.
Of
A.
speaking to them,
in
them what was the
the
If
always told
was on?
which side
of
A.
anybody
else
Q.
asked
the
j-ou
question
whether you ever indicated
which
on,
truth?
A.
alwaj's,
if
all,
it
truth,
f-^VÛ
side 3'ou
when you
truth,
was
to be
Q.
them
in
to
the
tell
I
have
any way
stick
to
at
the
because
you were advising them
thus truthful, did j'ou indicate
was?
you
to
whatever they knew about the
on which side
that,
them
Well, of course,
for
them
thought the truth was

told
have said
When
Q.
to
A.
jôu
don't
thought the truth
remember about
sir.
'Sir.
Morgan, these deeds that
testified about,
none of them pur-
ports to contain the signature of Col.
Hall
in
any capacity, do they? Look
136
"I
f'\
and
at that
,^....^x
Do you
see.
see the sig-
nature here anywhere on the deed?
HARDEMAN: We
MR.
object to
going into the contents
this as
of the
deed.
MAJ. BACON: The purpose
of
it is
to relieve the jury of the impression
The deeds
that these are forged deeds.
are nothing in the world but copies of
\^..lV"\vH)
way back
deeds dating
old
forties.
THE COURT:
think the paper
the best evidence of
can
the
into
interrogate
nothing
witness
the
deeds
these
in
You
contents.
its
is
as
to
except
the
handwriting.
MAJ. BACON:
is
Q. Mr. Morgan,
plainly the fact that
you have been
tures
all
it
the signa-
testifying as to
the handwriting of are written plainh'

in
the hand of the one
body
I
of the deed?
think,
A.
the
what
is
sir.
guise, isn't
it
all
at
dis-
these forged deeds
the witwritingjust as
same handwriting
are in the
nesses are the same

a
That
Without any attempt
Q.
if
who wrote
man was copying
deed?
A.
That you recognize
easily
and
The)' seem to be.
Q.
readily
l..Lih.
as
Yes,
A.
Q.
guise?
Col.
Hall's
handwritingj^
sir.
There
A.
is
no
attempt
at
can't say that there
dis
is
You
Q.
137
know
don't
that these deeds
were copied for an illegitimate purnose?
^.i^^.^.
thing
,\
about
am
sir, I
o-
to
writing
CK
U^ \
-^
to
be,
.l/.TT'..-^
\_p
Q.
recognize
to
the
all
is
able, as
identify
with?
you profess
hand-
the
A.
estate
that
any other man would

handwriting of a
Yes,
are
fa-
sir.
Mr. Morgan, you say

real
more
don't.
man whose handwriting you

miliar
No,
you are familiar with?
that
you are
t;^'
any-
A.
profess anything
be able
That
Q.
c^-
know
not an expert.
Of course
A.
don't
handwriting?
in
Do you
Q.
than
(o^
that.
be an expert
c^/
sir,
Mr. Morgan, do you profess ô
Q.
>>^.
No,
A.
business?
jôu are in
A.
Yes,
^'^^
sir.
Q.
How
long have
that business?
(3
r^K
'"^
r\
V,
Q.
er.
Q.
A.
Exclusively?
That
is
What
my
else
you been
in
Five or six years.

A.
Not altogeth-
principal business.
have you been doing?
138
A.
have been acting
in the capacity
\>
^^
of
of
and loan
building
Interstate
Building and
sociation
Columbus -I am
of
1^
treasurer
of
Loan Asagent,
the local branch Agent, treasurer
and secretary at Eastman.

'
What
Q.
N.
Q.
want
to
know
the businesses
all
you have been engaged

is
what
in
follow
real
That
estate.
any other business?
the last few years.

tate
A.
in?
Mr. Moro-an, haven't you been
Q.
^.-:?.,\
the
is
business.
principal
V_9 X.
C^
That
A.
else?
Not
A.
follow real es-
principally.
Q.
want you
to state
what other
business you have been engaged
In
A.
in
v/i /=
Q.
all
mv
life?
No.
sir.
A.
in.
In the period of
the last five or six years?
Yes, what other business have
Q.
you been engaged

I
'^...^.1..'^
was
in
business
!'::")
eighteen
was
still
in in that
time?
A.
the hay, corn and provision

in
Eastman
months.
only
While
in
about
that
connected with real estate.

What
Q.
139
That
A.
else?
my
is
recollection.
You have been
Q.
no other bus-
in
iness in that time but that?
go back, previous to
Q.
can
that.
mean previous
don't
A.
to that.
1^.:^.^.
That's
A.
my
recollection,
sir.
"^
Mr. Morgan,
Q.
in
true
it
that
the past six years j-ou kept a bar-
room
in
Eastman?
was trjang
when
it
isn't
to refresh
was.
it
was about
Q.
\\"ell,
it
sir,
my memory
had run
ago
six years
know whether
five
A.
as to
saloon
didn't
was within the
la^^t
or six years or not.

Isn't
it
true that
you kept that
saloon and yourself personally superir.tended
it
the 3-ear '97?
in
THE COURT:
.\-"\t
of this
v^
MAJ. BACON:
when he was
the object
He
was
asked
familiar with Col. Hall's
The
sole object
of
question was to test his memory.
won't pursue
VO-A.^.
is
question?
handwriting.
r\Lr^:)A
What
it
further.
wanted
the
I
to
,^=^
bring out the fact that Mr. Morgan's
140
memory was
you
not accurate.
HARDEMAN:
MR.
if
Q.
will ask
you know the Eastman post-
know
mark, and whether you
that
stamp?
BACON We
MAJ.
object on the
ground that the stamp has not been
X-:'.
.^-^-
sufficiently identified to be introduced
evidence.
in
BY THE COURT:
.-â4
don't think
the evidence has gone far enough to

identify the stamp.
MR.
HARDEMAN:
tender that
piece of envelope stamped.
BY THE COURT: He
offers
it
on
the subject of handwriting in connection with these other papers.
stand that
under-
the motive.
is
We
MAJ. BACON:
object.
(Here the Court examined the envelope and contents).
BY THE COURT: The

ask the
Court
will
Attorney to tender
District
the entire package pertaining to this
;.iv..c
matter en
masse
everything
in
the
jection
to
no
is this.
There
be an envelope.
effort
to
through
ing Mr.
Morgan
stamp,
it
defendant's ob-
is
what purports
There has been
prove that
the mail.
writing, and
and
it.
MAJ. BACON: The
r.v*\
envelope
if
if
had gone
it
Simply upon askthat
that was
was
his
the
hand-
Eastman
was tendered.
BY THE COURT: The
question
is
the admissibility of the tender. There
141
has been no proof of
---L,L.,
through the post
transmission
its
There
office.
proof that these deeds were
The Court has
envelope.
no
is
in
this
instructed
the District Attorney to put the en-
package before you.
tire
MAJ. BACON: There
two ob-
are
jections. In the first place there
^\.
is
no
proof that these deeds were ever
in
that envelope, and there
they were ever inside the post
that
./
./:.
no proof
is
office.
l}r\.j
BY THE COURT:
The
Court
thinks the entire papers are admissible

to
show
They
the handwriting of Mr. Hall.
are admissible to
show
that he
prepared a letter enclosing such deeds

to
some person who
Knight and requested him

deeds just
age," and
like these
it is
what
meaning
of,
to "get
in
view of
that means.
What
not
upon
all
is
"Get up deeds just
these, except as to the age?"
are
made
that
up
except as to the
for the jury to say,
proper consideration,
facts,
Louis
called
is
way.
the
the
like
Deeds
Deeds are
drawn by the scrivener and signed by

the
parties.
another
to
When
up
"get
man
instructs
deeds just
like
these except as to the age," the inevitable conclusion

is
not
in
the
is
that the transaction
ordinary
manner
in

142
which deeds are prepared.
MAJ. BACON:
desire to except,
not only to the ruling of the Court in

the admission of thees papers, but
desire to have noted in addition thereto an exception to
by the Court as
ly^
in
"^
what has been
said
to matters of evidence
the hearing of the jury.
BY THE COURT:
It
is
very
diffi-
cult for the court to consider a letter
of that sort without characterizing the
transaction.
MAJ. BACON:
wish to except to
that also.
NORMAN, SWORN, TESTIFIED AS FOLLOWS:

R. R.
HARDEMAN:
MR.
3"OU
live,
Q.
Mr. Norman?
Where do
A.
live
in
Montgomery.
Q.
Yes,
Q.
Do you know
Mr. Hall?
A.
sir.
Have you had any correspon-
dence, or anything of that kind with
him within the

I
last
year?
A.
Yes,
sir,
have had correspondence with him
a letter
Q.
from him.
Look
at that
paper, please,
Did you receive that?
A.
Yes,
Mr. Clark and myself received
that.
sir.
sir,
I,
'-V
When?
Q.
soon after
/I
don't know,
Mr. Hall?
the handwriting
think so.
have had of knowing

A.
his handwriting.
have seen him draw
We
two.
sir,'
days
what opportunities you
State
Q.
A.
several
long.
Do you know
Q.
of
..^..
A.
was dated
know how
don't
it
143
a plea
or
have practiced together
were associated
some
in
BY THE COURT:
ber of the bar,
cases.
Are you
Norman?
Air.
mem-
A. Yes,
sir.
HARDEMAN:
MR.
Q.
writing that
BACON:
:\IAJ.
that
tice
Clark
is
it
was
mail.
hand-
Col. Hall's.
Mr. Norman,
no-
addressed to Messrs.
& Norman.
Yes,
A.
A.
is?
By
you whose
ask
will
How
Q.
A.
that letter received?
Is that
your firm?
sir.
Are you the Norman referred
Q.
A.
to in this postscript?
think
so,
sir.
Q.
Norman
School.
had
is
engaged
A.
Code.
him
papers
that
teaching a
Law
the
in
in
The Colonel and myself
a little difficulty
struck
:^.^
noticed
over
up there, and
the
head
with
144

1
comply, people, apply, applicable,

appear,
principal-pie,
practice-se,
practiced,
2
practices,
appearance,
appear-
ances, experience, experienced, experiences, surprise, surprised,

3
surprises, express, expressed, suppress, suppressed, superintendent,
compliance, appliance,
4
appliances, speak, spoken, suspen-
suspend, prospect, prospec-
sion,
tive,
perpendicular-Iy,
apprehen s o n
comprehension,
comprehend, apprehend, partici
ular-ly, opportunity, part, particulars,
opportunities, parts, particularity,

particularize,
property,
probabl-
e-y, prohibition, probation,
approbation, perhaps, upon, happen-punishment,

happiness-punishments, happened-pound, povertj%
spirit,
explain-ation, explained, explanatory, inexperience, inexperienced,

in surprise, expect, acceptance,
acceptances, practic-al-able, April,

perpetu-al-ate-ated-ity,
perform-
ance-ed, perspective,
10
^^^'\v^y
superscribe,
serve,
superscription,
preservation,
pre-
Postoffice,
specification,
11
passenger,
operation,
portion,
power, pure, patient, passionate,

12
appetite, potato, prosecute, persecute,
parish,
Prussia
13
oppressor, appraiser, pursuer, perusor, pursuant, per cent, present,
14
person, parson, comparison, proportion, preparation.
145
appropriation, personate,
prefer,
prefer, preference, profitable,
approve, prove, approved, proved,

prosper, perspire, predict, predic-
protect,
\\^ A\>'
tion,
protection,
predicate,
predication,
3,
V_
tive,
\^^>"^-^"--
production,
produce,
produc-
pattern, patron, patronage, pledge,

apology, sprout, sport, separate
peaceable, possible, passable, opposite,

apposite,
competition,
apparition, apportion, prompt, permit, promote, permission, promo-
prominent,
preeminent,
permanent, preemption, permission, promotion,
appropriate, propriety, persuade,

pursued, perused, pertain, apper-
computation,
petition,
tion
tain,
spread,
spared,
opposition,
posi-
tion, possession, apposition, speak,

sip,
10
bill-belong,
built, able
able-believe,
to,
build-
member-remember,
number-brother,
combin-e-ation,
behind-combined-bond,
11
,r
'
to
have been, combines, combina-
tions,
VjVNj
has
been,
balance,
objec-
tion, subjection, subjective, objec-
tions,
12
behalf,
above, observe,
observa-
tion, observative, observatory, ob-
servance,
13
observed, subordinated, subordinate

subordination,
subscribe,
14
abrasion, aberration, breath, birth,
subscription, substantial,
'\.V.\Vlv\V
I'^vYv
beautify, beatify, abundant, aban-
doned
146
,,,V vl-,.,.L,\.V^Wr..
obsolete, absolute, fall-feel-fill-fol-
low,
often-phonography.
phonographer,
if
full-y,
phonographic,
not-find,
.Â^ns^:^.r'
offered,
offer,
from,
feared,
ef-
fort-freight, afford,
from
quent,
financial-ly,
frequently,
our, fre-
forward, froward, afterward, philanthrop-y-ic,
philanthropist,
for-
mal-ly, former-ly, faithfully yours.
Worth,
Ft.
Scott,
Ft.
Favored,
funereal,
funeral,
favorite,
fierce-
fears, furious,
firm-frame,
form,
farm,
reform-
ation, farmed, filing, failing, fool-
Effect,
affect,
effects,
fix,
affix.
fluent, affluent,
face,
fuse,
efface,
forbear,
value,
field,
forbid,
effuse,
fugitives, felony,
valued,
over,
virtue-averred,
verj^-every,
have been,
have
not, favor, favors,
oversight, very respectfullj', very

trulj', very truly yours, over
and
above, everyone, violent, valliant,
10
venire,
violable,
are
able,
valu-
available,
not-are
around,
not,
round,
11
circuit
court, arbitration, aristoc-
ra-t-ic,
resistible, iresistible, reve-
lent,
12
irrelevant,
rational, irrational,
resolute, irre-
solute, repression, reparation,

13
renewed,
ruined,
irritation,
14
reputation,
irritate,
rotation,
rotate,
repetition.
recover-y-able,
irre-
coverable, respectful-ly, irrespective-ly,
15
heretofore,
are-recollect, hereafter,
arrive-al,
real-rely, relie.s-release-realize, re15
.//.,.l--.-rX.-
lief,
rule, respectively, require, re-
linquish
responsible, irresponsible, written,

retain, ruin,
147
renew, arm,
arm}-, architect, write, aright, raid,
arrayed, russet, rusty,
f
'
<
I,r
Revised Statutes, repeat, rapid,

wrapped-rapt, origin, regenerate,
herein, herewith
till-until-v.'hat
will,
will it, tell-it

truth-it were,
ought not,
will,
11
5
at
until it-what
told,
at all,
our, toward, it
will not, at hand, at length,

it
whatever, contrive, extravagan-t-
circumstantial-circumstantial,
circumstance, circumstances cir-
ce.
cumstanced,
situate-d, between,
witness, witnesseth, at once, at first, at least,

at last, at all events, at one time,
outfit,
at any time, at any rate, at some

time, at the same time, yours truly,
truly yours, circumstantial-ly, ex-
testifj\ transfer, transform, transtransaction,

transcription,
act,
treme, stranger
transgress, translate,
9
10
transtranspose, transposition,
port, testament, territory, train,
turn, strain, stern
eastern, Austrian, stearine, Saturn,
contrition,
contortion,
station,
situation
11
attainable, tenable, traitor, tartar,

trader, trouble, terrible, sought,
12
city,
'f
sight,
ily,
r'îix-^h-ffAi
satisf-y-actory-action-actortestator, testatrix-testa-
suit,
trix, deal-idle,
tor, direct,
deliver,
dear-doc-
13
during, day or two, derision, had

delinbeen,
denomina-te-tion,
quent, doctrine, develop, determin-e-ation, detraction, discrepancy,
14
damage, administrator,
adminis-
tratrix, deserve, discover-y,
Pitman-Harrei.l Shorthand
148
mi
consider, consider-ed-ate, consideration, in consideration, considerabl-e-y, dissatisfaction, discontinue. District of Columbia, had
their own-had there been, direct
evidence,
defendant's testimony, directors'
report, declare a dividend, additional expense, additional
costs,
discount for cash,
direct examination, district attorney, documentary evidence, district court,
defective,
daughter,
debtor,
auditor, editor, doubter, auditory,
defen-ce-se,
defiance,
study,
steady,
adultery, idolatry, devote, deviate,
idleness,
dullness,
domination,
condemnation, damnation, admonition, dimension-dimension,
devotion,
tion,
deviation, administrademonstratin, demonstrate,
diamond, demand, adamant, adopt,

adapt, desolate, dissolute,
lation, dissolution,
deso-
differ-en-t-ce, defer, decapitat-e-d,
deform-ed-ity, designat-ed-ion, de-
10
OX
spicabl-e-y, dilapidat-e-d-ion, dignit-y-ary,

diplomat-ic-al-y, director,
directory, discriminat-e-d-ion, distinctly, dyspep-tic-sia, desperate-ly,
11
detained, they will, either, theirthey are-they were, other, otherwise than, within-thine, within a
day or two, within a week or two.
hither to,
12
they have, they have not been,

they would not have been-they
had not been, authority, authoriauthorize,
auties, throughout,
thorized, on either hand, on the
other hand,
Southwest, Southwestern, SouthSouthern,
Southeastern,
east,
thankful-ly
Southerner,
thief,
13
thick
^}lh.l2ll22î
14
assignment-assignment,
assign,
session, cessation, secession, association, associated, ociety.
^yrrLiii^
wisdom,
will,
which
2
149
sister, child-ren, which

angel-ic,
danger,
larger,
were, charter,
religion,
general-ly,
imagin-eation-ary, gentlemen,
gentleman,
whoever-who have, who are, who
will, whichever, jurisprudence, ad-
justment,
/">' /N^_^
rc^
^^
'
Jesus Christ, gently, gentile, Jehovah, German, germane, gentlemanly,
Germany, Germania, learn-aloneloan-lone, will not,

less than,
we
will
not,
listen,
late session, last

session,
lastly,
listless, letters patent, letters testamentary, last will and testament,
learned counsel for the defendant,

learned counsel for the plaintiff,'
last
week,
legal,
illegal,
legible,
logical, illogical,
illegible,
labored, liberty, latitude, altitude,

insult,
month,
last
insulate.
letter-later,
older,
latest, , oldest,
I will
not-I learned, will not, sulphate, sulphite,
c
^(r^f'^f-^f^fi^
10
yawn-your honor, you have, you

have not been, you have not seen,
you have not known, you have not
heard, you have been,
11
short,
shortage, sure-ly,
assure,
assured, we shall, we shall have
been, pleasure, usury,
12
usurious,
shortcoming,
legislature, legislator,
legislation,
13
call-equal-ly,
shorts,
legislative,
difficult-y,
decree,
care-occur, quality, qualify,

14
correct, character, accord-ing-lyance, can-question-ed, kind, count,

account. Christian,
150
_
1
describe,
descriptive,
description,
critical-ly, criticise,
:^-.-^~V
correspond-en-t-ce, careful-Iy,
careful attention, expect-ed-anc-ey, extraordinar-y-ily,
except,
accept,
econom-y-ic-al-ly,
capital, capitalist,
4....r^rx
^"^
^...
capitalization, consequent-ly, con-
sequence,
consequential,
quently, capabl-e-y,
conse-
5...C-
-Z^..-^-l
characteristic, characteristics, corrective, correctness, secretary,
extemporaneous-ly, extinguish-edment, crime-criminal, ly, eccentric,
secondly,
ly,
expedient,
exorbitant-
credential, secured-security,
executor, executrix, execrate, excoriate,
eclipse,
culminate,
collapse,
cal-
uminate,
10
unscrewed, insecured,
corporeal,
corporal,
11
accordance-accordance,
credence,
collision, collation,
12
\.\Zz..
13
collusion, coalition, causation, accession, accusation.
extricate,
extract,
expression-ex-
pression, expiration-
-f
14
expiration,
axes.
cost,
caused,
axis-es,
151
degree, begin, begun, began, signature, executor, executrix,
govern-or-ment, glorifj-, glorious,

agreement, God, guide,
Gordon, garden, grudge,
gorge,
garnet, granite,
grantee, guarantee, ghostly, ghast-
agriculture, with me-\vith
ly,
exalt, exult,
my, we
may-with him, with whom, mightmind-mint-might not, we
might not, may not-amount, we
iest,
may
not,
mistake,
mistaken,
mechanism,
mechanic-al-ly, mission-machine,
rnachinist,
commission,
commo-
tion, mitigate, mitigation,
migrate, emigrate, migration, emigration,
messenger,
somewhat, some time, minimum,

momentum, monument-al. moment,
10
momentar-y-ily, minority, majority,
motion
to dismiss,
motion de-
nied,
11
inunicipal court, municipality, may

please the court, may it please
it
3'our honor,
12
employers' liability, what is the

matter, machinery, material-ly,
13
immaterial-ly,
moderate-ly,
immoderate-h', imminent, eminent.
14
mature,
immature, maturity-maimmoral, emphatic-
turity, moral,
al-lv.
15:
opinion, information, when,

ever, one, in all,
we
you
when-
note, we note that, we note

think, we note you say that
we, we note you say you will, we

understood, we understand,
we anticipate, only, interrogatory,
antagonize, interest, interested, interestingly,
in reply, inspect, insistent-inconsistent, inferior-ity, in favor,
next week,
entire-in their,
other, another, inform.
uniform, unless, sincerely yours,

enclose you herewith, we enclose (you) letter,
we
.."r.
,^
no
noncommittal,
nonconducting,
noncontent, unconnected,
uncircumscribed,
in community, incomplete,
interlinear,
unreconciled,
unrecom-
pensed,
9
10
comparison, intercourse, influences, Santa Fe, St. Paul,
in
San Francisco,
sible,
intention,
as posas soon
unintentional-ly,
antecedent,
11
anti-slavery, antiseptic, in complicommunicaance, intrinsic-al-ly,

tion,
12
in
common,
unaltered, enlightened,
enlightenment, announcement,
..'rn...^..ru..
13
consignmenc, as soon as conveninclosed find, enclosed find,

in reply (to your) letter,
ient,
14
in reply (to your) esteemed favor,

anonymous, unanimous, unavoid-
a-bl-e-y,
inevitabl-e-y.
.....r^
153
inviolable, invaluable, unavailable,
indefatigable,
ended, endowed, endued, naturalIv, annual-ly, in pursuance of, i''

pursuance of (a-the) conspiracy,
neglectful-ly,
negl-ect-igen-t-ce,
universal-ly, anniversary,
intelliintelligent,
university,
gence, intelligibl-e-y, indispensable-y, indiscriminate-ly, indepenclent-ce-ly,

5
individual-ly-ity, in writing, handwriting, in order, in order to, in

order that, longer than,
in regard-(to), in respect,
our-in re-un re-honor, owner,
undergo,
in
manner,
7
honorabl-e-y, unreasonabl-e-y, in
reference-(to), in receipt, North,
Northern,
Northeast-Northeast,
Northwest-Northwest,
t^"-^^,^l
9
Northwestern-Northwestern,
northerly direction. Northeastern,
influential,
10
vf ^...^.
?-
sendest,
handful, needless-needles, endless,
handles, under (the) circumstan-
understood, understand,
ces,
11
in hand,
normal, enormous, animal, anomaly,
12
hand
namely,
indicted, undoubted, indebtedness,
undoubtedly, on or about, on or
'2-
>^..'^1^...>^.
before.
13
unreconciled, unrecognized, unrefined, in response, unresponsive,
14
in arrest, unarrested, in arrest (of)

judgment, in regard (to the) matter, in
regard (to) your,
Pitman-Harrkli. Shorthand
154
munition, mention,
mica, acme.
monster, minister, magazine, magnanimity, magnate,
magnetism, magnificen-t-ce-ly, we
may
4
ammunition,
give, manuscript,
Massachusetts,
microscop-e-icaUy, misfortune, amount-may-not,
mount, motion,
v:^..
emotion, mission, omission, emission, emit, omit,
name,
enemy,
monarch,
monarchy,
might commit, might not be able
to make,
imprisonment, we may be, may
have been, we may be there, Mr.mere-remark,
]\Irs.
mortgage, mortgagee, mort-
gagor,
more
or less,
America,
we may be
American, as
able to,
be-
may
somebody.
10
we may
11
mortal, immortal, mortality, immortality, ambition, impatient.
12
murder, murderers, murderers and

conspirators, murder their own,
13
"
^^^
14
be sure, remarkabl-e-y,
merchandise,
mercantile,
merchant-able, more and more,
or other, somehow or
other, somev.'here or other, something or other,
some way
impassioned, impassionate, malignant-ly, imposed, impartial-ly,
155
Foreign Words and Phrases
much
a fortiori (Lat.)
by so
erful reason.
alibi
(Lat.)
aliunde (Lat.)
person.
in
another place
from
amicus curiae (Lat.)

a priori (Lat.)
bonus
(Lat.")
that
capias
another place; or from some other
friend of the court.
from the former.
(Literall^^
which
(Lat.)
more pow-
the stronger; by a
is
good.) a consideration given for
received.
"you
may
take."
the purchaser beware.
Writ
for
defendant's
arrest.
caveat emptor (Lat.)
que trust (Fr.)
cestui
title
let
persons
for
whose use another has
to lands, etc.
delicti (Lat.)
the body of the crime; the very nature and essence thereof.
corpus
de bonis non (Lat.)

de jure (Lat.)
in
de novo (Lat.)
of goods
net administered.
or concerning the law, or right.
anew:
duces tecum (Lat.)
to begin again.
that 3'ou bring with
subpoena requiring a witness

pers, etc., upon trial.)
to
you.
(Name
of a
produce books, pa-
estoppel (Lat.)
a stop.
(One is estopped from doing an
act, contrary to some act or declaration previously
done or oerformed, upon the strength of which another has acted.)
'
and others. (Abbreviated to "et al.

and used to indicate several persons, plaintiff or de-
et alios (Lat. plural)
fendant, written after the name of the

ex officio (Latin.) bv virtue of the office.
first
person.)
156
ex parte (Latin.)
without
by a subsequent
ex post facto (Lat.)
feme sole
(Fr.)
opposition.
single
act.
woman.
from Fr. "gist." The verj' point question.

Corpus (Lat.) That you have the body. A writ
gist of action
Habeas
in
used to produce a prisoner to inquire into the cause

of his detention.
innuendo
an
(Lat.)^
oblique hint; an intimation,
relating
in
personam
(Lat.)
in
rem
relating
(Lat.)
in statu
quo
(Lat.)
to the thing.
in the
v^
ipso jure
former state or condition.
by the
(Lat.) by the law
ipso facto (Lat.)
>
to the person.
fact,
goods thrown
(Lat.) the place
or deed,
itself.
itself.
jetsam (Lat.)
into the sea.
locus in quo
in question.
locus delicti (Lat.)

lex
non
scripta
place
where the crime was committed.
(Lat.) the unwritten, or
received by
common
law: law
tradition.
wrong-doing.
(Lat.) Unwilling to
malfeasance (Lat.)
nolle prosequi
proceed.
In criminal
proceedings refers to discontinuing or quashing an

indictment.
0>
non
est (Lat.)
it
is
not.
onus probandi (Lat.)

'
'//
sui generis (Lat.)
-.^^
J_T2^.^^
in
burden
of
forma pauperis (Lat.)
parol (Lat.)
suing as a
pauper.
things
in action.
being; in existence.
in
verbally.
flotsam (Lat.)
goods
ex contractu (Lat.)
de bene esse (Lat.)
de facto (Lat.)
ad libitum (Lat.)
ad litem (Lat.)
floating out on the sea.
by
a contract.
conditional.
in fact.
ad infinitum (Lat.)
'--f
kind.
action.
in esse (Lat.)
.\
own
of proof.
guardian ad litem (Lat.)â guardian for the purpose of an
choses in action (Fr.)
.K1
its
157
to the utmost.
at
to
inter vivos (Lat.)
pleasure; at will.
(or in) the suit, or controversy.
among
or between living persons.
usually applied to merchandise during

transportation; in transit.
in transitu (Lat.)
burden.
covert (Fr.) a
onus (Lat.)
feme
married woman.
158-
nunc pro tunc (Lat.) now for the time. Used frequently
where an act is permitted to be done which should
have been performed before;
e., the making of an
order nunc pro tunc.
i.
obiter dicta (Lat.)

sayings; statements; assertions.
spoken or written without authority.
ouster (Lat.)
pendente
dispossession.
(Lat.)
lite
ner capita (Lat.)
per diem (Lat.)
prima
Words
during
by
by
facie (Lat.)
the continuance of the action.
the heads; share and share alike.
the day.
the
first
blush,
view,
first
or
first
ap-
pearance of a matter.
pro rata (Lat.) at the
.-^
res adjudicata (Lat.)
res gestae (Lat.)
M'
things between
tort (Fr.)
of
his
wrong; an
usufruct (Lat.)
the
own
right
injury.
use and enjoyment of an estate or
thing.
venire
(Lat.)
jurors.)
to
come
the place
(Lat.) against.
venue (Lat.)
versus
others.
sui juris (Lat.)
subject-matter.
without day. Court adjourns sine die; that

without fixing a time for convening again.
sine die (Lat.)

is,
of the matter adjudged.
the
res inter alios (Lat.)
rate.
form "vs."
in
the
of the plaintiff
(refers
of
to
writ
to
summons
trial.
Used
title
in
this,
of a case
or
its
abbreviated
between the names
and the defendant.)
159
The following list of words will make up more than half of almost
every page of typewriting.
Write Three Perfect Lines
justice
of
Each
of the following
Words
160
ENGLISH
GRAMMAR
IN TEST SENTENCES
The stenographer has very little time to consider rules of Grammar

when writing rapidly loosely c nstructed or involved sentences.
If
yon
have fixed
will write each of the following sentences ten times,

in
memory
grammatical error
in
you will
by which you can readily detect any
anv sentence you mav ever have to write.
a test sentence
161
EXERCISES IN ENGLISH.
Make
TEN PERFECT COPIES

much
Oife can learn
if
one
is
of each sentence.
good
listener.
One
I
should look out for one's self.

Hghted the gas a few moments ago.
The gas is lighted in the parlor.

The gas has been lighted in the
AMiy was the gas not
i)arlor.
lighted.
This feels like ice. He speaks as I do. Do as I do.

This smells like perfume. I feel as if I were taking cold.
If I was in the wrong, I apologize. If I were you (but I am not).
If I were in the wrong (but I am not) I should apologize.
Do
She
Do
Use
not
set the table while
"set,''
sit in
set the
hen
Set
it
here.
Thus
"setting" to imph^ action.
the sun.
was wailing.
set the clock
she
is
imply inaction. Thus

by the window he sat by her side
setting the table.
"sit," "sat," "sitting" to

I
shall sit
sitting
She asked me
I will
the}^
have been
by the windoAV.
We set the hen she sat, and

He
He
not
not set the ])itcher of water there.
Set the table
Use
Do
sit in this draft.
for a loan of
lend her the
money
is
now
a sitting hen.
one thousand dollars.

if
she will return
it
in thirty days.
told us to take onh' ten examples.
arrived at
Xew
Orleans.
He
lives in
New
Orleans.
Either James or his father is going. James and John are going.
Either he or I am going. Xeither he nor I am going.
Neither the horse nor the cow is' for sale.

Neither the house nor the lots are for sale.
Three and three are six. The sum of three and three is six.
A jury was selected. The jurors were selected.
All of them deny the report. Every one of them denies the report.
A set of ten volumes was presented. Ten volumes were presented.
More than one man has been discouraged. Many men have been discouraged. Every street and every alley was filled with people.
A tall man with a little bov was walking down the street.
162
I
shall leave tomorrow
)
Yon will leave tomorrow )
They will leave tomorrow)
I
tomorrow
will leave
(Simple futurity)
You shall leave tomorrow )

They shall leave tomorrow)
I
I
wish I were going

)
wish yon were going)
wish it were done
)
I
shall
after
wish)
call
eat,
or
do
(Declarative future).
he shall we will you shall^they shall go, come, repent, or
will
do something.
I
(Use were
he will we shall yon will they will love
something.
I
(Promise, or determination)
shall
(Purposive future).
he will we shall you will they will have loved, called or
done something.
(Future Perfect Tense, Declarative).
I will
he shall we will you shall they shall have loved,
done something. (Future Perfect Tense, Purposive).
Shall you see him in the morning?
called,
or
I shall see him in the morning.

AMiere shall you live when you remove to Chicago?
I shall be pleased to meet her when she comes.
I should be pleased to meet her.
I should not like to be she.
He wonld like her if he knew her. You would like her.
I shonld be happy to see you at any time.
If I were to eat this I
should be ill. If he invites me, I shall go.
I shall go provided I get the money.
(Not providing).
I
shall try to attend the meeting.
know
a person
who
will lend
Try
to
come
if
possible.
you the money. (Not party).

your going his going our going.
their giving our buying.
(Condition)
You look
well play well hear well and
are well read.
The apples are good oranges are good she
good (Quality).
am going to
down.
night
had just lain
lay on the sofa
down, and was lying down when you
Lay the book down. He
the book down was laying
down or had just laid
down when
There
My
is
well talk
no use in my going
your going his remaining
staying
is
lie
last
called.
laid
I
came
it
in.
it
163
Make TEN PERFECT COPIES of each sentence.
\Mien a parenthetical phrase or clause intervenes between
or WHOAI is a
it its verb, whether to use
WHO
pronoun, and
a relative
little
per-
plexing.
(who
),I believe,
met two men
were policemen.
(whom)
I
met two men who
were policemen.
(who
The3^_were seeking a
man
)
).
believe they found.
(whom)
They were seeking
man whom
they found.
the relative pronoun that would be used
Use
the parenthetical
if
phrase or clause were omitted.
When
clause, use
I
the relative pronoun
who.
is
the subject of the predicate verb in
its
Thus
met two men who were policemen.
met two men who,
believe,
Avere policemen.
\Mien the
pronoun
relative
clause, or of a preposition, use
its
whom they found. They were seeking a

He was the man from whom I re-
a man
believe, they found.
They were seeking
man whom,
the object of the predicate verb in
is
whom. Thus
ceived the message.
WHio gave
For whom
know
this to
is
me.
\Mio, do you think, gave this to me.
From wdiom
this?
whom
is
your letter?
AMiom
is
your
letter
can recommend.
I gave the letter to the gentleman who, you thought, was Mr. Brown.
Do you know any one who, you think, would undertake this work? Whom
do you mean? Whom can you recommed?
from?
gentleman
she we they.
her us them.
she am he
not he that
not she we are not they they are
they these are they these are not they.
was supposed TO BE I he
supposed it TO BE me him
It is I
it is they
it is he
it
It
I
is
is
it
is
not
not
we
you
those
Compare the following:

Between you and I between you and me. (you and me).
Between I and you between you and me. (you and me).
;
"It
is
"It
is
going to be done by
going to be done bv me."
(Correct).
are
are
164
In this case an artist served as a preacher.
The white and red house belongs to Air. Smith. (One house).
The white and the red houses belong to Mr. Smith. (Two houses).
Which do you prefer, the blue or the gray?
The form A is used before words begining with a consonant sound.
Thus
A man, a woman, a horse, a cow, a unit, a university. Notice that
unit and university are spoken as
yuniversity.
The form an
Thus
is
if
beginning with a consonant, yunit^
used before words beginning ^îth a vowel sound.
An
apple, an orange, an honor, an error, an engine.

W'e say, "an apple," but "a good apple;" "a pocket," but "an empty
pocket."
The always indicates a definite object. Thus

The man is here. The doctor is here. The book is mine. The story
He made the speech of the day. The dog is a useful animal.
is a sad one.
The good die young.
When two or more nouns following each other denote the same person or thing, the article is not repeated. Thus
The editor and publisher of the magazine is a very able man.
When the nouns denoie different persons or things, the article must
be repeated before each noun, and a plural verb must be used. Thus
The editor and the publisher of the magazine are very able men.
When two or more nouns following each other do not denote the
same thing, but are so closely associated in thought that they may be
considered as forming a whole, the article is placed before the first noun
only, and a si"o-ular verb shnnld be used. Thus
He
is here.
has a new horse and buggy.
for the sake of emphasis, the article is repeated before each noun,,
a plural verb must be us6d.
Thus
The pen and ink

If,
The pen and
the ink are both here.
The bread and
the butter are
both on the table.

AA'hen
two or more nouns are compared, the
article
must not be
re-
peated before each noun
He
is
a better writer than speaker.
the nouns denote different persons or things, the article must be

repeated before each noun. Thus
If
He
is
a better writer than the
former
editor.
165
Repetition of the article
Thus
his way
went
He
is
sometimes sanctioned
for the sake of
em-
pha.'îs.
a sadder
and a wiser man.
When
ticle
a singular noun is modified by several adjectives, only one

must be used if the noun denotes but one object. Thus
A black and white cat.
A red, green and blue flag.
The white and green house is the one I own.
ar-
If ihe noun denotes more than one object, the article must be repeated before each noun. Thus
A white and a brown dress.

A red, a green, and a blue flag.
The white and
the green house are both for rent.
When
article
a plural noun is modified by two or more

must be used, and that is placed before the
Thus
The
first
and second chapters
of the
adjectives, only oneadjective only..
first
book are very
interesting.
Thus
If the noun is singular, repeat the article.
The first and the second chapter are very interesting.
The article the is placed beforereverened or honorable when
ence is made to persons bearing these titles. Thus
The Reverend John Smith. _The Honorable Hoke Smith.
refer-
^Mêther is used to introduce

alternative being introduced by or.
two or more
alternatives, the second
may
be used to introduce a single alternative, the second

by or, being implied. Thus
do not know whether I shall go. (Or not are understood).
do not know whether I can go.
do not know whether I can go or not.
AMiether
alternative, introduced
I
I
I
Of is superfluous after off. Say, "Cut a slice off the bread."

The origin of "O.K." is obscure, but it is said to have originated with
Andrew Jackson, who used it as an abbreviation of "All Korrect."
Usage varies in the writing of the past and participle forms of O.K..
Thus
O.K.d or O.K.'d.
There
by usage.
O.K.ing or O.K.'ing.
no past or perfect tense form of O.K. except that established.

O.K.'d and O.K.'ing are "O.K."
is
166
(man )
The (woman)
(tree
requires proper food,
In this sentence
fecting the
grammar
The man
The woman
The tree
A personal
noun which
is
we may use a noun of different

of that sentence. Thus
gender without
af-
requires proper food.

pronoun expressing gender must agree in gender with the

antecedent when the gender of that noun is known.
its
Thus
(man )
The (woman)
Ctree
(his
requires (her) proper food.

(its
If we take the noun in the top, middle or bottom line as the subject,
we must use the pronoun on the same line, and that pronoun only, as re-
ferring to that subject.

its
That
antecedent in gender.
is
what
is
meant by
pronoun agreeing with
Fernald.
as, "The child was crying for its mother," the use
wholly waives the question of gender as unimportant.
In such sentences
of "its"
The third person singular masculine

nately to persons of either sex. Thus
is
often used to refer indetermi-
If any one returns the money, he will receive a reward.

The pronoun "he" in this sentence may apply to man or woman, boy or girl.
This obviates the necessity of saying "he or she," "his or her," "him
or her." etc. Note the following sentence carefully:
If
any boy or
girl
comes
late "he'' will lose "his" seat.
Carry out the singular form with "he" and "his" or change the construction.
Thus
If any boys or girls come late, they will lose their seats.
\\'ho refers only to persons
intelligent living beings.
Which refers to lower animals, or things without life.
W'hat refers to things without life.
People means a body of persons who compose a community, tribe,
For a small number, use persons.

There were only a few persons present.
or nation.
Thus
167
you saw he saw they saw Smith steal an apple.

I saw
have seen 1 have seen you ha\'e seen he has seen 'ihey have
seen Smith steal an apple.
We said we had seen I said I had seen you said you had seen, etc.
Use saw to express a specific time in the past. Thus
\\'e sa.vv
^^'e
saw him yesterday.

saw her last night.
I saw him in New York.
Use seen to express time perfected
Thus
I
I
I
I
I
I
present, or future.
have just seen him.

have often seen her since.
have never seen her.
had seen him the day we parted.
shall have seen him by this time tomorrow.
Use seen
I
in the past
after have, has, had,
have seen
Percent,
is
she has seen
was or is.
had seen
Thus
she was seen
singular or plural, according to context.
Percent., being an abbreviation of percentum,
Per
is
a Latin preposition,
and
is
is
it is
Twenty
seen.
percent.
followed by a period.
properly joined only with Latin
Thus
Per annum, per diem.
Instead of saj'ing. "The magazine is one
per copy," say, "The magazine is one dollar a
words.
dollar per year, or ten cents
year, or ten cents a copy."
Instead of the signature, "Per Secretary," or "Per Smith," write,
"By Smith."
them has his own method
"By
Secretary," or
Each
Each
of
indicates one at a time
singular pronouns
is
of study.
singular
and must be referred to by
his.
Every one of them performs his duty.

Every indicates one at a time singular pronouns and verbs.
John and Mary must be on time if they are going to play their part.
Two singular nouns connected by "and" form a ])lural, and require
plural pronouns.
168
John or Mary
Two
is
going to the party.
singular nouns connected
by "or" form
a singular,
and require
singular verbs or pronouns.

Either of us has authority to sign the contract.
Neither of us has authority to sign the contract.

"Either" and "neither" indicate one of two taken separatel}^
singu-
lar.
Every man, woman and child was out this morning.

Every means one at a time singular.
All of the men, women and children were at the picnic.
plural.
All means taken together
many men" should be considered plural,

men and women?" In both instances we have in
If "a few of us" or "a great
why
not "a
mind
None
None
but there
lar.
number
of
the different individuals.

of the
is
is
boys was present
none of the boys were present?
a contraction of "no one"
good authority
and some insist is always singular,

"none" as plural as well as singu-
for treating
Let the well trained ear guide you.
The company has an

Schneider, Roberts
It is
office for its local agents.
& Company
usually better to
have an office for their salesmen.

construct your sentences so as to avoid refer-
"company" as "it."
When "company" clearly refers to the corporate body it is singular.
When "company" clearly refers to individuals, it is plural.
The same may be said of "jury."
The jury was a long time deciding the case.
The jury were a long time deciding the case.
Clearly having in mind the jurors individually. It would be better
ring to
to say
The jury was a long time deciding the case.

The jurors were a long time deciding the case.
j\Iost compound nouns are expressed in the plural number by making plural only that part of the word which is described by the rest.
Thus
Mouse-traps, arm-chairs, foot-stools, ox-carts, wagon-loads.
Make
TEN PERFECT COPIES
Compounds expressing
169
of each sentence.
relationships pluralize only the part
legal
expressing the essential relation. Thus

Brothers-in-law, daughters-in-law,
fathers-in-law,
mothers-in-law,
sisters-in-law, sons-in-law.
Compounds
noun whh any descriptive word or phrase
of a
pluralize
Thus
only the noun.
Hangers-on, lookers-on, men-of-war.
Where
compound noun
plural formative
is
put
at
is made of words that are not nouns, the

the end of the whole word. Thus
Forget-me-nots go-betweens, three-per-cents.

Xouns denoting- cjuantit}'. as those ending in ful, pluralize the whole
term.
Thus
Armfuls, cupfuls, handfuls, spoonfuls.

Titles are pluralized thus
The Messrs. Harper, the Misses Brown, the Drs. Lee, the Mrs. Barlows, the Misses Barlow.
Numerals and Letters are pluralized thus
The a's and the n's in the first line; the 5's and the 7's
line.
Dot your is and cross your t's in writing the W-B's.
in the
second
Plurals Treated as Singulars:
The news
is
"No other means
is
possible"
referring to one thing,
or one method. -When

we may say, "All other
"means' refers to a number of things or methods,

means have been tried in vain."
^^'hen a plural form noun denotes a collection, group, or amount, it is
treated as a singular noun, taking a singular verb, or being referred to by
a singular pronoun. Thus
We received the hundred dollars that was contributed. One hundred
dollars
is
The
the balance due.

pcssessi\-e case of
Singular
nouns
is
shown thus:
boy's, horse's, sailor's, mother's, father's.
boys', horses',
brothers',
father-in-law's, mother-in-law's.
Groups Lindell & Scott's Lexicon; American Tract Society's pubJoint Possession Lincoln's and Seward's
Double Possessive The check of Thompson's. Smith & Co.'s
Plural
sailors',
sisters'.
Compounds
lications.
letters.
store.
Form
the possessive oi abl:ireviated words just as you
words were spelled
out.
Thus.
Wells-Fargo
&
uld
Co.'s Express.
if
the.

170
IMPORTANT SUGGESTIONS
For
For
For
For
For
For
For
For
For
For
For
For
For
For
a dash, use two hyphens. Thus,

numbers_, use # before the figures. Thus,__ #345
pounds, use # after the figures. Thus,__ 345#
Thus,__ 850'
feet, use the apostrophe,
Thus,__ 26"
inches, use the quotation mark.
minutes, use the apostrophe. Thus,__ 37'
15"
seconds, use the quctaticn mark. Thus,
degree, turn cyHnder slightly back and strike small o. Thus,__ 60

Thus,__ (f.
cent, hold space-bar down and strike / over c.
exclamation point, hold space-bar down and strike ' and
and
division mark, hold space-bar down and strike
ditto
mark, use quotation mark.
Thus,__ 24 x 36
multiplication, use small x.
equality, strike
turn cylinder slightly, back space, and strike
again.
Thus,__ 2 x 12
24
There should be no space between the dollar mark and the amount.
Write it thus,__ $350.76
There should be no space between # and the figures. Thus,__ #67
Space between whole numbers and fractions. Thus,__ 345 1/4
Thus,__ Three dollars is
Spell out numbers beginning a sentence.
the price.
Four thousand men were there.
Spell out ages.
Thus,__ Seven children between three and fifteen.
Write out sums of less than one dollar in business letters.
In letters write amounts thus,__ $5; $25; $150; $3.50; $37.50.
Use the sign & in firm names only. Thus,__ Messrs. Smith & Brown.
Avoid abbreviations in the body of a letter.
Thus,__ Two-thirds; one-half.
Spell out fractions standing alone.
Spaces between words should not be underscored.

that 2d or 3d is better than 2nd or 3rd,
Abbreviations:
meaning, this month
inst. is instant,
Remember
prox.
meaning month
proximo, meaning next month
ultimo,
ult. is
is
shorter.
last
Remember
Your letter of the 7th

that 15th is not an abbreviation.
received.
Your letter of the 3d received. Your letter of the 3d,
relative to shipment of wool, received.
Whether a punctuation mark follows 2d or 15th will be determined
by the sentence in which it is written.
When the Christian name of a person is given, abbreviate the title
of honor or respect.
Thus.
Hon. John Smith; Capt. Nathan
Hughes; Rev. J. J. Blythe; Prof. J. C. Tingle
When the Christian name is not given, write the title out. Thus,__
Captain Stone; Colonel Nelson; Professor Jones
letters for the names of the seasons.
Thus^__ summer; spring;
fall; winter
Use small
171
BUSINESS CORRESPONDENCE
Five leading' qualities are
common
to g;ood business letters
Clear-
Courtesy and Character.

The letter should be written in
First in importance is clearness.
such a manner that the whole meaning may be understood THAT THE
MEANING CAN NOT BE MISUNDERSTOOD. Misunderstandings
are hard to correct, and involve delays and annoyance.
The letter writer must know just what he wants to say, he must have
a good knowledge of the language, and he must be sure that what he says
can mean but one thing.
The three most important ])rinciples of clearness are Unity, Coherence and Emphasis.
Unity demands that the whole composition should center around
one main idea a singleness of impression, and to this end every unnecessary idea must be excluded. Everything that does not contribute to the
one central idea must be cut out. If you are ordering goods, do not make
ness, Correctness, Conciseness.
same letter. In this case the practical reason is obtwo matters would not be referred to the same department
a com;)laint in the
vious
the
of a large concern.
AMiat
is
a practical necessity here
safe principle in all kinds of letters,
may
be taken as
whether the two disconnected mat-
would be read by the same person or not.

A convenient test of this Unity is to see if the whole letter can be
summed up in a single sentence. This test, or "key-sentence," might be
something like the following:
"The goods you sent us were not satisfactory."
"The matter you inquire about will be investigated."
"It will pay you to examine our new line of winter overcoats."
ters
A
some
well-unified letter contains only ideas that are an expansion of

part of such a sentence, and contains all the ideas necessary for that
expansion.
of
more common than that

omitting what is necessary, but the latter sometimes occurs.
For instance, a man mav be urging that the machine he has to sell
is
the best value on the market.
The
fault of including irrelevant
matter
is
devoted to showing what good qualities

sesses, he evidently has accom]jlished only a part of his task.
If his entire letter is
it
pos-
172
He must show
that the price
is
lower than the price of others, or that
the good quaHties he enumerates are not possessed by others, to prove

that it is the best value on the market.
An
order for goods that
style, or the destination to
payment,
is
fails to
specify the
which they should be
number wanted, or the

sent, or the method of
lacking in unity.
include matter which is necessary to a complete understanding on the part of the reader, they lack unity.
Unity demands that everything unnecessary should be omitted, and
If letters fail to
that everything necessary should be included.
The
principle of unity should govern not merely the construction of
the letter as a whole, but the construction of the various parts of the let-
The paragraphs should be
ter.
unified.
one paragraph might center about the

kind another might show that it is
not expensive another, that this is a special opportunity to get it and
so on. Or each of these ideas might be subdivided into parts.
The test of unity may be applied to paragraphs. If the paragraph
For instance,
in a sales letter,
idea that the article
is
the best of
its
can be
summed up
In practice
it
in a sentence
is
it is
unified.
frequently helpful to
make an
outline of paragraph
topics.
sales letter about
some machine might have one paragraph devoted
low cost, and so on.

danger that the paragraphs will
overlap, or that something which should be found in the paragraph on
efficiency will be found in the paragraph on low cost.
to efficiency, another to ease of operation, another to
Then
in writing the letter there is little
The
outline
but ordinarily
it
may
will
be written on paper beforehand, if

be possible to carry it in the mind.
it is
a long one
The
principle of unit}^ is also applied to sentences.

sentence should contain one and only one complete idea with
its
modifying ideas
The
principle
sentences, or
is
violated
when one
instance of the former
is
when one
idea
is
split
up into two or more
sentence contains two or more main ideas.
An
the following
"The book is very cheap. The price is only $4."

This should read
"As the price is only $4, the book is very cheap."
Coherence demands that the material be so arranged and connected
that the relation of the parts to one andther is unmistakable.
175
At least it may be said that there should

often well to work from the simple to
It
is
made.
progress
be definite
must
be such that the reader is led without
progress
'-The
the complex.
another
until he has arrived at some definite
part
to
one
difficulty from
The
order must be logical.
end.
In the case of business letters the purpose is usually to make the

reader do something. Therefore it may be well to begin with his point
of
view and lead him gradually through
a series of steps to the writer's
point of view.
frequently this will be found the logical and effective order

Begin with what concerns him most end with what concerns you.
]\Iost
would not be effective to begin a sales letter by stating the fact

that you want to sell something, and end by showing your customer that
he wants it.
It is far better first to show him his need, and then to show that you
It
can supply
it.
would not be well to mention price (WHICH IS YOUR CONCERN) before you mention the good qualities of the article (WHICH IS
It
HIS CONCERN).
It is
not enough that the paragraphs should be
may
that progress
in logical order, so
be made.
The progress should be
assisted
by good counection between the
paragraphs.
This
come
may
be accomplished by means of transition sentences, which

end of a paragraph, or at the beginning. The latter is
Usually it summarizes Avhat has been said in the previous
either at the
preferrable.
paragraph, and indicates what is still to be said.

Coherence in paragraphs is applied in the same
way
as in the
whole
letter.
The
ideas relating to the general topic should be placed in logical
order, so that definite progress
is
made.
In some cases this
is
a simple
matter.
For instance,
in telling of
business experience or of education, the
order of events Avould be followed.
The same
is
true in the case of a chain of circumstances
to a complaint, or the
But
answer
to a complaint.
this simple narative order
is
not possible in
all
cases.
In ex-
some point of your machine over that of your

climax would probably be most desirable. In all cases,
plaining the merits of

the order of
which leads
ful attention to
arrangement
is
necessary.
rival,
care-
174
The principle of coherence is applied to sentences in much the same

manner as in larger elements.
The words should be in logical order, following the rules of grammar
in respect to the position of modifiers.
Similar ideas which form parts of
same sentence should be in similar form that is the parallel construction should be used whenever convenient. The words and phrases should
the
be properly connected.
If
these requirements are strictly observed in the whole letter, the
paragraphs and the sentences,
will progress
it
It is certain to
definite result.
smoothly and easily to a
be clear and correct, and thus to have a
good basis for effectiveness.

Emphasis, like coherence,
is
principle
of
con
arrangement,
cerned, not with the internal arrangement, but with the external.
It
demands that the most important parts of a composition shall be placed

where they will readily catch the eye. The most conspicuous places in a
composition are the beginning and the end. Therefore the most important sentences so far as possible, should be at the beginning or the end.
Immediately after the "Dear Sir'' the real meat of the letter should
begin.
weave the acknowledgment into

make it a subordinate idea. __
supply you with the information request-
Another more frequently used,

the
first
sentence, but in such a
is
way
to
as to
"We regret our inability to

ed in your letter of November 1."
"We
take pleasure in sending you today a copy of our
as requested in your letter of
"We
your
shall investigate the
letter of
November
little
November
ingenuity will
letter.
bulletin,
matter of shortage which you claim in
1."
make
it
possible to open a letter with a sen-
tence that expresses an important idea, and at the
edges a previous
opening.
new
1.'
same time acknowl-
In any case, avoid a hackneyed, stereotyped
In paragraphs, the principle of emphasis applies in
much
the
same
way.
The first and last sentences should contain the important ideas.
The eye in traveling over a page naturally pauses at the breaks in
the
reading matter, and the mind has a longer time to dwell on the sentence
that has just been read.
The matter that is merely explanatory should come in the body of
the paragraph the ideas that you want to have remembered should come
at the beginning and the end.
;
175
Likewise in the sentence, the important words should come at the beginning and eml.
If the general principle of having important words at the beginning
and the end of a sentence is kept in mind, most problems of emphasis in
sentences will be solved.
Careful attention to the principles of
EMPHASIS
LETTER,
in
go a long way toward making a
will
the reader will do
The
ciples,
UNITY,
SENTENCES, PARAGRAPHS
what you want him
COHERENCE and
THE WHOLE
and
letter effective
so
to do.
writer should construct his letter in accordance with these prinstrive for the simplest direct expression pos-
and he should always
sible.
This means that his words should always be as short and simple as
possible.
Good, homely, Anglo-Saxon words are

that the least educated understand
still
the clearest, and the fact
them makes them no
less suitable for
the best educated.

it is a good rule to use words which the reader is sure to
and
that means the simplest language possible.
understand,
on
first coming into a stranger's office is judged by the
As a man
language he uses, and even before he speaks by the clothes he weats so
likewise is the writer judged first by the apperance of his letter in its
dress and speech and as he would have been condemned if his language
in speaking had been inaccurate and crude, so he will even more surely
be condemned if his language in writing is faulty.
Incorrectness shows up far more, and is certain to be the source of
some contempt, if not of actual distrust by well-informed people.
A letter should not use more words than necessary, for business men's
time is limited and valuable, and cannot be wasted in reading unnecessary
In
all
cases
material.
A long and tedious-looking letter is frequently cast into the wastepaper basket unread. Therefore it is well to have a letter concise.
But conciseness is often confounded with mere brevity. Brevity
concerns
itself
merely with the length of the
letter; conciseness
has the
additional idea of completeness.
Business
men
easily get the habit of writing brief letters, but in their
anxiety to save their own time and that of their correcpondents they are
frequently liable to sacrifice completeness by leaving out something that
is
reallv essential.
Sometimes
this is in the
form
of
whole sentences.
176
More frequently
the undue brevity
is
caused by the omission of pronouns,
and the use of unauthorized abbreviations.

Such a method
is not conciseness.
Conciseness is the quality of making one word serve for two, but the
omission of a word that is necessary to grammatical completeness is not
conciseness.
By all means be brief. Avoid tediousness, as you would the plague.

You cannot afford to hide a grain of wheat in a bushel of chaff, for
no one whose time is worth anything to vou would trouble to look for it.
Be clear and correct, first. Then cut out every unnecessary word,
and the quality of conciseness is added.
Many business men seem to think that when they have a grievance,
it is
The
result
way
necessary to be very bitter in their expression to secure redress.

is, such a letter invites an equally hot reply, though it in no
excuses it.
Impoliteness has no place in business correspondence. It never does

good, and frequently causes antagonisms that are commercially disadvantageous to both parties.
Though
there are other good reasons for not assuming a lack of hon-
esty or intelligence in our correspondents, a sufficiently important one

that
The
a letter in which sentences begins with 'T"
The
is
is
does not pay. And POLITENESS COSTS NOTHING.

The word "I" should be subordinated in a letter as far as possible.
word "YOU" should be made prominent. The impression given by
i.t
rarest qualily
and
is
not at
for that very reason
all
pleasing.
one of the most valuable
CHARACTER.
By
writer's
meant the element
this
is
own
self.
English composition
is
of personalit}^, the expression of the
not a matter of right and wrong, but of better
and worse.
Use concrete facts. A business man ^îll not be moved by general

he must have evidence before he will believe.
sertions
as-
^Mlat is true of circumstantial evidence is true of testimony.

Records of achievement, well-authenticated, are of course better than
anybody's opinions, but whichever is given, it must be concrete.
The language, too, should be concrete. It should give the reader a
definite image. It should bring a picture to his mind, or, in some Avay,
appeal to his senses.
In point of
fact,
simple, direct ones.
the most concrete and forceful expressions are the

In all kinds of writing the use of long- sentences

a lack of clearness.
177
is
likely to result in
However clear the constructitm may be, a long sentence makes a

greater tax upon the memory, and frequently upon tiie intellect, than a
short one.
business
make sure
man
of the
ing to get
it
will not take the time to read a sentence twice to

Therefore, let there be no danger of his fail-
meaning.
the first time.
The attempt
make sentences
short must not result in a jerky and

reason to see that they are properly connected, or that they are occasionally interspersed with longer ones. In
fact, there should be as much variety in the construction as is practicable,
in order to avoid monotony.
choppy
to
style. It is well for that
worse fault than monotony

result of placing harsh-sounding
other.
is
awkardness.
This
is
frequently the
to one an-
words unpleasantly close
It is particulraly awkward to have the same words, or similar words

with different meanings, used in the same sentence.
As awkwardness can be detected by

letters
the ear, it is a good idea to read

aloud until the avoidance of aAvkwardness has become a matter of
habit.
LETTER WRITING.
Business
letters are usually written
on
letter
heads with the name
town and the state printed with a blank space extending

margin in which to write the date of the letter. Thus,
of the
right
JO HUMPHREY
WILL TAY'.OS.Asst
Vice P-eside.it
EDGAR S- SCOTT. PrssiSoni

HEN RY ABELS. SecrÛrv
'B.R HIERONYMU&.Treasurer
DH
D"0
B BUCISMedicol Director
F MAXONAsstMea Director
to the
Secy.
EDGARS BARNES, AsstTreas

"^-^
VV F
SSTADDEnI
i.qt:r:y
V/OhKMAN.J
V.ir.sj-rs
TijiifR^NKLiN Life Insurance CdMfi^Wfc

y. .B.. .. OF SPRINGFIELD. ILLINOIS.
FRANK REEOY
DALLAS. TEXAS
\Mien the address
is
not printed on the letter sheet, as illustrated
above, the Post Office address and the date should be written
in one line,
beginning about the center of the page and extending to the right margin.
Thus,
Minneapolis, Minn., January 1, 191
178
comma
Notice that a
lis
is
placed after the
a period follows *'j\Iinn." to
sota
comma
show
it
name
is
of the
town Minneapo-
the abbreviation of Minne-
comma follows the date of the

not necessary to place a perid after the year.
follows the period, and a
month,.!, though
it
is
If the date line were written out in full it would read thus
In the City of Minneapolis in the State of Minnesota on January
one
year 191
in the
The* commas in the date line indicate the omission of the unnecessary
words.
name
the
If
of the State in the date line
were spelled
out, thus,
Minnesota, the comma only would follow Minnesota, and the date line
would be punctuated thus
Minneapolis, Minnesota, January
The name
of the
whom
person to
the letter
is
1,
19
written should begin
margin of the page, and his address should be written below,

beginning about the center of his name. Thus,
at the left
Minneapolis, Minn. January
1,
19
Mr. Q. Z. Ajax,
Quincy, 111,
Dear
Sir:
The
period follows
period follows the
"J\lr."
initials,
the
abbreviation
and Z, and a
for
comma
"Mister."
The
follows the name,
Ajax.
A comma
"111."
lows
If
the
follows the
name
of the town, Quincy,
and a period
fol-
the abbreviation for Illinois.
name
of the state
were spelled
only would follow, the same as
if
out, thus, "Illinois" a period

the abbreviation "111." were used.
name and address were written out in full it would read thus
Mister O. Z. Ajax in the City of Quincy in the State of Illinois.
The commas, therefore, indicate the omission of the unnecessary
If the
words.
The
and
is
salutation
"Dear
Sir" begins at the left
margin
of the page,
followed by a colon.
colon follows the salutation, for the salutation introduces the par-
ticulars
embodied
in the letter,
and a colon should precede an enumera-
tion of particulars.
the
Esq.,
meaning
name
instead of the
esquire,
is
title
a tithj of respect frequently used after
"Mr." before the name. To use the
title
name;
as,
not be correct
But one
name
should be used
title
or after
The
name;
as, Air. Thomas Lubbock, or the title "Esq." after

Thomas Lubbock, Esq., would be correct; but is would
to use one title before the name and the other after it.
"]Mr" before the

the
1/9
it.
"Air.
in
an address, whether
Thomas Lubbock",
is
it
comes before the
the form usually preferred.
usual forms of salutations at the beginning of business
let-
ters, are,
Dear
To
Sir
Aly dear Sir
married or unmarried,
a lady,
Dear ]\Iadam
The
is
not an acquaintance,
Dear Aliss Haynes

Dear Mrs. Hutchins
salutation of letters addressed to a firm, corporation or associa-
composed
tion
who
of ladies should be,
Ladies
To
a person
whom
one knows well the proper salutation would be,
Dear James
Dear Esther
My dear Ruth
Dear Mrs. Duvall
Dear Mr. Jackson
The body
Dear
Dear Uncle
My
dear
Sam
Dear Cousin Mary

^ly dear Airs. Smith
My dear Miss Fearney
of the letter should begin
below the salutation.
Thus,
Sir
\\"e are
December
The
pleased to enclose the circular requested by your letter of
25.
usual formal closings of business letters are,
Yours truly
Yours sincerely
\'ery truly yours
Very
Respectfully yours
Cordially
sincerely yours
Respectfully
and should be written below the body
of the letter,
centered on the
Xotice particularly the arrangement of the "MODEL LETTER"

on the page. It is Avell balanced. The margins on each side of the
printed matter are the same. The lines are as nearly the same length,
There is no
as even at the right, as it is possible to make them.
180
crowding
bottom of the letter. The uniform white

bottom and sides makes the letter stand out in
at the top- or the
space around
bold relief that
top,
is
pleasing to the eye.
it,
MODEL LETTER
THE LARGEST TRAVELING MENS ORGmNIZATION
(N
THE WORLD
[iiiNois^^j^lffr
iSOCI/kTlON
August 27, 1910

iMr.
Arthur
S.
Kleeman.
C/o National Dictograph Co.,

1420 Masonic Temple,
Chicago. 111.
Dear Sir:
I
graph.
take great pleasure in recommending the DictoWe have four stations in our office,
stairs and two up.
two down
We have had no trouble with the
machines at all and believe they are far superior to

any other method of communicating from one part of a
plant to another.
Yours very truly.
Sec'y
ALL
QUOTATrONS
181
/?.
MCD.ATC ACCPTANCe
SALES DEPARTMENT
April 28.
Mr. Arthur S.
1910.
Kleeman, Representative,
National Dictograph Co.,

#1511 Masonic Temple,
Chicago,
Ills.
Dear Sir.
We are glad to say that the Dictograph System
installed by your company in our Keokuk office about six
months ago is giving entire satisfaction.

It is without doubt one of the greatest conveni-
ences that can be adopted in an office where there are
several departments and where a manager wishes to get into

direct communication with heads of the various departments.
Yours truly,
y^^:^=i:^Q.
Manager,
MFK-PS
182
Dear
Sir
wonder
if
you
realize just
what
it
means
to write
you
this letter?
You, as a shrewd business man and salesman (and every successful

business man is a salesman) are accustomed to meeting, sizing up, interail kinds of human arguments
esting, swaying and convincing
and an
appeal, to win your interest at all, must be a mighty good one.
Yet if you had an offer to make an offer as irresistible as this one of
mine, you would want to teil me about it even if you had to use but one
short sheet of paper, such as I am using now.
For this offer has to do with something that means more profits for
you in your business a book on selling that actually strikes the keynote
of human interest, and gets at this great problem of man-handling from
an entirely new angle.
This book shows you exactly how to approach your man, how to get
his mind to your subject, make him talk; how to introduce your proposition
make him feel the need of it; bring him to a state of desire; how to
meet each objection instantly; recognize the psychological moment, and
how
to get his signature.
Think what it would mean if you knew in advance the shrewdest,

most clever and convincing schemes that sales brains had ever invented to
meet the very problems that confront you every day in your business.
This book, "How to Increase Your Sales," has been written by
twenty-two successful business men star salesmen and star sales managers; men who have studied out special selling methods of their own, and
surely, out of all they know about handling men, you can gain some point
that will prove of immense value to you, for they show you every clever
move they have found necessary
in this great
game
of "getting into the
sales king row."
And "How
to Increase
Your Sales"
is
absolutely Free,
if
you order
now.
I want you to see this book.
It comes to you absolutely without
cost in connection with System
the big 250-to-356-page Magazine of
Business.
You take no risk. I do

And you need not even
not want any money for this book.

continue your subscription to System, unless
you are satisfied in every particular with the very first number.
So I simply suggest that you sign the card enclosed, and get the book
and the first number of the System, without payment of any sort whatever, and then decide for yourself.
If you do not see a dollar's worth in almost every page
an idea you
can actually fit into the day's work of your business simply tell me so.
Your word will be final. I will cancel the subscription, and the bill as
well promptly, cheerfully.
The copy of System you can keep with my compliments.
Sign and mail the post card today.
Yours very truly,
Pitmax-Harrell Short II axd
183
REAL ESTATE
Dear
Sir:
consists of all that which is

This class of property, otherwise known
as chattels, may be either movable or immovable.
A general knowledge of the value of a stock of merchandise, business opportunities, etc., can only be acquired by actual experience in
handling and conducting this line of business. The real tangible values
of corporation stocks, bonds and like securities, may be very accurately
obtained in most instances by a thorough investigation of the financial
conditions of the concern issuing same, together with the records, reputation and standing of the officers and managers.
The value of real estate mortgages should be that which is repre-
Personal property, broadly speaking
not included in real property.
However, there are many instances where

some other reason,
a real estate mortgage may be questionable, and whenever offered by
you should be thoroughly investigated. Most real estate mortgages
should be secured by property considerably in excess in point of value of
the face of the mortgage, thus giving the mortgagee an opportunity to
foreclose and make a forced sale of the property for enough to realize the
full amount due him, together with foreclosure expenses, etc., in case
of non-payment of same.
The term "good will"' as used in connection with the selling of busisented as their face value.
the security is insufficient, the title defective, or for
ness opportunities,
popular expression rather than a legal phrase

which is sold together with the profesIn selling or transferring the good will of a bus-
etc., is
and means that kind
of interest
sion, trade or business.
iness, the seller binds himself, either by covenant or agreement, to do

everything properly in his power to promote his successor's interests in
If the seller acts contrary to such an agreement, he may
be liable to the purchaser of the good will in an action for damages.
I have in this lesson endeavored to give you a clear understanding
of this branch of your business, but if there is anything that you do not
fully understand, write me requesting further information.
the business.
Yours truly
184
Dear
Sir:
When
a person desires to enter upon a tract of land as a homestead,

he must appear personally at the land office of the district in which the
tract is situated and present his application and make the required affidavit before the registrar or receiver.
He must establish his residence in a house to be built on the land
within six months from the date of entry, and cultivate the tract for
five years, unless he desires to commute and pay for the land in cash at
the rate of $1.25 per acre for outside of railroad limits, and $2.50 per
Land
acre for inside, at the end of 14 months from the date of entry.
within 20 miles of the railroad is inside and over 20 miles is outside of
the railroad limit.
Homestead entries can be made by any citizen of the United States

over 21 years of age (and under 21 if the head of a family) except marThe fees required
ried women, for one quarter section, or 160 acres.
when making entry are from $14 to $22 on 160 acres and from $4 to $12
when final proof is made. On 80 or 40 acres such fees would be proportionately less.
Any citizen of the United States, or who has declared his intention of
becoming a
citizen,
may make
application for 160 acres or
timber or stone land, in addition to any homestead land he may

have acquired, stating under oath that he has personally examined the
land and that such land is more valuable for its timber or its stones than
for agricultural purposes; that the application is made in good faith and
Final
for his own exclusive use and benefit and not for anyone else.
proof under the stone and timber act is made 90 days after filing, at
which time the applicant en "proving up" must pay to the receiver
the sum of $2.50 per acre for the land on which he has made proof. No
residence, building or improvements are required on timber claims taken under this act.
Under the timber and stone act, you can never file but one claim.
No matter how small your claim may be, it exhausts your right. But
under the homestead act, if you take up less than 160 acres, you may,
after proving up, file on other claims until you have acquired a total of
less of
160 acres.
The law requires that no person shall be absent from his homestead
more than six months at one time. Leave of absence from a homestead
may, however, be obtained by proper application to the local office after
actual settlement and improvements have been made upon the land.
No person who owns more than 160 acres of land in any state or territory can acquire land under the homestead law.
Any unmarried woman of age is entitled to the benefits of the homestead law and if she
marries before she acquires title and continues her residence on her
may proceed to prove up at the proper time, the same as if
she had remained single, but husband and wife cannot secure separate
tracts by maintaining separate residences at the same time.
Sons and daughters of families, who are of age, are entitled to take
claim, she
185
up land under this act. No lands acquired under the provision of homestead laws are liable for the satisfaction of any debt contracted prior to
the issue of the patent.
Yours truly
Dear
Sir:
of your real estate business may be made

exceedingly profitable if properly conducted, and it is not at all a diffiIt is only necessary to have something desircult task to so conduct it.
able to offer and then offer it in an attractive and persistent manner. To
achieve success in this branch, you should first decide upon just what
particular line of this business you prefer, or are in the best shape to
After deciding this point to your satisfaction, start in to secure
handle.
the sole agency of the most desirable property for this special purpose.
Let us suppose you decide to make a specialty of selling farm lands
by mail. Your first step should be to secure the most desirable list of
lands, or possibly the agency for some large tract of unimproved lands
which you may retail or sell in 20. 40, or 160 acre tracts on easy terms,
possibly $1.00 per acre down and $1.00 per acre every 6 or 12 months unAlways endeavor to make the terms just as easy as possible.
til paid.
After securing contro-1 of the property and deciding upon the price,
terms, etc., the most important feature of the whole scheme arises, viz:
Here is the key to the success or failthat of preparing your prospectus.
Many a meritorious mail order proposition has
ure of your undertaking.
failed solely on account of inferior literature, poorly written "form letUnless you are an expert in the
ters," and lack of proper presentation.
It is far better
art of preparing literature of this kind do not attempt it.
and much cheaper in the end to employ a competent and experienced
person to do this work for you. If you do not happen to know such
persons I will gladly refer you to several whom I know to be thorough-
The Mail Order branch
competent and reliable.

After your plans have all been carefully laid out, your prospectus
written and printed, your form letters prepared, and everything ready to
do business it is time to advertise, and not before. Many seem to think
that the first thing to do when starting any kind of a mail order busily
ness, is to get their advertising in.
Your advertising copy should be very carefully prepared. It must

be attractive and have an honest rins: to it. It must be designed to inspire confidence and create a desire in the reader, either for further information or for the property. I believe it is usually better to word the
adv., so as to merely create a desire for further particulars
that is, to
induce the reader to write to you, thus giving jôu the opportunity of
sending him your prospectus, circulars, literature, etc., in which you can
make a much stronger argum.ent and at more length than you could af'
ford in expensive advertising space.
Great care should be exercised
however, not to make ycur ads., misleading, or worded so that the inquirer may be disappointed when he receives your literature.
He might
not only be disappointed, but
if
the adv. were very misleading, he would
186
also be veiy likely to lose confidence in you and your prospectus and
thus, perhaps, spoil your chances for doing business with him at all.
Up to this point, the work has all been preliminary but after your
advertising appears, the real battle begins. Every inquiry must be
promptly answered, giving the required information regarding your prosIf you do not receive a
pectus, blank application and return envelope.
reply to this letter, you should write the inquirer again in about 10 days
and endeavor to secure some response from him. The number of "follow up" letters to be sent out will depend upon circumstances. If you
have a proposition in which there is a large profit, you would be justified
in sending out from 6 to 10 or even more, at regular intervals.
Under
ordinary circumstances, however, I consider from 3 to 6 properly written
follow up letters sufficient. If you cannot get a response from these letters, it is pretty safe to suppose that your proposition does not interest
the recipient.
In conducting an extensive mail order business of this kind, I have
always found a card system the best. I use cards 3x5 inches, keep two
one (blue), filed alphabetically, the other (white) filed numericalsets
Each inquiry is numbered as received and two cards made out, one
ly.
blue and one white. The blue card only contains inquirer's name and
number, and is filed in the alphabetical or index file. The white card
contains name, address, number, date of inquiry, date and kind of letters
sent out, and any other information relating to the special transaction.
These white cards are filed numerically as inquiries are received. I always commence at back of file case and number towards the front. In
this file case I use red "follow up tickler" cards, protruding about 1-4 of
an inch above the others, to show me when the following letters are to go
For instance, I receive 75 letters on June 5th. Immediately beout.
hind this bunch of cards would appear a "tickler' marked "2nd letters
June 15th." On June 15th, when 2nd follow up letters have been sent
out, another card would be inserted marked "3d letters June 25th,'' etc.
By this means, all the names for each particular set of follow up letters
are together each day, just as wanted, thus avoiding the necessity of selecting them from alphabetical file and refiling them again after sending
out letters.
The correspondence
Each
file numerically in an upright case.
num.ber as before stated, and each subsequent letter from the same person, is given the same number and filed
with the original inquiry. The blue cards are used for index purposes
only.
Whenever any correspondent writes us, the blue cards are referred to for his file number, which is noted on the letter.
From this number, we may easily turn to the white card for any required information
and properly file away the letter after answering same.
The "keying" of ads. is another item that should not be overlooked,
especially if you intend doing any great amount of advertising, as you
may thus accurately ascertain just what mediums are of most value to
you. There are various schemes used in keying ads. by mail order adoriginal inquiry
is
also
given a
file
187
vertisers. Some request those answering the adv. to address "Dept. No.,"
changing the number in each adv. Others a different initial in their
name, etc. Personally, I favor either the Dept. No., or the Room No.,
scheme of keying, as these are not so apt to cause the inquiries to become
suspicious upon receiving your literature.
All the foregoing may be equally as well applied to other branches
of the mail order part of your business, such as the selling of city or village lots for investment, the selling of farm or city mortgages, the selling
of corporation stocks or bonds and other like propositions.
I would suggest if you seriously contemplate starting in on the mail
order line, that you answer the ads. of some others and secure literature
which might give you some valuable ideas in getting up your own advertising matter. Among the best in this line I would suggest. Wood,
Harmon & Co., New York N. Y., or W. M. Ostrander Philadelphia, Pa.
Write them a card, and merely say, "Please send me particulars in
answer to your adv.," they will do the rest.
I shall be glad to assist you at any time in perfecting your plans for
a mail order campaign should you decide to embark in this line.
You have now about completed your course and are ready to put the
I shall, therefore,
instructions I have given you into practical operation.
at this time endeavor to instruct you regarding our co-operative plan of
handling the real estate and brokerage business.
I want you to list all the property you can in your vicinity and send
me a complete description of same, together with the amount of commission for which you have arranged to handle the deal. This description I shall forward to all our other agents with instructions to them to
endeavor to procure a customer for same.
Should you negotiate a sale of any such property without our assistance, we do not claim any part of your commission provided you
notify us to have our other agents discontinue working on the property.
In case any of our other agents secure a purchaser for you, two-fifths of
the commission must go to the agent securing the customer, one-fifth to
us, and two-fifths to you for listing the property.
All other agents are
instructed to follow the same line of procedure and all work alike and on
the same terms. We make no special terms under any circumstances.
With this lesson I am sending you a list of property for some of
which I hope you will soon be able to find a purchaser. I want you to
feel that I am as much interested in you now as I was before you had
completed my course and I shall ever be glad to give you any desired
information or assist you in your business as far as lies in my power.
I sincerely hope your business will prove satisfactory the first year
and that it may continue to satisfactorily improve and increase to such
an extent that you may feel that learning the real estate business through
me, was no mistake.
Again assuring you of my highest regards and best wishes for your
future success, I am.
Yours
truly.
188
FIRE INSURANCE
Dear
Sir
first step after starting in the fire insurance business should

be to secure the agency of several first class insurance companies. You
should not take the agency of too many at first, as your business, at the
start will be more or less limited, and you will not, therefore, be able to
do a satisfactory business for too many companies. You should endeavor to select say, two or three of the best companies and divide up
your business between them as far as possible, until such time as you
may be able to control sufficient business to handle more companies.
You may at first even find it advisable to work in conjunction with
some of the large companies' local agents, and divide commissions with
them, on account of the assistance they will lend you in securing new
Your
business.
As a preliminary step toward securing some desirable agencies, I
would suggest that you address the State Commissioner of Insurance at
your State Capitol, and request him to send you a list of all the insurance companies which are licensed to do business in your state. From
this list you can select a number of the most desirable companies, which
are not already sufficiently represented in your locality, and apply to
them for an agency.
To secure and hold the agency for good companies you must "make
good," that is, you must show them that you can and do control busiInsurance companies, like all other firms, are always looking for
ness.
good live agents but want "no drones in the hive."
You should make it a practice to mention insurance to every person with whom you do business. You will find that nearly every busYou should endeavor to
iness man or property owner carries insurance.
ascertain the name of the company, the amount of insurance he is carrying in each company and the date when his policy expires. Make record of these facts in your memorandum book and a month or two before
his policy expires go and see him again and endeavor to get him to take
out policies in your companies.

You should not only become thoroughly familiar with the standing
of your own companies, but you should endeavor to post yourself as
thoroughly as possible on all other insurance companies doing business
You will thus be in a position to argue with your
in your locality.
prospective customer and give him reasons why he should give you his
insurance business in preference to the companies in which he has been
insured.
The insurance business
is
a line in
which you must be very
persis-
Fitman-Harkell Shorthand
189
which you should be thoroughly posted to make it a success.

in placing insurance for any one, you have made
greater success. Endeavor to make every customer assist you in getting two or more others, thus making an endless
chain from which you will soon find you are securing and doing a splen-
tent and in
Whenever you succeed

one more step towards
did paying insurance business.

Be careful to keep a record of each policy issued by you, especially
the description of the property insured, date, amount, and date when the
policy expires, and be sure to be on hand promptly and in plenty of time
Remember you
to secure the renewal of the policy before same expires.
are not the only agent looking for business, and make a point of getting
in just ahead of the other fellow.
Insurance companies allow agents a liberal commission varying
from 10 to 20 per cent, of the premiums or cost of the insurance. For
instance, the premium, or actual cost of, say $3 000 insurance on a residence or household furniture is $20. Your commission would be 20
per cent, of this amount, or $4.00.
If the insurance be on a factory or contents of a factory and the
premium is $30 on a $3,000 policy, your comimssion may run from 10 to
20 per cent. That is, from $3 to $6, according to circumstances governing the case of which the insurance company will fully advise you in
their printed literature.
They have regular rules and standard rates
and charges, from which no agent can vary under penalty, and nearly all
insurance companies strictly adhere to these rules.
Fire insurance is divided into two classes, "ordinary" and "prefer"Ordinary" is the class which is most likely to take fire by carered.'
lessness or other unavoidable reasons for instance factories, foundries,
mills, general stores and like hazardous risks.
A smaller commission is
allowed on this class than on preferred.
"Preferred" is that class in which is included dwellings, household
furniture, school houses, churches, public buildings barns and their contents, and other property less liable to fire.
The larger commission is
paid on this class of business and is much preferrable to the majority
;
of companies.
In distributing your business between the various companies, you

should endeavor to give each a share of your "preferred risks."
The printed policy as issued by the insurance company and given to
the assured (that is the person whose property is insured by, or through
you) is a guarantee for a certain amount of protection in dollars, against
loss by fire for the soecific period for which it is issued, and will mt hold
the company liable one hour over the date of its exoiration.
Nearly all insurance comoanies require merchants, manufacturers,
etc., to insure up to a fair Dercentaa:e of the actual value of their destructible personal property.
On dwelline^s. farm houses, barns, household
.goods, etc., a man can insure f^r the full fair value of his property or for
a less amount.
Should a l'-;ss by fire occur and such loss be equal to the
amount of his insurance, the company will pay in full, but in no case
190
any insurance company pay more than the actual value of the property insured, regardless of the amount for which the property was insured.
By this I mean if a man's house is worth $2,000 and he insures it
for $3,000, and the house is totally destroyed by fire he can collect only
$2,000 that is, the actual value of the house at the time the fire started.
This is a point of which you should be very careful in writing insurance,
as many dishonest persons commonly known as "fire bugs," insure
will
their property for
more than
it is
worth and soon
after
manage
to
have
a fire.
fire losses the agent who wrote the insurance is usually
to testify as to the actual value of the property burned, and
if you are a good judge you may be able to save your companies from
being swindled by fire bugs. You should not encourage any of your
customers to carry more insurance than a fair value of the property insured, thus saving both them and yourself from suspicion in case of fire.
As you progress in experience, you will be able to make suggestions
for the benefit of the business and to help your customers and he will
In adjusting
called
upon
come to look on you as his agent more than the company's.

The farmers and small property owners are the class of people who
are most negligent about carrying insurance and a class you should make
It is a comparatively easy matter to secure an
appHcaticn for insurance and to insure a farmer's buildings, if you have
explained and shown him the great risk he is taking daily in not having
They are ordinarily slow
his buildings and household goods insured.
to take on fire insurance, yet a spark from the house chimney, an overturned lamp or lantern, a spark from a pipe or cigar or a passing train
may fire and destroy their buildings at any time. You should picture
the agony of their family standing by while the fire consumes their
earthly possessions. It is in reality a very foolish practice for any person to go without insurance, and especially the farmer, as the insurance
rates on his property are even lower than they are in town.
Insurance policies are usually written for from 3 to 5 years according to the class (ordinary or preferred), and the annual cost lessens proportionately according to the length of the term for which it is issued.
That is, on a policy of $3,000 where the premium is $20 for one year, the
premium for 3 years may be only $40 and the premium for 5 years $60.
The average term for preferred business is 3 years which gives the insured a rate of twice the cost of one annual premium for the 3 year policy.
Applications for insurance require the agent taking same to examine
the property and give all the various facts and particulars concerning
same and you should be very careful in giving these facts correctly.
After securing the application you should make a record of it in a
book kept in your office for. this purpose and forward it without delay
to either the home office of the insurance company or the agent from
whom you have secured your appointment. Upon receipt of an acknowledgment from the insurance company or its agent, stating the application has been received and accepted, your client is then protected
a special effort to insure.
191
and the insurance company is liable for the amount the same as if the
policy had already been delivered.
Upon receipt of the policy which the company or its representative
forwards you, you should deliver same to the assured, collect your premium and remit the amount due the company without unnecessary delay.
Promptness in this or other matters connected with the business is maThe various insurance companies will furnish you
terial and essential.
instructions regarding the handling of insurance matters, which,
with the instructions herein, should make you thoroughly competent to
successfully handle the insurance branch of the real estate business.
full
Yours
truly,
Dear Mr. Hawkes
What
1909?
has happened to Syracuse?
This
is
Only $600 000 new business
The company expected your
very disappointing.
to produce $1,000,000 for the fiscal year ending
March
tive.
You
We
as follows:
1905
$375,000
1906
500,000
1907
750,000
1908
900,000
What
district
31.
We based this estimate on your predecessor's work,
and judging from the condition
for
of the country, $1,000,000
was conserva-
have you been doing?
started the year splendidly, but each
see no reason
why
not work "full-speed"
this
all
should have happened, and
feel that
fell off.
you did
the time.
The company has confidence

$1,000,000 man.
month your work
Won't you
live
in
up
your
ability,
Mr. Hawkes, to bs
to that confidence?
Respectfully yours.

192
PUNCTUATION
The purpose
of punctuation
is
to
make what we
write more easily
understood.
As we advance in civilization and education we understand the meanings of words and the relations of ideas more easily and clearly, and express our ideas so much more concisely that fewer punctuation marks
are required to make what we write easily understood.
The student must understand the exact meaning of what he has to
punctuate before he can punctuate it correctly.
PUNCTUATION MARKS.
Comma
Quotation
^ Paragraph
() Parentheses
[] Brackets
Period
Interrogation
?
!
Hyphen
"
Colon
Semicolon
"
Exclamation
Dash
'
Ditto
Apostrophe
__ Leaders
RELATIVE VALUES AND USES OF PUNCTUATION MARKS.

The
The
The
The
The
The
The
The
Comma
marks a slight pause, or an omission of unimportant words.

Semicolon marks a greater degree of separation than the comma.
colon marks a greater degree of separation than the semicolon.
Period marks a full stop the end of a sentence, or an abbreviation.
Interrogation marks the end of a direct question.
Exclamation marks surprise, wonder or irony.
Dash marks abruptness; irregularity;

Apostrophe is used
-transition,
or omission.
To mark the omission of a letter or letters in contractions.

To denote possession. Thus John's hat. Men's clothing.
(c)
To indicate the plural of letters, figures, signs, etc.
The Hyphen is used
(a)
(b)
When
the syllables of a word are separated in writing.

Between the parts of some compound words.
The Quotation marks enclose a direct quotation.
The Paragraph marks a new subject, or direct change of thought.
(a)
(b)
The
The
The
The Parentheses inclose explanatory expressions, interpolations,

or irregularities in sentences.
Brackets enclose corrections, instructions, or extraneous- words.
Ditto marks the repetition of something in the line above.
Leaders direct the eye from the name of an article to its price.
Pitmax-Harrell Shorthand
1"^3
DIFFERENT VALUES OF THE COMMA.

The Comma denotes
way it is used.
The different values
different degrees of pause or separation accord-
ing to the
of the
comma
in the order of their
importance
are
1
To
denote an omission.
Thus
We enclose cheque for $75, amount of your invoice attached.

We enclose check for $75 to cover the amount of your invoice.
NOTE Such familiar words or phrases as would be easily understood and readily supplied by the reader are usually omitted from
business letters, and the comma marks such omissions for the reader
to pûse and supply mentally the omitted word or phrase.
To mark
the end of a preparatory expression.
Answering your
letter of
February
5,
Thus
will say that our Mr. Livings-
ton will be in New York April L

A preparatory expression
NOTE
is a word, phrase or clause that

leads up to the main clause, and indicates by its form and meaning
that the main clause is to follow.
preparatory expression does not
make complete sense, but expresses a thought related to the main
thought in a way to make the reader understand that there is something important to follow, and the comma at the end of the prepaiatory expression gives the reader time to absorb the sense of the preparatory expression and be ready for the main assertion.
conditional clause expresses a condition related to the main clause

is of the same nature as a preparatory clause.
and
Preparatory clauses are generally used at the beginning of a letter, or

paragraph, and conditional clauses are generally used in the body of it.
There are three classes
of preparator}- expressions
Introductory words.
Introductory phrases or clauses.
(b)
(c)
Introductory sentences.
Preparatory expressions usually begin with participles, or wcrds of
similar importance such as. awaiting, hoping, trusting, concerning,
Ijelieving, notwithstanding, feeling, answering, replying, referring, understanding, no matter what we say or do, etc. Thus
(a)
Answering your letter of the 9th inst., file 9763. and returning enclosures respecting billing of company coal for our Trinitv division.
Referring to your three forms 384, dated the 19th inst.. asking for
Barnum and Trinity WjB's,
No matter what we do or say, it seems impossible to get the agent at
Chester to send in tissue copies of his billing promptly.
I have your personal letter of the 2d inst., in answer to my letter
of December 12, respecting necessary adjustment in Richmond Terminal earnings on a number of WjB's.
copies of Benford,
194
If you will attach the twenty-nine expense bills, or give us an abstract of them, giving reference to the billing, dates, car numbers,
and TO, we will have the matter investigated, and instruct
agent to make the necessarj'^ refund without delay.
FROM
NOTEThe
MARKS EVERY SLIGHT TURN OF
comma
THOUGHT.
3
To
away from what it modifies. Thus

quote you 98c for No. 2 Wheat, subject to immediate accept-
indicate a modifier set
We
ance.
NOTE When
there's a turmoil of ideas in a busy man's brain seeking expression, he is apt to dictate long sentences with important
modifiers some distance from what they are intended to modify, and
there should be a comma before every modifying or restricting clause
out of its correct position or relation to the expression to which it belongs for the reader to pause, review the sentence, and determine the
expression to which the modifier belongs.
It is
To
usually better to reconstruct sentences thus shattered.
separate parenthetical expressions from the main sentence.
Thus
Will you assist us, if you can, in locating John Doe?

Will you oblige us, confidentially, with full information relative
to this firm.
Your
letter of
January
2,
enclosing
W B 352 Trinity
to Colmesneil
received this morning.
NOTE A word,
phrase, clause, or sentence suddenly introduced intoIt he an

is called a parenthetical expression.
intruding thought which interrupts the natural connection oi wo-ds,.
but which usually serves to explain or qualify the main assertion, making the sentence much stronger and more importantParenthetical expressions which are directly related to the sense and
importance of the sentence, and which could not be omitted without
aft'ecting its importance and force, are separated from the sentence
any part of
a sentence,
by commas.
Parenthetical expressions which have no important bearing upon the
meaning of the sentence should be separated by parentheses.
Some
of the
common
parenthetical expressions are:
However, perhaps,
therefore, likewise, moreover, nevertheless, accordingly, of course, in fact, no doubt, in reality, in a word, in that
case, in the meantime, in the first place, without doubt, for the most
part, beyond question, on the contrary, on the other hand, as it
were,
etc.
SPECIAL NOTE Whether the comma should
separate these words,
from the sentence or not would depend on the sentence structure.

There is, perhaps, no reason for it.
Perhaps there is no reason fcr it.
195
To separate different members of a long sentence. Thus

You will recollect, several years ago, probably five or six,
or more,
with you, and, I believe, then by letter, it
was arranged that you would, in every instance, advise me of cars
confiscated, giving reference to the billing, so I might see that proper action was taken
in personal conversation
NOTE
Read the foregoing sentence five or six times slowlv and

notice particularly how the
PHRASES,
and
COMMA SEPARATES THE CLAUSES

PARTICIPLES MARKS EVERY TURN OF
THOUGHT.
To
introduce a short quotation. Thus

Answering your letter of March 20, ordering Star Carbon Paper,
saying, "If you cannot send Star, send Eureka," will say we have
neither of these brands
NOTE Do
not get the idea that a comma should be placed before

;very quotation. Whether a comma or some other punctuation mark
should be placed before a quotation would depend upon the sentence
structure preceding the quotation. Thus
The
letter
from Mr. Doe reads,
"My
client offers $5,000 for the lot of
land."
This
is
what Mr. Doe's
letter says;
"My
client offers $5,000 for the
lot of land."
The
letter
from Mr. Doe reads as follows:
"My
client offers $5,000
for the lot of land."
We quote from a letter from Mr. John

"My
To
Doe
client offers $5,000 for the lot of land."
separate a series of words or phrases.
Thus
We
carry a complete line of Pencils, Pens, Typewriter Ribbons,

Carbon Paper, Note-Books, and Erasers, and in kinds and colors,
quality and prices, we can please you every time.
SUMMARY OF THE RULES FOR THE USES OF THE COMMA.

To mark a slight pause, or an omission.
To mark the end of a preparatory expression.
3 To indicate a modifier out of its natural order.
4 To enclose parenthetical expressions.
To separate dift'erent members of a long sentence.
5
6 To introduce a short quotation.
7 To separate a series of words or phrases.
1
.2
196
THE COMMA IS USED TO INDICATE THE SMALLEST INTERRUPTIONS IN CONTINUITY OF THOUGHT OR GRAMMATICAL CONSTRUCTION, THE MARKING OF WHICH
CONTRIBUTES TO CLEARNESS. A WORD OR A GROUP
OF WORDS STANDING INDEPENDENTLY, OR SO THE
REST OF THE SENTENCE WOULD BE COMPLETE WITHOUT THEM, SHOULD BE SEPARATED FROM THE REST
OF THE SENTENCE BY THE COMMA.
DIFFERENT VALUES OF THE SEMICOLON.
The Semicolon is used to mark a division of a sentence more independent than that marked by a comma, and it denotes a longer pause
than the comma.
The different uses of the semicolon are as follows
To separate different members of a long sentence when one or both
of the members contain one or more commas.
Thus
Having explained the matter to you fully, I shall not go into details now; but, before closing, I will ask that you defer action until
To
see you.
separate two
lated when each

tence.
Thus
Now we
3
have
members
member
it
of a short sentence
is
which are slightly
re-
nearly equivalent to a complete sen-
a proposition
from Mr. Doe
To
separate clauses or phrases of equal rank

omitted. Thus
direct.
when
the conjunction is
The witness
said that he was present when Doe signed the deed

that the other subscribing witness was also present; that Doe read
the deed before he signed it; that witness signed the deed at Doe's
request; that the other witness signed the deed in his presence; that
the signature of Doe, and the signatures of the witnesses to th&
deed of John Doe to Richard Roe are genuine.
NOTETHE SExMICOLON
ENT STATEMENTS.
To
IS
USED TO SEPARATE DIFFER-
separate a series of unrelated phrases, clauses, or short sentences.
Thus
Send us
3 Purple Copy Underwood Ribbons 3 Purple Copy Remington Ribbons; 1 Box Purple Semi-Carbon Paper, Letter Size;
1 Ream Paragon Typewriter Paper, Letter Size; 1 Ream Onion
Skin Typewriter Paper, Letter Size, and 1 Dozen Stenographers'"
Note Books.
A better form or an order of this kind would be:
;
NOTE
Send us
1
3
3
Box Purple Semi-Carbon Paper, Letter

Purple Copy Underwood Ribbons
Purple Copy Remington Ribbons
Size
197
Ream Paragon Typewriter Paper, Letter Size

Ream Onion Skin Typewriter Paper, Letter Size
Dozen Stenographers' Note-Books
NOTE When
the items are put in separate paragraphs the semicolons are not necessary. Orders for goods thus itemized should be
written in this form invariably for convenience in filling and checking.
5
'
Thus
Before words introducing examples.
We
are
now
offering unusual bargains in pianos
Zourio Grand
Zourio Upright
275.00
225.00
Vireo Special
Before conjunctions introducing a
trast or explanation.
175.00
final
clause for the purpose of con-
Thus
is certainly a very peculiar result; but the trouble is doubtwith the subject not with the system nor the method.
When several simple sentences, closely connected in meaning, are
combined into one sentence, they should be separated by the semi-
This
less
viz.,
$450.00
Oriole Automatic
Thus
The rain came down
grew pale and fearful
colon.
To
the
in torrents;
;
women
terror seized
shrieked and ran;
men
all.
separate clauses of the same general nature which contribute to

same general effect, especially if one or more of them contain
commas.
Thus
Our proposition, as we explained to Mr. Morton, is to take the

Louisiana territory, give Mr. Morton a position as traveling salesman, and take over his stock; i. e.. all nev/ machines and duplicate parts of your manufacture at cost, and his tools, furniture and
supplies at the price agreed upon between Mr. Morton and our Mr.
Reisnauer.
XOTE It
is
usuc^lly better to avoid the

make the use of a
construction that would
long sentences and loose

semicolon necessary.
SUMMARY OF THE RULES FOR THE USES OF THE
SEMI-
COLON.
THE SEMICOLON IS USED BETWEEN CLAUSES OF THE

SAME GENERAL NATURE WHICH CONTRIBUTE TO THE
tAME GENERAL EFFECT, ESPECIALLY IF ONE OR MORE
OF THEM CONTAIN COMMAS.
expressions, viz., e. g., i. e., to-wit, namely, and
should be preceded by the semicolon and followed by a comm.i.
The introductory
the
like,
198
DIFFERENT USES OF THE COLON.
COLON
marks a break in the grammatical construction greater

The
than that marked by the semicolon, to emphasize a clos-e connection
in thought between two clauses each of which forms a complete sentence, and which might with grammatical propriety be separated by a
period to separate a clause which is grammatically complete from a
second which contains aii illustration or amplification of its meanmg:;
to introduce a formal statement, an extract, or a speech.
The
1
different uses of the colon in the order of their importance are:
After introductory expressions.
Dear
Thus
Sir:
The
catalog requested by your letter of
Gentlemen
The
Dear Madam:
The
Dear Miss Smith:
The
Sir:
I
have the honor to submit Tor your approval
After words, phrases or clauses introducing:

(a) A long business quotation.
Thus
Our prices for coal are as follows:
Anthracite
MrAlester Lump
McAlester Egg
Luster
$9.50 a ton
"
8.50
"
8.00
"
7.50
long explanatory sentence or paragraph. Thus

opinion of the matter is this: if the manufacturers will give
us the territory mentioned, our commissions will amount to more
than we are making now, and what we make on the other lines
will be "velvet."
A long business proposition. Thus
(c)
(b)
My
The Merchants' Association submitted this proposition: if the

wholesale merchants would make uniform prices to them, they
would protect one another by maintaining uniform prices to the
consumers, provided the wholesale merchants would enforce such
protection by raising prices to any retail dealer reported as selling
below established prices to the extent of such reduction as such
retailer
may make.
long business statement. Thus

I called upon the agent here, and he made the following statement: that he received your order March 30, shipped the goods by
American Express the same day, and supposed you had received
them.
(d)
199
After a word or a clause introductory of a speech. Thus

The speaker said
"My friends, to formulate a rule is one thing but to adapt it easily
to the conditions forced upon us is quite a different thing."
3.
The Supreme Court
says:
manifestly unjust for the railroads to charge a higher rate
from cities having the natural advantages of water rates than they
charge from cities which are not thus fortunately situated.''
"It
4.
is
To separate two clauses the second of which repeats the substance

of the first in a different form, or defines it. Thus
Touch Typewriting and English is a multiplex system of education: it imparts skill in typewriting and many kinds of valuable
knowledge at the same time.
To
separate two groups of clauses one or both of which contain semi-
Thus
colons.
return the damaged goods to us; or, if you can dispose

at a reasonable price, you may do so but remember that
the reduction in price should not be greater than the claim allowed
You may
of
them
by the transportation company.

6
To
separate the minutes from the hour in expressing time.
Thus
IRON MOUNTAIN SCHEDULE.

North Bound
Arrives Leaves
7:35 A.M. 10:30

7:05 P.M.
9:50
THE PERIOD.
7:15
6:45
The
PERIOD
South Bound
Leaves
Arrives
is
10:50
10:10
used to mark the end of a declarative or an imis not exclamatory, and after an abbrevation.
perative sentence that
Thus
We
purchased the tickets yesterday. Mr. and Mrs. John Doe will
New York via. S. S. Lucerne May 30.
NOTE The best writers of the present day omit the period after
leave
headings,
titles,
etc.
ECONOMYIn
railroad correspondence where a great many roads

or companies are known and referred to by initials, a great saving
of time and labor results from omitting the periods and spaces between the letters. Thus
You are to report on your forms 3237 and 3238 all foreign lines*^
W|B's received from connecting lines, or delivered to connecting
of Texas is intermediate.
or the
lines, where the
MK&T
MK&T
SPECIAL NOTES
1
Sentences containing abbreviations followed by the period are ptinr-
2()U
tuated just as they should be
if
they contained no abbreviations.
Thus
Mr. Roe went to N. Y.
via. St. Louis.
Your letter of the 15th inst. received.

Answering your letter of the 15th inst.
^>
Mr. Doe's
2
will
letter of the 15th, relative to
The period after an abbreviation is a part of the word it follows, and

the sentence is punctuated as it would be if the words were spelled out.
Thus,
The
Wells-Fargo
&
INTERROGATION
Where
(?) asks a question.
Thus
you going?
are
EXCLAMATION
The
Co.'s Express.
( !)
marks surprise or
irony.
Thus
Ah! His Honor!!

The
DASH
marks abruptness,
irregularity, or transition.
Thus
just across the border

with a warm winter sun and a
soil so rich it will yield a crop of real gold dollars for a little perfunctory scratching.
Mexico
The
APOSTROPHE
marks
(')
elisions or the possessive case.
Thus
Sam'l Johnson's hat.

SPECIAL NOTE Sam'l is a contractioni not an abbreviation.
Gen. is an abbreviation for general, and is followed by a period
Gen'l is an elision or contraction of gen-eral, and is not followed by
a period.
HYPHEN (-) joins words that do not coalesce sufficiently to form

one word, but which are too closely connected in meaning to form
two separate words. Thus
twenty-two, one-half, two-thirds, forty-four, to-day, to-morrow,
The
to-night, 3-inch, 10-cent collar, commander-in-chief, mother-in-law.

is also used to divide syllables of words at the end of a
line of writing.
The hyphen
The
QUOTATION
other.
(" ")
marks a
direct quotation of the
words
ot an-
Thus
Mr. Doe's letter says, "My client offers $5,000 for the lot of land."
SPECIAL NOTE When the quotation is indirect the quotation
marks are omitted. Thus

Mr. Doe says that his client
offers $5,000 for the lot of land.

is marked by a single quotation
quotation within a quotation

before and after it.
The
PARAGRAPH
new
(^)
line usually set
(')
marks a break in the subject by beginning a

back or indented several spaces from the mar-
The paragraph may consist of a single sentence, but it usually

consists of several sentences. The paragraph deals with a particular thing, or idea, and is always a unit.
SPECIAL
Paragraphs should be short and well arranged.
gin.
NOTE
The
201
PARENTHESES
() inclose expressions that have no vital coiinection with the rest of the sentence.
When the last word preceding the marks of parSPECIAL
enthesis requires a punctuation mark, if the last word within the
parentheses is not punctuated, the punctuation mark follows the yarentheses otherwise, the punctuation mark precedes the parentheses.
When the parentheses is independent of the context, a period is placed after the last ^ôrd in the parenthesis, and a period follows the last
word before the parenthesis.
NOTE
The
BRACKETS
inclose
[]
words not
in the original context, or cor-
rections.
USES OF CAPITAL LETTERS.

Begin with a capital
letter
word of every sentence.

first word of every line of poetry.
All proper names and adjectives derived from proper names.
All names and titles of the Deity.
Days of the week, months of the year, and holidays.
The
The
first
The interjections I and O.

The important words in the title of a book or manuscript.
The words North, East, South and West denoting sections
country.
When
they denote mere direction, use small
personified.
Thus
to Misery all he had
a tear.
first word of every direct quotation.
Nouns
He gave
The
with small
The
first
word
name.
Indirect quotations begin
letters.
geographical
er
of the
letters.
of an important statement, or a question.

name when used with another word to form a prop-
Thus
Atlantic Ocean; Ohio River; Main Street; St. Charles Avenue.

All titles of office or honor, and titles in salutations.
All names of magazines, books or publications.
The chief items in an enumeration of particulars. Thus
Please send us the following:
5 cases Stacey Adkins Shoes, assorted sizes.
2 cases Men's Rubber Shoes, assorted sizes.
Names of important historical events, famous periods, laws, etc.,
titles of organizations, corporations and business firms.
Names of all items in bills and orders.
Sums of money written in Avords in notes, checks, drafts, etc.
The first word of the complimentary close of a letter.
Names of political parties, and religious denominations, orders and
societies.
Names
of departments of a business.
202
In ancient writing the words were at first run together continuously

afterward they were separated by spaces.
Punctuate the following two ways and see the trouble of the ancients
;
an old man and experienced in vice and wickedness he is never found in opposing the works of iniquity he takes delight in the downfall of his neighbors he never rejoices in the prosperity of his fellowcreatures he is always ready to assist in destroying the peace of society
he takes no pleasure in serving the Lord he is uncommonly diligent in
sowing discord among his friends and acquaintances he takes no pride
in laboring to promote the cause of Christianity he has not been negligent in endeavoring to stigmatize all public teachers he makes no effort
to subdue his evil passions he strives hard to build up satan's kingdom
he lends no aid to the support of the gospel among the heathen he contributes largely to the devil he will never go to heaven he must go
where he will receive his just recompense of reward."
"He
is
WORDS ENDING IN
the plural of words ending in

form the plural of words ending in ey,
duty duties
embassy embassies
exigency exigencies
To form
es
to
fairy
fallacy fallacies
fancy fancies
fantasy fantasies
flurry
gaiety gaieties
lady ladies
mercy mercies
mockery mockeries
pantry pantries
pastry pastries
accuracy accuracies
artery arteries
beauty beauties
candy candies
city
daily dailies
daisy daisies
dignitary dignitaries
rally
safety safeties
security securities
surety sureties
twenty twenties
vanity vanities
AND
"Y"
change the y to
merely add s.
abbey abbeys
flurries
jellies
rallies
and add
alleys
attorney attorneys
chimney chimneys
cockney cockneys
coney coneys
covey coveys
donkey donkeys
galley galleys
hackney hackneys
hockey hockeys
honey honeys
jerseyjerseys
jockey jockeys
ourney ourney
key keys
kidney kidneys
lackeylackeys
money moneys
monkeymonkeys
mulley mulleys
osprey ospreys
palfrey palfreys
pulley pulleys
surrey surreys
trolley trolleys
turkeyturkeys
turnkey turnkeys
valley valleys
volley volleys
alley
cities
WORDS
"EY.
y,
fairies
jelly
203
IN -CEED. -CEDE, -SEDE.
Three common English words end in -ceea, exceed, proceed and succeed; all others of the class end in -cede except one which ends in -sede,
Concede, intercede, precede, recede and
supersede Those in -cede are
:
secede.
exceed
proceed
recede
precede
concede
intercede
secede
accede
204
AND
G.
In all English words of classic derivation, c and g are soft before e,

and y and hard before a o and u.
In the case of words whose final e is preceded by a soft c or g, in order to preserve the soft sound of the c or g, the final e is retained before
adding a syllable beginning with a or o.
i
manageable
changeable
traceable
"IE"
AND
"EI."
chargeable
205
WORDS DOUBLING THE FINAL CONSONANT.

^^'ords ending in a single consonant ]M-eceded by a single vowel, accented on the last syllable, donble the final consonant before addinsf another syllable beginning with a vowel.
refer
206
changeable
Pitman-Harrtvt.l
rein
Shorthand
207
208
obedience
catalog or
209
210
gusset
gutler
headlight
hexagon
honeycomb
hooter
ignition
ignitor
incandescent
induction
inflate
injector
insulate
insulator
interchangeable
interrupter
inverted
jacket
japanned
jet
jockey-pulley
groove
gudgeon
guide
float-chamber
(an tre po)
credit
equitable
estimate
exchequer
expedite
expressage
customs
cut-off'
cycle
cyclometer
cylinder
damage
de-clutch
dead-center
connecting
cone
trouser-clip
fiduciary
finance
financier
fluctuate
bicyclist
billing-spanner
beveled
211
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY

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Makes Pitman Shorthand

the Easier to Understand,

the Easier to Learn, the Easier to Write,

and the Easiest

Pun(5luation, English, Dic5tation,

Business Correspondence and Spelling,

The Commercial School Book Company

WORLD CHAMPIONSHIP SHORTHAND

greatest sp^ed and accuracy records writing and reading short-

time have been

than he could develop with anv other system.

Government employs 1579 Stenographers in the

more than 85%.

International Speed Contest Records

Proof Absolute that Pitman Shorthand

PITMAN WRITERS WIN EVERY TIME.

Baltimore, Sidney H. Godfrey,

]\Iarch 30, 1907, Boston, Nellie

Gross Speed Per Minute, 260 Words

Net. 264; Accuracy, 95.3%

Lake George, Willard B. Bottome,

23, 1910, Denver, Clyde H. Marshall, (Success Writer)

28, 1911, Buffalo,

Neew York, Nathan

World Records made by Pitman

WORLD RECORD Course

Miss Ruby Slaton

Miss Hazel Minor

WHO READ COLD SHORTHAND

Without any previous knowledge of any system of shorthand, IMiss

examinations separately unfamiliar matter dictated at a speed of

THE WORLD'S BEST RECORD LEARNING SHORTHAND

by Mr. Frank Reedy

Slaton and transcribed from Miss Slaton's Shorthand

WIL'. TAYLOfl A^st Set*

OE^ S&TA1>DEn1 Age^i.

letter was dictated by Mr, Frank Reedy to Miss Hazel

iitO 8&'-^!)0E.nI Aj.rci

March 24, 1903

Referring to my letter of the 21st inst., asking for tlank

WORLD RECORD EXAMINER'S

THIS IS TO CERTIFY, that on March 24, 1908, I received a request

not a mistake in either letter.

and signed by me, and they are

not interested financially nor otherwise with Mr. Harrell, nor

the middle of any letter

signs or letters used to represent the sounds are the briefest,

These require but

dot, a dash, a straight stroke

Ray Hay Heh

HOW TO MEMORIZE THE

Weh Wuh Veh Vuh

we see that the

P, B, F, V, R, Way, are written

find they are

the next two

P, B, on a sheet of paper, and to the

V, and you will readily link

as left curves written in the

alike with the lips, the difference being that

will observe that they are

shown by shading, we Hnk them