Edition

Second

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Macroscopic

Microscopic

Molecular

62

Chapter2 Shell

\251

What differences are there betweenthe

same tube

the flow in the

R and

of radius

tube

circular

in

flow

the axis?

along

placed

wire

thin

with

consistent.

is dimensionally

formula

Hagen-Poiseuille

the

that

Show

Flow

in Laminar

Distributions

Velocity

and

Balances

Momentum

Under what conditions would you expectthe analysisin

to
be
inapplicable?
Is Stokes'
law valid for droplets of oil falling in
For
air
bubbles
rising
in benzene?
For
tiny particles falling in air, the particle
diameters
are of the order of the mean free path
\3652.5

water?

if

the

11.

flowing in laminar
the velocity profiles would be
following

that

it possible

A and B, are

liquids,

immiscible

Two

air?

the

in

molecules

of

Liquid

Liquid

Is

Explain.

form?

the

of

plates.

parallel

two

between

flow

\1777

12.

PROBLEMS

2A.1

Calculate (a) the

in

an

experiment?

Re = 10.

with

wall

vertical

wall length, and (b) the film thickness

per foot of

hour

down

flowing

is

20\370C

per

gallons

in

rate,

flow

electriccharge

this used in the Millikanoil-drop

film. Water at

a falling

of

Thickness

27 How is

of strength

field

electric

colloidal particle having an

of a spherical

velocity

terminal

the

is

What

in inches.
2A.2

ft;

gal/hr.

0.727

(a)

Answers:

in.

(b) 0.00361

Determination
of capillary radius by
measurement.
radius of a capillary tube is by measuring the rate
tube. Find the radius of a capillary
the
following
Kinematic

viscosity of liquid

50.02cm
4.03x 10-s

Density

liquid

0.9552

tube

of capillary

of

miningthe radii
2A.3

dius

rate

flow

Volume

be

may

difficulties

What

of 0.495 in.

in this

encountered

method?

Suggest

some other methods for deter-

tubes.

capillary

of

kg/m

2.997 x 10-3kg/s

through tube

Mass rate of flow

the

4.829 x l0 s Pa

tube

horizontal

in the

drop

Pressure

through

liquid

a NewtonJan

the

m2/s

103

determining

data:

flow

from

Length

of

flow

of

for

method

One

flow

A horizontal annulus, 27

an annulus.

through

and an outer radius

in.

1.1

of

is to be pumped through the annulus

lb/ft 3 and the viscosity is 136.8lb,,/ft

20\370C.

at

What

\337 hr.

60%

At

this

is

aqueous

ft

volume

the

flow

has

an

inner

ra-

(C12H22Oll)
density
is 80.3
the impressed

of sucrose

solution

temperature
the

length,

in

solution

rate

when

pressure difference is 5.39psi?

2A.4

Loss

ft3/s

0.108

Answer:

of catalyst

in stack gas.

particles

(a) Estimate the maximum diameter

the stack gas of a fluid crackingunit

the

under

Gas

velocity

at axis of

stack

Gas viscosity

= 1.0ft/s
=

catalyst

microspherical

of

(vertically

following

upward)

cp

0.026

= 0.045 lb / ft3
Gas density
Density of a catalyst particle= 1.2g/cm
3

Express

the

result

in

microns

(b) Is it permissible
to

Answers:

(a) 110/zm;

use

(1 micron
Stokes'

Re = 0.93

law

= 10 -6
in

(a)?

= 1/a,m).

conditions:

particles

that

could

be lost in

138

Chapter 4

VelocityDistributions

for this equation for

conditions

The boundary

at y =

0,

8x -

B.C. 2'

at

0,

8y

B.C.3'

as

B.C. 4:

at x =

1:

B.C.

Variable

Independent

One

Than

More

with

\177,

0,

are

y)

\177(x,

for

-v.,

= 0

for x -> 0

8y

-v.,

8y

-v.,.

v\177.

-v=

method
ments

for

y > 0

(4.4-24)

relation

(4.4-25)

v\177

y\177-\177

differential

!/)

for the stream

expression

where

fo\"-I'(\177)d\177

f(\177/)

is consistent with Eq. 4.4-25as

be
seen
by
using
4.2-1). Substitution
of Eq. 4.4-26 into Eq. 4.4-20gives

function

may

Table

in

(4.4-26)

n),

V'2v,xf(

(given

-\177/,\177y

v.\177

argu-

dimensional

to avoid having any numerical factors occur in the

The stream
function that gives the velocity distribution in Eq. 4.4-25is

4.4-27.

Eq.

in

\177/=

where

II(\177/),

By

the

relations,

above

in

2 is included

of

factor

equation

the

(4.4-23)

>- 0

for

appearing

v,.

This

(4.4-22)

as there is no characteristiclength
the
of combination
of independent variables seems appropriate.
similar
to those
used in Example 4.1-1, we write

Inasmuch

The

(4.4-21)

x -> 0

vy

(4.4-27)

Substitution
B.C.

I and 2:

at

B.C. 3 and 4:

as

\177/

0,

=
)

\177,

f'

) 1

This

of

along

equation,

accurate

tegration,

and

solved

by Blasius

agreement
The

ordinary

third-order

by

TM

using

along

4.4-3

Fig.

data

experimental

with

between theory and experiment is remarkablygood.

drag
force
on
a plate
of width
W and length
may
be
velocity gradient at the wall,
=
0.4696...
as follows:
L

sionless

taken

calculated

The

subsequently.
from

dimen-

the

f\"(0)

F\177

+ la,

= 2

+la,

= 2

/\177v\177f\"(O)

= 1.328V'p/\177L W
result
Because

Reynolds

one

with the boundary conditions given, can be solved numerical

intables
of the solution
are available.
The
problem
was
originally
analytic
approximations
that
proved
to be quite accurate. A plot of

his solution is shown in

large

(4.4-29)

equation.

differential

This

(4.4-28)

f' = 0

and

f--

of the flow field is reducedto the solution

the determination

Thus

gives

conditions

boundary

the

into

local

also

has
of

the

been

numbers;

numbers

is

small

enough

\177

\177

v\177

dz

\177

\177

dx

dx

dz

dz

(4.4-30)

2v\177

TM

4.4-10, the solution is most accurate at

is, Re,
= xv\177:/r, >> 1. The excluded region
lower
to ignore in most drag calculations. More complete
made

that

dx

experimentally.

confirmed

approximations

Reynolds

\177y

in

Eq.

of

214

Chapter

EXAMPLE

7.64

A rectangular incompressiblefluid
plate and splits into
of

ing turbulent

SOLUTION

velocity profiles

and assume that the

gravity,

and

dissipation

three

all

of

are essentially equal. The macroscopicbalances

that their pressures

and

flat

are

streams

mass

viscous

neglect

We

and

velocities

the

Find

wlo

the two streams on the plate.

of flow in

rates

flow rate

a mass

Vl and

in Fig. 7.6-4. The emerg-

b2b as shown

b2a and

flat

c, hits a

of width

a slot

from

emerges

b\177

thicknesses

a velocity

has

stream

jet

thickness

of

jet

streams

two

The Impinging

Systems

Flow

Isothermal

for

Balances

Macroscopic

then

give

balance

Mass

gl)2ad-

71)1 --

COS

7217/)

momentum
1
an altitude
of
this

Angular

w2\177

p722ab2a c, we

(U2aZ/)2a)

can replace

Then the angular

respondingly.

722

(722bZ/)2b)

eliminate the b's

of

favor

in

(7.6-34)

b2b)

\3705(bl

the

Wl =

Since

w's.

(W2a/P722a
c) and replace

(w\177/pv\177c)
-

b2a by

b\177

b2a)

__

\370\253(hi

can be rewritten to

last equation

at

jet)

--

(7.6-33)

\17772267.P2b

of

done

is

-'1-

\177722aTd)2a

\177-

(put the origin of coordinates on the centerline the jet and

so that there will be no angular momentum of the incoming

balance

\177b\177,

and

(7.6-32)

72267.1)2b

12

12

12
\1777217./)1

This

'- 722a7.1)2a--

balance

energy

Mechanical

to the plate)

parallel

direct/on

the

(in

balance

Momentum

(7.6-31)

gl)2b

pVlb\177C

b2b cor-

momentum balance becomes

a)

a 7./)2

7'/)\177-111

722a )

7'/)2a

(7.6-35)

--

722b

Slot-shaped

Fluid

\177ozzle

\177

'N

jet

from

x'N,.

\177

with
v 1

velocity

Mass rate of

\177

/ \177,/c

emerges

flow

Velocity
v2t

Velocity

\177

b2a

Plate

b2b

of flow

rate

Mass

\177

W2b

7.64.

Fig.
0,

which

taken

Prentice-Hall,

is

at

an

the

intersection

elevation

of the centerline

of the incoming jet and a plane

\177

5b\177.

solutions

alternative

given

if the slot-shaped

to this

problem,

see G. K. Batchelor, An IntroductiontoFluid

(1967),

pp. 392-394,

Dynamics,

made

left

compressiblefluid,

the

Dynamics,

and S. Whitaker, IntroductiontoFluid

Cliffs,
N.J. (1968), p. 260. An application of the compressible
impingingjet
by
J. V. Foa,
U.S. Patent 3,361,336 (Jan. 2, 1968). There, use is
of
the
fact
nozzle moves to the
in
Fig.
7.6-4
(i.eo, left with respect to the plate), then, for a
right
stream
will be cooler
than the jet and the left streamwill be
Press

Englewood

problemhasbeen
that

of flow

two

University

Cambridge

rate

Jet impinging on a wall and splitting into

streams.
The
point
is the origin of coordinates for the angular momentumbalance,
be

\177For

Mass

W2a

to

that is

V2a

warmer.

C.hapter

10

Dstrbutons

Ternpeattte

energy

Shell

Heat

\3650.4

Heat

Heat

electricalheat source
heat

a nuclear

conduction

with

conduction

with a viscous heat

Heat conductionwith
\3650.6

composite

through

conduction

source
source

walls

fin

convection

Forced

Free

source

heat

chemical

Heat conduction in a cooling

\3650.9

conditions

boundary

balances;

Heat conduction with an

\3650.3

Flow

La'm']nar

and

Solids

\36510.1

and

Balances

Energy

Shell

convection

how certain simple viscous

are
solved
by a two-step
procedure:
(i) a momentum balance is made over a thin
shell
perpendicular
to the
direction
of momentum
transport, which leads to a first-order differentialequation
gives
the
momentum
flux
distribution;
fid then into the expression for the momentum
2 we saw

In Chapter

flow

problems

or

slab

that

flux we insert Newton's

viscosity,
which
leads
tion for the fluid velocityas
of
position\370
The
are evaluated by using the boundary conditions,
of

law

function

flux at the

velocity

the

specify

which

tum

constants

integration

equa-

differential

to a first-order

appear

that
or

momen-

surfaces.

bounding

In this chapter we show

number
of heat
conduction
problems
are solved by
an analogous procedure: (i) an energy
made
over
a thin
slab or shell perpendicular to the direction
heat
flow,
and
this balance
leads to a first-order differential
equation from which the heat
is obtained;
(ii) then
into this expression
for the heat flux, we substitute Fourier'slaw
conduction,
which
gives
a first-order
differential
equation
for the temperature as a function
The
integration
constants
are then determined
by use of boundary conditions
temperature
or heat
a

how

is

balance

of

the

distribution

flux

of

heat

position.

of

for

flux

at the bounding

the

surfaces.

It should be clearfrom the

wording
of the
preceding
two paragraphs
that the
mathematical methods used in this chapterare the sameas those
Chapter
2--only
the notation
and terminology
are different. However, we will encounter here a
similar

in

introduced

number

of

physical

that

phenomena

have

to the shell
the heat conduction in a series
After a brief introduction

of

290

uncomplicated

no
energy

counterpart
balance

systems.

2.

in Chapter
in

\36510.1,
Although

we

give
these

an analysis
examples

of
are

366

Chapter 11

The Equations

Systems

Nonisothermal

for

Change

of

Body formed from the intersection

Fig. 11B.9.

a sphere.

and

cones

Conical

two

of

surfaces

Spherical

surface

(insulated)

(11B.8-2)

r >- R
To(r,O)-T\370=[1

R3 ) ] Arcos

-k\177-k\370(r
\17711 7_
\1770

What are the partialdifferentialequations

be
Write down the boundary conditionsthat applyat r =
must

that

that

Show

T\177

(d) Show that Eqs. 1lB.8-1and 2

11Bo9.

in a solid bounded

flow

Heat

partial

respective

their

satisfy

To

and

by

shape depicted in the figure.The conical

temperatures

state heat
(a)

The

T\177

respectively.

T2,

and

equation

differential

partial

(d) The expression

are held at

R is insulated. For steady-

the

flux

heat

of integration.

constants

two

containing

(a)

vector.

heat flow (cal/sec) acrossthe conical

at

surface

0\177.

T2)

2\177rRk(T1-

(e) Q =

in ( tan
tan
of

Freezing

zle,

of

O-component

the

for

11B.10.

at r =

- constant

has the

satisfy.

that T(O) must

in

{e) The total

02

and

constant

object

A solid

11B.9).

(Fig.

in (a).

find

conduction,

(b) The solutionto the differentialequation

(c) Expressions
for the constants of integration.

Answer:

in (b).

surface

spherical

The

11B.8-1 and 2?

Ro

conditions

0j

surfaces

Eqs.

equations

surfaces

conical

two

by

satisfied

differential

boundary

the

satisfy

\17701J

(Fig. 11B.10). To

drop

a spherical

it is proposed

-\17702\177

liquid

to atomize a nonvolatile

wax particles are expected

Temperature,

evaluate the performance

to solidify in the air,

into

wax

which

from

of

stream
they

may

of

cool
later

atomizing

an

air.
be

nozr

The atomized
collected

and

Radial

distance,

LiquidX'Rf

zone

Solid

zone

Fig. 11Bo10. Temperature

ing

of

spherical

drop.

profile in the freez-

442

Chapter

14

Interphase

Systems

in Nonisothermal

Transport

consistent with boundary layer

striction gives
Dp/(1 -

boundary

thermal

a thin

1. The latter relayer relative to

for liquids 3

data

mass-transfer

creeping-flow

the

represents

asymptote

This

e)\275.

to

> >

RePr

with

flow

creeping

for

corresponding

>>

Nu

theory

very well.

The exponent
for

-\177

the cited

with

consistent

theory
is

range Pr > 0.6

Sc for mass transfer.

data over the full

group

the dimensionless

steadily

for

6 and

flows

laminar

steady

asymptote
given by boundary layer
driven turbulent
flows. This
dependence

is a high-Pr

14.5-3

Eq.

in

of

range

corresponding

the

and

HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS FOR

FREE AND MIXEDCONVECTION

tems

of

presence

the

in

the behavior of some important sysforces, first by rephrasing

the results obthen by extension to other situations: (1)

to summarize

11.4-5

Example

on

build

we

Here

buoyant

appreciable

tained there
of Nusselt
numbers
and
small buoyant forces,
thin-boundary-layer
assumption
of Example
11.4-5
may not be valid; (2) very large
where
turbulence
can
occur
in the
boundary
layer, and (3) mixed forced and free convection.
confine
ourselves
to
heat
transfer
between
solid bodies and a large quiescent volume of surrounding
terms

in

the

where

forces,

buoyant

shall

We

fluid,

other situations, including transient

elsewhere.

that

saw

we

11.4-5

prindpal dimensionless

is

group

we

cavity

and

duct

and

behavior

Nusselt

mean

area

the

define

are available

flows,

for the free convection

which

GrPr,

number, Ra.

the Rayleigh

called

is often

as Nu,, = hH/k

number

near a ver6cal flat plate, the

=

qavgH/k(To

then

T1),

If

Eq.

may be written as

11.4-51

Nu,,, = C(GrPr)

(14.6-1)

1/4

where

C was

values

of Ra

of the

of

11.4-5. Discussions

\177

Example

In

of Example

conditions

boundary

constant-temperature

the

to

and

The heat transfer

is governed, for many shapes of solids,
in Example 11.4-5, and the results
discussions

to be a

found

= GrPr

at

behavior

by

described

type

weak function of Pr.

laminar

those

of

moderate

layers

boundary

normally

are

directly.

used

at small values of GrPr direct heat

to
the
surroundings
may
invalidate
the boundary
layer result, and at sufficiently high values
GrPr
the
mechanism
of heat transfer
shifts toward random local eruptions or plumes of fluid,
turbulence
within
the
boundary
layer.
Then the Nusselt
number becomes independent
of the system
The
case
of combined
forced
and free convection
(normally referred
to as mixed
is
more
complex:
one
must
now consider
Pr, Gr, and Re as independent variables,
also
whether
the
forced
and
free convection
effects are in the
same or different directions.
the
former
seems
to be at all well understood.
The description the behavior
is further
complicated
by lack of abrupt transitions between the
However,

conduction

of

producing

size\370

convection)

and

Only

of

various

6 W.

regimes\370

flow

E. Stewart,

J.P. Sorensen and

7

W.

\177G.

eds.,

E.

Stewart,

D.

Raithby

Handbook

AirChE Journal,

W. E. Stewart,

Chemo

AirChE

and

Journal,

K. G. T.

of Heat Transfer,

9, 528-535 (1963); R. Pfeffer,Ind.

Eng.

$ci.,

33, 2008-2016

29,

(1974).

833-837

(1987); corrigenda

Eng.

Chern.

See also Example

New

York

3, 380-383

(1964);

12.4-3.

34, 1030 (1988).

Hollands, Chapter 4 in W.M.Rohsenow,J.P.

3rd edition, McGraw-Hill,

Fund.,

(1998).

Hartnett,

and

Y.

I. Cho,

518

Chapter

17

and the Mechanisms

Diffusivity

of Mass Transport

Table 17.1-2 Experimental

the

in

Diffusivities

State

Liquid

\177'\177

\177AS X
T(\370C)

39.92

for

data

two pairs are

first

the

Revs., 56, 387-453(1956).

in

Diffusion

b The

Vol.

Delft

Liquids,

XI, Academic

taken from a

Press, New York

1.007

0.2642

1.O69

0.5122

1.146

0.7617

1.226

0.9652

1.291

0.0332

1.584

0.2642

1.691

0.5122

1.806

0.7617

1.902

0.9652

1.996

0.131

1.24

0.222

0.920

0.358

0.560

0.454

0.437

0.524

0.267

0.026

1.076

0.266

0.368

0.408

0.405

0.680

0.743

0.880

1.047

0.944

1.181

be found

may

results

0.0332

A. Johnson

P.

by

article

review

experimental

Fundamentals,

from M. T.

and

Tyn

J. Chern. Eng.

F. Caius,

W.

Experimental

in

Diffusivities

the

State a

Solid

(cm2/s)

T(\370C)

He

SiO2

20

2.4-5.5

He

Pyrex

20

4.5

H2

SiO

H2

Ni

x 10

x 10
10 -8

500

500

0.6-2.1

-\177\370

-\177

10 -8

1.16 x 10-8

85

10.5x 10

165

-8

10 -16

Bi

Pb

20

1.1 X

Hg

Pb

20

2.5 x

Sb

Ag

20

3.5

A1

Cu

20

1.3 x 10

Cd

Cu

20

2.7 x 10-\1775

\177It

only

is

presumed

in very

in and through

that

in each

of the above

10-\1775

X 10 -21
-30

pairs, component

is

present

taken
M. Barrer,
Diffusion
Solids, Macmillan, New York (1941),pp. 141,222,
and275.

small

amounts.

The data are

from

R.

A. L. Babb,

in: P. W.

(1956);A. Vignes,I.E. C.

(1975).

Table 17.1-3

and

(1992); L. J. Gosting,

The Netherlands

Delft,

Press,

University

data were taken

ethanol-water

of

summaries

Other

Chern.,

25

Water

Ethanol

\177The

30

n-Butanol

Water

(cm2/s)

XA

10.10

Bromobenzene

Chlorobenzene

10 5

5,

Adv.

189-199

Chem.

M. Rutten,
in

Protein

(1966).

Data, 20, 310-316

594 Chapter19

Systems

Multicomponent

for

Change

of

Equations

temperature profile, we use

To get the

the energy

gas along

an ideal

for

19.3-6

Eq.

from

flux

with Eq. 9.8-8:

dT
-k

e\177/=

(\177ANA3\177

\177y

dT

Here we have chosen

pression
y

e v

for

the limits T =

between

integration

and

19.4-2

Eq.

into

T =

0, and

at

To

of this ex-

Insertion

enthalpy.

the

for

temperature

reference

the

as

To

-Ic

(19.4-7)

1 -

To

T-

exp[(NA.\177/\177pA/k)yl

(19.4-8)

--

NAv\177pA/k ---> O.
The

may

we

using

8o

write
\177,=o

(19.4-9)
1

-k(dT/dy)\370ly=o

the rate

We see then that

whereas the mass

is

flux

nearly

very

tegrate

NAO

the analog

ey

in

Chapter

of Eq. 19.4-1 for

22.

get

to

dx

are evaluated at

\"\" quantities

0.

in-

also

We

obtain

N\1770 and

NB\177,

lead

integrated,

when

2,

and

the subscript

e0, where

The interaction

19A.1).

Problem

at the wall, then Eqs. 19.4-1

A and B are condensing

and

(see

discussed

further

If both

unity

and
between

NA3/\177pA/kis small,

quantity

the

at

In applications

transfer.

heat

A,

species

of

point

mass transfer,

by simultaneous

affected

simultaneous

by

affected

directly

not

/ k)S]

exp[(N\177pA

directly

is

transfer

heat

of

temperatures below the normalboiling

the right side of Eq. 19.4-9is
heat and mass transfer is
NA\177/=

transfer,

mass

of

trans-

mass

of

as

limit

the

in

between Eqs. 19.4-6and

energy
flux at the wall is greater here than in the absence
superscript
zero to indicate the conditions in the absence
-k(dT/dy)

(b}

for this systemexcept

Note the similarity

conduction

Thus,

fer.

exp[(NAy\177pA/k)S]

profile is not linear

the temperature

that

seen

be

can

I -

- To

Ta

to

at

8 gives

It

T\177

--C\177AB-

-'J'-

d-- N\177o)

XA(NAo

(19o4-10)

= NAO

dy

--

dT

-k
In

the

since

second
of these equations,
the reference
temperature
is

wall. In the first

equation,

(NAoH

\177yy

just

equation

--cO-\177
AB

by

HB by

To)and

by

e0

XAo(NAo

(19.4-11)

e0

N\177oH\177)

HA

similar in form to the temperature

dx

we replace
\177pA(Z-To, we may replace

subtract

we

q0,

the

(T-

heat

conductive

sides

both

N\177o) from

\177pB

to make

and

To),

flux

at the

the equation

Thus

obtained.

--

+ N\177o)(XA --

(NAo

XAO)

NAO

- XAo(NAo +

N\177o)

(19.4-12)

dy

dT

-k

Integration

\177--\177

(NAo\177pA

with respect to

(NAo

and

N\177o\177pB)(T- To) =
of the

application

Nt30)(XA

--

(N\177o(2pA

XAo(NAo +

exp

N\177o)

N\1770\177pB)(T- To)

q0

boundary

conditions

at y =

0 gives

XAO)
=1

NAO-

(19.4-13)

qo

=1

(19.4-14)

(NAo +

N\177o)

C\177A

- exp

(19.4-15)
NAo\177pA

N\1773O\177pt3)

-\177]

670

Chapter

21

Flow

in Turbulent

Distributions

Concentration

as shown in Fig. 21B.3(a).

A

of Ag on the cathode(lowerplate)
the Ag

the

the

of

the

Calculate

(a)

Ag

of Ag* through water

pression of Eq. 5.4-2

is 1.06x 10

plates

cm

1.27

are

the

times

four

if

well,

as

(b) Estimate the rate

the

truncated

Lin,

(ii)

Ag

at

(a) Start
a

5.5-3,

Eq.

with

reactions.
slope for the concentra-

all other electrode

neglecting

equiv/cm2.

driven,

for steadily

that

show

and

for the tube diameter; (iii)the

profile.

for the velocity

expression

tubes

Explain.

the

Mixing-length

Moulton,

round

a discontinuous

predict

calculation

-\1772

21B.5.

is substituted

cathode,

the

on

(c) Does the method

in part
(a)
tion profile
center
plane
of the system?
Answers: (a) See Fig. 21B.3(b);(b) 6.7 x 10
of

in

distribution

diffusivity
and Putnam
exis valid for \"slit

binary

effective

cm/s.

is 11.4
of

deposition

of

(i) the

radius

hydraulic

\1770/p

and

apart,

that

velocity

turbulent

the

negligible.

are

assuming

cm2/s;

-5

for

flow\"

profile,

concentration

may be ignored, and

effects

of Ag

on the diffusion

species

ionic

other

is, to maintain

diffu-

Furthermore,

only.

diffusion

eddy

and

sion

a deposition

to the cathode by ordinary (that is, Fickian)

this solution is sufficiently dilute that the

to be moving

considered

be

may

Ag*

(that

diffusion

Forced

zero).

nearly

very

cathode

the

at

concentration

to produce

completely

circuit

the

polarize

to

and

the plates

across

is applied

voltage

small

fully developed

turbulent flow in

tube

\177',z

- 1

\177'0

(b)

Next

and

\177I!\177
)

set
by

Eq.

\177,.z

where

5.5-5.

Show

that

\177I\177)

is

by

given

Eq. 21B.5-1 then

the

(21B.5-1)

cylindrical

coordinate

analog

of Eq. 5.2-9,

becomes
(21B.5-2)

(c) Obtain
former

ak

Eq. 21.4-13 from Eq. 21B.5-2by introducingthe dimensionlesssymbolsused

equation.

in

the

746

23

Chapter

Systems

Balances for Multicomponent

Macroscopic

Comparison

and simple heat

mass transfer coefficient

K\177

be

also

may

heat

for

23.5-3

EXAMPLE

Linear

Cascades

is

tower

packed

the

describe

to

23.1-2 that the degree

possible
in
and it is
desirable
to combine
countercurrent
cascade such as that shown in Fig.23.5-5.
feed
the sum of the waste stream from the splitter immediatelyaboveit

We saw in Example
can be quite limited,

below.

immediately

can increasethe degree

how such an arrangement

in a single splitter.

Show
tained

SOLUTION

For the system as

we

whole

That is, we

as a whole.

lution

treat the entire system as

here that all

It will be assumed

the number

of

We begin

the

as

far

to

mass balances overthe top

for illustrative purposes (see Fig. 23.5-5):
y3U3

are

D,,

and

U,,

the

and

upflowing

the corresponding mole

23.5-3 and 31, we get

of

fractions

U3

= ypP

x2D2

that

for

the

ob-

so-

write

29)

(23.5-28,
are

given,

so that the

It remains for us

When

solute.

desired

of

portion

the

problem

to determine

column,

the

here

(23.5-30,31)

- D2 = P

streams

downflowing

the

to

conditions.

these

meet

by writing a set of

top two stages

Here

are concerned.

balances

mass

and

splitter

equations

these

in

quantities

and

F=P+W

xwW

yep

of

overall

required

stages

for the desired product

balance

a mass

relative

separation

of

write

can

z\177F

is specified as

the

from

product

the

and

is

stage

splitter

any

to

the

in a

splitters

individual

often

therefore

splitter

binary

a simple

separation

of

Here

splitter

we may use the

flow. Keep in mind,
not as reliable as the

23B.1). Again,

countercurrent

or

cocurrent

27,

or

the overall

containing

but

23.5-24

Problem

(see

derived

final results, Eqs. 23.5-25

for
either
however, that the simplifiedmodelused
corresponding one used
exchangers.

Eq.

to

analogous

Expressions

exchangers.

between packed towers

the close analogy

shows

15.4-15

Eq.

and

23.5-27

Eq.

of

from stage n, and

and
between

P is eliminated

are

x,,

Eqs.

D2

Yp

Y2

--

x2

- yp

(23.5-32)

between the compositions of the downflowingand

passing
each
other
at any column cross section above the feed stage,in
of
the
corflow rates. This relation, when shown on an
plot
(which
is called
a McCabe-Thiele
is
known
as the operating
line for the system. We concentrate for the moment on comand
return
later
to the problem
of determining
stream rate ratios.

streams

the relation

gives

equation

This

U3
upflowing

terms

responding

diagram

x-y

TM)

positions

Fig.

A linear

23.5-5.

lines, and

W.

L.

McCabe

and

E. W. Thiele,

downward

Upward

cascade.
flows

by

dashed

flows are shown by solid

lines.

Ind. Eng. Chem.,17, 605-611(1925).

Appendix

822

asdo
of a Vector

Lapladan

If

only the distributiveproperty,

curl.

and

divergence,

gradient,

the

The Laplacian operator has

quantities.)

all equivalent

are

The

Notation

Tensor

and

Vector

F\177eld

of the vector function v, we

of the gradient

divergence

the

take

we

obtain

(A.4-17)

That is,

for

notations

Differential

Other

IV

Vv]

[V

of

component

kth

the

(V

Alternative

+ sVr

(Vs

o v)

Iv
[v

Vvl

-}V(v

vw]

Iv

(slS:Vv)

= s(V

[17

s\177] =

[17.

w)

V(vo

v)

o v)

(A.4-20)

w])

(Ao4-21)

x Iv x

vl]

Iv x [17 x

vii

(A.4-22)
(A.4-23)

(A.4-24)
(A.4-25)
(A.4-26)

o v)

w(V

Vw]

[17

(v\177

Iv

v(v

\177 s\177]

(A.4-19)

\337 v)

sir x v]

+ s(V

[Vs x v] +

\177 Vvl

(A.4-18)

[I7 x v])

= (w.

w])

x sv] =

IV

IV

rVs

given:

just

definitions

\177 sv)

o Iv

(!7

Proof

V2w

identities can be proved usingthe

Vrs

A.4\177t

\17772Vk

Relate[ohs

Numerous

EXAMPLE

just

coordinates,

Cartesian

in

is,

Vv]

and

V)v

(V.

are

-v)

Vs

[Vs

\177 \1771

[(Vv).

sir

\1771

(A.4-27)

v]

+ [(Vw).

w]

(A.4-28)

Prove that for symmetric

of a Tensor

(I7.

(\177:Vv)

[\177' v])

(A.4-29)

[!7..])

- (v.

Identity

SOLUTfON

First

we

write

out

the

side

right

(V

in terms

o [\177.

of components:

I
= \177
ax\177

v])

(A.4-30)

r,\177v;

(A.4-31)

The

left

side

may

be written

as

(\177:Vv)

the

will

second

give

form

resulting

Eq. A.4-3Z

from

\177
\177

2i

r;, Ox, v;

the symmetry

2i 2

r,\177

Ox,

(A.4-32)

v/

of ,. Subtraction

of

Eq.

A.4-31

from

Eq.

A.4-30