Port of Constantza-South/Container Terminal Project

Roads and Platforms

CHAPTER 6
ROADS AND PLATFORMS

Port of Constantza-South/Container Terminal Project

Roads and Platforms

6. ROADS AND PLATFORMS

6.1. Initial data
6.1.1. General Description
Access roads and platforms were designed so as to enable the due operation of activities within
the container terminal.
Access roads to the terminal are classified into :
- roads for trailers traffic;
- roads for passenger vehicles or for passage of unloaded equipment.
Platforms are classified, according to their destination, into:
- platform for stacking of loaded containers;
- platform for stacking of empty containers;
- platform for parking;
- platform in the area of:
- berths;
- fuel station;
- maintenance workshops;
- administration building;
- Container Freight Station;
- parking & water supply station
Access roads and platforms have been sized according to the operated traffic.
The design traffic is extracted from the Project Statement Volume II Project Resolution and
Updating.
The years considered as a basis for the design work were 2008 and 2020.
The selection of the type of surface coating was imposed by both the traffic and the operation
conditions, as well as by the thickness of fillings required within the precincts of the terminal, as
follows:
- rigid coatings of cement concrete for platforms in the area of berths 121 124, at the
maintenance workshop and at the Fuel Station , where heavy duty equipment is operated;
- non-rigid bituminous coatings on access roads with fillings for which no major setting is
foreseen;
- non-rigid coatings of prefabricated cement concrete blocks on access roads, platforms and sidewalks with recent fillings where the settling process is yet uncomplete.

Port of Constantza-South/Container Terminal Project

Roads and Platforms

6.1.2. Design Standards

(1)

STAS 1339-79 Sizing of road systems

(2)

STAS 6400-84 Foundation and base layers

(3)

STAS 1709-90 Damage Prevention

(4)
Technical Departmental Instructions for the sizing of rigid and non-rigid road
systems. Indicative PD 177/76
(5)

Roads Manual ed. 1980

6.1.3. Type of vehicles, areas of their circulation and respectively adopted road
system
TYPE OF VEHICLE
Trailer
Trailer
Common vehicle
Common vehicle
Unloaded forklift
Unloaded elevator
Common vehicles
Trailers
Trailers

AREAS OF CIRCULATION
East Access
Container Stacking Yard - trailers
access
Access to office area
West Access
Central Access
Platform of administrative
building
Platform under containers
Access 1 and 2
Containers Freight Station
Platform of empty containers
Access to terminal

Trailers
Stacker
Containers
Trailers
Mobile Crane 130 t
Trailers
Trailere
Unusual vehicles
Stackers
-

Railway loading area.

Gas pipe crossing in way of RTG
beams- trailers acces
Water pipe crossing on berth 124
Water pipe crossing on berths
121 123
Water pipe crossing in way of the
Fuel Station and amenity
building
Side-walks
Side-walks

FREQUENCY
2008
188.500 veh./year
394.600 veh./
year
2/day
4/ day

TYPE OF
ADOPTED
ROAD SYSTEM
A1
A2

A3

57.800 veh./ year

73.500 veh./ year
130.700 veh./
year
130.700 veh./
year
Occasionally
394.600 veh./
year
197.300 veh./
year

A4

B6

B7
B8

B1

B2

B3
B4
B5

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Roads and Platforms

Unloaded equipment
Trailers for covers storage
Trailers
Common Vehicles
Stackers
Mobile crane of 130 t
Common Vehicle

Platform of Maintenance
workshop
Platform of berths
121 123

C1

197.300 veh./
year
C2

Fuel Oil Platform

Platform on berth 124

Access for maintenance works to
RWG crane and weight-bridge

C3

D1

6.1.4. Design speeds and radius of road bends

The maximum allowable design speed on the roads within the terminal is as below listed:
ROAD TYPE

DESIGN SPEED

Access road (1)

40 km/hour

Access road (2)

40 km/hour

Access to railway terminal

20 km/hour

Area of railway terminal selection

20 km/hour

East Access

40 km/hour

West Access

40 km/hour

Central Access

40 km/hour

East Access to office area

40 km/hour

Trailer access to Containers Store

20 km/hour

Empty Containers Platforms

20 km/hour

The minimum radius at corners, at the border of the runway or at cross-roads was set to be
R = 12 m for tractor with platform and trailers.

Port of Constantza-South/Container Terminal Project

Roads and Platforms

6.1.5. Elements of access roads cross-section

3,5

Width of
selection
lane (m)
-

Width of
side-walk
(m)
1,5 x 1

Total
Width
(m)
8,5

3,5

1,5 x 1

8,5

323

3,5

1,5 x 1

22,5

East Access

523

3,5

0,75

14,75

West Access

502

3,5

0,60

1,5 x 1

8,5

Access to office area

238

3,5

7,0

Central Access

63

3,5

1,5 x 1

8,5

RailwayTerminal
Access

709

3,5

7,0

Maintenance Access to
RMG crane

703

3,5

7,0

Length
(m)

No.
of lanes

Width of
lane (m)

Access road 1

213

Access road 2

237

Main Gate Access

Access roads

6.1.6. Structure of road systems

The road systems for platforms and access are:
- non-rigid road systems (type A, B and D);
- rigid road systems (type C).
Road coatings consist of:
TYPE A - cylindrated heated bituminous coatings laid on :
- base grade of bitumen mix;
- base grade and under grade of foundations made of crushed stone and ballast.
TYPE B Pavings of prefabricated blocks of simple concrete, on:
- base grade and under grade of foundations made of crushed stone and ballast;
- base grade of tampered ballast;
TYPE C Structure of rigid road coatings is provided to consist of :
-

cement concrete coating on a base grade and under grade of crushed stone and
ballast.

TYPE D Crushed stone layer on ballast undergrade.

Port of Constantza-South/Container Terminal Project

Roads and Platforms

6.1.7. Design methods for the road system

The design of road systems was made in accordance with the requirements of STAS 1339/79 and of
the Technical Department Instructions for Dimensioning Rigid and Non-Rigid Road Systems, noted
P. D. 177-76.
Non-rigid road systems
- are made up of layers having a relatively low rigidity allowing for extensive deformation under
exterior loads with higher adaptability to uneven settings of the road bed.
Dimensioning of non-rigid road systems is based on the principle of allowable deformation of the
coatings from the traffic action, taking into the calculation the following elements of the traffic:
- traffic forecast for year 2008 and 2020;
- load distribution pattern;
- particulars of vehicles;
- gauge vehicle;
- action of repeated loads.
Dimensioning is to be made using successively the calculation scheme of dual layers systems and the
principle of layers equivalence.
Rigid road systems
The calculation of slabs thicknesses is based on the presumption of elastic slabs with a permanent
bearing on a linear deformable medium, subject to bending in consideration of the following
factors:
- the maximum load per wheel;
- the dynamic action of bendings;
- the conjugated effects of traffic and temperature;
- the materials fatigue phenomenon.
In determining the dimensions of rigid road systems the applied method was by replacement of beds
coefficient, K, with a modulus of limit deformation of the foundation ground. On account of the load
distribution in the case of the slab, the value of the modulus of the bearing layer multiplies 2-3 times
the value with non/rigid systems.
In determining the dimensions of rigid and non-rigid road systems due consideration was given to
damages caused by freezing and thawing in accordance with STAS 1709-90.

Port of Constantza-South/Container Terminal Project

Roads and Platforms

6.2. SIZING OF ROAD SYSTEM

6.2.1. Non-rigid road systems
Determination of design traffic
Actual vehicles are equivalated into gauge vehicles A 13 :
- Particulars of gauge vehicle A 13 :
- load on simple rear axle

9,1 t

- load on rear wheel

4,55 t

- pressure onto the contact surface

5 daN/cm2

- contact circle diameter

34 cm

- Particulars of actual vehicle within the railway terminal precincts and east road (autotractor
ATM 2):
- load on double axle of platform

30,4 t

- load on simple wheel of platform

P = 3,8 t

- pressure onto the contact surface

pc = p x 1,1 = 7,7 atm

[p = tyre pressure = 7 atm.
1,1 = tyre rigidity coef.]

- diameter of contact cercle

25,1 cm

- characteristic product pci Di increased with 15% for equivalence from two axles to single
axle
pci Di . 1,15 = 7,7 x 25,1 x 1,15 = 222,26 220 daN/cm2
- Particulars of vehicle for access no.1 and no.2 (truck Roman 111 RD):
- load on simple wheel

3,8 t

- pressure onto the contact surface

5 x 1,1 = 5,5 atm

- diameter of contact cercle

29,7 cm

pci Di . 1,15 = 5,5 x 29,7 x 1,15 = 187,85 187 daN/cm2

- The number of gauge vehicles, A13, was determined through equivalating the amount of actual
vehicles within a 24 hours interval to the amount of gauge vehicles, A13, by means of the
following formula:
pci Di . (0,5 + 0,65 lg Ni) = pco Do . (0,5 + 0,65 lg No)

Port of Constantza-South/Container Terminal Project

Roads and Platforms

Values are shown in Table no.1.

Table 1

Crt.
No.

Road Denomination

Access Road no.1

No. of
traffic
lanes

Type of
coating

Amount of
actual vehicles /
day / direction )

Amount of gauge
vehicles A 13 )2

2008

2020

2008

2020

Blocks

326

694

Access p Road no.2

326

823

694

1923

RT terminal Access Road

736

1862

8410

27845

RT terminal loading area

736

1862

8410

27845

East access road

Asphalt

1062

2685

13495

44650

Access road to office

area

Central access road

West access road

Containers Store yard

(trailers access)

2223

6243

15664

54418

)1

Tractor with platform.

)2

According to equivalating scheme ( fig. 1 )

Determination of required modulus of deformation

Ed .e.n

where

p
kc
2

p = 5 daN/c;

= 0,035;

K = 0,5 + 0,65 lg NA13

c = 1,2

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Roads and Platforms

Table 2
Crt
No.

ROAD DENOMINATION

NA13

Eden

2008

2020

2008

2020

2008

2020

694

631

0,75

0,75

520

1442

610

687

Access Road no.1

Access p Road no.2

RT terminal Access Road

8410

27845

821

912

RT terminal loading area

8410

27845

821

912

East access road

0,75

0,75

10121

33488

835

926

Access road to office area

Central access road

West access road

Containers Store yard

(trailers access)

0,75

930

1030

10

Empty Containers Store

Yards

0,75

1547

693

11

Platform of berths 121-123

0,75

10740

839

- coefficient on account of the repeated loads within the traffic process ( = 1,0 for two lanes,
= 0,75 for roads with four lanes)
Determination of road layers thickness
a) The thickness determination for each of the layers was made as follows:
- Structure and thickness was suggested for each and every of the layers, less a single one, for
which these characteristics are going to be determined.
- Using diagrams EB / EH (fig. 2+6) for each of the layers, determinations were made as to the
deformation modulus of their respective supporting layers starting from top to bottom down to
the layer for which the thickness is going to be determined (crushed stone).
Using the crushed stone diagram, the upper equivalent modulus and the lower echivalent module,
the thickness of the crushed stone layer is determined.
b) Check of layers thicknesses of the road structure as to the frost action, in accordance with
STAS 1709/1-1990
- critical depth:

Zcr = Z+Z

where:

- frost depth of the foundation soil = Z

Z = Hsr + He

where :

Port of Constantza-South/Container Terminal Project

Roads and Platforms

- Hsr = the resulting thickness of the travelled-way

- He = the equivalent design freezing thickness
- He = nhi Czi

where :

i=1

- hi = thickness of road layer under computation

- Cz = equivalence coefficient of the transmitting capacity as per Table 3.
- Frost index I3/30 = 300 for heavy and highly heavy traffic.
From fig.1 and Table 1, of STAS 1709/1-90, the value of Z is inferred as = 57 cm.
Road systems with asphalt coatings
Crt.
No.

Layers of road system

Layer Thickness and Ed.e.n. (cm)

E
(daN/cm2)

A1

A2

A3

A4

Asphalt concrete

2800

Gravel Binder

2600

Bituminous mixture

2200

10

18

Crushed stone

800

30

35

20

12

Ballast

450

35

20

35

15

Ground

120

Required deformation modulus

850

950

500

400

Road system with coating made of blocks of cement oncrete

No

Layers of road
system

Layers thickness (cm) and Ed.e.n (daN/cm2)

E
(daN/cm2)

B1

B2

B3

B4

B5

B6

B7

B8

2800

15

15

15

15

15

15

Blocks

Sand

Stabilised ballast

12

12

12

12

Crushed stone

800

16

30

35

41

26

16

38

Ballast

450

35

35

20

35

35

35

15

35

Soil

120

Required
deformation
module

700

850

950

Port of Constantza-South/Container Terminal Project

Roads and Platforms

6.2.2. Sizing of rigid road system

Cement concrete coating alongside berth 124

TYPE C3
Load given by mobile crane of 130 tf
P=130tf

80
550

Data:

Foundation soil E0=300 daN/cm2 according to the geotechnical survey;

Foundation structured into two layers:

-35 cm ballast

E = 450daN/cm2

-20 cm crushed stone E = 800 daN/cm2

Concrete slab BcR4,5 (Rti=54 daN/cm2)

Maximum load P=130.000 kgf

Contact surface S=80 550 =44.000 cm2

Contact circle radius

44.000 cm

2
118 .375 cm

3.14

Concrete slab thickness determination

Calculations are based on the hypothesis of elastic slabs with a permanent bearing on a
linear deformable medium, subject to bending.
Assessment of the equivalent deformation modulus of the supporting layer bearing the
concrete slab:
E0 soil

=3x300daN/cm2=900daN/cm2

E1 ballast =3x450daN/cm2 = 1.350daN/cm2

E2 crsd stone = 3x 800 daN/cm2 =2.400 daN/cm2
By means of nomograms in Annex 1A to PD 177/76 the equivalent deformation modulus Eech. is
determined using the following formulas:

Port of Constantza-South/Container Terminal Project

Roads and Platforms

h
1
D
D

35

75

75cm

si

diameter

0.467

E " ech
0
.775
1=
.
350
wherefrom : the
equivalent
deformation
modulusx
E"ech
1.250
daN/cm2
h2

20

Particulars of slab
75

concrete:

0.267

2
-BcR 4,5 with Rti = 54
daN/cm

E ' ech

si

Rt adm

i = coefficient on account of load position P within the slab plane (at center, at margin, at
corner)
= impact coefficient (1.1 -1.2)
P = 130.000 kgf
Rtiadm= 54 daN/cm2
for h1 = 15:
h1
15

0.126
R
118 .375
E
295.000

236
E 0ech
1.250

i is determined from tables

Note. Tables for h/R = are for values ranging between 2 and 0,5; since value
h/R = 0,126 is not included by said tables, the following formula is applied:
Moment=Mx
Mx =P (x - 0.09284 ln
where P= 130.000kgf
=a.2
a= the elastic characteristic of the slab

1 6 E 0ech
3
h1 E concrete

slab

2.0.52 E "

.Calculation of center slab thickness (hi)

1

1.050 d

- elasticity modulus E = 295.000 daN/cm2

hi

Port of Constantza-South/Container Terminal Project

Roads and Platforms

x = coefficient on account of the load positioning (center, margin, corner)

for h = 15 cm

1
15

6 x1.250
295.000

1
15

x 0.294 0.0196

p a.R 0.0196 x118 .375 2.3205

ln ln 2.3205 0.841983238
x 0.0592( atslabcenter )
M centru 130.000( 0.0592 0.09284 x 0.841783238) 2464 daN / cm
h1

6 Mcenter
Rtadm

6 2464
54

16.5cm

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Roads and Platforms

calculation is resumed for h = 15.5 cm

1 3 6 x1250
1

x 0.294 0.01897
15.5 295.000
15.5
axR 0.01897 x118 .375 2.245646
ln ln 2.245646 0.80899
a

M 130.000(0.0592 0.09284 x 0.80899) 2068

6 x 2068
15.2 ~ 15.5cm
54

h1

h 16cm

Calculation of slab thickness when the load is applied at the margin of the slab (h2)
x = 0.13
for h2 =50
1 3 6 x1.250
1

x 0.294 0.00588
50 295.000
50
a.R 0.00588 x118 .375 0.69615
ln 0.362189566
M 2 m arg in 130000 0.13 0.09284 0.3622 21.271
a

6 x 21.271
48.6cm
54

for h=48 cm
1 3 6 x1.250
0.294

0.0061259
48 295.000
48
axR 0.0061259 x118 .375 0.7251566

ln 0.3213675
M m arg in 130000[0.13 0.09284 x(0.3213675)] 20.779
h2

6 x 20779
48cm
54

h2 48 cm

Calculation of slab thickness when the load is applied at the corner of the slab (h3)
x = 0.14

Port of Constantza-South/Container Terminal Project

Roads and Platforms

for h = 50 cm
1 3 6 x1.250
0.294

0.0061259
48 295.000
48
axR 0.0061259 x118.375 0.7251566
ln 0.3213675
a

M m arg in 130.000[0.13 0.09284 x ( 0.3213675)] 20.779

h2

6 x 20779
48cm
54

h2 48cm
Take h = 50 cm

ROAD SYSTEM TYPE C3

________________

______________

50 cm cement concrete BcR 4,5

E = 800 daN/cm2
______________

20 cm crushed stone

E = 450 daN/cm2

35 cm ballast

______________
Eo soil = 300 daN/cm2

The procedure is similar to that for road systems type C1 and C2

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Roads and Platforms

ANNEX 1
ROAD SYSTEMS WITH ASPHALT COATINGS
(TYPE Ax)
ROAD SYSTEM TYPE A1
Applies to:

- East access

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Roads and Platforms

ANNEX 2
ROAD SYSTEM B6
Applies to:

- The water pipe cross over the area of the repairs platform
- Thickness of road system was selected according to type C1

ROAD SYSTEM B7
Applies to : Side-walks

ROAD SYSTEM B8
Applies to : Side-walks

Port of Constantza-South/Container Terminal Project

Roads and Platforms

ANNEX 3

TYPE C 1

TYPE C2

TYPE C3

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Roads and Platforms

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Roads and Platforms

ANNEX 4
ROAD SYSTEM WITH COATING OF CRUSHED STONE
(TYPE Dx)
ROAD SYSTEM TYPE D1
Applies to:

- Access road for maintenance of RTG crane