1.

Use of PLCC in modern electrical power system is mainly for telemetry and tel
econtrol. Tele means remote. Telemetry refers to science of measurement from rem
ote location.
2. For large power system power line carrier communication is used for data tran
smission as well as protection of transmission lines. Carrier current has a freq
uency range of 30 to 200 kHz in USA and 80 to 500 kHz in UK.
3. Distance protection relay in relay panel at one end of the transmission line
gets the input from CT and CVT in line. The output of relay goes to modem of PLC
C.The output of PLCC goes to coupling capacitor and then to transmission line an
d travels to another end where it is received through coupling capacitor and inp
utted to relay and control panel at that end.
4. goals : Carrier protection relaying of transmission line. Station to station
communication between operating personnel. 3. Carrier telemetring, electrical qu
antities that are telemetered are kW, kVA, kVAR, Voltage and Power factor etc. F
ollowing methods are used for telemetring as well as telecontrol: Simplex, Duple
x Multiplex, Time division Multiplex.
Main Components of PLCC.
5. *Coupling Capacitor*: Coupling capacitor connects the carrier equipment to th
e transmission line. The coupling capacitor s capacitance is of such a value that
it offers low impedance to carrier frequency (1/?C) but high impedance to power
frequency (50 hz). For example 2000pF capacitor offers 1.5MO to 50Hz but 150O to
500kHz.low impedance is connected in series with coupling capacitor to form res
onance at carrier frequency.
6. *Line trap Unit*: The line trap is usually a form of a parallel resonant circ
uit which is tuned to the carrier energy frequency.a line trap unit/Wave trap is
inserted between busbar and connection of coupling capacitor to the line. It is
a parallel tuned circuit comprising of inductance (L) and capacitance (C). It h
as low impedance (less than 0.1?) for power frequency (50 Hz) and high impedance
to carrier frequency.(A parallel resonant circuit has high impedance at its tun
ed frequency). This unit prevents the high frequency carrier signal from enterin
g the neighboring line.The coil of the line trap provides a low impedance path f
or the flow of the power frequency energy. Since the power flow is rather large
at times, the coil used in a line trap must be large in terms of physical size.
7. *Transmitters and Receivers*: The carrier transmitters and receivers are usua
lly mounted in a rack or cabinet in the control house, and the line tuner is out
in the switchyard. This then means there is a large distance between the equipm
ent and the tuner, and the connection between the two is made using a coaxial ca
ble. The coaxial cable provides shielding so that noise cannot get into the cabl
e and cause interference.
8. *Hybrids and Filters*: The purpose of the hybrid circuits is to enable the co
nnection of two or more transmitters together on one coaxial cable without causi
ng intermodulation distortion due to the signal from one transmitter affecting t
he output stages of the other transmitter.
9. *Line Tuners*: The purpose of the line tuner in conjunction with the coupling
capacitor is to provide low impedance path for the carrier energy to the transm
ission line and a high impedance path to the power frequency energy. One last fu
nction of the line tuner is to provide matching of impedance between the carrier
coaxial cable, usually 50 to 75 ohms, and the power line which will have an imp
edance of 150 to 500 ohms.
10.*Master Oscillator and Amplifiers*: ##High frequency carrier signal is genera
ted in oscillator.## Oscillator can be crystal oscillator with which operation f
or a particular bandwidth can be achieved. The output voltage of a oscillator is
held constant by voltage stabilizer.The output of oscillator is fed to amplifie
r so that loses in transmission can be compensated.
11.*Protection and earthing of coupling equipment*: Over voltage can be caused d
ue to lightning, switching and sudden loss of load etc. They produce stress on c
oupling equipment and line trap units. Non linier resistor in series with protec
tive gap is connected across the line trap unit and inductor of coupling unit. T
he gap is adjusted to spark at a set value of over voltage.In this regard that i

s earthing of PLCC and other communication/Instrumentation/Electronic equipment

please refer to NEC Article 645 for data centers (IT equipment.)