Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
3 0 1 - 3 1 7
Z a g r e b , 1995.
U D K 949.75 1914
Izvorni znanstveni rad
Primljeno: 5. VI. 1995.
Introduction
T h e assassination of the heir to the A u s t r o - H u n g a r i a n t h r o n e Francis Ferdi
n a n d a n d his wife S o p h i a H o h e n b e r g i n S a r a j e v o o n 2 8 t h J u n e 1 9 1 4 w a s a n e v e n t
of w o r l d i m p o r t a n c e . It was n o t only a usual assassination of a c r o w n e d h e a d
s i m i l a r t o m a n y i n h i s t o r y , b u t i t g a v e casus belli for t h e first g r e a t w a r o f t h e t w e n
tieth century which engulfed almost the entire world. At the turn of the century the
g r e a t p o w e r s o f E u r o p e w e r e d i v i d e d i n t o t w o m a i n o p p o s i n g a l l i a n c e s l o o k i n g for
a m o t i v e f o r w a r . S e v e r a l t i m e s t h e y s u c c e e d e d i n a v o i d i n g w a r , b u t a f t e r t h e assas
sination a t Sarajevo, w a r c a m e a n d s o o n b e c a m e t h e biggest h u m a n slaughter
h o u s e ever seen in world history up to then.
W h a t was being p r e p a r e d in the political kitchens during t h e m o n t h b e t w e e n
t h e a s s a s s i n a t i o n a n d t h e b e g i n n i n g o f w a r i s m o r e o r less c l e a r . H i s t o r i a n s h a v e
d e a l t w i t h t h i s q u e s t i o n e v e n f r o m t h e t i m e o f w a r . I n t h i s a r t i c l e w e will p r e s e n t t h e
s i t u a t i o n i n Civil C r o a t i a after t h e a s s a s s i n a t i o n u p t o t h e first d a y s o f t h e w a r , t h a t
i s h o w t h e e v e n t s o f J u n e a n d J u l y 1914 affected t h e C r o a t i a n p u b l i c .
I n t h e elections for t h e C r o a t i a n P a r l i a m e n t o f 16th D e c e m b e r 1913 t h e
C r o a t i a n - S e r b i a n Coalition b e c a m e the most powerful party in the Sabor (the
C r o a t i a n p a r l i a m e n t ) . T h e s e e l e c t i o n s w e r e n o t b a s e d o n u n i v e r s a l suffrage. O f a
t o t a l o f 8 8 s e a t s i n p a r l i a m e n t t h e C r o a t i a n - S e r b i a n C o a l i t i o n o b t a i n e d 4 8 . To
g e t h e r with t h e Unionists (Magyrones)J it took possession of t h e right wing of the
Sabor. In the centre there were the representatives of the Frank Party of Rights
(Frankovci), three representatives of the Croatian People's Peasant Party and
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D. A G I I , Civil Croatia..
t h r e e i n d e p e n d e n t r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s . T h e left w i n g c o n s i s t e d o f r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f
t h e Starevi Party of Rights (Milinovci or Starevianci).2
T h e C r o a t i a n - S e r b i a n Coalition h a d an absolute majority in the Sabor a n d
could, w i t h o u t any p r o b l e m s , control C r o a t i a n politics. B u t t h e o p p o s i t i o n was
v e r y forceful a n d o b s t r u c t e d t h e S a b o r ' s first s e s s i o n . D u r i n g t h e w i n t e r a n d s p r i n g
o f 1914 t h e S a b o r d e b a t e d , a m o n g o t h e r things, t h e King's address, t h e a g r e e m e n t
b e t w e e n T i s z a a n d t h e C o a l i t i o n , a n d issues t o d o w i t h t h e N a g o d b a ( A g r e e m e n t
o r C o m p r o m i s e ) , i n d e m n i t y , t h e b u d g e t for 1914/1915, e t c 3
Hrvatsko-srpskipolitiki odnosi
302
(Za
D. A G I C I C , Civil Croatia..
Hrvatskipokret (Zagreb, 28.VI.1914) nr. 176. T h e n a m e of Cabrinovic was written by mistake as Cabrunovic.
303
D. A G I C I C , Civil Croatia..
I n its o b i t u a r i e s e v e r y n e w s p a p e r d e s c r i b e d t h e a s s a s s i n a t i o n a s a n awful
c r i m e a n d p r e s e n t e d t h e a s s a s s i n s a s c r i m i n a l s . S o m e n e w s p a p e r s u s e d less v i o l e n t
w o r d s a n d d i d n o t a c c u s e all S e r b s . O t h e r s , o n t h e c o n t r a r y , u s e d v e r y s t r o n g w o r d s
a g a i n s t t h e S e r b s , i m p l y i n g t h a t t h e y w e r e all guilty for t h e c r i m e i n S a r a j e v o .
T h e official Narodne novine n o t i f i e d t h a t t h e n e w s of t h e h e a r t l e s s c r i m e
h a d d e e p r e p e r c u s s i o n s t h r o u g h o u t t h e e n t i r e c o u n t r y . B e c a u s e o f t h e lack o f r e l i a b l e n e w s Narodne novine d i d n o t give a n y o p i n i o n on t h e v i c i o u s c r i m e . It
h o p e d t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n w o u l d s h o w all c i r c u m s t a n c e s i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e a s s a s s i n a tion.
11
Similarly, t h e m o u t h p i e c e o f t h e S t a r c e v i c P a r t y o f R i g h t s , Hrvat, d e s c r i b e d
C r o a t i a n grief a n d p a i n a f t e r t h e d e p l o r a b l e e v e n t i n S a r a j e v o . I t m o u r n e d for
t h e A r c h d u k e a n d h i s wife a s s e r t i n g t h a t t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e m m a n y C r o a t i a n h o p e s
had died.
1 3
Hrvatski pokret, t h e m o u t h p i e c e o f t h e C r o a t i a n I n d e p e n d e n t P a r t y , n o t e d
that the unexpected and terrible news would m a k e a d e e p impression on the
Croats, Serbs and Slovenes, w h o w e r e very s a d d e n e d by the terrible event which
t o o k p l a c e i n t h e c e n t r e o f S a r a j e v o . ' " T h e p o l i t i c a l o r i e n t a t i o n o f this n e w s p a p e r
was directed not only to a u n i t e d a n d i n d e p e n d e n t Croatia, but also to a unified
S o u t h Slav s t a t e .
T h e m o s t v i o l e n t o b i t u a r y w a s t o b e f o u n d i n F r a n k o v c i ' s n e w s p a p e r Hrvatska. I t s t r e s s e d t h a t t h e C r o a t s , m o r e t h a n o t h e r n a t i o n s , r e g r e t e d t h e b l o o d y
c r i m e o f S a r a j e v o w h i c h w a s c o m m i t t e d b y f a n a t i c a l c r i m i n a l s . I n its n o t i c e
Hrvatska w r o t e e m p h a t i c a l l y : B o t h o f t h e c r i m i n a l s a r e f a n a t i c a l S e r b s , s o n s o f
this cursed tribe which everywhere spreads hatred, slaughter a n d m u r d e r , which,
s e e k i n g p o w e r , i n f a m o u s l y d e m o l i s h e s e v e r y t h i n g b e f o r e it, i m a g i n i n g t h a t i n this
w a y i t will i n t i m i d a t e t h e C r o a t i a n n a t i o n .
1 5
T h e n o t i c e o f d e a t h w r i t t e n i n Srbobran, t h e m a i n S e r b i a n n e w s p a p e r i n C r o a tia, s t r e s s e d t h a t t h e a s s a s s i n a t i o n w a s a p u n i s h a b l e a c t o f i n d i v i d u a l s w h o d i d n o t
w
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13
14
15
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D. A G I I , Civil Croatia..
h a v e a n y c o n n e c t i o n s w i t h t h e social life o f t h e n e i g h b o u r h o o d i n w h i c h t h e y w e r e
living, a n d a n i s o l a t e d a c t o f o n e a n a r c h i s t , t h a t i s o f o n e f i g h t e r a g a i n s t i m p e r i
a l i s m . A l s o Srbobran a s s e r t e d t h a t t h e S e r b i a n p e o p l e d i d n o t h a v e a n y c o m m o n
l i n k s w i t h t h e a s s a s s i n a t i o n , a n d S e r b s w e r e loyal a n d faithful t o t h e H a b s b u r g dy
n a s t y a n d d e e p l y m o u r n e d for t h e A r c h d u k e . 1 6
W h i l e all o t h e r n e w s p a p e r s e x p r e s s e d t h e i r r e g r e t for w h a t h a p p e n e d t o t h e
A r c h d u k e a n d his wife, t h e socialist n e w s p a p e r Slobodna rije w r o t e s o m e t h i n g
c o m p l e t e l y d i f f e r e n t . I n its o p i n i o n A u s t r o - H u n g a r i a n p o l i t i c s w e r e t h e r e a s o n for
t h e assassination: A u s t r o - H u n g a r y is a very reactionary state. Francis F e r d i n a n d
w a s a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f r e a c t i o n a n d c l e r i c a l i s m , a n d for this r e a s o n t h e c l e r i c a l
e l e m e n t s a r e n o w frustrated a n d furious - n o t from sincere causes, b u t from politi
cal s p e c u l a t i o n . W h o c o u l d e v e n i m a g i n e t h a t A u s t r o - H u n g a r y w o u l d b e c o m e a
progressive s t a t e of liberty a n d equality m e r e l y b e c a u s e Francis F e r d i n a n d has
b e e n k i l l e d ? R e a l l y n o b o d y ! N o t c h a n g e s i n t h e h i g h e s t p l a c e s , b u t c h a n g e s i n so
cial a n d n a t i o n a l r e l a t i o n s w i t h i n this s t a t e a l o n e c o u l d c a u s e a c h a n g e i n t h e
course of the g o v e r n m e n t s 1 7
Demonstrations in Croatia
A l r e a d y i n t h e e v e n i n g o f 2 8 t h J u n e 1914 d e m o n s t r a t i o n s t o o k p l a c e i n Z a
greb a n d o t h e r C r o a t i a n towns. They b e g a n as mournful processions, but soon
t u r n e d i n t o a n t i - S e r b i a n d e m o n s t r a t i o n s led b y t h e Frankovci. H o w e v e r , t h e d e m
o n s t r a t i o n s i n C r o a t i a w e r e n o t s o forceful a s s i m i l a r o n e s i n S a r a j e v o a n d B o s n i a
a n d H e r z e g o v i n a , w h e r e s o m e p e o p l e w e r e killed o r b a d l y i n j u r e d .
A mournful procession started in Z a g r e b in the early evening of 28th J u n e .
After a while s o m e p e o p l e began to shout anti-Serbian slogans. T h a t evening the
situation was k e p t u n d e r control a n d p e o p l e soon dispersed. T h e majority of news
p a p e r s c o n d e m n e d t h e d e m o n s t r a t i o n s . O n l y Hrvatska h a d v e r y p o s i t i v e w o r d s
about them, which is quite understandable as the Frankovci were the loudest dem
onstrators.18
T h e n e x t day, 2 9 t h J u n e 1914 t h e s i t u a t i o n w a s d i f f e r e n t . T h e F r a n k o v c i w e r e
o n c e again at the head of the mournful procession. They carried a picture of Fran
cis F e r d i n a n d a n d t h e C r o a t i a n flag w i t h a b l a c k r i b b o n . A f t e r s o m e b o d y o u t s i d e
the procession had thrown a stone at the picture, the demonstrators demolished
t h e P e o p l e ' s c o f f e e - h o u s e o n J e l a i s q u a r e , a n d s m a s h e d w i n d o w s i n t h e flat o f
the Serbian m e r c h a n t Dui, and the house of Zagreb's mayor, J a n k o Holjac, a n d
several o t h e r houses. T h e demonstrations died down about midnight.
As political polarization in Z a g r e b h a d c o m e to a h e a d , a n d t h e r e was a real
p o s s i b i l i t y o f l a r g e r - s c a l e conflicts, t h e m u n i c i p a l a u t h o r i t i e s p r o h i b i t e d all m e e t 16
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D. A G I I , Civil Croatia..
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24
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D. A G I C I C , Civil Croatia...
O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , s o m e n e w s p a p e r s , e s p e c i a l l y Hrvatska, a p p r o v e d t h e
d e m o n s t r a t i o n s with strong words against the Serbs. However, anti-Serbian d e m o n s t r a t i o n s did not only take place in Croatia b u t t r o u g h o u t the M o n a r c h y . L a r g e
demonstrations took place in Vienna, Budapest, and other Austro-Hungarian
c e n t r e s . I n t h e e v e n i n g o f 2 n d July, s e v e r a l t h o u s a n d s o f p e o p l e g a t h e r e d i n V i e n n a a n d d e m o n s t r a t e d a g a i n s t t h e S e r b s a n d t h e K i n g d o m o f S e r b i a . N e a r St.
P a u l ' s C h u r c h t h e y b u r n e d t h e S e r b i a n flag, a n d t h e y w a n t e d t o t a k e d o w n t h e flag
from t h e Serbian embassy. M a n y Serbs of V i e n n a , mostly citizens of the K i n g d o m
o f S e r b i a , lost t h e i r j o b s a n d m o v e d t o S e r b i a .
25
27
28
M e d a k o v i c t r i e d t o r e a d his c o m m e m o r a t i v e s p e e c h b u t h e w a s t h w a r t e d b y
t h e s e e x c l a m a t i o n s a n d t h e s e s s i o n w a s i n t e r r u p t e d for a w h i l e . H o w e v e r t h e s a m e
situation was r e p e a t e d w h e n it continued. T h e Frankovci m a d e noise, clattered
a n d s h o u t e d . H e r e a r e o n l y a few e x a m p l e s o f w h a t t h e y t h o u g h t o f t h e C r o a t i a n - S e r b i a n C o a l i t i o n a n d its politics, a b o u t t h e S e r b s a n d t h e S e r b i a n q u e s t i o n :
O u t with the Serbs! D o w n with Karadjordjevic! Glory to Ferdinand! D o w n with
S e r b i a n p r o p a g a n d a ! Sir B a n , d i s m i s s t h e C r o a t i a n S a b o r - w e t a k e o v e r r e s p o n sibility b e f o r e t h e n a t i o n ! N o S e r b , n o C o a l i t i o n i s t shall s p e a k ! I f y o u s e a r c h t h e i r
p o c k e t s , y o u will find b o m b s ! W e m u s t s q u a r e a c c o u n t s w i t h t h e S e r b s i n C r o a t i a !
D o w n with Serbia!.
29
26
Bogdan Medakovic, President of the Croatian Sabor and President of the Serbian People's I n d e p e n d e n t Party.
27
S v e t o z a r Pribicevic, the main political figure among the Serbs in Croatia. - Quoted from:
Krizman, Hrvatska, p. 72.
28
29
I b i d , p . 73.
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D. A G I I , Civil Croatia..
t h e C o a l i t i o n i s t s o r all S e r b s . D u r i n g t h e w h o l e s e s s i o n t h e C o a l i t i o n i s t s k e p t t h e i r
t e m p e r a n d did n o t o p p o s e t h e outrages. Only u r o u r m i n tried t o h e l p Presi
d e n t M e d a k o v i a n d a s k e d for p e a c e i n t h e p a r l i a m e n t b u i l d i n g .
T h e n e x t s e s s i o n w a s h e l d o n 6 t h J u l y 1914. I t w a s l e d b y P e r o M a g d i , t h e first
vice-president a n d m a y o r of Varadin. At t h e beginning of t h e session Ivo F r a n k
accused M a g d i of being a m u r d e r e r a n d having organized a plot against Josip
Frank, the founder of the P u r e Party of Rights. A l t h o u g h t M a g d i led t h e session
v e r y v i g o r o u s l y a n d t h r e a t e n e d t h e F r a n k o v c i , h e h a d t o i n t e r r u p t it. A f t e r a p a u s e
C o u n t Miroslav K u l m e r suggested a way to punish the Frankovci. T h e repre
s e n t a t i v e s I . F r a n k , A . H o r v a t a n d I . Z a t l u k a w e r e e x c l u d e d f r o m t h e n e x t 6 0 ses
s i o n s , S . V u e t i a n d V . P r e b e g f r o m t h e n e x t 3 0 s e s s i o n s , a n d F . N o v a k , V . Ki, J .
Milkovi, S. Pavuni a n d T. Jalabeti (a m e m b e r of the C r o a t i a n People's P e a s a n t
Party) were punished with rigorous censure.
Just as during the J u n e 30th session the Frankovci a i m e d angry w o r d s at t h e
Coalitionists, b u t this time t h e Coalitionists did n o t refuse to answer. F r o m b o t h
s i d e s t h e r e w e r e h e a r d w o r d s s u c h as: H u n g a r i a n r a k e s , p i g s i n a p i g - s t y ,
k i k e ' s b a s t a r d (for I v o F r a n k ) , c o u n t e r f e i t e r s , d o g c a t c h e r s , o l d s o w . 3 u
W h e n t h e S a b o r a d o p t e d t h e suggested penalties by a majority, t h e r e p r e
s e n t a t i v e s o f t h e F r a n k P a r t y o f R i g h t s d e m o n s t r a t i v e l y left t h e s e s s i o n . S o m e m i n
u t e s l a t e r M a g d i t o o k t h e floor f r o m V i n k o L o v r e k o v i , a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f t h e
C r o a t i a n P e o p l e ' s P e a s a n t P a r t y , a n d L o v r e k o v i a n d J a l a b e t i a l s o left t h e p a r
liament building.
A f t e r t h a t t h e S a b o r c o n t i n u e d its w o r k a n d d e b a t e d t h e b u d g e t . S v e t o z a r
Pribievi explained why it was i m p o r t a n t to accept t h e b u d g e t : It is in C r o a t i a n
interests to preserve t h e p r e s e n t political situation, that it m a y n o t b e c o m e
worse.31 Also, he dealt with the Frankovci's obstruction of the Sabor's session
c o n s i d e r i n g t h a t t h e i r b e h a v i o r w a s e v e n h u m i l i a t i n g for t h e d i g n i t y o f t h e S a b o r
a n d the nation, at precesely o n e of the most serious m o m e n t s in recent time.32
T h e S a b o r ' s s e s s i o n w a s c o n c l u d e d o n 1 3 t h J u l y 1914, a n d t h e n e x t o p e n e d e l e v e n
m o n t h s later, o n 14th J u n e 1915.
Ibid., p. 82.
31
Ibid., p. 86.
32
Ibid., p. 87.
33
Hrvatski dravni arhiv u Zagrebu, Predsjednitvo zemaljske vlade (to be referred to here
after by the initials H D A , P r Z V ) , b. 800, nr. 3899.
308
D. A G I I , Civil Croatia.
n e x a t i o n - c r i s i s i n 1 9 0 8 - 1 9 0 9 . A l t h o u g h i t h a d official c o n n e c t i o n s w i t h t h e S e r
b i a n g o v e r n m e n t in Belgrade, t h e A u s t r o - H u n g a r i a n authority did not p r o h i b i t e d
its a c t i v i t i e s .
S o o n a f t e r t h e r e q u e s t for r e p o r t s , t h e s e b e g a n t o a r r i v e i n Z a g r e b f r o m t h e
v a r i o u s d i s t r i c t s . M a n y o f t h e m s h o w e d t h e a s s a s s i n a t i o n h a d a n p a i n f u l effect o n
the p o p u l a t i o n of Croatia, even w h e r e the majority of the inhabitants w e r e Serbs,
a n d t h a t t h e N a r o d n a o d b r a n a d i d n o t f u n c t i o n i n C r o a t i a . R a r e w e r e r e p o r t s like
t h i s o n e f r o m Osijek, w h e r e i t w a s a s s e r t e d : I c a n n o t r e l i a b l y c o n c l u d e t h a t t h e
d e p l o r a b l e e v e n t w a s p a i n f u l t o t h e S e r b s , a l t h o u g h t h e y t o o k p a r t i n all m o u r n f u l
manifestations in r e m e m b r a n c e of the deceased couple. T h e s e are strong bold
w o r d s , a n d d a m n i n g for o n e n a t i o n , b u t this n a t i o n e v e r y d a y offers i r r e f u t a b l e
p r o o f for this serious a c c u s a t i o n . 3 4
T h e r e p o r t s a b o u t t h e g e n e r a l s i t u a t i o n i n t h e d i s t r i c t s a n d t h e activities o f t h e
N a r o d n a o d b r a n a w e r e n o t in a c c o r d a n c e with m a n y individual police r e p o r t s
which showed how a certain section of the Serbian population in Croatia approved
t h e a s s a s s i n a t i o n . P e o p l e f r o m e v e r y social s t r a t u m a n d o f d i f f e r e n t a g e s , b o t h
m e n a n d w o m e n , from the whole of Croatia, expressed their approval of the mur
d e r of F r a n c i s F e r d i n a n d . Often they used very s t r o n g w o r d s expressing their im
p r e s s i o n o f it. H e r e a r e s o m e e x a m p l e s o f h o w S e r b s f r o m C r o a t i a a p p r o v e d o f t h e
assassination at Sarajevo.
N i k o l a U t v i f r o m J a m e n a , a village i n S r i j e m , a s s e r t e d t h a t t h e a s s a s s i n s :
h a d t o kill t h a t o l d b a l d E m p e r o r , m e a n i n g i t w a s n e c e s s a r y t o kill F r a n c i s
J o s e p h . 3 5 S p e a k i n g a b o u t t h e a s s a s s i n a t i o n M i l e v a P o p o v i f r o m P o d r a v s k a Slat
i n a s a i d : it's a p i t y t h e y d i d n ' t kill h i m ( F r a n c i s F e r d i n a n d ) e a r l i e r . 3 6 E v e n p r i s
o n e r s c o u l d n ' t k e e p c a l m a n d a p p r o v e d o f t h e a s s a s s i n a t i o n , for e x a m p l e M i c o
Pilipovi, a p r i s o n e r at Lepoglava. After he h a d h e a r d a b o u t t h e d e a t h of Francis
F e r d i n a n d , h e j u m p e d a n d s h o u t e d : L o n g live t h e m a n w h o killed h i m . M a y G o d
b l e s s his h a n d . L o n g live K i n g P e t a r a n d S e r b i a . 3 7 A t e a c h e r f r o m Veliki G r d e v a c
t o l d his p u p i l s t h a t h e w h o kills a m e m b e r o f a d y n a s t y b e c o m e s f a m o u s a n d his
n a m e goes d o w n in history.38 Milka ukovi from Slavonski B r o d a p p r o v e d of the
a s s a s s i n a t i o n a n d e v e n said: If I h a d m y way, I w o u l d c u t all C r o a t s a n d M a g y a r s
i n t o p i e c e s for s t e w e d m e a t . 3 9
S o m e p e o p l e w e r e n o t c o n t e n t w i t h w o r d s a l o n e b u t a l s o s h o w e d t h e i r satis
faction with Francis Ferdinand's m u r d e r by shooting guns. T h u s a certain
i n n - k e e p e r M i c a K r a n j e v i fired f r o m h e r h o u s e i n B r l o g n e a r O t o a c . T h e p o
lice f o u n d s e v e r a l g u n s a n d five S e r b i a n flags t h e r e . S h e d i d n ' t a d m i t s h e h a d fired
34
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36
37
38
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D. A G I I , Civil Croatia..
a s h o t , b u t s o m e w i t n e s s e s a s s e r t e d s h e d i d , a n d a c o u r t o f law c o n d e m n e d h e r t o
3 0 d a y s o f p r i s o n a n d 100 c r o w n s fine. 4 "
T h e assassination accelerated the disintegration of s o m e mixed marriages. A
c e r t a i n B a r a Kljaic, a C r o a t f e m a l e f r o m S r i j e m s k a M i t r o v i c a c a m e t o t h e t o w n ' s
police-station a n d d e n o u n c e d h e r husband Stojan (a Serb) w h o a p p r o v e d of t h e
assassination, carrying a picture of the Serbian King P e t a r Karadjordjevic, a n d
s a y i n g : D o y o u k n o w t o w h o m i t ( C r o a t i a ) will b e l o n g i n a few y e a r s , t o K i n g P e t a r
o r t o o u r K i n g ? A f t e r t h i s d e n u n c i a t i o n S t o j a n Kljaic w a s a r r e s t e d . 4 1
Peace of Mind
After several days of excitement a n d d e m o n s t r a t i o n s t h e political situation in
C r o a t i a a p p e a s e d a n d life r e t u r n e d t o n o r m a l . O f c o u r s e , a s i s visible f r o m t h e p r e
v i o u s s e c t i o n , t h e effects o f t h e a s s a s s i n a t i o n w e r e felt i n e v e r y d a y life d u r i n g t h e
e n t i r e p e r i o d u p t o t h e b e g i n n i n g o f w a r . H o w e v e r , l a t e r t h e y w e r e n o t felt s o
s t r o n g l y a s i n t h e first d a y s o f J u l y . T h e n e w s p a p e r s r e g u l a r l y r e p o r t e d o n t h e in
vestigations in Sarajevo and showed the complicity of the K i n g d o m of Serbia in t h e
a s s a s s i n a t i o n . Slowly t h e a t m o s p h e r e for a w a r o p t i o n w a s c r e a t e d . N e v e r t h e l e s s ,
o n e c a n n o t say t h a t t h e p r e s s i n g e n e r a l l o u d l y p r o p a g a t e d w a r .
Very s o o n after t h e assassination o n e b r o c h u r e a b o u t Francis F e r d i n a n d was
p u b l i s h e d , a s well a s p o s t c a r d s s h o w i n g s c e n e s f r o m his life. 4 2 A t t h e s a m e t i m e t h e
process of r e n a m i n g streets after Francis F e r d i n a n d b e g a n in certain s e t t l e m e n t s
such as Virovitica, Osijek a n d o t h e r s . 4 3
4U
41
42
V. Rudolf-Rucovi, Nadvojvoda Franjo Ferdinand 18.XII. 1863.-28. VI. 1914 (Sisak, 1914).
See also: Narodne novine 80 (Zagreb, 4. VII. 1914) nr. 151.
43
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D. A G I C I C , Civil Croatia..
45
O v e r t h e following d a y s i t b e c a m e c l e a r t h a t w a r c o u l d n o t b e a v o i d e d . A f t e r
t h e u l t i m a t u m o f 2 3 r d J u l y all t h e p r e s s i n C r o a t i a e x p r e s s e d full s u p p o r t for t h e
decision of the Viennese government. Certain newspapers w e r e forbidden: the socialist n e w s p a p e r s Slobodna rijec, Oslobodjenje, Pravo naroda a n d Volksrecht, t h e
44
45
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D. A G I I , Civil Croatia..
Narodne novine w r o t e t h a t t h e u l t i m a t u m c a u s e d a v e r y s t r o n g i m p r e s s i o n in
C r o a t i a , as well as a m o n g o t h e r p e o p l e s of t h e M o n a r c h y . It a s s e r t e d t h a t u n breakable connections* joined these peoples together and the Monarchy was not
a r o t t e n a r t i f a c t a s t h e S e r b i a n p r e s s s t a t e d . 4 7 D u r i n g t h e f o l l o w i n g d a y s t h i s of
ficial n e w s p a p e r c h a n g e d its e x t e r i o r a p p e a r a n c e , t h a t i s i t w a s t r a n s f o r m e d i n t o a
k i n d o f b u l l e t i n i n w h i c h p r o c l a m a t i o n s a n d o r d e r s w e r e p u b l i s h e d . Narodne
novine w e r e e v e n p u b l i s h e d s e v e r a l t i m e s p e r day. I n s o m e p l a c e s i t c o n t i n u e d t o
p u b l i s h n o r m a l j o u r n a l i s t i c texts, b u t t h e m a j o r i t y o f i t c o n s i s t e d o f official t e x t s .
T h u s t h e s p e c i a l e d i t i o n o f 2 6 t h J u l y 1914 b r o u g h t o n l y t w o i t e m s o f n e w s
p r i n t e d in very large letters. O n e was a b o u t the partial mobilization of t h e a r m y
a n d t h e s e c o n d a b o u t t h e w a r collection.48 A l r e a d y o n t h e next day, o n 27th July,
Narodne novine p u b l i s h e d a s p e c i a l e d i t i o n w i t h E x c e p t i o n a l m e a s u r e s in a c a s e
of war a n d m a n y of the Ban's orders. T h e n it was completely clear that war would
be declared. A m o n g others, the Ban prohibited the emigration of conscripts as
well as t h e distribution of p a s s p o r t s to t h e m , limited t h e right to travel across s t a t e
b o r d e r s , i n t r o d u c e d p o l i c e s u p e r v i s i o n o f t h e p r e s s , a n d a b o l i s h e d t h e law o f 1875
on rights of congregating.49 On t h e s a m e day an article was published: B e t w e e n
w a r a n d p e a c e . T h e journalist justified t h e A u s t r o - H u n g a r i a n step t o w a r d s war,
a s s e r t i n g t h a t t h e M o n a r c h y h a d for a l o n g t i m e p a t i e n t l y e n d u r e d S e r b i a n p r o p a
g a n d a . Twice t h e M o n a r c h y h a d b e e n c l o s e t o w a r , b u t a v o i d e d it. I n s p i t e o f this,
S e r b i a c o n t i n u e d its p r o p a g a n d a w h i c h c u l m i n a t e d i n t h e a s s a s s i n a t i o n i n S a r a
jevo. N o w t h e r e was going to be a war and the peoples of the M o n a r c h y were ent h u s t i a s t i c a b o u t t h e d e c i s i o n o f t h e i r r u l e r a n d t h e g o v e r n m e n t . Narodne novine
w r o t e : The w a r which a p p r o a c h e s is n o t aggressive in n a t u r e , b u t r a t h e r it is d e
fensive in c h a r a c t e r against t h e disruptive t e n d e n c i e s w h i c h have a p p e a r e d in Ser
bia against the M o n a r c h y ; it has the c h a r a c t e r of a punitive expedition against
p l o t t e r s w h o t h r e a t e n o u r p e a c e a n d m a y b e also o f r e t a l i a t i o n a g a i n s t t h e p e r p e
t r a t o r s o f a d i s p i c a b l e m u r d e r w h i c h d e s t r o y e d t h e life o f t w o n o b l e a n d a m b i t i o u s
p e o p l e . so
O n t h e day after this article A u s t r o - H u n g a r y d e c l a r e d w a r against Serbia a n d
b e g a n m i l i t a r y activities. Narodne novine c a r r i e d t h e m a n i f e s t o o f F r a n c i s J o s e p h
(To m y p e o p l e s ) a n d t h e F r e n c h o r i g i n a l a s well a s t h e C r o a t i a n t r a n s l a t i o n o f
the war-proclamation. It again repeated that the M o n a r c h y was doing everything
p o s s i b l e t o a v o i d w a r . N o w this w a s n o l o n g e r p o s s i b l e a n d w a r w o u l d s h o w t h e
p o w e r a n d r i g h t e o u s n e s s of A u s t r o - H u n g a r y , Narodne novine a s s e r t e d . 5 1
Ibid. (Zagreb, 27.VII.1914) nr. 170. Hrvat (Zagreb, 27.VII.1914) nr. 323.
Narodne novine 80 (Zagreb, 25.VII.1914) nr. 169.
Ibid. (Zagreb, 26.VII.1914) Special edition.
Ibid. (Zagreb, 27.VII. 1914) nr. 170 Special edition.
Ibid. (Zagreb, 27.VII.1914) nr. 171.
Ibid. (Zagreb, 28.VII.1914) nr. 175.
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D. A G I C I C , Civil Croatia..
A journalist of Obzor described how the situation in Zagreb was when the
p e o p l e w e r e w a i t i n g for t h e S e r b i a n reply. H e w r o t e a b o u t t h e r u m o u r s t h a t S e r b i a
fully a d o p t e d all c o n d i t i o n s o f t h e u l t i m a t u m , t h a t i s t h a t t h e S e r b i a n a n s w e r w a s
negative: The impression was very vigoruous. M a n y p e o p l e g a t h e r e d on the
s t r e e t s a n d d i s c u s s e d v i g o r o u s l y t h e p o s s i b l e c o n s e q u e n c e s o f t h e S e r b i a n reply.
A f t e r n i n e o ' c l o c k p r o - w a r d e m o n s t r a t i o n s b e g a n . H e also w r o t e h o w t h e p e o p l e
s n a t c h e d up the special edition of the n e w s p a p e r with the latest news from Belgrade and Zemun.
5 2
55
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D. A G I I , Civil Croatia..
56
57
58
59
611
61
62
63
H D A , P r Z V . b . 821.
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D. A G I I , Civil Croatia..
Conclusion
T h e conflict b e t w e e n A u s t r o - H u n g a r y a n d S e r b i a a f t e r t h e a s s a s s i n a t i o n o f
A r c h d u k e F r a n c i s F e r d i n a n d i n S a r a j e v o i n t h e e a r l y s u m m e r o f 1914 s o o n l e d t o
t h e F i r s t W o r l d W a r . A l t h o u g h its c a u s e s w e r e m a n y a n d p r o f o u n d , i t w a s a c t u a l l y
t r i g g e r e d off b y t h e S e r b i a n i n v o l v e m e n t i n t h e a s s a s s i n a t i o n . T h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n
carried out into the perpetrators of the crime and their collaborators proved that
t h e c o n s p i r a c y a n d t h e m u r d e r itself w e r e p l o t t e d i n B e l g r a d e p o l i t i c a l circles.
I m m e d i a t e l y after t h e news of the assassination c a m e to Z a g r e b a n d o t h e r
C r o a t i a n s e t t l e m e n t s d e m o n s t r a t i o n s against t h e Serbs t o o k place. T h e excite
m e n t c o n t i n u e d for s e v e r a l d a y s a n d w a s s u p p o r t e d b y s o m e p o l i t i c a l p a r t i e s , p r i
marily by the Frankovci a n d their press. On the other hand, the S o c i a l - D e m o
c r a t i c P a r t y a n d t h e p a r t i e s w h i c h c a m p a i g n e d for w h a t t h e y c a l l e d a U n i o n o f t h e
Serbian, C r o a t i a n a n d Slovene nation o p p o s e d the d e m o n s t r a t i o n s a n d even or
ganized their m e m b e r s against the demonstrators.
69
70
Narodne novine 80 (Zagreb, 4.VII.1914) nr. 151. Ibid. (Zagreb, 17.VII.1914) nr. 162.
Srieniske novine (Vukovar, July 1914).
71
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D. A G I I , Civil Croatia..
SAETAK
G R A A N S K A HRVATSKA U O I P R V O G A S V J E T S K O G RATA
( O D J E K ATENTATA I U L T I M A T U M A )
Autor prikazuje stanje u Graanskoj Hrvatskoj n e p o s r e d n o nakon a t e n t a t a na austro-ugarskog prijestolonasljednika Franju Ferdinanda u Sarajevu 28. lipnja 1914. godine,
pisanje hrvatskog tiska u svezi s ultimatumom Austro-Ugarske Srbiji te poetka Prvoga
svjetskog rata i prelazak s mirnodopskih na r a t n e uvjete ivota. U svojem je tekstu analizi
rao najvanije hrvatske novine onoga doba (Narodne novine, Obzor, Jutarnji list, Ilustrovani
list, Hn'atska, Hrvat, Hrvatski pokret, Srbobran, Slobodna rije i dr.) i njihovo izvjetavanje
o atentatu: to su naglaavale u naslovima vijesti i izvjea o tom dogaaju, kakve su nekrologe (in m e m o r i a m ) donosile na svojim stranicama te kako su izvjetavale o alobnim
manifestacijama i antisrpskim demonstracijama u Hrvatskoj? P o t o m je prikazao dogaaje
u Hrvatskom saboru i pokuaje nekih oporbenjaka da onemogue komemorativnu sje
dnicu. Demonstracije i opstrukcije u Saboru vodili su frankovci, a njihove su novine prednja-ile u osuivanju atentata. Autor govori i o izvjeima koja nisu bila dostupna oima
javnosti - o tajnim izvjeima o djelatnosti udruge N a r o d n a odbrana koja su dolazila u Z e
maljsku vladu u Zagrebu, a pokazivala su reakcije puanstva, uglavnom srpske narodnosti,
po cijeloj Hrvatskoj. Mnogi su Srbi povlaivali atentatorima i podravali njihvo in
316
D. A G I I , Civil Croatia..
izjavljujui ak da su trebali to uiniti i ranije, da treba ubiti i starog elavog cara ili pak
da je na moje, ja bih sve Hrvate i M a d a r e sasjekla na paprika. N a k o n mjesec d a n a Aus t r o - U g a r s k a je uputila ultimatum Kraljevini Srbiji. Autor je analizirao reakcije nekih
hrvatskih novina na ultimatum, a p o t o m je prikazao kako je u Hrvatskoj doivljen poetak
Prvoga svjetskog rata. Vrlo se brzo prelazilo s uobiajenog naina ivljenja na r a t n e uvjete.
Zabranjena je djelatnost mnogim udrugama, mnoge su novine prestale izlaziti, organizi
r a n a je h u m a n i t a r n a p o m o . U poetku su se esto pojavljivale glasine, primjerice, da je
otrovana voda u zagrebakom vodovodu, ili pak d a j e sruen most izmeu Jasenovca i Dubice i si. D o k su Hrvati prihvatili vijest o izbijanju rata s oduevljenjem, meu srpskim je
puanstvom u Hrvatskoj zavladalo ustaniko raspoloenje.
317