MATHEMATICAL ECONOMICS EXERCISES

Bi Dng Hi Mathematical Economics Faculty National Economics University

1. LINEAR EQUATION
1.1. Consider the equation: y = a0 + a1 x , illustrate the shape and position of the line in the following
cases and interpret the meaning, find root of the equation y = 0
(b) a0 = 2 ; a1 = 3
(c) a0 = 10 ; a1 = 2
(a) a0 = 3 ; a1 = 2
1.2. Consider the equation: C = c0 + cY , in which Y is disposal income. For each following case,
generate the value of c0 and c by yourself, interpret the meaning of slope and intercept (if possible),
find and interpret the meaning of root of equation C = 0 (if possible)
(a) C is total consumption expenditure
(b) C is consumption of electric
(c) C is consumption of fashion
(d) C is spending on education and training
(e) C is sum of consumption expenditure and saving
1.3. Consider the equation: CE = 200 2PE + 1.5PG , in which CE is consumption of Electric, PE is
Electric price, PG is Gas price.
(a) What is value of electric consume while price of electric is 20 and gas price is 30?
(b) Interpret the meaning of two slopes?
(c) What happens in case of (c1) both electric and gas price increase 2 units; (c2) electric price
increases 2 units and gas price decreases 3 units; (c3) electric price increases 4 units but gas price
decreases 2 units; (c4) electric price decreases 2 units and gas price increases 3 units
1.4. Let: S = 10 + 2.5P 2T , in which S is supply demand of firm, P is price in market, T is tax
(a) Interpret the meaning of two slopes
(b) Assume that government taxing is zero, interpret the meaning of intercept
(c) Given tax is 10, how much firm produces at the price level of 50?
(d) Given price is 30, what is the root of equation S = 0, and interpret the meaning?
2. SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS
2.1. With demand and supply equations:
Q D = 300 2.5 P

Q S = 20 + 1.5P

(a) Interpret the meaning of two slopes in Demand and Supply line
(b) Between consummer and producer, who is more sentitive to price?
(c) What is the Demand and Supply quantity at price level of 65? How market would adjust?
(d) What is the Demand and Supply quantity at price level of 90? How market would adjust?
(e) Solve the simultaneous equation, and interpret the meaning of the solution
(f) Write the inverted demand and supply equations
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2.2. Consider the following equation system

Q = 400 2T
T = 100 + ( rate)Q
In which Q is produced quantity of firm, T is tax, rate is tax rate
(a) At tax rate of 3, interpret the meaning of second equation; and find the root of system
(b) If tax rate in the question (a) increases 1 unit, what happens to the solution of system?
(c) If government want that firm produce 300 units, how much the tax rate should be applied?
2.3. The inverted demand and supply equations as followed
Supply: p = 60 + 0.25Q + t
Demand: p = 300 0.5Q
In which t is tax per unit.
(a) without tax, what is market equilibrium?
(b) Tax rate is 9 per unit, what are the roots or market equilibrium
(c) Continue to question (b), what happens if the tax rate increases 1 unit? Could you say that when
increaesing tax one unit then price increases one too?
(d) To have market equilibrium quantity of 350, how much tax rate should be applied?
2.4. Consider the following equations
Y = 200 + 2 IF
IF = 50 + 0.15Y + G
In which Y is Agricultural output, IF is quantity of Importer fertilizers, G is government support
(a) If government support is zero, what is the root of equations?
(b) If government support is 100, how much the import quantity is?
(c) At the level of G in the question (b), whether the following statement is Correct or Incorrect:
increase G 1 unit lead to increasing in imports 1 unit ?
3. QUADRATIC FORM
3.1. Variable cost per unit is 10 + 0.25Q
(a) Write the Variable cost (VC), show the shape and the minimum point
(b) If the fixed cost is 200, show the graph of Total cost; do the equation TC = 0 have any root?
(c) What is the value of Fixed cost that equation TC = 0 have only one root?
3.2. Produced quantity of manufactory is Q = 150 1.5t , with t is tax rate per unit of product.
(a) Write the Total Tax function (T = tax rate times quantity), and show the shape of graph
(b) What is the optimum tax rate, that maximises Total tax
(c) What is the maximum value of tax rate that have positive total tax
3.3. The inverted demand and supply curve are followed
Demand: p D = 291 Q 2

Supply: p S = Q 2 + 4Q 45

(a) Find the root of equations: p D = 0 , p S = 0

(b) Find the equilibrium of market
4. POWERS LOGS
4.1. Compare the return among the following discrete compounded interest project
(a) annually interest of 36%
(d) monthly interest of 3%
(b) half-yearly interest of 18%
(e) weekly interest of 0.69%
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(c) quarterly interest of 9%

(f) daily interest of 0.1% (1 year = 365 days)

4.2. Compare return among

(a) 4 years with interest rate of 10% per year then 2 years with 15% / year
(b) 2 years with interest rate or 15% per year then 4 years with 10% / year
(c) 6 years of 11% / year
(d) 3 years of 13% / year then 3 years of 11% / year
4.3. How long does it take to double, triple your capital with monthly interest rate of 1.5%
5. DIFFERENTIATE
5.1. The demand and supply curve: Q D = 240 0.5 p 2 and Q S = 1.5 p 2 + 2 p
(a) What are derivative function of demand and supply curve?
(b) Calculate the derivative of demand and supply to price at the equilibrium point
(c) How could you say about the reaction of consumer and producer at equilibrium
5.2. The inverted demand function: p = 250 Q and Total cost function of 0.5Q 2 + 10Q + 20
(a) Write the functions: TR, MR, AR, MC, AC, Profit
(b) Which level of Q that makes lost
(c) Which level of Q that maximises Total revenue
(d) Which level of Q that maximises Profit
(e) Comment for each interval of Q from zero to the maximum valid value
5.3. The Average revenue is 400 Q , and Average variable cost is 20 + Q , Fixed cost is 40.
(a) Write the functions: TR, MR, TC, MC, AC, Profit
(b) Find the value of Q that maximises TR, Profit
(c) What are value of the above function at Q = 80
6. DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
6.1. Calculate the statistics of samples: mean, median, mode, variance, standard deviation, coefficient
of variation, interquarter; and what is the shape of frequency distribution?
(a) 10, 12, 12, 14, 15, 15, 15, 16, 16, 18
(b)
Value
18
19
20
21
22
Frequency
6
17
30
18
9
6.2. Compare two samples in central tendency and variability
Sample 1
Price ($)
25 26 27
Sample 2
Frequency 10 15 25

Price ($)
Frequency

26
28

27
17

28
15

6.3. Calculate the statistics: mean, variance, standard deviation of the following sample
Weight (kg)
From 22 to
From 24 to
From 26 to
From 28 to
From 30 to
less than 24
less than 26
less than 28
less than 30
less than 32
Frequency
8
10
20
8
4

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6.4. Calculate the correlation coefficients between Q (sale quantity) and P (price); and between Q and
PS (subtitute price)
Q
10
12
12
13
14
15
15
16
16
18
P
10
9
9
8
8
7
6
7
6
5
PS
8
8
9
8
7
9
9
10
10
9
7. PROBABILITY
7.1. Random withdraw a card from a playing card set. What is probability that the card is
(a) King-heart (K)
(d) Heart
(b) Queen-red (Q or Q)
(e) Number-black
(c) Head
(f) Letter-red
7.2. In the game show, the player have to randomly choose 2 balls in a close box of 10 balls, in which
6 are red and 4 are black. If both chosen balls are red then player wins and take the prize, on the other
hand, player have nothing. There are two option of choosing manner
(1) Choose one, return it into the box, then choose the next (choose with replacement)
(2) Choose one, keep it, then choose the next (choose without replacement)
Which is the best option for player, and why?
7.3. The population of 50 students; Maths score is Ten for 5 students, Nine for 8 students, Eight for 12
ones, Seven for 15 and Six for 10. Random choose one student, let X is his/her Maths score.
(a) What is the probability that X less than 9; greater than or equal to 8?
(b) What is the probability distribution of X
(c) Calculate the Expected value and variance of X
7.4. Probability that a product is superior, normal, and defective are 0.15, 0.8, and 0.05 respectively.
Each superior and normal product make profit of $100 and $40, respectively; but defective make loss
of $150. Calculate expected value and variance of net profit per product.
7.5. Products weight is normally distributed with mean of 1500g and variance of 400g2.
(a) What is probability that a product (a1) heavier than 1540g; (a2) weighted from 1480 to 1540 g
(b) Proportion of product that weights less than 1440g
(c) Product weighted more than 1480 makes profit of $100; less than that make loss of $50. What is
distribution of profit and its expected value?
7.6. Production cost per unit is $120, price is normality distribution with mean of $130 and standard
deviation of $15. What is the probability that
(a) Profit is positive
(c) Profit is more than $15
(b) Make loss
(d) Loss is more than $10
8. HYPOTHESIS TESTING
8.1. The sample of 30 items has sample mean of 95g, sample variance of 144g2. What is the
confidence interval of population mean in cases of confidence level is (a) 95%, (b) 90%, (c) 99%.

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8.2. The director say that in population, employees salary mean is $350 and standard deviation $20. A
sample of 40 employees is randomly collected.
(a) Believe in the directors statement, what is the interval of sample mean with probability of 95%?
(b) Mean of chosen sample is $310, with signicant level 10%, could you agree with directors
statement about salarys mean?
(c) If significant level is 1%, do you change your conclusion?
8.3. Sample of 50 products randomly chosen in a store has mean of 85.4g and standard deviation of
5.1g. Test the following hypothesis of stores mean
(a) Mean equals 88, significant level 10%
(b) Mean equals 86, significant level 5%
(c) Mean equals 84, significant level 1%
8.4. Base on the sample data, significant level of 5%, test the hypothesis that population mean is 25
Value
20
22
24
26
28
Frequency
2
12
18
15
3
9. REGRESSION
9.1. The following shows data of sale quantity (Y) and advertising (X)
Y
9
10
10
12
12
14
15
15
18
20
X
1
1
2
3
5
4
6
6
5
8
(a) Calculate the estimated linear regression of Y on X and interpret the meaning of estimated slope
(b) If Standard error of estimated slope is 0.244, test the hypothesis that Advertising does not affect to
sale quantity, significant level of 5%
(c) What is interval of population intercept?
9.2. Demand and price in 10 months are shown by the sample data
Demand (thousand)
24
25
22
24
28
20
Price ($)
8
7
8
7
6
8

22
9

23
7

21
9

20
9

(a) Calculate the estimate linear regression of Demand on Price and interpret the result
(b) The standard error of estimated slope is 0.64, test the hypothesis that Demand really depends on
price, with significant level of 5%
(c) The standard error of estimated intercept is 3.64, test the hypothesis that population intercept is 40,
significant level 5%
9.3. Data from 8 countries is below
9.2. Demand and price in 10 months are shown by the sample data
Growth rate (%)
5
6
8
3
4
Inflation rate (%)
2
3
4
0
2

2
1

0
-1

-1
0

(a) Calculate the estimate linear regression of Inflation rate on Growth rate
(b) Standard error of estimated slope is 0.088, whether Inflation rate depends on Growth rate?
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Table 1.

FZ(z) = P(Z < z)

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

0.00
0.5000
0.5398
0.5793
0.6179
0.6554
0.6915

0.01
0.5040
0.5438
0.5832
0.6217
0.6591
0.6950

0.02
0.5080
0.5478
0.5871
0.6255
0.6628
0.6985

0.03
0.5120
0.5517
0.5910
0.6293
0.6664
0.7019

0.04
0.5160
0.5557
0.5948
0.6331
0.6700
0.7054

0.05
0.5199
0.5596
0.5987
0.6368
0.6736
0.7088

0.06
0.5239
0.5636
0.6026
0.6406
0.6772
0.7123

0.07
0.5279
0.5675
0.6064
0.6443
0.6808
0.7157

0.08
0.5319
0.5714
0.6103
0.6480
0.6844
0.7190

0.09
0.5359
0.5753
0.6141
0.6517
0.6879
0.7224

0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0

0.7257
0.7580
0.7881
0.8159
0.8413

0.7291
0.7611
0.7910
0.8186
0.8438

0.7324
0.7642
0.7939
0.8212
0.8461

0.7357
0.7673
0.7967
0.8238
0.8485

0.7389
0.7704
0.7995
0.8264
0.8508

0.7422
0.7734
0.8023
0.8289
0.8531

0.7454
0.7764
0.8051
0.8315
0.8554

0.7486
0.7794
0.8078
0.8340
0.8577

0.7517
0.7823
0.8106
0.8365
0.8599

0.7549
0.7852
0.8133
0.8389
0.8621

1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5

0.8643
0.8849
0.9032
0.9192
0.9332
0.9452
0.9554
0.9641
0.9713
0.9772
0.9821
0.9861
0.9893
0.9918
0.9938

0.8665
0.8869
0.9049
0.9207
0.9345
0.9463
0.9564
0.9649
0.9719
0.9778
0.9826
0.9864
0.9896
0.9920
0.9940

0.8686
0.8888
0.9066
0.9222
0.9357
0.9474
0.9573
0.9656
0.9726
0.9783
0.9830
0.9868
0.9898
0.9922
0.9941

0.8708
0.8907
0.9082
0.9236
0.9370
0.9484
0.9582
0.9664
0.9732
0.9788
0.9834
0.9871
0.9901
0.9925
0.9943

0.8729
0.8925
0.9099
0.9251
0.9382
0.9495
0.9591
0.9671
0.9738
0.9793
0.9838
0.9875
0.9904
0.9927
0.9945

0.8749
0.8944
0.9115
0.9265
0.9394
0.9505
0.9599
0.9678
0.9744
0.9798
0.9842
0.9878
0.9906
0.9929
0.9946

0.8770
0.8962
0.9131
0.9279
0.9406
0.9515
0.9608
0.9686
0.9750
0.9803
0.9846
0.9881
0.9909
0.9931
0.9948

0.8790
0.8980
0.9147
0.9292
0.9418
0.9525
0.9616
0.9693
0.9756
0.9808
0.9850
0.9884
0.9911
0.9932
0.9949

0.8810
0.8997
0.9162
0.9306
0.9429
0.9535
0.9625
0.9699
0.9761
0.9812
0.9854
0.9887
0.9913
0.9934
0.9951

0.8830
0.9015
0.9177
0.9319
0.9441
0.9545
0.9633
0.9706
0.9767
0.9817
0.9857
0.9890
0.9916
0.9936
0.9952

2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3.0

0.9953
0.9965
0.9974
0.9981
0.9987

0.9955
0.9966
0.9975
0.9982
0.9987

0.9956
0.9967
0.9976
0.9982
0.9987

0.9957
0.9968
0.9977
0.9983
0.9988

0.9959
0.9969
0.9977
0.9984
0.9988

0.9960
0.9970
0.9978
0.9984
0.9989

0.9961
0.9971
0.9979
0.9985
0.9989

0.9962
0.9972
0.9979
0.9985
0.9989

0.9963
0.9973
0.9980
0.9986
0.9990

0.9964
0.9974
0.9981
0.9986
0.9990

3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
4.0

0.9990
0.9993
0.9995
0.9997
0.9998
0.9998
0.9999
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000

0.9991
0.9993
0.9995
0.9997
0.9998
0.9998
0.9999
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000

0.9991
0.9994
0.9995
0.9997
0.9998
0.9999
0.9999
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000

0.9991
0.9994
0.9996
0.9997
0.9998
0.9999
0.9999
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000

0.9992
0.9994
0.9996
0.9997
0.9998
0.9999
0.9999
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000

0.9992
0.9994
0.9996
0.9997
0.9998
0.9999
0.9999
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000

0.9992
0.9994
0.9996
0.9997
0.9998
0.9999
0.9999
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000

0.9992
0.9995
0.9996
0.9997
0.9998
0.9999
0.9999
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000

0.9993
0.9995
0.9996
0.9997
0.9998
0.9999
0.9999
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000

0.9993
0.9995
0.9997
0.9998
0.9998
0.9999
0.9999
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000

Bui Duong Hai NEU www.mfe.edu.vn/buiduonghai - Exercises

Table 2.
z

F*Z(z) = P(Z > z)

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

0.00
0.5000
0.4602
0.4207
0.3821
0.3446
0.3085

0.01
0.4960
0.4562
0.4168
0.3783
0.3409
0.3050

0.02
0.4920
0.4522
0.4129
0.3745
0.3372
0.3015

0.03
0.4880
0.4483
0.4090
0.3707
0.3336
0.2981

0.04
0.4840
0.4443
0.4052
0.3669
0.3300
0.2946

0.05
0.4801
0.4404
0.4013
0.3632
0.3264
0.2912

0.06
0.4761
0.4364
0.3974
0.3594
0.3228
0.2877

0.07
0.4721
0.4325
0.3936
0.3557
0.3192
0.2843

0.08
0.4681
0.4286
0.3897
0.3520
0.3156
0.2810

0.09
0.4641
0.4247
0.3859
0.3483
0.3121
0.2776

0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0

0.2743
0.2420
0.2119
0.1841
0.1587

0.2709
0.2389
0.2090
0.1814
0.1562

0.2676
0.2358
0.2061
0.1788
0.1539

0.2643
0.2327
0.2033
0.1762
0.1515

0.2611
0.2296
0.2005
0.1736
0.1492

0.2578
0.2266
0.1977
0.1711
0.1469

0.2546
0.2236
0.1949
0.1685
0.1446

0.2514
0.2206
0.1922
0.1660
0.1423

0.2483
0.2177
0.1894
0.1635
0.1401

0.2451
0.2148
0.1867
0.1611
0.1379

1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5

0.1357
0.1151
0.0968
0.0808
0.0668
0.0548
0.0446
0.0359
0.0287
0.0228
0.0179
0.0139
0.0107
0.0082
0.0062

0.1335
0.1131
0.0951
0.0793
0.0655
0.0537
0.0436
0.0351
0.0281
0.0222
0.0174
0.0136
0.0104
0.0080
0.0060

0.1314
0.1112
0.0934
0.0778
0.0643
0.0526
0.0427
0.0344
0.0274
0.0217
0.0170
0.0132
0.0102
0.0078
0.0059

0.1292
0.1093
0.0918
0.0764
0.0630
0.0516
0.0418
0.0336
0.0268
0.0212
0.0166
0.0129
0.0099
0.0075
0.0057

0.1271
0.1075
0.0901
0.0749
0.0618
0.0505
0.0409
0.0329
0.0262
0.0207
0.0162
0.0125
0.0096
0.0073
0.0055

0.1251
0.1056
0.0885
0.0735
0.0606
0.0495
0.0401
0.0322
0.0256
0.0202
0.0158
0.0122
0.0094
0.0071
0.0054

0.1230
0.1038
0.0869
0.0721
0.0594
0.0485
0.0392
0.0314
0.0250
0.0197
0.0154
0.0119
0.0091
0.0069
0.0052

0.1210
0.1020
0.0853
0.0708
0.0582
0.0475
0.0384
0.0307
0.0244
0.0192
0.0150
0.0116
0.0089
0.0068
0.0051

0.1190
0.1003
0.0838
0.0694
0.0571
0.0465
0.0375
0.0301
0.0239
0.0188
0.0146
0.0113
0.0087
0.0066
0.0049

0.1170
0.0985
0.0823
0.0681
0.0559
0.0455
0.0367
0.0294
0.0233
0.0183
0.0143
0.0110
0.0084
0.0064
0.0048

2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3.0

0.0047
0.0035
0.0026
0.0019
0.0013

0.0045
0.0034
0.0025
0.0018
0.0013

0.0044
0.0033
0.0024
0.0018
0.0013

0.0043
0.0032
0.0023
0.0017
0.0012

0.0041
0.0031
0.0023
0.0016
0.0012

0.0040
0.0030
0.0022
0.0016
0.0011

0.0039
0.0029
0.0021
0.0015
0.0011

0.0038
0.0028
0.0021
0.0015
0.0011

0.0037
0.0027
0.0020
0.0014
0.0010

0.0036
0.0026
0.0019
0.0014
0.0010

3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
4.0

0.0010
0.0007
0.0005
0.0003
0.0002
0.0002
0.0001
0.0001
0.0000
0.0000

0.0009
0.0007
0.0005
0.0003
0.0002
0.0002
0.0001
0.0001
0.0000
0.0000

0.0009
0.0006
0.0005
0.0003
0.0002
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0000
0.0000

0.0009
0.0006
0.0004
0.0003
0.0002
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0000
0.0000

0.0008
0.0006
0.0004
0.0003
0.0002
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0000
0.0000

0.0008
0.0006
0.0004
0.0003
0.0002
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0000
0.0000

0.0008
0.0006
0.0004
0.0003
0.0002
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0000
0.0000

0.0008
0.0005
0.0004
0.0003
0.0002
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0000
0.0000

0.0007
0.0005
0.0004
0.0003
0.0002
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0000
0.0000

0.0007
0.0005
0.0003
0.0002
0.0002
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0000
0.0000

Bui Duong Hai NEU www.mfe.edu.vn/buiduonghai - Exercises

Table 3.

STUDENT CUTOFF POINT t(n),

0.001

0.0025

0.005

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
120
150
200
inf

636.62
31.599
12.924
8.6103
6.8688
5.9588
5.4079
5.0413
4.7809
4.5869
4.4370
4.3178
4.2208
4.1405
4.0728
4.0150
3.9651
3.9216
3.8834
3.8495
3.8193
3.7921
3.7676
3.7454
3.7251
3.7066
3.6896
3.6739
3.6594
3.6460
3.6335
3.6218
3.6109
3.6007
3.5911
3.5821
3.5737
3.5657
3.5581
3.5510
3.4960
3.4602
3.4350
3.4163
3.4019
3.3905
3.3735
3.3566
3.3398
3.2905

254.65
19.963
9.4649
6.7583
5.6042
4.9807
4.5946
4.3335
4.1458
4.0045
3.8945
3.8065
3.7345
3.6746
3.6239
3.5805
3.5429
3.5101
3.4812
3.4554
3.4325
3.4118
3.3931
3.3761
3.3606
3.3464
3.3334
3.3214
3.3102
3.2999
3.2903
3.2813
3.2729
3.2651
3.2577
3.2507
3.2442
3.2380
3.2322
3.2266
3.1840
3.1562
3.1366
3.1220
3.1108
3.1018
3.0885
3.0752
3.0621
3.0233

127.32
14.089
7.4533
5.5976
4.7733
4.3168
4.0293
3.8325
3.6897
3.5814
3.4966
3.4284
3.3725
3.3257
3.2860
3.2520
3.2224
3.1966
3.1737
3.1534
3.1352
3.1188
3.1040
3.0905
3.0782
3.0669
3.0565
3.0469
3.0380
3.0298
3.0221
3.0149
3.0082
3.0020
2.9960
2.9905
2.9852
2.9803
2.9756
2.9712
2.9370
2.9146
2.8987
2.8870
2.8779
2.8707
2.8599
2.8492
2.8385
2.8070

0.01
0.005
63.657
9.9248
5.8409
4.6041
4.0321
3.7074
3.4995
3.3554
3.2498
3.1693
3.1058
3.0545
3.0123
2.9768
2.9467
2.9208
2.8982
2.8784
2.8609
2.8453
2.8314
2.8188
2.8073
2.7969
2.7874
2.7787
2.7707
2.7633
2.7564
2.7500
2.7440
2.7385
2.7333
2.7284
2.7238
2.7195
2.7154
2.7116
2.7079
2.7045
2.6778
2.6603
2.6479
2.6387
2.6316
2.6259
2.6174
2.6090
2.6006
2.5758

0.025
25.452
6.2053
4.1765
3.4954
3.1634
2.9687
2.8412
2.7515
2.6850
2.6338
2.5931
2.5600
2.5326
2.5096
2.4899
2.4729
2.4581
2.4450
2.4334
2.4231
2.4138
2.4055
2.3979
2.3909
2.3846
2.3788
2.3734
2.3685
2.3638
2.3596
2.3556
2.3518
2.3483
2.3451
2.3420
2.3391
2.3363
2.3337
2.3313
2.3289
2.3109
2.2990
2.2906
2.2844
2.2795
2.2757
2.2699
2.2641
2.2584
2.2414

Bui Duong Hai NEU www.mfe.edu.vn/buiduonghai - Exercises

0.05
0.025
12.706
4.3027
3.1824
2.7764
2.5706
2.4469
2.3646
2.3060
2.2622
2.2281
2.2010
2.1788
2.1604
2.1448
2.1314
2.1199
2.1098
2.1009
2.0930
2.0860
2.0796
2.0739
2.0687
2.0639
2.0595
2.0555
2.0518
2.0484
2.0452
2.0423
2.0395
2.0369
2.0345
2.0322
2.0301
2.0281
2.0262
2.0244
2.0227
2.0211
2.0086
2.0003
1.9944
1.9901
1.9867
1.9840
1.9799
1.9759
1.9719
1.9600

0.1
0.05
6.3138
2.9200
2.3534
2.1318
2.0150
1.9432
1.8946
1.8595
1.8331
1.8125
1.7959
1.7823
1.7709
1.7613
1.7531
1.7459
1.7396
1.7341
1.7291
1.7247
1.7207
1.7171
1.7139
1.7109
1.7081
1.7056
1.7033
1.7011
1.6991
1.6973
1.6955
1.6939
1.6924
1.6909
1.6896
1.6883
1.6871
1.6860
1.6849
1.6839
1.6759
1.6706
1.6669
1.6641
1.6620
1.6602
1.6577
1.6551
1.6525
1.6448

0.15
4.1653
2.2819
1.9243
1.7782
1.6994
1.6502
1.6166
1.5922
1.5737
1.5592
1.5476
1.5380
1.5299
1.5231
1.5172
1.5121
1.5077
1.5037
1.5002
1.4970
1.4942
1.4916
1.4893
1.4871
1.4852
1.4834
1.4817
1.4801
1.4787
1.4774
1.4761
1.4749
1.4738
1.4728
1.4718
1.4709
1.4701
1.4692
1.4685
1.4677
1.4620
1.4582
1.4555
1.4535
1.4519
1.4507
1.4488
1.4469
1.4451
1.4396

0.2
0.1
3.0777
1.8856
1.6377
1.5332
1.4759
1.4398
1.4149
1.3968
1.3830
1.3722
1.3634
1.3562
1.3502
1.3450
1.3406
1.3368
1.3334
1.3304
1.3277
1.3253
1.3232
1.3212
1.3195
1.3178
1.3163
1.3150
1.3137
1.3125
1.3114
1.3104
1.3095
1.3086
1.3077
1.3070
1.3062
1.3055
1.3049
1.3042
1.3036
1.3031
1.2987
1.2958
1.2938
1.2922
1.2910
1.2901
1.2886
1.2872
1.2858
1.2816

LIST OF COMMON MATHEMATICAL OPERATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

Symbol

|a|
a=b
ab
a+b
a b
ab
a b or a b or ab
a b or a / b
a2
a3
an

Common
Absolute value of a
a is equal to b, a equals to b
a is different from b,
a plus b
a minus b
a plus-minus b
a times b
a over b
a-squared

a multipled by b / multiplication
a divided by b / ratio / fraction / division
Square of a

a-cubed

Cube of a
th

Normal / Operation
Modulus of a
Equation / Equality
Inequation / Inequality
a added by b / addition
a subtracted by b / subtraction

a to the n / n power of a

a (raised) to the power of n

Square root of a

Second root of a

Cube root of a

Third root of a

nth root of a

nth root of a / nth radical of a

Logarithm base a of b

Logarithm of b to base a

Sum over from 1 to n of ai

Product over from 1 to n of ai

Summation
Production

log a b
n

i =1

i =1

y = a0 + a1 x1 + ... + an xn Linear function / equation

a : coefficient, x : variable

y = ax 2 + bx + c

Quadratic equation
Delta-x
D-x
f-prime x

Quadratic form
Difference of x Differential of x
Derivative of f(x)

dy over dx

Derivative of y to x

dx

f ( x )
dy / dx
y / x

f ( x)dx

Round-d of y over round-d of x Partial derivative of y to x

Integral from a to b of f(x)

Intergration

Phi z
X-bar
S-squared
Sigma-squared
Sigma
Expectation of X

Normality cummulative function of z

Mean of X, sample mean
Sample Variance
Variance
Standard Deviation (SD)
Expected value of X

V-X / Var-X

Variance of X

C-V of X

Coefficient of variation of X

Rho X Y

Correlation of X and Y

Cov X Y
Alpha
One minus alpha

z-alpha, critical value

t ,n or t( ),n or t( n ),

t-alpha-n, critical value

Covariance of X and Y
Significant level
Confidence level
Cutoff point at level of alpha of normal
distribution
Cutoff point at level of alpha of student
distribution n degree of freedom

( z )
X
S2

E ( X ) or E X
V ( X ) or Var ( X )
CV ( X )
XY or ( X , Y )
Cov( X , Y )

Bui Duong Hai NEU www.mfe.edu.vn/buiduonghai - Exercises