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THERMOCHEMICAL
MEASUREMENT
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Let tc, t h and tm be temperatures of cold water, hot water and mixture
respectively. Then, in view of the definition of enthalpy change given in equation
... (3)
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m2 Cp(t m t c ) + m3Cp (t m t h )
... (4)
(t m t c )
JK
... (5)
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EXPERIMENT 3.1
Aim
To determine the enthalpy of dissolution of copper sulphate/
potassium nitrate.
Theory
In thermochemical measurements generally aqueous solutions are
mixed therefore, water in the reaction medium and the temperature
changes result due to the chemical reactions taking place in
solution.
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THERMOCHEMICAL MEASUREMENT
(H 3)
Enthalpy change
of added solution/
water in
calorimeter
(H4)
Enthalpy
change of
reaction
.. (6)
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(H1)
Heat gained by
calorimeter, +
thermometer
and stirrer
Material Required
Procedure
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
Three
One
One
One
As per need
One
One
One
Copper sulphate/
potassium nitrate
2g
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* Density of the solutions is 4 to 6% higher than that of pure water and heat capacity is about 4 to 8% less than
pure water so the product of density and heat capacity (dCp ) is nearly the same as the product of pure water.
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(iv)
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THERMOCHEMICAL MEASUREMENT
(v)
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Sol
Result
J mol
Precautions
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(a) To record the temperature of water, use a thermometer with 0.1 C graduation.
(b) In the determination of calorimeter constant record the temperature of hot water
just before mixing.
(c) Avoid using very large amounts of copper sulphate/potassium nitrate.
(d) Stir the solution well to dissolve the solid and record the temperature. Avoid too
much stirring, it may produce heat due to friction.
(e) Weigh copper sulphate carefully as it is hygroscopic in nature.
(f) Use cotton wool to create insulation between the two beakers.
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Discussion Questions
What is meant by the term, calorimeter constant?
(ii)
Why is Sol H for some substances negative while for others it is positive?
(iii)
(iv)
Will the enthalpy change for dissolution of same amount of anhydrous copper sulphate and
hydrated copper sulphate in the same amount of water be the same or different? Explain.
(v)
How will the solubility of copper sulphate and potassium nitrate be affected on increasing
the temperature? Explain.
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(i)
EXPERIMENT 3.2
Aim
Theory
(Acid)
neut H is negative
(Base)
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If both the acid and the base are strong then for the
formation of 1 mol H2O (l), always a fixed amount of heat, viz,
1
57 kJ mol is liberated. If any one of the acid or the base is
weak or if both of these are weak, then some of the heat
liberated is used for the ionisation of the acid or base or both
of them (as the case may be) and the amount of heat liberated
is less than 57 kJ mol1.
THERMOCHEMICAL MEASUREMENT
Material Required
Beakers (250 mL)
:
Beaker (500 mL)
:
Thermometer (110C) :
Glass rod
:
Cotton wool
:
Small wooden block :
Piece of cardboard :
Stirrer
:
Calorimeter
:
Procedure
Three
One
One
One
As per need
One
One
One
One
1 M HCl
1 M NaOH
:
:
100 mL
100 mL
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(i)
Result
Enthalpy change in the neutralisation of hydrochloric acid solution
1
with sodium hydroxide solution _______ kJmol .
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Precautions
(a)
(b)
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(c)
(d)
Discussion Questions
(i)
Why do we calculate the heat evolved for the neutralisation of 1000 mL of a (1 M) acid by
1000 mL of a (1 M) monoacidic base?
(ii)
In comparison to heat evolved in neutralisation reaction between a strong acid and a strong
base. Why is lesser quantity of heat evolved when any one of the acid or the base is weak
and still less when both are weak?
(iii)
EXPERIMENT 3.3
Aim
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Theory
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THERMOCHEMICAL MEASUREMENT
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(H1)
Heat gained by
+
calorimeter,
thermometer
and stirrer
H4 = (H1+H 2+H 3)
Material Required
: One
Boiling tube
: One
: As per need
Glass rod
: One
Measuring
cylinder (250mL)
Chloroform
Acetone
:
:
20 mL
10 mL
: One
Piece of cardboard
: As per need
Stirrer
: One
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Procedure
Chloroform
Acetone
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(ii)
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(i)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
1
th of the above volume
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(iii)
119.5
mL
1.47
1 mole = 81.4 mL
0.1 mole = 8.14 mL
58 g =
58
mL
0.79
1 mole = 73.4 mL
0.1 mole = 7.34 mL
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THERMOCHEMICAL MEASUREMENT
(ii)
(iv)
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(iii)
Precautions
Discussion Questions
(i)
Chloroform and acetone do not form an ideal liquid pair, whereas acetone and benzene do
form. Why?
(ii)
Why does liquid pair of ethanol and water show positive deviation from Raoults law?
Give two examples of each of the liquid pairs for which Mixing H is negative and positive
respectively.
(vi)
How is the vapour pressure of the liquids related to interaction pattern between the
molecules of the components of a liquid mixture?
(v)
How can you correlate the heat evolved from the system with the strength of the hydrogen
bond?
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(iii)
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