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they are falling around the Earth. Escape velocity refers to Moon was formed from a collision between a large
which a star follows through the different states of its
the lowest velocity required for an object to assume a path
planetesimal and the young Earth? The composition of the life isits evolutionary track.A star on the Main
where it never returns. How do we get most of our
Moon is similar to the Earths mantle. If planet A is at a
Sequencemay slowly change its luminosity and temperature
knowledge about our universe? through observation of light higher temperature compared to planet B, then we can even while remaining on the main sequence.While a star is on
from astronomical objects Light is a means of transporting conclude that A will emit more light of all wavelengths and
the main sequence, the amount ofhydrogen decreases
Energy A light year is the distance traveled by light in one
most of it at shorter wavelengths compared to B. Stereoscopic while helium increases.While on the main sequence, the
year. Light can be generally described as an
vision requires two different perspectives.Parallax is a
chemical composition of a star changes most in it
electromagnetic wave. The frequency of a wave is defined measure of an angle to gauge distance.A parsec is a
CoreNormal matter, in contrast to electron degenerate
as the number of wave crests passing a pointing space each
measure of distance.You cannot use parallax to measure matter, is filled with mostlyempty space.As a stars core
second Which of these ranges of electromagnetic
the distance to a star if the star is too far away. A star
progresses into a red giant, its core becomessmaller in
radiation has the longest wavelengths? radio
that appears brighter than another as we view it from
volume, but larger in mass.The triple-alpha process is the
waves Energy of light is proportional to its frequency
Earth must also be There is no general statement that can be fusion ofhelium into carbon.Once one part of a degenerate
Which of the following photons of electromagnetic
made. Most stars are less luminous than our Sun. When an helium core ignites the fusion process, the entire core is
radiation carry the highest energy? gamma rays The
atom's bound electrom "decays" (or "drops") from an
fusing in as little as a few minutesThe core of a red giant
resolution achievable by an unaided human eye is one
excited state to a lower state, it emits a photon of light
star is characterized byhelium burning in the core and
arcminute Resolution is how clearly two objects are
whose energy equals the energy change of the electron. From hydrogen burning in a shell. The core of a horizontal branch
separated. Today, the best device for detecting the light the absorption lines in the spectrum of a cloud, it is
star will eventually be made ofelectron degenerate
from a telescope is the charge coupled device (CCD). From possible to determine the type of atoms in the cloud. The
carbon.Stellar mass loss (via "stellar winds") increases in
the absorption or emission lines in the spectrum of an
higher a stars temperature, the shorter its peak
a stars later stages becausethe stars surface expands and
objects light, it is possible to determine the type of atoms wavelength must be. Higher temperature stars produce
gravity is weaker on the surface.H-R diagrams of star
in the object. Atmospheric "seeing" depends on the
more light per unit of surface area. Annie Jump Cannon is
clusters are snapshots of stellar evolution becausestars
turbulent distortions of the Earths atmosphere. Only _____
known for systematically classifying stars according to
in a cluster all formed at about the same time.The main
traveling through space manage to reach the ground
spectral type. The most prominent ingredient in stars is
sequence turnoff of a star cluster tells usthe age of a star
radio waves. Radio telescopes suffer from poor resolution hydrogen. The mass of a star can be directly determined cluster.A mass transfer can occur between two stars
because radio waves have such a large wavelength compared by knowing its gravitational force on another object.(star or whenthe Roche lobe of one completely fills up with its stellar
to the diameter of the telescope.The Hubble Space
planet)On an H-R diagram, the hottest stars are always
material.A nova results fromthe fusion of hydrogen on the
telescope is in a low Earth orbit.How do molecular cloud
found at the left.On an H-R diagram, the most luminous outside of a white dwarf.A planetary nebula is comprised
cores collapse? The inside of molecular cloud core has a
stars are always found at the top. Where would the
ofmaterial shed from an asymptotic giant branch star. The
stronger self-gravity than the exterior and begins the collapse largest diameter stars be found on an H-R diagram?
eventual fate of a low-mass star is aWhite dwarfA white
from the inside. A protostar is an early form of a star in
Upper right Ninety percent of stars are on the main
dwarf may be composed ofNonburning carbonA white
development. Compared to the Sun, a typical protostar
sequence. Main sequence stars with the largest mass
dwarf cannothave more than 1.4 solar masses.A Type Ia
will be more luminous. A protostar should be most visible would be found where on the H-R diagram? Upper left
supernova results from the fusion of carbon in a white
in infrared light. As a protostar evolves,it becomes smaller The diameter of the Sun is about 100 times the diameter of dwarf.Elliptical galaxiesare spherical or oval.Hubbles
and hotter because its increasing mass compresses and heats Earth. Since the Sun is in hydrostatic equilibrium, the
classification classifies the preponderance of most
up its interior. Before the planets were formed, the cloud size of the Sun will stay the same. Hydrogen burning is the massive galaxies near the Milky Way as?Spiral and
from which our Solar System originated formed a rotating process of combining hydrogen nuclei into helium nuclei. The ellipticalIrregular galaxies are Not on the Hubble tuning fork
disk. Evidence that our own Solar System formed from a strong nuclear force holds the protons and neutrons of an
and have no particular shape.The shape of an elliptical
protoplanetary disk is that the orbits of the eight planets are atomic nucleus together. Nuclear fusion is a process in
galaxy isdue to the nearly random orbits of stars around the
almost perfectly in the same plane. Angular momentum
which two nuclei combine to become a larger nuclei with the
galactic center.Besides shape, the average ____ of all spiral
depends upon how fast an object rotates. how massive an
products weighing less than the reactants. The mass lost in a and elliptical galaxies out to a redshift of 0.1 from the
object is. how an objects mass is distributed. As a rotating
nuclear reaction is converted to energy. (E = mc^2)In what Earth are expected to differ primarily by their overall
object pulls more mass toward its center of rotation,
part of the Sun does hydrogen fusion takes place?The
colors.Star birth most actively takes placein spiral arms of
its angular momentum stays the same and its rotational speed coreNuclear fusion must take place at high temperatures galaxies.in irregular galaxies.Spiral arms are more
increases. Materials which remain solid at high
and pressures becausethe strong nuclear force can only
prominent in UV light than visible light becausemassive,
temperatures are called refractory materials. A primordial overcome electric repulsion at small distances.The convective young stars are concentrated in the spiral arms.With a great
(inital) atmosphere around a planet is formed from
zone of the Sun isextends from the radiative zone to the solar deal of star birth taking place in spiral arms, we should
capture of gas from the protoplanetary disk. Asteroids are
surface.A count of neutrinos from the Sun should tell us also expect the spiral arms to containlarge concentrations
planetesimals that never came together to form a major planet. something aboutits current rate of nuclear fusion.Listed
of dense, cold clouds of molecules and dust.Spiral density
A popular scenario for the formation of Earths Moon is from the inside to the outside, the regions of the Sun
waves in galaxies are responsible forpromoting star
that it was the result of a large impact on Earth. The
arecore, radiative zone, convective zone, photosphere,
formation.To measure a galaxys mass, one needs to
formation of planets seems to be a standard part of star
chromosphere, coronaThe force that is most responsible
analyzethe gravitational effects of the galaxy.The speed of
formation. An object that is red-shifted is moving away from for shaping the corona ismagnetism.Compared to the rest material orbiting in a galaxyis the same value for all
us. As a large planet orbits a star, it can dim the light from of the photosphere, sunspots area lower temperature.A
material far from the center.The outer parts of spiral
the star by passing directly in front. the stars position can be
solar flare can causea burst of energetic particles outward
galaxies aremostly dark matter.On the average dark
observed to change periodically. Which of the following is a from the sun.The Suns magnetic polarityreverses itself
matteraccounts for 90% of the total mass of a galaxy.What
process that gradually smooths the surface of a planet? every 11 years.Only a third of the predicted rate of solar extraordinary feature is common among quasars,
Erosion Why does the Earth lack small meteor impacts?
neutrinos were measured by neutrino detectors
Seyfert galaxies, and radio galaxies?Very high
Small meteors burn up in the Earths atmosphere.Which of the becauseneutrinos were changing from one form to another and luminosityWe know that active galactic nuclei are small
following can give evidence for the past existence of
the detectors werent sensitive to a different kind of
becausethey can vary drastically in luminosity in a couple of
water on Mars? The analysis of impact craters Most craters neutrino.The length of time an isolated star line the Sun days.The most spectacular and unusual feature of an
on the Moon are 3.1 billion years old or more, because
spends on the main sequence is determined exclusively active galactic nucleus is(are)a supermassive black
most impacts in the Solar System took place about 4 billion
byIts massA high temperature in a star should result
hole.Active galactic nucleioften convert about 50% of
years ago. Which of the following is evidence that the
infaster burning of material.On the H-R diagram, the path
infalling mass to luminous energy.How are galaxies