Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Joshi, Ronak K.
Head
e-mail: akvbvm@yahoo.co.in
M.E. Student
ABSTRACT
Experimental investigation of single piles, group of piles and enlarged based piles (anchored piles) is carried out
using model piles of circular solid concrete pile (M20 grade), hollow PVC and Galvanised Iron pipe pipes, having
25.4 mm diameter and length 600 mm. Pile groups of 2x1 and 2x2 are used in the experimental investigation.
Square mild steel plate of thickness 4 mm is used as base enlargement of size 2d and 3d. L/d ratio has been kept 24
in all the cases. All types of piles and pile groups are tested under vertical uplift loading. Spacing between two
piles is kept as 3d constant in case of pile groups. Based on the experimental results, behaviour of uplift capacity
for different materials, effect of base enlargement, effect of grouping of piles are discussed in this paper. An
attempt has been made to modify the value of Earth pressure coefficient Ks for single piles and pile groups with
respect to the experimental results.
1. INTRODUCTION
Foundations of some structures like transmission towers,
mooring systems for ocean surface or submerged platforms,
tall chimneys, jetty structures etc. are subjected to uplift
loads.
Ramasamy et.al. (2004) have shown the pull out shaft
friction is significantly less than the push in shaft friction.
Few theories have been developed to find the net uplift
capacity of a bored pile (Meyerhof et.al. 1986;
Chattopadhyay and Pise 1986) and validated through
experimental measurements. The above theories differ
mainly in their assumptions with regard to the shape and
extent of the failure surface. Chattopadhyay and Pise (1986)
assumes a curved failure surface within the soil, but the
predicted extent of failure surface at the ground level is
unreasonably high for deep piles in dense soil.
A number of model tests have been conduced by Das
(1975), Sharma and Pise (1994) and some other methods
of analysis have been proposed by Meyerhof and Adams
(1968), Chattopadhyay and Pise (1986), Rao and Kumar
(1994), for the piles or anchors separately and that too in
homogeneous media. Information on piles with enlarged
bases in stratified soil is limited.
Therefore, experimental investigations have been
carried out to study the behaviour of uplift load to uplift
displacement behaviour with single piles of various
materials and also anchored with various base to diameter
ratios plates as anchorage in sand
2. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION
Tests on model piles were carried out in a steel tank of size 650
mm x 600 mm x 700 mm. The tank was sufficiently large to
take care of the effect of the edges of the tank on the test results
as the zone of influence of the pile or pile group due to loading
is reported to be in a range of 3-8 times pile diameter.
Model piles were prepared from 25.4 mm diameter solid
concrete pile, hollow PVC and hollow G.I. Pipe piles. Tests
were carried out for single pile, 2 x 1 and 2 x 2 pile groups,
and anchored piles for base to diameter ratio (B/d) as 2 and 3.
The length of embedment of pile, L in sand bed was 600 mm
and L/d ratio was 24 as constant for all the tests. In case of
anchored piles 4 mm thick mild steel plate was used as
anchorage at piles base of sizes 2d and 3d. in case of pile
groups spacing between two piles was kept 3d. the model piles
were embedded in dry sand bed composed of uniformlygraded
sand having uniformity coefficient 2.44 and specific gravity
2.62.
Table 1: Details of Soil Properties
Relative Density, Dr (%)
Unit Weight, (kN/m3)
Angle of Intern al Friction,
Angle of Soil Pile Friction,
32
15 .38
41 0
29 0
858
Pile Material
Pile Configuration
69.59
Ratio
Qu (Anchored ) / Qi
(Sin gle)
% Increa se in
Ultimate Uplift
Capacity
171.1 6
2.46
1 46%
Anchored
287.5 7
4.13
3 13%
Single
23.31
230.5 9
9.89
4 30%
Anchored
230.5 9
9.89
8 89%
Single
83.61
210.9 3
2.52
1 52%
474.7 9
5.68
4 68%
Single
Concrete
PVC
G.I
Anchored
Ratio Base
Enlargement
Diameter
Ultima te Uplift
Capacity, Qu (N)
Concrete
PVC
G.I.
Pile Co nfiguration
$% Increase in ultimate
uplift capacity
Sin gle
69.59
Ra tio
Qu (Group) / Qu
(Sin gle)
-
2 x 1 Pile Group
118.06
1.70
70%
295.49
4.25
325%
Sin gle
23.31
58.33
2.50
150%
114.42
4.91
391%
Sin gle
83.61
104.26
1.25
25%
226.82
2.71
171%
Concrete
PVC
G.I.
% Difference
Single Pile
0.8741
0.8260
0 .9554
13.54%
1.1669
0 .9554
18.12%
Single Pile
0.2928
0 .3946
25.80%
0.4080
0 .3946
3.28%
0.4518
0 .3946
12.66%
0.7295
0 .8723
16.37%
0.8957
0 .8723
2.61%
8.51%
859
Pile Material
Concrete
PVC
G.I.
Ultimate Uplift
Load
(N)
295.49
114.42
226.82
Coefficient of
Earth Pressure
Ks
1.1669
0.4518
0.8957
Equation Suggested
Net uplift capacity of piles embedded in sand can be
given by the equation (1) as:Qu = KS V tan d Zc + Ks v tan (L-Zc)
In this equation value of coefficient of earth pressure,
Ks falls into a large range of 0.3 to 4.0, so there are many
implications given by researchers about the value of KS.
In uplift of piles in sand, active earth pressure will be
developed in the soil. Active earth pressure Ka can be
calculated by,
Ka =
1 sin
1 + sin
(5)
860
These values can be applied directly to find earth
pressure coefficient under present investigation conditions
in sandy soil. Table 4 shows the comparison between Ks
obtained by the experimental values and Ks(suggested) by the
equation suggested. However, the maximum percentage
difference is 26% for single PVC pile and the least
percentage difference is 2.6% for 2x2 pile group of G.I.
Piles.
3. CONCLUSIONS
Single Piles and Anchored Piles
(1) G.I. Pipe resists higher amount of uplift load than
concrete pile and PVC pipe pile. PVC piles having
least resistance against uplift due to smoother
surface characteristics.
(2) Value of earth pressure coefficient, Ks is very near
to active earth pressure coefficient. It shows the
soil goes under active earth pressure coefficient.
It shows the soil goes under active earth pressure
condition, which is obvious.
(3) Ultimate uplift capacity can be enhanced in greater
extent with anchored piles.
(4) With increase in base to diameter ratio (B/d),
ultimate uplift capacity can be increased
exponentially
(5) 3d base enlargement causes more than 300%
increment in ultimate uplift capacity with respect
to single pile for G.I. and concrete piles and it
causes more than 800% increase for PVC piles. It
suggests prime need of base anchorage for smooth
surface piles.
Pile Groups
1) The ultimate uplift load vs. uplift displacements
characteristics is non linear in nature. It is
curvilinear with concave upward during initial
loading and it turns into fairly straight line, after
reaching ultimate load, same as in the case of
single piles
2) In group of piles, concrete pile shows enhanced