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COPYRIGHT
Copyright 2008 Alphion Corporation Inc.
All Rights Reserved. Printed in U.S.A.
Alphion GPON Network Engineering Guide
Catalog Number: AOLT-GNEG-DOC-01
Part Number: 191-0000002 Revision 03
March 2008
TRADEMARKS
All of the Alphion names, brand names, and product names referred to in this Document, in particular,
the name Alphion and its logo, are either registered trademarks or trademarks of the Alphion
Corporation. All other registered trademarks or trademarks are the property of their respective
owners.
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AND DISCLAIMS ANY AND ALL OTHER WARRANTIES WITH RESPECT TO THE
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WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY IMPLIED WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR
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LIABLE FOR THE ACCURACY OR COMPLETENESS OF THE DELIVERABLES.
Contents
Contents
Preface
About this Manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Related Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Contacting Alphion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Chapter 1: Introduction
Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Contents
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. . . 56
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. . . 57
. . . 57
Splitter Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
AONT Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Subscriber Bandwidth Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Contents
117
117
117
118
118
118
118
118
Contents
Appendix A: References
List of References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ANSI Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Telcordia Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ETSI Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
IEEE Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
IETF Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ITU Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
TEC (Telecommunication Engineering Center) Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
136
136
136
136
137
138
138
139
Glossary
Terms Used in this Manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
Index
Contents
Preface
In this preface:
Preface
Organization
This Alphion GPON Engineering Guide contains the following:
10
Chapter 2, System Overview describes the Central Office rack-mounted shelf that
provides optical line terminal services for Alphions GPON.
Chapter 4, Services Overview describes the services available with Alphion GPON.
Chapter 6, Non-protected System Configurations describes how to plan for a nonredundant GPON.
Chapter 10, GPON Engineering Rules and Guidelines describes typical GPON
designs used in GPON installations.
Chapter 11, Traffic Engineering Rules and Guidelines describes traffic engineering
considerations in designing a GPON.
Preface
Chapter 14, SNI Engineering Rules and Guidelines describes SNI engineering
considerations in designing a GPON.
Chapter 15, Traffic Engineering Rules and Guidelines describes additional traffic
engineering considerations in designing a GPON.
Chapter 16, Service Engineering Rules and Guidelines describes service engineering
considerations in designing a GPON.
Chapter 17, Planning and Site Preparation explains how to do site planning for a
GPON.
Appendix B, Ordering Alphion Products lists the part numbers and product
descriptions of Alphion GPON products.
Appendix C, Site Survey describes how do perform a site survey for a GPON
installation.
Related Documents
For more information about the Alphion GPON, see the following publications:
11
Preface
Describes the hardware and software elements of the AOLT-4000, as well as how
to administer, and maintain the system.
Contacting Alphion
For sales support, contact:
sales@alphion.com,
For technical support, contact:
info@alphion.com
For Alphion Corporation, call:
+1 (609) 936-9001
12
chapter
Introduction
In this chapter:
Scope
Chapter 1: Introduction
This network engineering and planning guide provides network planning, link
engineering, and services engineering methods for the Alphion GPON system.
Scope
This document has been written for the following audience involved in the planning,
installation, and upgrading of GPON broadband networks based on Alphions GPON
FTTX products:
14
Current planners
Strategic planners
System engineers
Network Administrators
chapter
System Overview
In this chapter:
System Overview
System Overview
To plan an Alphion GPON network, network engineers must know what devices are
required to create the end-to-end network, and they must know the operational and
performance characteristics of these devices.
This chapter describes GPON in general, then each of the devices that make up Alphions
GPON environment.
GPON Description
GPON (Gigabit Passive Optical Network) is a standard protocol defined by the
International Telecommunication Union, Telecom committee (ITU-T) as G.984. GPON
extends the earlier G.983 Broadband PON (BPON) standard by increasing both the
downstream and upstream bandwidth, providing a more bandwidth-efficient
encapsulation method using GPON encapsulation method (GEM), making the transport
more packet based, providing a more scalable management method using ONT
Management Control Interface (OMCI) and improving on the encryption and Forward
Error Control (FEC) methods.
Each GPON fiber provides 2,488 Mbps of downstream service and 1,244 Mbps of
upstream Service. GPON uses wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) to provide bidirectional service on a single fiber. Downstream service is transmitted at 1490nm (14801500 nm window), and upstream service is transmitted a 1310nm (1260-1360 nm
window).
A key benefit of GPON is that it provides a mechanism for statistical multiplexing and
oversubscription of the upstream and downstream bandwidth, so that this high
bandwidth can be dynamically shared between many users. This statistical multiplexing
and oversubscription capability of GPON allows the service provider to save on backhaul
transmission costs while increasing the revenue potential of each fiber.
GPON Architecture
A GPON system consists of an Optical Line Terminal (OLT), one or more Optical
Distribution Networks (ODN), and one or more optical network terminals and/or
Optical Network Units (ONU) as shown in Figure 1:
16
Figure 1
The OLT provides the service node interface (SNI) toward the core network, and controls
the GPON. In the Alphion Release 1 GPON system, the OLT SNIs are 1 Gbps and/or 10
Gbps Ethernet LAN interfaces.
The ODN between the OLT and the ONT/ONUs consists of fiber optic cabling and
splitters.
The Optical Network Terminal (ONT) is designed for single subscriber use, while the
ONU is designed for multiple subscriber use. The splitters allow the PON to be shared by
up to 128 ONTs or ONUs, as shown in Figure 2. However, the PON is typically shared by
up to 64 users since the number of ONTs/ONUs on the GPON is limited by the optical
link budget allocated to the downstream and upstream signal, with the loss budget for
the 1310nm upstream signal being the limiting factor.
The ONT terminates the GPON fiber and presents many user network Interfaces (UNI)
ports to a single subscriber, terminating each UNI at the subscribers CPE equipment,
such as a PC, wireless router, home gateway, phone, or set-top box. The UNI ports for a
residential ONT are usually the typical native subscriber service interfaces such as 10/
100base-T for High Speed Internet (HSI) or IP Video, RF Coax for RF Video overlay
systems, and FXS analog phone interfaces for VoIP PSTN voice. The UNI ports for a
business ONT may also include 10/100/100Base-T for routers and L2/L3 switches and
DS1/E1 interfaces for PBX and/or key systems.
The Optical Network Unit (ONU) terminates the GPON fiber and presents many more
user network Interfaces (UNI) to multiple subscribers, rather than to just a single
subscriber like the ONT. Depending on the UNI interface type, such as ADSL2+, VDSL2,
17
PowerLine, HPNA or MoCA, and the distance to the subscriber (10/100Base-T is limited
to 100m (330 ft.), the ONUs UNI ports may not be able to connect directly to a
subscribers CPE equipment. In this case, the ONUs UNI connects to a Network
Terminal (NT) device that is placed at the subscribers end location that then can
terminate the subscribers CPE equipment, such as a PC, wireless router, phone, IP Video
set-top box, or RF Video set-top box.
Essentially an ONT combines the function of an ONU and an NT in a single device. This
combining of the two in one package makes the ONT the most cost effective solution for
providing GPON services to single family premises and single small and medium
businesses.
Figure 2 shows the GPON network elements defined in ITU-T G.984.
Figure 2
18
Figure 3
UNI
R/S
S/R
SNI
ODN
AF
ONU/
ONT
OLT
Optical Splitter
Service
node
function
T Reference point
NE
WDM
POINT A
WDM
IFPON
POINT B
V reference point
NE
G.984.1 _F2
NOTE Whether or not the AF is an operating object of the Q interface depends on the service.
Splitters can be centralized, for example, at the CO/LE, or at the far remote end such as
an apartment building. Splitters can create a star ODN, or they can be cascaded in
multiple stages, for a tree and branch ODN, or in the case of asymmetrical 1x2 splitters,
they can be linearly chained to create a linear bus ODN, Refer to Figure 4.
19
Figure 4
Exchange
OLT P
2x4
2x8
ONT
ONT
Apartment Bldg.
Exchange
OLT 1
2x32
2x8
ONT
Apartment Bldg.
Phase 1 up to eight
customers per building
2x8
OLT 2
Apartment Bldg.
ONT
ONT
ONT
2x32
OLT 3
2x8
OLT 4
ONT
2x32
ONT
ONT
ONT
ONT
Apartment Bldg.
ONT
ONT
ONT
ONT
Apartment Bldg.
ONT
Apartment Bldg.
ONT
ONT
ONT
Apartment Bldg.
ONT
Phase 2 32 customers
per bui lding
2x32
ONT
ONT
ONT
ONT
GPON Security
GPON is a secure transmission technology that includes:
AES
Advanced Encryption Standard
US government standard
ITU-T G.984.3
Defines the transmission convergence layer
Defines AES as the encryption standard for the downstream data
Defines using PLOAM messages to exchange encryption keys and control the
key switching
Defines 128-bit key to operate on the 128-bit blocks of data in the counter
mode
20
Optical Line Terminal AOLT-4000 platform - the optical line termination unit that
provides Network and GPON interface termination, L2 aggregation and control
functions. The model number is:
Optical passives
ASPL series passive splitters
RF Injectors
21
Central Office
Outside Plant
Voice
Single Fiber
1490 nm
nmD/S
?
1490
? 1310
1310
nmnm
U/S
GPON
Optical Line Terminal
Data
22
(OLT)
ONT
ONT11
ONT
ONT22
ONT
ONT33
Video
1xN
Passive
Optical
Splitter
Customer
Premises
ONT
ONTNN
GPON
Optical Network Terminal
(ONT)
Figure 6
X-Connect
Patch Cords
Distribution
Cables
Feeder
Cables
Drop
Cables
1x32
splitter
AOLT4000
Fiber
Distribution
Frames
Fiber
Distribution
Hub
Central Office
Fiber Access
Terminal
Network
Interface
Device
Outside Plant
AONT100
Home Network
23
Redundant Options
The AOLT-4000 is designed for redundant power, controller, switch, GPON line-cards,
fans, and I/O ports to eliminate a single point of failure. The AOLT-4000 shelf can be
configured in an active/standby configuration with another AOLT-4000 located in
another location to provide the highest degree of redundancy possible.
Network engineers can provision a basic GPON network with one AOLT-4000 shelf, one
controller, one switch, and one GPON line-card with one SFP to support 128 ONTs within
20 km of the AOLT-4000 central office. The AOLT-4000 can be configured for additional
AONT support by adding SFPs and additional GPON line-cards, controller, and switch
as needed.
The AOLT-4000 is shown in Figure 7.
Figure 7
Carrier class
24
Alphion ONU/ONT
The AONT-100C and AONT-100 SFUs are plug-and play devices that require only to be
physically connected to the fiber at the premises and turned on. See Figure 8 and Figure 9.
Figure 8
C
AONT-100c
Optical Network Terminal for
140 mm x 170 mm x 40 mm
2 POTS lines
Class B+ (28 dB) optics
Ergonomic fiber handling
25
Figure 9
The AONT-100-UPS is a high-density backup power solution companion to the AONT100 family of SFU ONTs. Unit may be either wall mounted or placed on the floor near the
ONT.
Figure 10 AONT-100C UPS
26
Bulkheadadaptors
adaptersororpigtail.
pigtail
Bulkhead
Alphions family of passive optical splitters in an LGX cartridge offer a cost effective
solution that allow service providers to distribute content from a single fiber to a family
of subscribers through a point-to-multipoint architecture facilitated through the use of
optical splitters.
These splitters can be arranged in a single, centralized fashion or distributed in a
cascaded configuration. Since the network is purely passive, it is essential that splitter
loss is kept at a minimum. Alphions splitter family is designed and manufactured to
insure minimal splitter loss and maintain uniformity, thereby improving optical reach.
The LGX cartridge Chassis can accommodate up to 12 LGX plug-in modules. The
mounting slots are oriented vertically.
27
- High performance
- Superior uniformity
- Low PDL
- Rugged enclosure
- High channel counts
- Rugged enclosure
- Mountable in a 19inch /ETSI 600mm/23
inch LGX chassis that can hold 12 LGX
cartridges.
28
At the premise
At the splitter
Powered by QLight
Alphion EMS
The Alphion Element Management System for GPON is called AGEMS. The AGEMS
user interface displays the following types of information.
29
Domain-based Topology
30
Provisioning
Wizards
Complete
Network View
31
Service Provisioning
Wizard
ONT Provisioning
Wizard
32
Figure 17
Real-time Shelf
Equipage View
Remote Software
Upgrade
Alarm History
View
Real-time Alarm
Filtering
33
Real-time Alarm
Charts
Multiple Visualization
Options
34
chapter
GPON System
Architecture
In this chapter:
This chapter provides a functional overview of the AOLT and the AONT, as well as an
overview of the protocol layers that enable the transfer of user, control, and management
traffic between the AOLT and the AONTs.
ODN interface
function
Cross-connect shell
Service shell
Service
adaptation
PON TC
function
Crossconnect
function
ODN interface
function
PON TC
function
Service
adaptation
36
ODN interface function: Each ODN interface function block, referred to as a PON
port, implements the Physical Medium Dependent (PMD) layer as defined in [39],
complying with the requirements of a particular ODN class (Class B, B+, C, etc.)
with which it is designed to interface.
ODN interface function: The ODN interface function block, referred to as a PON
port, implements the Physical Medium Dependent (PMD) layer as defined in [39],
in conformance with the requirements of a particular ODN class (Class B, B+, C,
etc.) with which it is designed to interface.
Service MUX and DEMUX: This function enables multiplexing (in upstream
direction) and de-multiplexing (in downstream) of the user traffic belonging to
different services, according to operator-configurable criteria (user ID, priority,
etc.).
37
OMCI
PLOAM
GEM Client
GEM Adapter
DBA Control
The different sub-layers of the GTC layer are defined in [40], and their functionalities are
summarized in the following sections.
38
The GTC framing sub-layer allows multiplexing of user payload and control
traffic both in the downstream and upstream directions. The GTC framing format
allows recognizing different higher-layer user and control traffic sections, based
on their location within a GTC frame.
2
39
OMCI
Port-ID
Filter
GEM Adapter
PLOAM Partition
Alloc-ID
Filter
Embedded
OAM
GEM Partition
Frame Header
40
OMCI: The ONU Management and Control Interface (OMCI) channel is used to
manage the service-defining layers, which reside above the GTC. This channel
relies on the GTC layer to provide a GEM-based transport interface for its traffic,
including configuration of appropriate transport protocol flow identifiers (GEM
Port-IDs).
41
42
chapter
Services Overview
In this chapter:
Service Models
High Speed Internet Service
VPN Service
Voice Services
IPTV Services
RF Overlay Video Services
Service Models
The following sections describe supported service models.
44
UNI
interfaces
ODN
AOLT4000
ODN
AONT
(e.g.,
AONT100c)
C
AONT
(e.g.,
AONT100c)
C
Traffic aggregation: Grouping multiple traffic flows into a single VLAN, identified
with a unique 12-bit id
45
User isolation & Traceability: A VLAN tag can be allocated to a single user.
Alternatively, a VLAN tag can be assigned to a group of users, and additional
mechanisms can be used for isolation & traceability within that group.
Notion of GPON Encapsulation Mode (GEM) ports that serve as virtual ports of a
PON port, identifying specific traffic flows between the OLT and the ONTs, for
classification and QoS purposes.
Support for complex types of UNI ports at the ONT: e.g., xDSL UNI ports on
MDU ONUs / PON-fed DSLAMs
46
A GEM Port ID can be used to uniquely identify a specific CoS going to a specific
UNI port on an ONT, allowing for per-subscriber per-service QoS.
A GEM port is mapped into one and only one T-CONT a facility in GPON to
allocate upstream bandwidth among multiple ONTs.
GEM Ports are assigned automatically (that is, without operator intervention) by
the AOLT based on how VLANs are assigned to UNI ports by the operator and on
QoS requirements.
An ONT maps traffic flows into GEM ports based on user port, VLAN ID, VLAN
priority, Ethernet Type, or DSCP value.
In cases where the traffic should get same QoS treatment, multiple traffic flows
may be assigned to the same GEM Port.
In the DS direction, the OLT forwards traffic onto GEM ports based on VLAN ID and
optionally MAC DA, and CoS (802.1p bits). The ONT forwards downstream traffic on
GEM ports out the appropriate user port.
UNI port n
Frames can be
untagged, priority
tagged, or
802.1Q tagged
S-VLAN 1
GPON Access
Node (OLT and
ONT)
S-VLAN 2
SNI interfaces
S-VLAN m
(With 1 S-VLAN per
service, m is
typically much
smaller than n)
47
GLC 1
AONT 1
P1
Settop
box
splitter
AONT 128
10-GbE port
splitter
P4
AOLT
AONT 1
GLC 10
AONT 1
Settop
box
Settop
box
splitter
Settop
box
8 x 1-GbE ports
10-GbE port
P3
Legend:
HSI VLAN
Voice VLAN
Video VLAN
48
UNI Ports
SNI
Ports
A set of GEM ports are used per UNI port, with each GEM port identifying a CoS based
on port, VLAN, p-bits or EtherType.
49
VPN Service
The public network is a large collection of unrelated machines operating at the same level
and exchanging information freely. A private network connects computers that share
information specifically with each other. The Internet is an example of a public network.
A virtual private network (VPN) allows the creation of a secure, private network over
public networks. It is called virtual because it depends on the use of temporary
connections that have no lasting physical presence. These connections are made up of
Layer 2 (VLANs) or L2TP or Layer 3 (IPSec) or MPLS routed through the Internet.
The AOLT-4000 supports VLAN stacking allowing simple Layer 2 VPN implementation.
Voice Services
Subscribers can access legacy voice services via one the RJ-11 FXS ports of the ONT. The
subscribers phone will access a legacy Class 5 CO over the IP network via a SIP-to-V5.2
gateway eliminating the need to build and maintain a copper infrastructure.
50
Figure 28 SIP-to-V5.2
The ONT supports all the CLASS features the CO can offer like 3-way calling, call
waiting, CLID, as well as FAX and modem calls.
Also the FXS port accepts an answering machine.
IPTV Services
IPTV is the delivery of traditional TV services, including broadcast television, pay-perview, VOD, time shifted PVR, interactive TV over a broadband IP network to an IP
enabled set-top box. With IPTV, the network operator controls the user experience, the
programming and applications delivered, and the quality of service (QoS) of the
broadband IP pipe to the subscriber. IPTV includes support for both standard and high
definition television (HDTV) and uses MPEG-2 or MPEG-4 encoding.
IPTV is crucial for telecom operators to remain competitive in the market where service
bundling is the only way to compete.
The main components of the IPTV networks are the:
Encoders
Streaming Servers
Middleware
Set-top box
A prerequisite to the IPTV service is a QoS-enabled network that can deliver a particular
kind of service based on the QoS parameter specified (marking 802.1p priority and DSCP
bits) by each packet or frame. GPON can provide the broadband access with the
necessary bandwidth and QoS.
Bandwidth requirements for IPTV dwarf any other service; IPTV needs about 4 Mbps for
an MPEG2 encoded channel, 3 Mbps for a standard definition MPEG4 encoded channel
and about 8 Mbps for an MPEG4 encoded HDTV channel.
51
The analog or digital TV signal will be carried over the third wavelength at 1550 nm. The
RF video transmission is unidirectional, for interactive service the 1310 nm signal shall
carry the return path.
52
The RF signal is modulated via a video transmitter and usually is further amplified to
deliver an optical signal to the RF capable ONT at 0 to -9 dBM level. The amplified signal
is combined with the PON signals via a passive WDM coupler and transmitted over the
PON to the ONT-s. At the ONT the triplexer separates the 1550 nm signal and feeds it to
the RF converter. The RF converter delivers the signal to the TV set in case of an analog
transmission or to a set top box for digital TV.
Design Considerations
Due to the nature of the analog modulation of the 1550 nm signal the sensitivity of the
ONT is at 0 to -9 dBm while the sensitivity of the 1480 nm PON receiver is -28 dBm. The
optical budget for the PON is 28 dB; the power level of the RF overlay transmission must
be adjusted to this fact.
The optical transmitter and EDFA optical amplifiers are relatively expensive devices
therefore the engineering shall focus on maximizing the number of users served by those.
The following example shows a design where one optical transmitter can support up to
4096 end users.
Figure 30 shows a typical deployment using 1 optical transmitter and 34 EDFA-s covering
up to 4096 end users. The figure shows cascaded splitting having a slightly higher loss
then centralized splitting.
Figure 30 Overlay Budget
EDFA 2
EDFA 1
Video
Transmitter
Pre Amplifier
Splitter1
Post Amplifier
(1:32)
1550 nm
10 dBm
Video
Transmitter
+23dBm
(1:2)
15
WDM2
(1:8)
(1:4)
EDFA
..
Splitter4
Splitter3
WDM1
20 dBm
EDFA
Splitter2
WDM
N7
WDM
1550 n
m
Video
RF
N3
AMP
32
Node 8 :
28 dB
OLT
Transmission
1490 /1310 nm
Loss
1490 /1310 nm
Node 6 :
Input pow er
ONT
18 .5 dBm
:
Node 0
Node 2
Node 3 :
Input pow er 20 dBM Input pow er 3dBm
Node 5
Node 4
Input pow er 23dBm Input pow er 19 .5 dBm
Home Side
The RF signal fed into the video transmitter is converted into an optical signal at 1550 nm
with a typical output level of 10 dBm. Many transmitters have dual output. Given the
sensibility of the RF side of the ONT of -9 dBm and the optical budget of 28 dB of the
PON the output power at the WDM coupler must be around 20 dBm from where it is
split 32 ways to ONT-s.
53
There can be many different designs based on the number of end users and network
topology but all the designs shall follow the same principles and budget calculation.
54
chapter
Capacity Planning
In this chapter:
AOLT-4000 Capacity
Splitter Capacity
AONT Capacity
There are both port and bandwidth requirements for a GPON access network. When
planning service, the provider must plan for the appropriate number of ONTs and
sufficient bandwidth per user. Planning includes:
GLC/GLCP modules
Splitting ratio
Redundancy
AOLT-4000 Capacity
The AOLT resides in the CO for the area to be serviced. There are two considerations that
must be addressed when configuring each AOLT:
Number of ports
Number of Ports
To determine per port dependencies, consider:
GPON Ports
AOLT can support up to ten GPON line-cards and each GPON line-card can support
up to four ports. Each port supports a single-mode optical fiber capable of being split into
128 timeslots.
The maximum capacity of an AOLT is:
40 x 128 = 5,210
Therefore each AOLT-4000 chassis can support up to 5,210 AONTs.
Each port can be configured with a redundant counterpart. Configuring a port to be
redundant reduces the number of AONTs that can be supported in the case of redundant
GLCs. For example:
1 : 1 port redundancy requires two ports.
56
Where:
1:1 means only 1 port is active and the other is in standby and is unable to carry
traffic.
In the case of GLCP, the total OLT port count is not reduced due to the increased port
count per module.
Each switch card has 8 x 1GE SNI ports. The OLT can have 2 switch cards with 1:1
redundancy.
Each switch card has 2 x 10 GE LAN ports. The OLT can have 2 switch cards with
1:1 redundancy.
Number of Cards
The AOLT shelf can support two switches and two control cards, as well as redundant
power supplies and fans. All points of failure on the AOLT can be mitigated by
redundancy planning, including planning for redundant AOLTs in geographically
diverse locations.
Splitter Capacity
Alphion optical splitters allow the single fiber line to be split into 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, or 128
individual optical lines.
Each line split consumes xdB (depending on splitter size and type) of the 28 dB available
from each port.
Table 1
Splitter Loss
Splitting ratio
2
4
8
16
32
Loss in dB
3
6
9
12
15
57
To provide a maximum of 128 ports, typically four 32-way splitters are required.
However other splitter combinations are possible, such as:
SOAs can replace the dB loss created by insertions (splits). An SOA can extend the range
of a GPON signal from 20km to 60km.
AONT Capacity
This section describe AONT capacity planning.
58
chapter
Non-protected System
Configurations
In this chapter:
BLANK
BLANK
GLC/GLCP
GLC/GLCP
GLC/GLCP
GLC/GLCP
GLC/GLCP
GLC/GLCP
GLC/GLCP
GLC/GLCP
GLC/GLCP
GLC/GLCP
SWT
CTL
All the plug-in cards are connected together through the backplane. Figure 33 illustrates
the interconnections between the cards.
60
CTL
The System Control card manages the other plug-in cards through the point-to-point GE
interface and shared I2C interface. It connects to the network management systems
through the fast Ethernet interfaces and/or the USB interface on the faceplate.
SWT
The Switch and Timing card connects to the GPON line cards via 10GE XAUI interfaces.
It distributes the system clock to all the GLC slots. The network facing interfaces consist
of two 10 GE interfaces and eight GE interfaces on the faceplate.
GLC
The GPON line card supports four ITU-T standards-compliant OLTs ports. It accepts four
Alphion SFP OLT transceivers on the faceplate.
The GLCP GPON protected path line card supports four working ITU-T standards
compliant OLTs ports. It accepts eight Alphion SFP OLT transceivers on the faceplate,
four for the working paths and four for the corresponding protected paths. Working and
protection ports are grouped as adjacent pairs.
61
Clock circuit
8 x GE
SWT #1
GLC #2
10 x XAUIs
+ clock
GE
2 x FE
1 x USB
CTL #1
Alarm LEDs
Alarm control
and display
Redundant
-48VDC input
Dual circuit
breaker
Redundant
-48VDC output
to all slots
Each OLT port is connected to a 1:N optical splitter. N is typically 32 or 64. The ONT/
ONUs are connected to the N splits. Figure 34 shows the non-protected OLT to ONT/
ONUs configuration.
62
Aggregation
switch
ONU #1#1
ONU/ONT
OLT port
ONU/ONT
ONU #N#N
63
64
chapter
Protected System
Configurations
In this chapter:
CTL Protection
SWT Protection
OLT Port Protection
The AOLT-4000 GPON system is designed to support redundancy. This section describes
the protected system configuration.
Figure 35 illustrates the AOLT-4000 chassis layout for a redundant system configuration.
The chassis layout is similar to the non-redundant system with the exception of extra CLT
and SWT being plugged in.
Figure 35 Protected AOLT-4000 Chassis Layout
Power, clock and alarm panel
CTL
SWT
GLC/GLCP
GLC/GLCP
GLC/GLCP
GLC/GLCP
GLC/GLCP
GLC/GLCP
GLC/GLCP
GLC/GLCP
GLC/GLCP
GLC/GLCP
SWT
CTL
CTL Protection
Either of the redundant CTLs is able to manage the entire system. Typically the
redundant CTLs both are connected to the EMS so that EMS can continue to manage the
system in the presence of single CTL failure. See Figure 36.
SWT Protection
The GLCs network-facing interfaces connect to the two redundant SWT cards. If the
active SWT card fails, the traffic is automatically switched over to the standby SWT card.
See Figure 36.
66
Clock circuit
8 x GE
SWT #1
GLC #2
10 x XAUIs
+ clock
Redundancy
control
2 x 10GE
8 x GE
SWT #2
4 x GPON OLT ports
GLC #5
10 x XAUIs
+ clock
2 x GEs
2 x FE
1 x USB
CTL #1
Redundancy
control
2 x GEs
10 x GEs
2 x FE
4 x GPON OLT ports
1 x USB
GLC #9
CTL #2
GLC #10
Alarm LEDs
Alarm control
and display
Redundant
-48VDC input
Dual circuit
breaker
Redundant
-48VDC output
to all slots
As mentioned in the previous section, the DC power input and BITS/SSU input are
redundantly protected as well.
Figure 37 shows the protected OLT to ONT/ONU configuration.
67
Figure 37
68
chapter
Equipment Configuration
Guidelines
In this chapter:
This section provides an overview of the configuration steps required to perform initial
configuration of the system, and the steps required to provision different types of services
on the Alphion GPON system.
Configure System ID and/or IP address using the AEMS craft terminal or the
Control cards CLI.
Create a service-specific QoS / VLAN profile (if a matching profile for the
subscriber is not already existing).
Specify per-port default priority (802.1p) bits for the subscriber UNI port
Specify DSCP to 802.1p mapping
Specify VLAN handling for the subscriber UNIs
Upstream: Add or translate to a new VLAN tag
Downstream: Strip VLAN tag or translate it to another VLAN tag to use
on the UNI port
70
Specify Committed Information Rate (SIR) and Excess Information Rate (EIR)
7
Create a service-specific priority queue profile (if a matching profile for the
subscriber is not already existing).
Specify the number of distinct queues to use
Specify weight factor for each queue
Specify P-bit to Queue mapping
71
Specify the QoS, bandwidth, and priority queue profiles (previously created) to
use for the HSI service.
Specify the S-VLAN for the service (This VLAN shall be same as the S-VLAN
configured on the network elements upstream to the AOLT, including the BNG.)
Create S-VLAN on the SWT card, and add as members to this S-VLAN, the
appropriate uplink SNI interface (possibly link aggregated) and the PON-side
(SWT-GLC) 10-GbE port to the appropriate GLC card (i.e., the GLC card off of
one of whose PON ports the subscriber is connected.)
Associate the appropriate UNI port on the subscriber AONT with the SVLAN for the service.
Assumption: The UNI port on the subscriber AONT has already been
created as part of the Initial Configuration steps.
Configure the S-VLAN on the appropriate GLC card, which triggers
generation of OMCI messages towards the appropriate ONT resulting in
the configuration of the associated UNI port.
Identify whether the S-VLAN is stacked or not (typically N:1 VLANs are
single-tagged VLANs).
T-CONT and GEM port shall be automatically assigned by the AOLT
(GLC card SW), based on the QoS and bandwidth information in the
subscribers profiles.
Specify service label (for operator convenience).
Enable / Disable AES encryption for the subscriber.
Specify maximum number of MAC addresses that can be learnt on the
subscriber UNI.
72
CTL card
GLC
L2
Switch
AONT 1_1_2
BNG
GPON MAC 4
GLC1
AONT 1_4_1
SWT L2 switch
GPON MAC 2
GLC
L2
Switch
GLC2
AONT 2_2_1
AOLT-4000
73
Specify profiles (which already should have been created) for QoS, BW, queuing
AONT 1_1_1
5
GPON MAC 1
GLC
L2
Switch
3
GPON MAC 4
Setup connection
to BNG
GLC1
Per-port VLAN ID
Per-port Priority
Configure S-VLAN
4
Configure S-VLAN
GPON MAC 2
Enable/Disable/Specify DSCP to 802.1p mapping
GLC2
BNG
Configure RSTP
CTL card
SWT L2 switch
Configure S-VLAN
AOLT-4000
74
HP
GE
GE
DHCP server
FE
10 -
LP
128
VID100
untagged
GLC
SWT
AONT
10BT
FE
VID100
untagged
SIP/V5.2 GW
Provision SIP
Provision PSTN end-point
Provision V5.2 interface
nXE1
Class 5
Voice
switch
75
Configure IP address of the VoIP client to match with that provisioned for the
external SIP-V5.2 gateway
Configure the same S-VLAN that was created on the AOLT
Use the same bandwidth and QoS profiles as the ones used at the AOLT
Multicast Services
AONT 1_1
STB
Repl.
Func. +
IGMP
snooping
STB
AONT 1_32
BNG /
Router
GLC 1 Multicast
replication function
+
IGMP snooping w/
proxy reporting
Repl.
Func. +
IGMP
snooping
STB
AONT 2_1
STB
Repl.
Func. +
IGMP
snooping
GLC 2 Multicast
replication
function +
IGMP snooping
w/ proxy
reporting
AONT 2_32
STB
76
Repl.
Func. +
IGMP
snooping
STB
EMS
AONT 1
GE
HP
GE
DHCP server
FE
10 -
STB
LP
Continuously
broadcast
all channels on
VID 200, 802.1p=4
GLC
32 [128]
SWT
AONT
VID200
untagged
GE
VID200
untagged
Streaming server
Continuously
broadcast
all channels
Snoop IGMP V2
Forward requested
channels to the
appropriate GLC
port
STB
EMS
AONT 1
HP
GE
GE
FE
DHCP server
10 -
STB
LP
128
AONT
VID200
untagged
GLC
SW
GE
Streaming server
GE
VID200
untagged
Application server
(EPG, PVR control)
77
78
chapter
Network Configurations
In this chapter:
Core Data
Network
IPTV Service Provider
Network
HSI
nxGbE or
10GbE
IPTV
1GbE
nx1GbE
nx1GbE
BNG
Access
Aggregation
Network
Nx10/1GbE
PE Router
Nx10/1GbE
AOLT-4000
80
N x E3
or STM-1
SWT cards
Voice
2x10Base-T
GbE
4 x E1
Class 5
Local Exchange Switch
2x100Base-T
SIP to V5.2 LE
gateway
Fast Ethernet
Switch
GbE
AOLT-4000
AOLT-4000
AOLT-4000totoClass
Class5 5LELEVoice
Voiceswitch
switch
connection
via
SIP-V5.2
LE
Gateway
via the SIP to V5.2 LE gateway
81
Frequency Agile
Edge Modulator
DVD Player
Local Exchange
ODN
Premise
AOLT-4000
RF
Combiner
MPEG2/4 Source
IPTV
Network
PAL/NTSC TV
MPEG2/4
over 1GbE
RF
Combiner
MPEG2/4 to PAL/NTSC
Converter & Modulator
MPEG2/4
over 10-BaseT
CATV Source
Direct to RF
input of TV
Optical Converter
& EDFA
MPEG2/4 to PAL/NTSC
Converter & Modulator
RF
Combiner
Coax
1550nm
ADD Filter
Outdoor
splitter
AONT-100
2x32
RF Amplifier
CATV Headend
AMVSB RF Coax
82
10
chapter
GPON Engineering
GPON Engineering
This section describes how to plan the Alphion GPON network by drawing the proposed
network and then creating a GPON link planning worksheet.
Alphion recommends mapping the proposed network to determine the grouping of
AONTs, the corresponding location of the splitters, the number of SOA-based PON
extenders required and the number of splitters required to support AONTs further away
from the AOLT-4000 than 20 km.
Also draw any redundancy requirements at the central office to determine extra
equipment required.
This map does not need to be drawn to scale and should use icons wherever possible to
minimize the required effort. When finished with this rough sketch, transfer the parts
needed to the worksheet to further refine the plan and to generate a parts list for
ordering. For information on part numbers, refer to Appendix B, Ordering Alphion
Products.
Items to consider:
SOA requirements (signal loss per split and fiber run distance over 20km)
Number of AONTs per AOLT is 5,120 (128 ONTs per PON port * 4 working PON
ports per GLC/GLCP * 10 GLC/GLCP cards per shelf).
An example of link budget evaluation is shown in Figure 47. As shown in the figure, the
losses (in decibel (dB) unit) of the different passive elements in the ODN, such as the
splitters and WDM couplers (used in case of RF overlay), are added together to estimate
the total loss. The total loss should include all types of losses possible for each element in
the ODN. These losses include:
Total Loss (dB) = IL (dB) + WDL (dB) + PDL (dB) + TDL (dB)
84
The downstream and upstream link budgets are then evaluated as follows:
Downstream Link budget (dB) = Mean OLT output power (dB) ONT minimum
sensitivity (dB) Total Loss (dB)
Upstream Link budget (dB) = Mean OLT output power (dB) ONT minimum sensitivity
(dB) Total Loss (dB)
Figure 47 Alphion GPON System Optical Link Budget
Video
source
RF
WDM
1:32
splitter
AONT-100c
AOLT-4000
OLT output power : 3 dBm
OLT minimum sensitivity: -28 dBm
AONT-100c
ODN
Downstream Link Budget covering all optical components between the OLT and ONT =
OLT output power ONT minimum sensitivity WDM loss = 3 (-27) 0.4 = 29.6 dB; round to 29 dB
Upstream Link Budget covering all optical components between the OLT and ONT =
ONT output power OLT minimum sensitivity WDM loss = 3 (-28) 0.4 = 30.6 dB ; round to 30 dB
Using FEC typically results in an increase in the link budget by about 1.5 dB.
85
86
11
chapter
Traffic Engineering
Rules and Guidelines
In this chapter:
Traffic Engineering
Traffic Engineering
This section discusses traffic engineering guidelines.
Figure 48 Residential User Bandwidth Drivers
IP/MPLS
Network
PE
OLT
Rou ter /
BNG
1/10 GbE
ONT
GPON
Splitter
1 Gb E
TDM
Network
SIP
Gateway
88
Table 1*: Bandwidth per application and the number of digital streams to calculate
the maximum amount of digital data required per household.
89
90
12
chapter
ODN Planning
In this chapter:
1km=3300 ft
The end-to-end GPON optical fiber connection can be illustrated as shown in Figure 51. In
the central office, AOLT-4000 systems and ASPL passive optical splitters are connected
through fiber distribution frames. Between the fiber distribution frames, Alphion AFJ
series premium fiber optic jumper cables can be used for optical fiber cross connections.
92
X-Connect
Patch
Cords
Distribution
Cables
Feeder
Cables
Drop
Cables
1x32
splitter
AOLT4000
Fiber
Distribution
Frames
Fiber
Distribution
Hub
Central Office
Fiber
Access
Terminal
Outside Plant
Network
Interface
Device
AO NT100
Home Network
In the outside plant, feeder cables usually have a large number of fibers. The feeder cables
are terminated at the fiber access terminals. The distribution cables are relatively thinner
with less fiber counts. The feeder cables and distribution cables can be either buried
underground or run overhead. They are terminated further at the network interface
devices. Bend insensitive optical fiber cables are used to connect the ONTs to the NIDs.
Typically the fiber access terminals can be overhead (aerial), below-grade (man-hole), or
pedestal mounted. Figure 52 through Figure 54 show the details of the optical fiber
connections outside subscriber homes.
In the case of a pole-to-home service drop, the distribution fiber cable is partially
terminated in the fiber access termination box on the pole. The remaining fibers continue
on the pole to reach other subscribers homes. The terminated fiber is spliced to a 1x4
splitter. One of the four fibers is laterally dropped at the outdoor ONT attached to the
wall of subscriber house. The ONT gets AC power from subscriber home, which is
backed up by the battery pack. ONT provides quadruple-play services over category 3
analog phone cables and category 5e data cables. Wi-Fi data and/or cordless phone are
alternatives to in-home cabling.
93
Splitter
1:4
Enclosure to GR487
and NEMA 4 (IP56) specs
AONT-100C
Fiber
NID
UPS
AC
Premise
In the case of a pedestal-to-home service drop, the distribution fiber cable is partially
terminated inside the pedestal enclosure. The remaining fibers continue in the
underground conduit to reach other subscribers homes. The terminated fiber is spliced to
a 1x4 splitter. One of the four fibers is dropped at the outdoor ONT attached to the wall of
subscriber house. The indoor cabling is the same as the previous case.
94
Premise
Fiber
AONT-100C
Splitter
1:4
UPS
Conduit for blowing Fiber
AC
Premise
In the case of a man-hole-to-home service drop, the distribution fiber cable is partially
terminated inside the man-hole fiber termination box. The remaining fibers continue in
the underground conduit to reach other subscribers homes. The terminated fiber is
spliced to a 1x4 splitter. One of the four fibers is dropped at the outdoor ONT attached to
the wall of subscriber house. The indoor cabling is the same as the previous case.
95
Premise
Fiber
AONT-100C
Feeder/Distribution
Fiber buried or or
in a conduit
Splitter
1:4
UPS
Conduit for blowing Fiber
AC
Premise
In the case of a fiber-to-the-building service drop, the distribution fiber cable is partially
terminated in the fiber access termination box on the pole. The remaining fibers continue
in the underground conduit to reach other buildings. The terminated fibers are fed into
the building basement. From the building basement, optical fibers are dropped at each
floor and fed into a 1x4 splitter. The split fibers are then dropped at indoor ONTs in each
apartment. The ONT gets AC power from subscriber home, which is backed up by the
battery pack. ONT provides quadruple-play services over category 3 analog phone cables
and category 5e data cables. Wi-Fi data and/or cordless phone are the alternatives to inhome cabling.
96
Feeder/Distribution
Fiber buried or
in a conduit
Indoor fiber
splice box
with 1x4 splitter
Indoor fiber
splice box
with 1x4 splitter
Termination
box
Indoor fiber
termination b ox
Basement
97
Voice over IP
Typical Service: 1 POTS line per ONT
Busy Hour Traffic (BHT) per subscriber of 0.08 Erlang
Traffic model: Erlang B
Desired Grade of Service (GOS): 0.01 (1 %)
VoIP packet overhead: 58 bytes (including RTP, UDP, IP, Ethernet layers)
Video over IP
Typical Service: Present DSL offering?
Define offering
What is the present video over IP ecosystem? (headend, content delivery
network, middleware, set-top-box)
Set-top-boxes per home = 1
Maximum concurrency = 20%
Take rate = 100%
98
What voice, video and data networks will GPON interface with?
Voice
Soft switch or voice gateway (V5.2 or Q.931) to C4/C5 switch?
Separate switch / router for voice traffic?
Video / Data
Assumption: Content Delivery Network and Core Data Network are
converged.
99
100
13
chapter
Premises Planning
In this chapter:
Up to 5 Analog
Telephones
Analog
Telephone
Line1
Fiber
NID
Premise Fiber
10/100
Base-T
Wi-Fi
AP
Analog
Telephone
Line2
AONT-100C
10/100
Base-T
AC
Laptop
PC
Drop Fiber
102
IP Settop
Box
Desktop
PC
TV
14
chapter
The OLT has 8 X 1GE and 2 X 10GE LAN ports over which Rapid Spanning Tree
Protocol (RSTP) runs to prevent forwarding loops.
The number of SNI ports needed is subject to traffic assumptions. For example, if
an OLT serves 1,000 users and 50% of these users are IPTV subscribers watching
broadcast TV and VOD at 20% concurrency rate and HSI users are allocated 5
Mbps with 20% of users concurrently on line, the capacity of the SNI uplink
should be computed (voice traffic is negligible compared to video and data) as :
IPTV 100x4 Mbps=400 Mbps
HSI 200x5 Mbps=1Gbps
Therefore 2 x1 GE ports aggregated would satisfy the bandwidth needs of 1000
users.
Star configuration
Ring configuration
Figure 58 shows a star configuration with both redundant and non-redundant Layer 2
aggregation switches. Each OLT is attached to two switches and RSTP will select the
forwarding and standby links.
104
Figure 59 shows a Resilient Packet Ring (RPR) configuration. Currently there are 1 and 10
Gbps rings available. Redundancy is provided by a dual ring structure using
unidirectional, counter-rotating ringlets. Redundancy is provided by either steering or
wrapping around ring failures.
105
106
15
chapter
Traffic Engineering
Traffic Engineering
Figure 60 shows an example of V5.2 capacity estimation for VoIP to PSTN connectivity.
Figure 60
GPON
PSTN
No. of
Total no.
POTS
of PSTN
ports/ON
subs
T
No. of
ONTs /
OLT
Total
no. of
ONTs
10
1000
10000
25
1000
25000
50
1000
50000
No. of
OLTs
Codec
Requirements for
Media Gateway
Minimum
Num. of number of
V5.2/Q931 V5.2/Q931
E1 links interfaces
required
20000
G.711
87.20
150.00
160
85523
55
50000
G.711
87.20
368.00
160
210893
134
100000
G.711
87.20
732.00
160
419318
267
17
5
10
1000
10000
20000
G.729
31.20
54.00
64
85523
55
25
1000
25000
50000
G.729
31.20
132.00
64
210893
134
50
1000
50000
100000
G.729
31.20
262.00
64
419318
267
17
10
1000
10000
20000
21.87
38.00
64
57015
55
25
1000
25000
50000
21.87
93.00
64
140595
134
50
1000
50000
100000
21.87
184.00
64
174650
267
17
G.723.
1
G.723.
1
G.723.
1
108
Given
A central office, 50 OLT platforms, each OLT platform serving 1000 ONTs each
with 2 POTS ports, 4 fast Ethernet ports.
Assumptions
Data bandwidth
Total data bandwidth for Router/BNG: 3 Mbps x 50,000 /20 = 7.5 Gb/s
The packet rate at Router/BNG: 7.5 Gbps / 150 byte per packet = 6,300,000 packets per
second
109
Given
A central office, 50 OLT platforms, each OLT platform serving 1000 ONTs each
with 2 POTS ports, 4 fast Ethernet ports.
Assumptions
Video bandwidth
Bandwidth for one HDTV and one SDTV: 4 Mbps + 8 Mbps = 12 Mbps
Bandwidth for 500 multicast SDTV channels: 500 x 4 Mbps = 2 Gbps
Bandwidth for 25,000 (1 HDTV + 1 SDTV) video customers = 25,000 x 12 Mbps = 300
Gbps
Unicast bandwidth for 25,000 (1 HDTV + 1 SDTV) video customers = 20% x 300 Gbps
= 60 Gbps
Total bandwidth for Router/BNG: 2 Gbps (multicast) + 60 Gbps (unicast) = 62 Gb/s
The corresponding packet rate: 62 Gbps / 1,500 bytes per packet = 5,166,667 packets
per second
Required bandwidth capacity for Router/BNG is 62 Gbps or 5,166,667 pps
110
16
chapter
Service Engineering
Rules and Guidelines
In this chapter:
Service Engineering
Service Engineering in ONT
Service Engineering in OLT
Service Engineering in Aggregation Network
Service Engineering
Voice and video applications are highly susceptible to network delay, jitter, and of packets
arriving out of sequence. Traditional data traffic can well tolerate delays and jitter present
in packet networks, but delay and relatively small jitter can make voice service
unworkable. Video service has no tolerance to packet loss; subject to the type of frame a
single lost I-frame can introduce significant deterioration of the picture. Successful
migration of the legacy voice service to the NGN platform will require a network
architecture where each application will receive adequate network services guaranteed
by the end-to-end QoS. QoS implementation allocates bandwidth, packet loss, jitter and
delay according to the requirements of the individual services.
A QoS enabled network will attempt to deliver a particular kind of service based on the
QoS parameter specified (marking 802.1p priority and DSCP bits) by each packet or
frame. Proper support of user level QoS requires effective network-level engineering as
well as support of QoS at every network element.
Buffering
Scheduling
112
Buffering
8 priority queues per port
Map marking (802.1p, TOS or DSCP) to priority queue
Scheduling
Strict Priority (SP) for voice and IPTV traffic
Weighted Round Robin (WRR) for data traffic
Buffering
8 priority queues per port
Map marking (802.1p, TOS or DSCP) to priority queue
Scheduling
Strict Priority (SP) for voice and IPTV traffic
Weighted Round Robin (WRR) for data traffic
113
114
17
chapter
Environmental Requirements
Operating temperature
5 to 55 C
Operating altitude
20 to 4000 meters
5 to 85% non-condensing
Cooling requirements
Allow adequate space at the front and back of the AOLT-4000 unit for ventilation and
service access.
Make sure that the ventilation openings at the front and the top of the sides and back of
the unit will not be obstructed.
Electrical Requirements
The AOLT-4000 requires two -48 V DC power sources. The integrated I/O panel provides
two DC power connections for redundant -48V DC power feeds. Each power cable
should be connected to an independent power source with its own circuit breaker.
All electrical work and installations must comply with local, state, and national electrical
codes.
The AOLT-4000 unit is shipped with two DC power cables. On one end of each cable is a
keyed connector for connecting to the integrated I/O panel. The other end of the cable is
left unterminated to allow you to attach the connectors needed for your particular power
distribution system.
Rack Requirements
The AOLT-4000 unit is designed to fit in an ETSI standard 600-mm equipment rack,
which equates to approximately 21 inches between the mounting rails. Adapters are
available from Alphion for mounting the unit in a 23-inch rack.
Allow 9U (15.75 inches/40 cm) of rack space for each installed AOLT-4000 unit.
Rack mounting screws are not included with the chassis installation hardware. You must
provide eight screws appropriate for the rack being used.
116
Table 3
Rack Requirements
Rack type
Stability
Strength
Planning Cables
This section describes the types of cables needed for the AOLT-4000. It includes cables for
grounding the chassis, making the connections to the integrated I/O panel, and
connecting ports on the installed modules in the chassis.
Chassis Ground
The AOLT-4000 chassis has a dedicated ground lug attached to each rack mounting
flange. To connect the chassis to ground, use a minimum 6 AWG (13 sq mm) wire with
green or green and yellow insulation.
Two BNC connectors for connecting an analog timing source (BITS/SSU In) and
for cascading the timing signal to other units (BITS/SSU Out)
Use a 75-ohm coaxial cable terminated in a BNC connector
Single DB-9 male connector for connecting a T1 (100 ohm) or E1 (120 ohm)
balanced timing source. The AOLT-4000 chassis is shipped with an attached DB-9
wire-wrap adapter on the connector.
Use an unterminated 2-pair STP cable and connect it to the provided DB-9 wirewrap adapter. Alternatively, use an STP cable terminated in a DB-9 female
connector. For the required connector pinouts, see the AOLT-4000 Installation
Guide.
117
Use only one type of timing connection, either the 75-ohm unbalanced BNC connection or
the DB-9 balanced 100/120 Ohm twisted-pair connection.
External Alarms
The external alarm interface connector is a DB-15 connector. The AOLT-4000 chassis is
shipped with an attached DB-15 wire-wrap adapter on the connector.
To connect the AOLT-4000 to an external alarm system, connect any 24-wire or 28-wire
twisted pair cable with wire-wrappable solid wire. Alternatively, use a twisted pair cable
terminated in a DB-15 male connector. For the required connector pinouts, see the AOLT4000 Installation Guide.
Management Port
The Control card (CTL) has a management port for connection to a management console.
To connect this port, use a Category 5 or better Ethernet cable.
A crossover cable is required to connect a computer directly to the management port. You
can use standard twisted-pair Ethernet cables if there is a hub or switch between the
computer and the management port.
118
119
120
18
chapter
Customer Premises
Network Guidelines
In this chapter:
Overview
Overview
Install the AONT-100C in an area where the temperature ranges between 0 and 40 C. The
AONT-100C is shipped with an AC power adapter. Before you connect the power, verify
that the power input matches the specifications printed on the adapter. Make sure the
power outlet is within 1 meter (approximately 3 feet) of the installed AONT-100C.
122
19
chapter
In this chapter:
124
Video on Demand (VoD) and DHCP Internet services are routed in the backhaul
network with IS-IS or OSPF (differences may occur depending on countries).
Business services require transparent customer VLAN transport and are provided
with L2 VPN through MPLS tunnels.
Core Network
Aggregation Network
BRAS
PE1
PE2
PE12
BRAS
BRAS
NxGE
Regional Video Server
Level I 1
Edge Video Server
1
2
10 GE
6 GE
Level II
6 GE
CO2
CO1
CO
1
CO3
CO
2
CO
1
CO
3
CO
2
CO
4
OLT 1
OLT 1
2
OLT
1
2
10
2
Access Network
10
1
0
1
0
OLT
1
1
0
1
0
125
The network shown in Figure 64 connects the access network (GPON OLT-s) to a two
level aggregation network of Ethernet switches.
Assumptions are:
4 PE (provider edge router) pairs at the core of the network located in the four
major cities
Each city network serves about 375,000 end users in 38 POP-s/CO-s each serving
10,000 users connected to 10 OLTs
Each POP/CO has its own Edge Video Server to serve 1,000 streams concurrently
Level II and Level I aggregation switches are fully duplicated as those provide
service to at least 10,000 users although it may not apply to the initial phases of
deployment.
Each Level I aggregation network has its own BRAS; HSI and optionally VoIP
operates PPPoE while IPTV over DHCP.
Keep the unicast video traffic off the core as much as possible.
126
AOLT-4000
AOLT-4000
connects
connectstotoVoIP
VoIP
Softswitch
Softswitch via
viaGbE
GbE
VoIP
VoIPSoftswitch
Softswitch
connects
connectstotoClass
Class44
via
viaE1s,
E1s,E3s
E3soror
STM-1s
STM-1s
IfIfE1s
E1sare
areused
usedtoto
connect
connecttotothe
theClass
Class
44then
thenthe
the
connection
is
the
connection is the
same
sameasasfor
formethod
method
22SIP
SIPtotoPRI
PRIQ.931
Q.931
Gateway
Gateway
Call
Callrecords
recordsand
and
billing
billinginformation
information
are
stored
in
are stored in
Softswitch;
Softswitch;for
forM2,
M2,
the
thegateway
gatewaydoes
does
not
notstore
storecall
callrecords
records
and
andbilling
billing
information.
information.
Alphion
Element
Management
System
Net wo rk
Man agem ent
System (NM S)
PSTN
Class 5
Switch
C5
C4
Class 4
Switch
VoIP
softswitch
E1s, E3s o r
STM- 1
IP
AOLT-4000
GbE
Passive
Opt ical
Split ters
Additional AOLT-4000s
(either co-located or remote)
AONT-100C
An alog
FXS Port s
127
PE1
PE2
NxGE or 10 GE
6xGE or 1x10GE
Level I
Edge Video Server
4xGE
18
1
12
19
2
1
20
10
Level II
19
20
10
Figure 67 shows the Level I and Level II aggregation network for a single Level I
aggregation office. To support the video traffic requirements in the number of switches
and interfaces shall conform to the configuration shown in Figure 63 for a redundant
network.
Table 4
Switch
Quantity
Level II
Level I
Total
Level I
office
6
2
8
GE Ports
City
72
24
96
Level I
office
90
80
170
10 GE Ports
City
1080
960
2040
Level I
office
6
6
12
City
Level I
offices in
city
12
72
72
144
Other Considerations:
128
Broadcast TV traffic originates from the Central Head End where the Prime
Repository of VOD content may also be located. Core network shall be engineered
with enough bandwidth to support all the broadcast TV channels as well as nonreal time distribution of VOD content to regional and/or edge video servers.
With geographically redundant head ends there is need for multicast routing;
otherwise a layer 2 distribution over the MPLS core and the aggregation network
with IGMP support is sufficient.
Regardless of the type of service, the content must be distributed over the providers
network. A provider with a quadruple-play services offering must have an advanced IP
backbone and it should use it for the TV content distribution. The most popular formats
suitable for transmitting over the RF overlay are:
1
The most popular interfaces to carry video traffic in a service providers network are:
1
DVB-ASI
Ethernet
Telco and traditional Cable TV providers are bundling telephony, video, and Internet
access into triple play service and expanding capabilities to fiber access (GPON). RF
overlay can be a viable delivery method for TV services for both the Telco and Cable
providers. The following example describes the delivery of a cable TV service providing
both analog and digital basic TV service with no return signal access facilities.
129
Subject to the source of the content, the provider converts the analog TV signals into
MPEG2 streams (both MPTS and SPTS) and distributes the MPEG 2 streams over
Ethernet/IP throughout the IP network as shown in Figure 68.
In the CO, the various transport streams are fed into QAM up-converters and groomed
into analog and digital QAM channels. RF combiners mix all the channels into single coax
runs generating a DVB-C signal.
The resulting DBV-C signal is fed to an optical transmitter that modulates a 1550 nm
optical carrier. The resulting optical signal is amplified and combined with the PON via a
WDM coupler.
The core IP network must meet the bandwidth and QoS requirements.
Figure 68 Content Transport
Figure 69 shows details of TV service delivery over RF overlay. Content is received and
converted to an MPEG 2 stream in the head end. The MPEG 2 streams are distributed
130
over the providers core and aggregation networks to the individual CO (central offices)
where the access equipment (GPON OLT) is installed. The example assumes 10 GPON
OLTs per CO serving about 10,000 subscribers, each OLT having up to 40 PON circuits. In
the CO, the transport streams are groomed and converted into RF QAM channels. The
channels are combined into DVB-C coax runs and fed to optical transmitters. For an OLT
with 40 PONs, 40 individual optical streams and EDFA channels are required.
Figure 69 Core Network
131
132
20
chapter
Technical Specification
Summary
In this chapter:
Technical Specifications
Technical Specifications
Please consult the Product Data Briefs for a summary of the specifications for each
Alphion Product in the GPON product-line. Technical specification for the Alphion
GPON solution include:
134
AOLT Specifications
AOLT Specifications
UNI Specifications
SNI Specifications
Power Specifications
Mechanical Specifications
Environmental Specifications
Regulatory Specifications
appendix
References
In this appendix:
List of References
Appendix A: References
List of References
The following documents are relevant to this document
ANSI Documents
1
Telcordia Documents
2
GR-57-CORE, Issue 1, October 2001, Functional Criteria for Digital Loop Carrier
(DLC) Systems
ETSI Documents
12 ETS 300-019-1-3 Equipment Engineering (EE) (02/92); Environmental conditions
and environmental tests for telecommunications equipment Part 1-3:
Classification of environmental conditions Stationary use at weather protected
locations [Environmental] Class 3.1
13 ETS 300 119-2, Equipment Engineering (EE); European telecommunication
standard for equipment practice Part 2: Engineering requirements for racks and
cabinets. January 1994.
136
Appendix A: References
IEEE Documents
19 IEEE Std 802.1d (1998); Information technology Telecommunications and
information exchange between systems Local and metropolitan area networks
Common specifications Part 3: Media Access Control (MAC) Bridges.
20 IEEE 802.1p [LAN Traffic Prioritization]
21 IEEE 802.1Q (2003) IEEE Standards for Local and metropolitan area networks
Virtual Bridged Local Area Networks
22 IEEE 802.1w (2001) IEEE Standard for Local and metropolitan area networks
Common specifications Part 3: Media Access Control (MAC) Bridges
Amendment 2: Rapid Reconfiguration
23 IEEE 802.1ad LCAP
24 IEEE 802.1x [Full-duplex PAUSE]
25 IEEE 802.1ad Ethernet provider bridges standards
26 IEEE 802.1ah Ethernet provider backbone bridges standard
27 IEEE 802.1d/p/q Ethernet bridging standards
28 IEEE 802.3aa [Gigabit Ethernet Maintenance]
29 IEEE 802.3ab-1999 [100Base-T]
30 IEEE 802.3u-1995, 100Base-TX and 100Base-FX
31 IEEE 802.3ad Ethernet link aggregation standards
32 IEEE 802.3ah Ethernet in First Mile standard
137
Appendix A: References
IETF Documents
36 RFC 1157, 1441-1452, 2570-2580 SNMP
37 RFC 1213 [MIB-II]
38 RFC 1493 Bridge MIB
39 RFC 1757 RMON MIB
40 RFC 2236 IGMPv2
41 RFC 2327 SDP
42 RFC 2616 - Hypertext Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.1, June.199
43 RFC 2833 (DTMF over RTP)
44 RFC 3261 SIP
45 RFC 3550/3551 RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-Time Applications (replaces
RFC 1889).
46 RFC 4330, Simple Network Time Protocol version 4 for IPv6, IPv4, and OSI,
January, 2006.
47 DHCP option 82 (Authentication)
ITU Documents
48 ITU-T Rec. G.168 (08/04), Digital network echo cancellers.
49 ITU-T G.652 Characteristics of a single-mode optical fiber cable
50 ITU-T Rec. G.655 Characteristics of NZ-DSF Single Mode Optical Fibre and Cable
51 ITU G.657 Characteristics of bend-insensitive single-mode optical fiber cable
52 ITU-T G.711(11/88), Pulse code modulation (PCM) of voice frequencies.
53 ITU-T G.712
54 ITU-T G.723.1A/B
55 ITU-T G.726
138
Appendix A: References
139
Appendix A: References
140
appendix
Ordering Alphion
Products
In this appendix:
Description
AOLT-4000-FLTR-01
AOLT-4000-FT-01
AOLT-4000-GLC-01
AOLT-4000-GLCP-01
AOLT-4000 GPON path protected line card with four working OLT
ports per card
AOLT-4000 switch / timing card includes 2 x 10 GbE XFP optics
and 8 x GbE SFP optics
AOLT-4000-SWT-01
AONTs
AONT-100C-01
AONT-100-UPS-01
AONT-100-01
AONT-200-01
AONT-300-CH-01
AONT-300-ADSL-01
AONT-300 chassis
AONT-300 ADSL2+ Service Card (24 ports)
AONT-300-ENET-01
AONT-300-POTS-01
AONT-300-VDSL-01
AONT-300-UPS-01
EQUIPTMENT RACKS
AFRM-ETSI
AFDF-ETSI
APDU-ALM-ETSI-01
142
ASPL-IND-W-1X8-SU
ASPL-IND-W-2X32-SU
ASPL-IND-W-2X4-SU
OPTICAL ATTENUATORS
AOA-SU-5
FIBER JUMPERS
AFJ-S-FU-FU-10.0
AFJ-S-SU-P-10.0
AFJ-S-SU-SU-10.0
PRODUCT LITERATRURE
AOLT-4000-DOC-01
AOLT-4000-DOC-02
AOLT-4000-DOC-03
AOLT-4000-DOC-04
AOLT-GNEG-DOC-01
AOLT-GNEG-DOC-02
AOLT-GSDG-DOC-01
AOLT-GSDG-DOC-02
AOLT-4000-DOC-05
AOLT-GRG-DOC-01
AOLT-GRG-DOC-02
AONT-100-DOC-01
AONT-100-DOC-02
AONT-100-DOC-03
AONT-100-DOC-04
AONT-100C-DOC-01
AONT-100C-DOC-02
AONT-100C-DOC-03
AOLT-4000-DOC-06
143
AONT-100C-DOC-04
AONT-UPS-DOC-01
AONT-UPS-DOC-02
ASPL-WMS-DOC-01
ASPL-WMS-DOC-02
ASPL-LGX-DOC-01
ASPL-LGX-DOC-02
144
appendix
Site Survey
In this appendix:
146
Points of Contact
Name:
Phone
Email:
Name:
Phone
Email:
Name:
Phone
Email:
Site address
Name:
Street Addr.:
City:
State/Province:
Name:
Street Addr.:
City:
State/Province:
Access:
Working:
147
Table 8
Date of Survey
Earthquake Safety
Requirements
148
Table 9
Date of survey
What is the maximum current
required by the system?
What is the allowable voltage drop?
Where is the power connection?
Type of lug:
Size of stud:
Number of holes:
Hole spacing:
149
Type
Size
Color
Connector
Manufacturer
150
Type
Size
Color
Connector
Manufacturer
Length
Type
Size
Color
Connector
Manufacturer
Length
Type
Size
Color
Connector
Manufacturer
Length
151
152
Glossary
Glossary
ADD/DROP MULTIPLEXER
See ADM.
ADM
AGC
AIS-L
ANGLED CONNECTOR
APS
ATTENUATION
See BFC.
BANDWIDTH
BER
Bit error rate. The BER acronym is used when setting Global PM
Thresholds in the Node Views of the VersiNET Manager EMS and
CIT clients.
BERT
BFC
BIAS
154
Glossary
BIN TYPE
BIP
CHANNEL
CHROMATIC DISPERSION
See dispersion.
CIRCUIT
CIT
CLI
CLIENT SIGNAL
CLIENT STATE
CODE VIOLATION
CORRECTED
CPE
1S/0S
See CV.
Total number of digital 1s/0s that have been corrected by the
digital wrapper forward error correction.
Customer Premises Equipment. The equipment located at (and
typically owned by) the end user location.
155
Glossary
CRC
CV
See CRC.
DARK FIBER
DBM
DCN
DFB
LASER
EDFA
156
Glossary
EMS
ERRORED SECONDS
See ES.
ES
FC
Failure count.
FC/PC
See FBG.
G BE
Gigabit Ethernet.
GBPS
GBPS
GEM
GLC
GLCP
GPON
HZ
INSERTION LOSS
157
Glossary
ITU
KBPS
KHZ
KM
LBC
LC
LIGHTPATH
LIGHTPATH STATE
LOF
LOS
Loss of signal.
MBPS
MMF
MULTIMODE FIBER
See MMF.
158
Glossary
MULTIPLEXER
MUX
See multiplexer.
NE
NETWORK ELEMENT
See NE.
NOC
ODN
OPR
OPT
OPTICAL AMPLIFIER
AOLT-4000.
The maximum available loss for a given span. See also span.
OSNR
PM
159
Glossary
PORT STATE
POWER LOW/HIGH
PROTECTION PATH
PROTECTION SWITCH
A switch from the working to the protection path (or vice versa)
in response to a network failure or a manually initiated
command.
PSC
RATE
RING
SC
SD
SEF
160
Glossary
SERVICE STATE
SERVICE TYPE
SES
See SES.
161
Glossary
SEVERITY
All system alarms, errors, and events are assigned a severity level
to appropriately prioritize them. Severities, denoted by color
coded LEDs, are displayed on the physical hardware installed in
a shelf as well as anywhere alarm status or event/error logging is
displayed in the VersiNET Manager EMS and CIT clients.
Severities include:
CriticalRed LED
MajorOrange LED
MinorYellow LED
Not AlarmedBlue LED (not applicable to error or event
logging)
ClearedGreen LED (not applicable to error or event logging)
Not Reported (not applicable to error or event logging)
InformationFor information only (applicable to error or event
logging only)
SF
SFP
See SMF.
SLA
SLOT STATE
SMF
SNI
SPAN
162
Glossary
ST
SWT, SWT&T
TCA
TDM
THRESHOLD TYPES
TIME
TIMESLOT
UAS
UNAVAILABLE SECONDS
See UAS.
UNCORRECTABLE BLOCKS
WAVELENGTH
WDM
WORKING PATH
163
Glossary
164
Index
Index
Numerics
D
DB-15 connector
connecting . . . 118
DB-9 connector . . . 117
DC power cables . . . 116
E
electrical requirements . . . 116
environmental requirements . . . 116
external alarms interface . . . 118
ports
Ethernet management . . . 118
local management . . . 118
SFP . . . 118
power and grounding information sheet . . . 149
power connections . . . 116
R
rack requirements . . . 116
requirements
electrical . . . 116
environmental . . . 116
ground wire . . . 117
unpacking space . . . 119
S
service access . . . 116
SFP ports . . . 118
site access information sheet . . . 147
site information sheets . . . 147
site survey, performing . . . 146
W
wire-wrap adapter . . . 117
166