Pro S09 Renuka

Project on Flex Printing & Vinyl, Radium Cutting
A PROJECT REPORT ON
FLEX PRINTING
&
VINYL, RADIUM CUTTING
A project submitted to the
Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amaravati
In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the
Degree of “Master of Commerce”
Submitted By
MISS. RENUKA SANJEEV GHADYALJI
Prof. L.R. Sharma Prof. L. R. Sharma

Project Guide Head of Project Committee
Dr. S. G. Chapke
Principal
Smt. L.R.T. College of Commerce, Akola
The Berar General Education Society’s
Recognized by Government of Maharashtra & Affiliated to

Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati
(Accredited with ‘B’+ Grade by NAAC, Bangalore)
2008 - 2009

A PROJECT REPORT ON
FLEX PRINTING
&
VINYL, RADIUM CUTTING
A project submitted to the
Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amaravati
In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the
Degree of “Master of Commerce”
Submitted By
MISS. RENUKA SANJEEV GHADYALJI

Dr. S. G. Chapke
Principal
Recognized by Government of Maharashtra & Affiliated to

Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati
(Accredited with ‘B’+ Grade by NAAC, Bangalore)
2008 - 2009

Sant Gadge Baba

Amravati University
Amravati

Certificate
This is to certify that,
is a bonafide student of
M. Com. (Semister IV) of Smt. L.R.T. College of
Commerce, Akola.
1) That the candidate has satisfactorily conducted
the project
work for not less than one academic year and
2) That the project is the result of the condidate’s

Place : Akola Dr. S. G. Chapke

Principal
Date : Smt. L.R.T. College of Commerce, Akola

CANDIDATES DECLARATION
I hereby declare
I h ereb y d ecla re that
th a t ththe
e P roProject
ject rep o rtreport
en titled entitled
“ F le x P r in t in g & V in y l,R a d iu m C u t t in g ” is t h e re s u lt o f m y
is the result of
o w n resea rch w o rk fo r th e d eg ree o f M aster o f C om m erce
my
a n d it h a s b een su b m itted b y m e to th is U n iv ersity
own research
o n ly a nwork
d n ot tofor
an ythe
o th erdegree
U n iv ersityof
. Master of
Commerece
and it has been submitted by me to this University
Place : Akola
Miss. Renuka S. Ghadyalji
Date : Smt.
Smt. L.R.T.College
L.R.T. College of
of Commerce,Akola
Commernce Akola

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The project work has been a valuable aspect to practical approach of my study. It has been
an enriching and exciting experience which gives me full grasp of the theoretical work.
I feel immense pleasure to avail this golden opportunity to express my deep gratitude and
indebtedness to my Honourable Guide and Head of the project committee
Prof. L. R. Sharma for his valuable guidance and constant inspiration which proved to be
yardstick in successful completion of the project. His constant and continuous support has
created a harmonious, ambience, which moulded this project into a comprehensive one.
I feel it great pleasure and previlege to offer my sincere and cordial thanks
Principal Dr. S. G. Chapke.
I am thankful to my teaching staff and our library staff and office staff for supporting me. I
express my indebt thanks and gratitude towards Mr. Pranav Goud, Prop. of RADIANT
sign and graphics and also his father Shri. Amar Goud for giving me a detailed
information about the project without which the success of this research study would not
be completed.
I would like to put on record my appreciation of Mr. Shripad P. Dashrath for typing work and
Shri. Kamlesh Kothari Proprietor of Kothari Graphics for his earnest efforts and courteous
co-operation in preparation of this, so attractive project.
I must also thank to my all friends for their encouragement towards me to complete this
project.
Last but not least my words fails to express my feelings particularly in respect of my
beloved parent for their constant encouragement and blessings. I shall remain life long
indebted to them for their constant inspiration towards my carrier without which I would
have not attended this stage in my life.
I am indebted to every respondent who gave me direct, indrect support incompletion of the
project.
Miss. Renuka S. Ghadyalji

Smt. L.R.T. College of Commernce, Akola

INDEX
PARTICULARS PAGE NO.
CHAPTER - 1
1.1 Introduction 01
1.2 Selection of Project 03
1.3 History of Printing 04
1.4 History of Flexography 05
1.5 History of Digital Pringing Technology 06
CHAPTER - 2
2.1 Concept 07
2.2 Importance And Objectives 10
2.3 Process of Flex Printing 12
2.4 Strategy about the Research of project 13
2.5 Limitations of The Project. 19
CHAPTER - 3
3.1 Technical and Financial aspect of the Project 20

3.2 Essential Things for project 21
3.3 Essential Machinery and Manpower for project 23
3.4 Purchase Details and Cost Details 24
a) List of plant and machinery
b) List of raw materials.
3.5 Place of Availability & Types of Machine 26
LETTER OF TRANSMISSION
This is to certify that

a student of
Smt. L. R. T. College of Commerce, Akola studying
in
M. Com. IV Semester has visited our “ RADIANT Sign
and graphics” for getting all relevant information
Place : Akola Pranav Goud

Proprietor
Date : RADIANT Sign and graphics

PARTICULARS PAGE NO.
CHAPTER - 4
4.1 Names & Address of the Suppliers of 27

Plant & Machinery & Raw Material
4.2 Names & Address of the Authority Iussuing License 29
4.3 Collection of Capital by Various Sources with 30

Government Subsidies
4.4 Profitability 32
4.5 Estimated Expenditure of the Project 34
CHAPTER - 5
l Conclusions 42
l Questionnaire 43
l Bibliography 44
Research is a systematic and objective inquiry in some field of knowledge.
CHAPTER 1
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Selection of Project
1.3 History of Printing
1.4 History of Flexography
1.5 History of Digital Pringing Technology

1.1 Introduction
Globalization process starts from near about 1990. At that time Indian Industry
was not in a position to accept the challenges of globalization by physically,
mentally, financially and politically also. But after that within few years the Indian
industry and Government have changed their mind and decided to accept all the
challenges arising out of the globalization and has acquired a grand position with
a special status in national and international market.
Because of the globalization and new techniques in industries in various sectors

we observe the positive changes in social, financial, political, cultural,
educational fields. And that’s why the various opportunities to get employed are
opened before unemployed persons. As we have various basic fundamental
facilities, modern techniques, and alos sufficient finance in all fields, in a short
period of time we will be top leader in the world.
We have develop our life because of the modern techniques. Besides the big
project in various fields employment in small scale industries are also available.
Not only that, we ourselves can start the small scale project like printing, flexprinting,
offset printing, assembling, sales and services of other products etc.
Government has given various facilities to the unemployed persons to start their
own business. There are also various institutes to support and to give the
knowledge about starting and development of the business, also there are
various materials like books, journals etc. available about how to make business
and hence the unemployed persons can start their own business.
From various small scale industries / business “Printing” is one of them.
Printing technologies were developed during 19th century. Slow developments

seen till 1980. For example offset printing, multicolour printing were in vogue till
1980. Computer application in various fields created revolution in printing. A desk
top mono colour printer (dot matrix) was developed. Later computer printers were
upgraded to multicoloured.
Simple idea of to make printing of big sized, revolutionalised the computer

printing process. Quality and printing was developed to the extent that photo
quality printing become possible and process of exposing film, develop it and get
Smt. L.R.T. College of Commerce, Akola 1

prints from negatives become obsulete.
Wide format printing on different media developed during last 15 years. Different
printing media developed for the purpose. In the initial stage wide format printing
and printing media were expensive hence used in limited sphere Business /
commerce, for example Cenema posters printing, advertising materials for big
companies.
Now a days media become cheap and printing machines are also available at
competitive rates, hence printing become very popular.
In addition to flex print ( wide format printing) a vinyl (radium) sign business also
become popular and which can be a supporting business with the flex print as no
separate machines or labour is required.
A vinyl sing business does not demand excessive resources to get sailing. The
vinyl sign business industry does not required extensive undertaking. The cash
outlay for supplies and equipment is probably less than we imagine.
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1.2 Selection of Project
Traditional business / industry projects are common in students community.

Industry based on computer and innovation in nature are interesting and
beneficial to the students in future life. Hence researcher selected the project
which involves computer aided printing popular now a days, because of its
economical and quality printing.
Also this project / business / industry can be started in a small specific area with
limited workers.
The Flex Print Banners can be prepared attractive with low price. Also it takes
very low time for its preparation than any other printing or painting. Flex Print
Banners now a days are very popular and used by social organi zations and also
in personal functions. Hence there is a wide scope for the business.
The flex print banners has the advantage of protection from rain as compared to
painted banners or other print banners.
As a vinyl sign business (radium cutting) is also a popular one now a days and
which can be easily start with flex print business with the same machinery, labour
and other expences hence the researcher select this project also with the flex
print.
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1.3 History of the Printing
Printing methods were invented in 17th century. Development in education and

newspaper printing resulted in popularity of printing. Monocolour printing was in
vogue. Printing machines were called as tredal machines.
Printing process was clumsy. Types were required to be set

before printing. Slow printing process of tredal machines encouraged engineers
to develop fast printing machines. Offset printing made obselete tredal
technology.
Traditional business / industry projects are common in students community.

Industry based on computer and
For printing of the data generated by computer, dot matrix printers were invented
technology for computer printing developed in stages i.e. dot matrix, laser, inkjet,
multicolour – inkjet.
Inkjet printing on different media rather than paper become possible due to
technology development. For development of printing on wide media was not a
big challenge. United Kingdom engineers develop Heads for printing of such
wide format printing. United States of America also develop such heads. Printing
on different media for eg. Flex, rigid sheets, reflective cloth and vinyl (radium)
become popular. This technology spreads over develop countries because of its
expensive nature.
Assembling of machines in China made machines cheaper and affordable in

developing countries like India. Mass production of machines in China further
made the machines cheaper, hence installed in almost every district place.
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1.4 History of Flexograhy
The process of flexography was then dubbed “ aniline printing,” named for the
aniline oil used in the ink, that would be jetted out by the use of Anliox roll. In
1890, the first patented press was built in England by Bibby, Baron and sons. The
water based, ink smeared easily, leading the device to be known as “Bibby’s
Folly.” In the early 1900’s other European presses were developed using rubber
printing plates. But by the 1920’s most presses were made in Germany, where
the process was called “gummidruck”.
During the early part of the 20th century, the technique was used extensively in
food packaging in the United States. However, in the 1940’s the food and Drug
Administration classified aniline dyes as unsuitable for food packaging.
Printing sales plummeted. Individual firms tried using new names for the process
such as “ Lustro Printing” and “ Transglo Printing”, but met with limited success.
Even after the Government approved the aniline process sales continued to
decline. Intent on re-popularising aniline printing by changing its name, Franklin
Moss, President of Moss type. Corporation surveyed the industry in 1951 and
received over 200 different name suggestions. In October 1952, the new name
was announced, “ Flexography”.
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1.5 History of Digital Printing Technology
Digital printing of fine art photographs - and a broad-based concern about the
permanance of digital prints- can be traced on the founding of Nash Editions in
ManhattaFn Beach, California, in 1991. At that time, the only printer capable of
producing high-quality, large photographic prints ( up to 34x46 inchs) on a wide
range of papers and canvas was the Iris Graphics Model 3047 inkjet printer made
by Iris Graphics, Inc. in Bedford, Massachusetts. The Iris 3047, which had been
designed for direct digital graphic arts proofing, was an expensiv machine,
costing $126,000. As recounted by Steve Boulter, then national sales manager
for Iris Graphics.
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The researcher needs to select and formulate a problem

before collection of data.
CHAPTER 2
2.1 Concept
2.2 Importance and Objectives
2.3 Process of Flex Printing
2.4 Strategy about the Research of project
2.5 Limitations of The Project.

2.1 Concept
Flexography is a form of printing process which utilises a flexible relief plate. It is

basically on a updated version of letterpress that can be used for printing on
almost any type of substrate including, plastic, metalic films, cellophone and
paper. That is why it is widely used for printing on non corus substrate required
for various types of food packaging.
In contrast to offset printing which is a planographic printing technique in which

the image and non image areas of a print job are on the same level on a
printing plate, flexography is a relief printing process.
That is the image area is raised above the non image area. Cutting a relief
image in a linolium blcok or even in a potato, or many of us did as children and
then pressing the block (or-potato) into ink and then onto paper approximates the
flexographic process.
Unlike offset printing, flexography does not transfer the image from the printing
plate to a blanket and then to the paper. Instead, flexography, like letterpress,
transfers the ink directly from the plate to the paper. But whereas letterpress
plates are made of metal, flexographic plates are made from a more flexible
substance such as rubber or photopolymer materials.
Flexography is most often used for printed product such as envelopes, bags,
tags, wrapping paper, corrugated boxes, milk cartons, newspapers, packaging,
pressure sensitive labels, and flexible films.
Flexopgaphic Printing
Applications - Process Overview – Image Preparation – Plate Making-Printing
Presses – Inks – Finishing.
Applications
Flexography is the major process used to print packaging materials. Flexography
is used to print corrugated containers, folding cartons, multiwall sacks, paper
sacks, plastic bags, milk and beverage cartons, disposable cups and containers,
labels, adhesive tapes, envelops, newspapers and wrappers (candy and food)

Process Overview
In the typical flexo printing sequence, the substrate is fed into the press from a
roll. The image is printed as substrate is pulled through a series of stations,
or print units. Each print unit is printing a single color. As with Gravure and
Lithographic printing the various tones and shading are achieved by overlaying
the 4 basic shades of ink. These are Magenta, Cyan, Yellow and black. Magenta
being the red tones and cyan being the blue.
The major unit operations in a flexographic printing operation are :-

• Image preparation
• Plate making
• Printing
• Finishig
Below is a process flow diagram for flexographic Printing.
Preproduction
Substrate
Management
Ink Image
Management Preparation
Platemaking
Make Ready
and Printing
Press Cleaning Binding and

and finishing
Maintenance
Prepare
for Shipment
Finished Product

Image Preparation
Image Preparation begins with camera-ready (mechanical) art/copy or
electronically produced art supplied by the customer. Images are captured for
printing by camera, scanner or computer. Components of the image are manually
assembled and positioned in a printing flat when a camera is used. This process is
called stripping. When art / copy is scanned or digitally captured the image is
assembled by the computer with special software.
A simple proof (brown print) is prepared to check for position and accuracy.
When colour is involved a colour proof is submitted to the customers for approval.
Flexographic Plate Making

Flexographic and letterpress plates are made using the same basic technologies
utilizing a relief type plate. Both technologies employ plates with raised images
(relief) and only the raised images come in contact with the substrate during
printing. Flexographic plates are made of a flexible material, such as plastic,
rubber or UV sensitive polymer (photo polymer) so that it can be attached to a
roller or cylinder for ink application. There are three primary methods of making
flexographic plates, photomechanical, photochemical and laser engraved plates.
Flexographic Printing Presses

The five types of printing presses used for flexographic printing are the stack
types, central, impression cylinder (CIC), in –line, newspaper unit, and
dedicated 4-, 5-, or 6- color unit commercial publication flexographic presses.
All five types employ a plate cylinder, a metering cylinder known as the aniloy roll
that applies ink to the plate, and an ink pan. Some presses use a third roller as
a fountation roller and in some cases, a doctor blade for improve ink distribution.
Flexographic Inks
Flexographic inks are very similar to packaging gravure printing inks in that they
are fast drying and have a low viscosity. The inks are formulated to lie on the
surface of nonabs or bent substance and solidify when solvents are removed.
Solvents are removed with heat, unless U.V.curable inks are used.
Finishing
After printing, the substrate may run through a number of operations to be
“finished” and ready for shipment to the customer.

2.2 Importance And Objectives
A) Importance
Printing industry is an important aspect of market life. The globalization and
computer applications in various field have created a revolution in printing
industry also. As such the printing becomes more cheaper. Because of
competition also the printing is going cheaper and cheaper.
The wide format printing (flex printing) is so easy to print and cheapest in the
field. Hence it becomes popular. Because of its easy printing low price with
attractive and colourful matters, this industry has a wide scope in business.
The advertising market, now a days, turning over the to flex print rather than
painting, screen printing etc. Because of wide format printing banners of any size
with multicolour printing & with various designs can be prepared. This is the one
of the most important features of flex printing. Also it has an advantage of
protection from rain.
As vinyl (radium) sign business is also going popular because of its special
feature that is sparkling. Generally this is used in name plates, boards etc.
As flex printing and vinyl (radium) sign business needs low space and can be
started anywhere in rural or urban area. Persons having competency in business
field has opportunity of self employment.
Other important features are as follows :-

1. Research guides social and business planning.
2. Aids in prediction.
3. Research brings new knowledge.
4. Removal of ignorance.
5. Removal of superstitions.
6. Analysis of social problems.
7. Satisfaction of intellectual curiosity.
8. Reliable information provider.
9. Scientific study of business and society.
10. Evaluation of projects and plans.
11. Employment opportunity for unemployed persons.
12. A good profitable business.
13. A good support for advertisement market development.
14. A chance of development in our social and economical field.
15. Creation of self- confidence.

B) Objectives
The main objectives of this project are as follows -
1) To study the opportunities for new entrepreneurs in the field of printing.
2) To identify the need of skilled persons.
3) To know the market of flex printing and vinyl (radium) sign.
4) To search the market from where the good equipment needed can be made
easily available with low price.
5) To study the government rules and regulations and policies for starting the
business.
6) Mental preparation for the business.
7) To develop commercial aspects.
8) To know the characteristics of business.
9) To bring to lime light the most accurate information that could have never
been brought to the knowledge under normal course.
10) To analyse the interrelationships between the different variables \ relating to
the subject under study.
11) To diagnose, evaluate and understand the various business problems and
the implications in the working of business house, so that proper decisions
are made and remedial actions are taken to improve their performance.
12) To improve the operating efficiency, productivity, profitability and functioning
of different organization in the society.
13) To contribute to the general funds of knowledge.
C) Positive Aspects
The wide format printing and vinyl (radium) sign business can start anywhere
and has the following positive aspects.
1. We can set our own business hours.
2. The business is of limited workers and hence it has more profit margins.
3. No overhead expenses.
4. Because of its popularity easy marketing.
5. Flex print and vinyl sign is the cheapest one than any other printing or
painting.
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2.3 Flex Printing Process
Inkjet printing on media like flex, vinyl, reflective (Radium) etc. Is similar as in
case of simple inkjet multicolour printer attached to our P.C. However since
the printing involves huge media hence some extra preparations are required
to be done.
We should first ascertain the job to be printed. The job should be feed in the
computer JPEG / TIFF format in our P.C. For operating the digital printing
machine a software provided by the machine manufacturer must be installed in
our P.C. Without the software machine will not operate.
Our data to be printed may be exported to the machine software. We can set
the required size in this programme. After setting the size the data is ready
for printing. Now we should make setting in the machine. Machine may be turn
‘on’. The carriage will take its position. We field the media in required size
we should insure that ink tanks are having sufficient ink. Now we should set the
point were printing will start i.e. required margin on the media may be set. Before
printing we should ensure that of what quality printing is required i.e. 2 pass,
3 pass, 4 pass. No of passes increased will enhance quality, however more
time will be required. Hence according to our requirement number of passes
may be given to the printer. Now we can give command on our computer to print.
The programme will display required time for printing, presented of printing
completed etc.
After completion of printing media may be detached from the machine. Ink will
take 5 to 10 minutes to dry.
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2.4 Strategy about the research of Project.
Research is a systematic investigation which tries to throw light on the fact

which are not known to anybody. The Researcher should possess the necessary
skill and expertise to conduct the research. He should be well ersed with
research methodology. We should employ proper methods and tools for the
collection, record, analysis, interpretation of accurate data. We should plan,
organize and control the entire research process properly.
Research has to be free from personal bias of the researcher. Researcher has
to resist the temptation to seek only that information and data that support his
personal prejudice. He should be totally objectives and impartial during the
conduct of research.
Research is based on factual observation or empirical evidence which the other

observers can see and check. It is not based on speculation. More-over, it
attempts to organise the data in quantitative terms as far as possible.
Conclusions based on recalled or unrecorded data are not trustworthy. Hence

researcher should maintain the systematic record of all the data collected. Such
records forms the basic of research. Researcher will not rely upon the recalled
facts but will analyse the problem on the basis of the recorded data.
Research places emphasis upon the discovery of general principles, scientific

generalizations and evolution of theories that will be helpful in predicting the
future occurrences and guide the future course of action. Its findings and
suggestions should provide solutions to wide range of locial and business.
During the course of research the standard research methodology consisting of

proved methods and procedures is strictly observe for collecting, presenting,
analyzing and interpreting the numerical data and sobservations.
During the conduct of majority of research workers all the related variables
except one are controlled to examine what happen when that variable is varied.
Research is a prolonged pains taking activity which requires lot of patience on the
part of researcher. The research should be straight forward and bold enough to
speak and record the truth. He should not be afraid of unpleasant consequences
of his findings.

Types of Research
The research can be made by different ways. Following are the different
categories of research from various points of views :-
Types of Research
(I) On the basis of (II) On the basis of (III) On the basis of

purpose application character of data
1) Descriptive 1) Pure or Basic 1) Qualifative
2) Exploratory 2) Applied on action 2) Quantitative
3) Explonatory
(IV) On the basis of comparison (V) Other Types

1) Longitudinal 1) Conceptual v/s empirical
2) Comparitive 2) Historical
3) Laboratory
I) On the basis of purpose
1) Descriptive Research
The kind of research merely describe and depicts the current state of affairs
of different variables. The research has no control over these variables.
The best example of descriptive research is census in India.
2) Exploratory Research
The research attempt to gain better understanding of different dimensions
the problem. It studies the subject about which either no information or a little
information is available. In this kind of research the assumption is that the
researcher has little or no knowledge about the problem or situation under
study.
3) Explanatory Research
The kind of research explains the causes of social and economic
phenomena. Describing or exploring the nature of phenomena is one thing
but explaining the causes for the same is its explanatory aspects for eg.
What are the causes for decline in productivity and profitability of a
business.

II) On the basis of application
1) Pure Research
Pure research (which is also known as basic, theoretical or fundamental
research) is mainly concerned with guest for knowledge and knowing more
about the phenomenon without concern for its practical use or application.
2) Applied Research
Applied research (which is also known as action research) always aims of
enriching the application of the theory by discovering various new uses to
which findings of pure research may be put and by showing the
limitations of these findings. It helps to solve many problems faced by the
business and society by using the findings and theories developed by pure
research.
III) On the basis of character of data.
1) Qualitative Research
Qualitative research is concered with qualitative phenomenon which cannot
be expressed in terms of quality. It deals with subjective assessment of
attitude, opinions and behaviour. It describes the reality as experienced by
individuals, groups or communities. It uses the technique of depth interview,
focus group interview and projective technique.
2) Quantitative Research
Quantitative research measures the characteristics which can be
numerically expressed such as turnover, profit, income, expenditure,
costs, exports and so on. It employs various quantitative and statistical
technique to generate, record, analyse and interpret the data.
IV) On the basis of comparisions
1) Longitudinal Research
This kind of research studies variation in the phenomena over a period of
time and makes trend analysis.
2) Comparative Research
In this type of research characteristics of different units, cultural and social
group are studied.

V) On other basis
1) Conceptual vz Empirical Research

Conceptual research deals with some abstract ideas and theories. It is
normally used by philosophers and thinker to develop new concept or to
7varify and interpret existing ones. Empirical research is data based
research. It comes out with conclusions on observed data.
2) Historical Research
This kind of research is based on historical sources of information such as
ancient literature, historical documents leaflets, etc. to analyse and interpret
the events and phenomena in past. It uses either traditional method or
scientific methods.
3) Laboratory Research
The research of this type is confined to laboratory experiments alone. The
Emphasis in such research is to control artificially certain independent
varible so as to observe the interrelationship between remaining varibles
which are left uncontrolled.
The research is careful, systematic, critical and objectives enquiry in some

field of knowledge which aims to discover new facts or to test the old facts by
use of scientific methodology.
Data Collection
The collection of data means a purposive gathering of information relevant
to subject matter of investigation.
Collection of data makes the most important step of any research enquriy
or statistical enquiry. If data collected is not correct, reliable, relevant
and appropriate one cannot obtain valid and useful results from the enquiry.
Collected data makes the pillars for entire structure of research enquiry.
Collection of data requires common sense, experience & knowledge.
To establish a flex print and vinyl (radium) sign business the researcher choose
data collection method for her research.

The data collection can be made as follows :

1) Primary Data
2) Secondary Data
1) Primary Data
The data collected originally by the investigator for his research project is
called Primary Data.
Following are the methods of collecting primary data.
1) Observation Method
2) Interview Method
3) Questionnaire Method
4) Questionnaire sent through enumerators
5) Information from correspondent
2) Secondary Data
When the investigator does not cFollect data originally for research enquriy
uses data already collected and available in published or unpublished form
data is called secondary data. There are various sources from which
secondary data can be collected. The main sources are as follows : -
A) Published Sources
i) Govt.Publication.
ii) Semi Govt. Publication.
iii) Publication of commercial and Financial institutaion.
iv) Publication of universities and research institutions
v) Reports of committees and commissions.
vi) Newspaper and Periodicals.
vii) Publication of International Bodies.
B) Unpublished Sources
All statistical material is not always published. There are various sources of
unpublished data such as records maintained by various government and
post offices, studies made by research institutions, scolcars etc.

C) Website
The published and unpublished or any other information by some persons or
private institutions organization can be collected from the website.
The researcher has visited to RADIANT Sign And Graphics and collected
the information from the Prop. Mr. Pranav Gaud.
The researcher has also given the questionnaire to Mr. Gaud by which some
more information is sought. The researcher has also collected the
information from internet, some books etc. and by observing some other
concerns of the such business.
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2.5 Limitations of The Project
It is essential for every researcher to have some limitations so that the research
can be completed in a good manner and researcher can save time, money and
labour work, also the physical and mental exertion.
If the researcher kept some limitations about the project the researcher can
concentrate on the essential and special aspects of the project, by which it is
easier to complete the project in every respect.
As the researcher has kept the limitations on the project it makes easier to study
and to collect the information about the research work and supported to solve
the problems and objectives. It also makes easier to prepare the commercially
based research project.
As the limitations were fixed, the researcher fixed her mind about using of the
research method and has studied as such.
Because of the limitations of the project it made easier for researcher about all
the aspects i.e. management, sales, purchases, marketing, financial investments
and all other related things.
r r r

Qualities of good researcher are truthfulness, alertness,

moral courage, ability, self motivation and professional ethics.
CHAPTER 3
3.1 Technical and Financial aspect of the Project
3.2 Essential Things for project
3.3 Essential Machinery and Manpower for project
3.4 Purchase Details and Cost Details

a) List of plant and machinery
b) List of raw materials.
3.5 Place of Availability & Types of Machine

3.1 Technical and Financial aspects of the project
Technical For operation of printing machine qualified person

knowing technical things and computer program for
operation of the machine and computer operator
knowing Coral Draw and Photo Shop programmes.
Financial Total cost of the project comes to Rs.31,40,000/- Loan

can be raised from nationalized bank up to 80% of the cost.
Cost of wide format solvent printer 13,00,0000
Cost of vinyl cutting machine 2,00,000
Cost of raw material 1,00,000
(per month)
Utility The project is very useful to the society.

Printing used to be done by painter in 4-5 days can be
printed in min. The cost is very low hence, affordable to
the common man. Due to costly painting we used to avoid
painting of banners etc.
Now cheap printing made it popular in publicity field.
Common man is benefited employment to 8-10 persons
guaranteed. Indirect 10-15 persons are getting employment.

3.2 Essential Things for the Project
Solvent Ink wide format printing project essentially need a printing

machine with peripherals, U.P.S., Computers, A.C. & a space about 300 sq.
to 500 sq. etc. Details are given below :-
1) Area Urban / Rural area (Dist. / Tq. Place)
2) Space 300 to 500 sq.ft.
3) Plant and Machinery Solvent Ink wide format printer,

Vinyl cutting machine,
U.P.S. (5 kv.), Computers , A.C.
4) Raw Materials Media eg. Flex, Vinyl, Reflective etc.

Ink, Solvent.
5) Power 2 K.V. power supply.
6) Water 50 lts. Water for spray.
7) Man Power A. 2 qualified persons to operate the machine.

B. Computer operator knowing Coral Draw and
Photo shop, software, Flexi-sign Pro
(for Vinyl cutting)
C. 2 Attendants for cutting and pasting of
banners.
8) Managment Every business need a body to perform

and mentain the activities of business
in good manner. Management plays
an important role in the business.
Managment needs in every sector of
the business. The manager / proprietor
is the person who manage and perform
the duty to matain the sale - purchase
transactions and quality of the product.
He has to see that there must not
be any waste or must less waste in raw material

and also in production of goods. Also he has to

look after the competition in the market so as
to maintain profitability.
9) Market In metropolitan cities, Big companies are

recustomers. In District and Tq. Places retail
customers eg. Small business houses personal
requirement of customers, political work are the
main sources of work. Seasonal work of
programmes orgainised by social religious
orgainsations and exhibitions are also available.
10) Licenses / Permissions For commencement of project no specific

license or permission required.
Shop license issued by municipalty is essential
for the project opened in municipal limits.
WAT registration is essential if the turn over
cross the limit.
r r r

Wide Format Solvant Printer
Vinyl Cutting Machine
Computer
Computer

Flex, Vinyl, Radium

Ink / Solvent

3.3 Essential Machinery and Manpower for project
Discription of No. of Use of Power Size of Price

Machinery Labour Machinery Required Machine
Wide format
Solvant Printer 1 Printing 3 KVA 16’ x 3’ 13 lakh
Vinyl (Radium) 1 Cutting 2 lakh
cutting machine
Computer, 2 For operating 700 VA 50 Thou.
Scanner machinery and 15 Thou.
Design Making

3.4 Purchase Details and Cost Details
A) List of Plant And Machinery
Sr. No. Particulars
1. Wide format solvent Printer.

2. Vinyl cutting machine
3. Computer
4. Scanner
5. UPS
6. A.C.
B) List of Raw Materials
Sr. No. Particulars
1. Flex
2. Ink
3. Vinyl
4. Solvent
5. Tools and spars

Types of Machine
There are various type of models of flex printing machines with various specifications and sizes.




C) Cost Details of Plant Machinery
Sr. No. Particulars Amount
1. Wide format solvent Printer 13,00,000 = 00

2. Vinyl (Radium) cutting machine 2,00,000 = 00
3. Computer 50,000 = 00
4. Scanner 15,000 = 00
5. U.P.S. 1,00,000 = 00
6. A.C. 35,000 = 00
Total 17,00,000 = 00
D) Cost Details of Raw Materials
Sr. No. Particulars Amount
1. Flex 75,000 = 00
2. Ink 10,000 = 00
3. Solvent 5000 = 00
4. Vinyl 10,000 = 00
Total 1,00,000 = 00

3.5 Place of Availability
Sr. No. Particulars Place of Availability
1. Wide format solvent Printer Ahmadabad

2. Vinyl Cutting Machine Ahmadabad
3. Computer Akola
4. U.P.S. Akola
5. A.C. Akola
6. Scanner Mumbai, Akola
7. Tools and spars Ahmadabad
8. Flex Mumbai
9. Vinyl Mumbai
10. Ink Mumbai
11. Solvent Mumbai

Research in commerce and management is an applied social research

which aids in managerial decision making to solve the problems and
enhance the operating efficiency of organisations.
CHAPTER 4
4.1 Names & Address of the Suppliers of
Plant & Machinery & Raw Material
4.2 Names & Address of the Authority

Iussuing License
4.3 Collection of Capital by Various Sources

with Government Subsidies
4.4 Profitability
4.5 Estimated Expenditure of the Project

4.1 Names & Address of the Suppliers of Plant

& Machinery & Raw Material
A) Plant and Machinery , Raw materials and spares and tools

B) Other Equipments
A) Plant and Machinery
1) Paras Auto Enterprise

Corporate Office :- Madhav Compex, Opp. City Puis Cenena,
Raipur, Ahmedabad.
2) Mehta CAD CAM SYSTEMS PVT. LTD.,

485, Sumel Complex, Opp. GNFC Info Tower,
Near Taj Moton, Sarkhej- Gandhi Nagar, Higway Road,
Ahmedabad (Gujrat State)
3) APSOM INFOTECH LTD.

A-53, Okhla Industrial Area, Phase - II, New Delhi.
4) APSOM TECHNOLOGIES (INDIAN) PVT. LTD.

H.O. - P-25, Laxmi Industrial Estate, New Link Road,
Andheri West, Mumbai.
5) YISHAN DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY (HONG KONG) CO. LTD.

Room 1202, Capital Centre, 5-19, Jardine’s Bazaar
Causeway Bay- Hongkong.
6) Siare Technologies
15, 1st Floor, BJS Main Road, End,
Opp. MICCO Bank Gate,
Wilson gardon, Bangalore, (Karnatka State)
B) Other Equipment
1) Computer, Scanner, U.P.S. , A.C.

v ZENITH COMPUTERS
Opp. L.R.T. College of Commerce, Akola.
v MATRIX COMPUTERS
Near Dr. Sardesai’s Hospital, Ratanlal Plot, Akola.
v AGRAWAL ENTERPRISES
Z. P. Road, Akola.
c) A.C.
v NISHANT ELECTRONIX,
Nishant Tower, M.G. Road, Akola.
v MITTAL ELECTRONIX
Ratanlal Plot, Akola.
r r r

4.2 Names & Address of the Authority Iussuing License
1. Corporation for issuing shop act lisence.

Gandhi Chowk, Akola.
2. Sales Tax office for issuing lisence about sales tax / VAT.
Near bypass Nimwadi, Akola.
r r r

4.3 Collection of Capital By Various sources with

Govt. Subsidies
Finance is the blood of any industrial or commercial concerns. It is the

essential need for starting any business. Without finance no any business
can progress. Even the small scale industry can’t run without finance.
It plays the important role in business transactions. The finance or capital raising
may be done by following media.
1. DIC (District Industrial Center)
2. Bank
3. Private financial compains.
4. Money lenders.
5. Finance from own fund.
6. Finance from relatives etc.
1. DIC
For starting our business we can apply to DIC (i.e.Govt. undertaking) by giving
our details about the project. On scrutiny of the application and our project
details DIC (govt.) provides bank loan by sending the proposal to the bank. The
Govt. provides the infrastructure facility to the business. Govt. also provides the
subsidies near about 20 to 30 percent on the business cost or on our
requirement taking in to consideration the strategy and development of
business.
Different schemes and policies are adopted by the Govt. for unemployed
persons to get them self employed by way of giving financial assistance
through bank.
2. Bank
For any business the finance is essential. The business needs the finance in very
large scale, hence many of the businessman approaches various financial
institutions bank is one of them. Bank provides loan to the business man by
various ways i.e. on mortgage of land and building, cash credit facility or loan in
person, on minimum interest. Bank also provides minimum installment facility
to repay the loan. Hence the businessman start their business or develop their
business in good manner.

3. Private Financial Companies
The private financial companies or institutions also provides finance to the

business by looking into the condition of the owner and development of the
business. But the finance provided by the financial institutions charge more
interest than bank.
4. Money Lenders
As every businessman needs finance he has to approach to bank financial

institutions etc. But when the bank or other financial institutions can’t provide or
avoid to provide the finance to a certain limit, the businessman has to approach
the money lenders. Money lenders can provide finance in large scale also with
less paper work. But they charge more by bank and financial institutions. To the
developing businessman the interest rate is not important one as he is in need of
money . As the money lender provide loans on less paperwork it is the advantage
to the businessman and they seems to ready to take loan from these money
lenders by paying high rate of interest than bank. The money lenders provide
the finance by giving some attraction that is to provide the finance in simple
manner, less paper work and without security of wealth.
5. Finance from Own Fund
The businessman can start his business by funding from his own source.
So that he has to take very low finance from the financial institutions.
6. Finance from Relatives
The businessman who does not want to take financial assistance from bank
or other institutions because he has to pay the interest on it. They approach to
their relatives to assist them in their business. Because of relation the
businessman need not worry about paying the interest or pay very low interest.
When the business is on progress or on development and banks or financial

institutions are unable to provide the finance then businessman approaches to
the relatives to finance in such emergency period. The relatives also assist the
businessman looking to the progress and provides assistance without any
security and without any interest.

4.4 Profitability
Every businessman starts his business with a moto to gain good income from the
business hence, he always tries how the gain or profit increases. For that he
has to analyze the cost of project and finished product. The main elements of
this project are :
1. Wide Format solvent Printer
2. Vinyl cutting machine
3. Computers
4. UPS
5. A.C. etc.
The main elements for cost of element for the cost of finished product are :
1) raw material i.e. flex, vinyl, ink
2) Labour 3) Other related direct or indirect expenses.
When the businessman starts his business he has to look first that how the cost
of the project comes low. For that he tries to purchase the machinery and other
equipment at lower cost by calling tenders, quotations or personal visit to
wholesaler or company etc. Also, for the finished products he tries to purchase
raw material by calling tenders, quotations or personal visit to the wholesaler.
When the businessman actual starts for the production he also look forward to
minimise direct and indirect expenses like labour and other services such as
power, water, telephone, posters, conveyance, Travelling and other misc. expenses
to earn more profit.
For the present project the initial investment is for land and building and
machinery & other equipment. The researcher will have to invest near about
2,00,000 for furniture fixtures and spares and tools.
For the working capital, there should be investment of Rs. 1,50,000 p.m. for raw
material, (flex, vinyl ink etc.) labors, services and other expenses.
For all above investment the researcher will invest an amount of 10,90,000
for land, building. For the investment of plant & machinery and other expenses
(raw material etc.) researcher will borrow an amount of Rs.20,00,000 from bank.

After the initial investment researcher will look forward to market the finished
product i.e. flex printing and vinyl (radium) sign business i.e. number plates,
radium boards etc.
The researcher expect the cost per sq,ft. for finished product (flex printing etc.) is
Rs. 5 per sq.ft. ( details – Rs. 3.25 for flex, Rs 0.75 for ink, Rs. 1 for misc = Rs. 5).
Researcher expect the sell of the flex printing a minimum of 1600 sq. ft. per day.
Now for the profitability by taking into consideration all the other direct
and indirect expenses for the business and interest on borrowings. The researcher
will sell the finished product @ Rs. 7.50 per sq.ft.
r r r

4.5 Estimated Expenditure for the Project
From the following tables all the detail information about cost of the project
and profitability can be sought which are prepared for a financial year.
1) Capital Expenditure
A) Land & Building
a) Land -
(minimum area 700 sq.ft.) Rs. 1200 per sq.ft. 8,40,000 = 00
b) Building
(minimum area 500 sq.ft.) Rs. 500 per sq.ft. 2,50,000 = 00
Total A 10,90,000 = 00
B) Plant & Machinery
1. Wide Format Solvent Printer 13,00,000 = 00

2. Vinyl Cutting Machine 2,00,000 = 00
3. U.P.S. 1,00,000 = 00
4. Computers (two in number) 50,000 = 00
5. Air conditioner 35,000 = 00
6. Scanner 15,000 = 00
Total B 17,00,000 = 00
C) Furniture & Fixture
1. Office Funiture 50,000 = 00

2. Rack / Almari 25,000 = 00
3. Computer Table / Chairs 15,000 = 00
4. Electrical Fitting, Fans etc. 10,000 = 00
Total C 1,00,000 = 00

D) Spares & Tools 1,00,000 = 00
Total D 1,00,000 = 00
Total Capital Expenditure 29,90,000 = 00

(A+B+C+D)
2) Working Capital (per month)
A) Raw Material (Flex, vinyl, ink) 1,00,000 = 00

B) Labour / operator charges 13,000 = 00
C) Services 37,000 = 00
Total Working Capital 1,50,000 = 00

Machinery / Assets
Sr No. Discription Quantity Cost per head Amount in total
1. Wide format 1 13,00,000 = 00 13,00,000 = 00

solvent printer
2. Vinyl Cutting 1 2,00,000 = 00 2,00,000 = 00
Machine
3. UPS 1 1,00,000 = 00 1,00,000 = 00
4. Computer 2 25,000 = 00 50,000 = 00
5. Air conditioner 1 35,000 = 00 35,000 = 00
6. Scanner 1 15,000 = 00 15,000 = 00
Total 17,00,000 = 00
Services
Sr.No. Discription per month Per Annum
1. Power 4,000-00 48,000-00

2. Water 100-00 1,200-00
3. Telephone 1,000-00 12,000-00
4. Postage 200-00 2,400-00
5. Statinery / Printing 200-00 2,400-00
6. Travelling Exp. 2,000-00 24,000-00
7. Carraing Exp. 2,000-00 24,000-00
8. Misc. Exp. 2,000-00 24,000-00
9. Interest 24,000-00 2,88,000-00
10. Conveyance 1,500-00 18,000-00
Total 37,000-00 4,44,000-00

Working Capital
Sr.No. Particulars per month Per Annum
1. Raw Material 1,00,000-00 12,00,000-00

2 Labour ./ Operator 13,000-00 1,56,000-00
charges
3 Services 37,000-00 4,44,000-00
Total 1,50,000-00 18,00,000-00
Total Expenditure of the project ( for starting the business)
Sr.No. Particulars Amount
1. Land & Building 10,90,000-00

2. Plant & Machinery 17,00,000-00
3. Furniture & Fixture 1,00,000-00
4. Spares & Tools 1,00,000-00
5. Working capital (for the month) 1,50,000-00
Total 31,40,000-00

Sale Details (per month)
1. Flex prtint & Vinyl (radium) Sign1,31,250-00
Approx sale of
Flex print / Vinyl (Radium) sign. 700 sq. ft. perday
@ Rs. 7.50 sq.ft. (and the sale of 25 days is taken in to consideration for
the month)
Capital Raising
1. Own Capital (Proprietors Capital) 11,00,000 = 00

2. Bank loan 20,00,000 = 00
Total 31,00,000 = 00

Trading & Profit and loss Account for the year
Particulars Amount Particulars Amount
Opening stock - Sale 20,25,000 = 00

(Raw Material)
Purchases 15,00,000 = 00 Closing stock 1,50,000 = 00

(Raw Material)
Gross Profit 6,75,000 = 00
21,75,000 = 00 21,75,000 =00
Gross Profit 6,75,000 = 00
Power 48,000 = 00
Water 1,200 = 00
Telephone 12,000 = 00
Postage 2,400 = 00
Statonery/Printing 2,400 = 00
Travelling Exp. 24,000 = 00
Carraige Exp. 24,000 = 00
Misc 24,000 = 00
Interest 2,88,000 = 00
Conveyenee 18,000 = 00
Labour/ Machine
Operator charges 1,56,000 = 00
Net Profit 75,000 = 00
(transfer
To Proprietor’s
Capital A/C)
6,75,000 = 00 6,75,000 = 00

Balance Sheet for the year ended on ...........
Funds & liabilities Amount Property & Assets Amount
Propritors Capital11,00,000=00 Immovable properties

Add: Net profit 75,000=00 11,75,000=00 Land 8,40,000=00
Building 2,50,000=00
Loans & Advances Movable Property

Bank Loan 20,00,000=00 a) Plant & Machinery
wide format solvent 13,00,000=00
printer
Other liabilities --- Vinyl Cutting Machine 2,00,000=00

U.P.S. 1,00,000=00
Computers 50,000=00
A.C. 35,000=00
Scanner 15,000=00
b) Furniture & fixture 10,00,000=00
c) Spares & Tools 1,00,000=00
Other assets ------
Closing stock 1,50,000=00
Closing Balance
Cash in hand ---
Cash at Bank 35,000=00
31,75,000=00 3,17,5000=00
From the above tables i.e. in trading & profit & loss A/c and Balance sheet we
get clear idea about the profitability and financial position about the business.

Ratios
From the trading and profit & loss account we can see the various ratios as
follows :
1) Gross Profit Ratio = Gross Profit
x 100
Sale
= 6,75,000
x 100
20,25,000
= 33.33 %
2) Net Profit Ratio = Net Profit

x 100
Sale
= 75,000
x 100
20,25,000
= 3.70 %
3) Operating Exp. Ratio = Operating Exp.

x 100
Sale
= 6,00,000
x 100
20,25,000
= 29.62 %
4) Operating Ratio = Cost of goods sold + Operating Exp.

x 100
Sale
= 13,50,000 + 6,00,000
x 100
20,25,000
= 96.29
(Cost of goods sold = Opening stock + purchases - closing stock

= Nil + 15, 00,000 - 1,50,000
= 13,50,000 )

Research can be seen as a process consisting of a series of

linked activities moving from a beginning to an end.
CHAPTER 5
Conclusions
Questionnaire
Bibliography

l Conclusions
As per the stydy of the project, Researcher here by concludes that :-
1) The business of flex printing and Vinyl / Radium cutting is totally based on
digital technology.
2) Computers are must for the business.
3) Business can be started in rorual or urban area.
4) The business can be started anywhere that is without market area also.
5) The business can also be strated at our own home if there is minimum space
of 400 to 600 ft.
6) The business can be started with imited workers. If the persons in the family
are with the education in computer field no need to appoint compute opertors.
7) Less need of special marketing.
8) No need of special advertisement as it needs much less advertisement.
9) No need to kept ready the finishes goods as the business is on demand only.
10) As there is no need to kept ready to finished goods hence there is no loss of
our raw material.
11) It takes very low time for its preparation than any other prining or painting
hence saves the time.
12) Attractive and multicolour printing could be done with low price than any
other printing business.
13) Family person can be also help in the business.
14) Students who are in the field of computer education has scpoe in the
business.
r r r

l Questionnaire
1) What is the reason for you to start this business.
2) What is the minimum space / area for the starting the business .
3) What are the requirments to that the business.
4) What type of machinery and raw matarial is essential for the business.
5) How much finanance needs for the business.
6) Availability of finanance for the business.
7) From where the machinery and raw material can be purchase.
8) Minimum requirement of stock and raw material.
9) Minimum requirement of worker to be appointed .
10) Does it needs marketing?
11) Does it needs advertisement ?
12) What is the scope for the business.
13) What will be the minimum sale it me start the busniess today.
14) What is the expenditure for the business.
15) Do you keep the accounts or record of sale & purchase.
16) What is your annaul income and expenditure.
17) What is salary of employes / workers.
18) What are the other expenses (service etc.) for the business.
19) How much time needed for developing of the business.
20) What are the names & addresses of suppliers of machinery & raw material.
21) What type of license are necessary to start the business from whom the can
obtained?
22) Are the any training centres at Akola or near by ? If not where they are ?

l Bibligraphy
1) Project Report
Himalya Publishing House, Nagpur.
2) Research Methodology
Dr. P. M. Herekar
Phadke Prakashan
3) Internate
4) ñd`§amoOJma_mJ©X{e©H$m
CX²`{_Vm{dH$mgHo$ÝÐ
_Ü`àXoe(goS>_¡n)
r r r

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Project on Flex Printing & Vinyl, Radium Cutting

Prof. L.R. Sharma Prof. L. R. Sharma

The Berar General Education Society’s

Recognized by Government of Maharashtra & Affiliated to

Smt. L.R.T. College of Commerce, Akola

Prof. L.R. Sharma Prof. L. R. Sharma

The Berar General Education Society’s

Recognized by Government of Maharashtra & Affiliated to

Smt. L.R.T. College of Commerce, Akola

Sant Gadge Baba

Smt. L.R.T. College of Commerce, Akola

The Berar General Education Society’s

Prof. L.R. Sharma Prof. L. R. Sharma

Place : Akola Dr. S. G. Chapke

Smt. L.R.T. College of Commerce, Akola

Smt. L.R.T. College of Commerce, Akola

Miss. Renuka S. Ghadyalji

Smt. L.R.T. College of Commerce, Akola

PARTICULARS PAGE NO.

3.1 Technical and Financial aspect of the Project 20

This is to certify that

Place : Akola Pranav Goud

Smt. L.R.T. College of Commerce, Akola

4.1 Names & Address of the Suppliers of 27

4.2 Names & Address of the Authority Iussuing License 29

4.3 Collection of Capital by Various Sources with 30

4.5 Estimated Expenditure of the Project 34

1.2 Selection of Project

1.3 History of Printing

1.4 History of Flexography

1.5 History of Digital Pringing Technology

Because of the globalization and new techniques in industries in various sectors

From various small scale industries / business “Printing” is one of them.

Printing technologies were developed during 19th century. Slow developments

Simple idea of to make printing of big sized, revolutionalised the computer

Smt. L.R.T. College of Commerce, Akola 1

prints from negatives become obsulete.

Smt. L.R.T. College of Commerce, Akola 2

1.2 Selection of Project

Traditional business / industry projects are common in students community.

Smt. L.R.T. College of Commerce, Akola 3

1.3 History of the Printing

Printing methods were invented in 17th century. Development in education and

Printing process was clumsy. Types were required to be set

Traditional business / industry projects are common in students community.

Assembling of machines in China made machines cheaper and affordable in

Smt. L.R.T. College of Commerce, Akola 4

1.4 History of Flexograhy

Smt. L.R.T. College of Commerce, Akola 5

1.5 History of Digital Printing Technology

Smt. L.R.T. College of Commerce, Akola 6

The researcher needs to select and formulate a problem

2.2 Importance and Objectives

2.3 Process of Flex Printing

2.4 Strategy about the Research of project

2.5 Limitations of The Project.

Smt. L.R.T. College of Commerce, Akola

Flexography is a form of printing process which utilises a flexible relief plate. It is

In contrast to offset printing which is a planographic printing technique in which

Smt. L.R.T. College of Commerce, Akola 7

The major unit operations in a flexographic printing operation are :-

Below is a process flow diagram for flexographic Printing.

Press Cleaning Binding and

Smt. L.R.T. College of Commerce, Akola 8