1

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Brief explanation of Baby incubator
Every year, about 1 million infants in the developing world die due to prematurity
complications. Premature infants are born before the organs are mature enough to allow
normal postnatal survival. As the premature infants are at risk to develop hypoxia,
hypothermia and many other associated adverse conditions, they need special care and
attention. One of the major problems that newborns face is improper thermoregulation. The
temperature inside the mothers womb is 38C (100.4F). Leaving the warmth of the womb
at birth, the wet new born finds itself in a much colder environment and immediately starts
losing heat.
In the first 10-20 minutes, the new born who is not thermally protected may lose enough heat
for the body temperature to fall by 2-4C (3.6-7.2F), with even greater falls in the following
hours if proper care is not given. If heat loss is not prevented and is allowed to continue, the
baby will develop hypothermia and is at increased risk of developing health problems and of
death. Therefore an infant incubator is necessary which attempts to create the necessary
environment for the babys survival. This device may include an ac-powered heater, a fan to
circulate the warmed air, a container for water to add humidity, a control valve for oxygen
Supply, an Alarm system and access ports for nursing care.
The first incubator was developed in 1857 named warm wnnaen. In 1833, Pierre-VictorAdolph published an account of another incubator, developed by Etienne Stephane Tarnier
for use of enormous Paris Maternity named converse. In 1891 reports came of a new
incubator design in France, designed by Alexander Lion of Nice. Today developments are
still constantly underway to try and create an ever more womb like environment; controlling
oxygen levels and other vital systems, with an array of sensors, monitors and alarms.
There are different types of incubator such as Open box type incubator, Close type incubator,
manually controlled incubator, Servo controlled incubator and Transport incubator.

1.2 DESIGN, DEVELOPMENT AND PERFORMANCE

The temperature of the baby incubator needs to be maintained at a constant level of
37oC. A temperature indicator together with an alarm for accidental failures is also needed.
This was the main challenge of the present work. We first designed a simple ON-OFF
temperature control system which
Did not appear to be satisfactory. Thereafter we designed and developed an enhanced
temperature control system which had a combination of a Pulse Width Modulation control
and an ON-OFF temperature control system. The performance of this combined system was
satisfactory. We have also designed a temperature indicator using a simple milli-voltmeter by
liberalizing the performance of thermistor in the range of temperature 30-40 oC. This system
also incorporates high temperature (38oC) and low temperature (25oC) alarm for medical
attention in the case of accidental failure of the temperature regulation system.

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
The purpose of this chapter is to review the available literature on Baby incubator
temperature monitoring and control. An intensive literature review was carried out to keep
abreast with the latest development in baby incubator. The work done at both international
and domestic levels is reviewed. Research work being carried in various academic
institution is also considered.

2.1 AUTHORS
2.1 .1AUTHOR: Chandra Shekrah Godiwal
TITLE: Temperature and Humidity controller for infant incubator.
This is the related project which consists of 3 switches (mode, increment, and
decrement). A system continuously displays the humidity, body temperature, water chamber
temperature on the LCD Display. In this project, if the incubator goes hot above the
predefined values then the fan is switched ON. If the incubator temperature goes very cold
then the bulb is switched ON. If the humidity is increased then the water heated is switched
ON until the temperature reaches the desired value.
This project lacks the Alarm system and oxygen control valve. Due to lack of alarm system
this incubator cannot be able to draw attention to the medical attendant by calling them
whenever the system fails or crossed the set limit. The alarm system in our project has
designed in such a way that when the temperature of the incubator goes above 38 oc degree
centigrade or goes below 25oC degree centigrade

the alarm will ring to call the medical

attendant for taking care. Also the oxygen control valve was designed in our project so as to
ensure the supply of oxygen to a baby when there is insufficient amount of oxygen.

2.1.2AUTHOR: Suswetha Parisineti, Eswavan.P

TITLE: Design and Development of Fault Tolerant Control system for an
infant incubator.
This paper proposed the design and implementation of real time monitoring of an
infant incubator, based on sensor fault tolerant control system using a PIC microcontroller,
temperature and humidity are two parameters considered for the design infant incubator.

This is the related paper which have LEDs (4 green and 4 reds), Red LED glows
indicating the failure operation and the Green LEDs glows indicating the correct and safe
operation. This paper also lacks the alarm system for safety measure to insure the safety of
the baby by calling the attention of medical personnel when he/she is out of the room
whenever the system failure or crossed the set limits.

2.2 WHO NEED THE INCUBATOR?

Temperature regulation is one of the most important factors affecting survival in newborn
infants.

Premature infants are at an even greater disadvantage because of the larger skin surface
area to body mass ratio, decreased subcutaneous fat, and low supplies of brown fat. Also the
normal surge in metabolic rate that occurs after birth is reduced in preterm infant, resulting

in limited heat production.

In developing countries, neonatal complications including prematurity and low birth
weight are common and thus the use of infants incubators may considerably contribute to
reducing infant mobility and mortality. Unfortunately, the limited access to modern, high
tech incubators, along with the lack of infrastructure and replacement parts render such
devices worthless in these regions.

2.2.1 WHY INCUBATOR?

Infants typically lose heat to their environment in four different ways; through conduction,

convection, radiation and evaporation.

Premature brain cannot provide adequate temperature regulation.
Studies have shown that creating an environment of ideal temperature for infants increases

the survival rate.

One of the very first incubators, inverted by StephaneTarnier in the late 19 thcentury,
reported reduced mortality among infants with weights between 1200 and 2000g from 66%
to 38%.

2.3 TYPES OF INCUBATORS

2.3.1 GIRAFFE INCUBATOR

Fig 2.1: Giraffe Incubator

Most recent product of GE Health care

Advantages:

Precise temperature control

Minimize external stress such as light, sound and touch.
Built in scale
X-ray can be taken from the canopy
Built in rotating mattress and for pressure point released(patented baby Susan)
Humidifier tested to avoid the spread of pseudomonas aeruginosa (Common pathogen
linked to use of ambient relative humidity).
Disadvantages:

Needs professional personnel: Need to take a class provided by GE in order to be qualified

to use the incubator.

Very expensive: $30,000-40,000

2.3.2 CAR PART INCUBATOR

Fig 2.2: Car Part Incubator

Center for Integration of Medicine & Innovative Technology (CIMIT) Global
Health Initiative and Design that Matters project from 2008
Made from:

External metal and windows

Heater and fan system
Battery
Light and alarm system

2.3.3 HOW IT WORKS:

Automotive parts are capable of being repurposed to produce heat, light, air convection, a
power reservoir, as well as auditory and visual alarms.
Advantages:

Made from readily available parts

Moderately cheap ($1,000)
Glass is more baby safe.
Disadvantages:

Difficult to assemble
New design with no study on infection rates
No sleeves for contract with the infants No fine temperature control

2.3.4 HEBI (HEMEL BABY INCUBATOR)

Advantages:

Relatively cheap(about $600USD)

Reliable (oldest incubators are still operational no any serious maintenance)
Includes hygrometer for humidity control
Excellent infection control
Sleeves for unlimited contract
Assembly takes only about an hour for an untrained person
Disadvantages:

Does not have a motor

No fine temperature control
Consumes 150watt/hr.
Must be shipped by plane for Amsterdam airport
Diagram:

Fig 2.3: Hemmel Baby Incubator

First built in Uganda in 1968. About 25 new incubators are supplied each year, and
the basic model comes as a construction kit. They are manufactured with aid from many
sponsors.

Made from:

Light bulbs
Container to hold water( humidity)
Thermostat
Perplex and wood
How it works:

Light bulbs heat air in the bottom part of the incubator. The air passes over a container with
evaporating water, so that its humidity increases. The warm, humid air then flows upwards
(chimney effects) into the baby compartment. A thermostat in an exit hole compares the air
temperature with the desired temperature. If it is too high, the light bulbs will be switched
off. If it is too low, the bulbs will be switched on. The baby can be viewed through perplex
and it can be handled via two air holes with sleeves. The perplex front and top can be hinged
back for full access.

2.3.4 KANGAROO MOTHER CARE

Started in Bogota, Columbia

Advantages:

Allows interact with mother

Allows early and exclusive breast feeding
Psychological and mental support between mother and baby
Babies stabilize faster on skin to skin care
Free
Disadvantages:

Increase risk of infection disease due to mother infant contact

Cumbersome for the mother
Cannot get a full naked view of the baby

Diagram:

Fig 2.4: Kangaroo mother care

2.4 COMPERISON OF INCUBATORS

Specification

Car part
Giraffe

Cheap
Preventing infection
Easy to use
Infant visibility
Accuracy of temperature
control
Low maintenance

Incubator

X
X

HE
BI

Kangaroo

Our project

Tab 2.1: Comparison of Incubator

10

CHAPTER 3
COMPONENT DISCRIPTION AND LIST OF COMPOENTS
USED
(3.1) LISTOFCOMPONENTSUSED
S.NO
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

EQUIPMENT
IC 8051
Relay
Transformer
Voltage Regulator
2Line LCD display
Servo Motor
Crystal Oscillator
Switch
Oxygen control valve
Resistors(220,4.7K,10K)
Capacitor(3.3pf,ceramic disk)
Diode
Alarm system
PCB
Variable resistor
40 Pin IC Base

QUANTITY
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
10
2
4
1
1
1
1

11

Tab 3.1: List of components

3.2 COMPONENTS DESCRIPTIONS

3.2.1. MICRO-CONTROLLER 8051
The IC8051 is a low-power; High-performance CMOS8-bit
microcomputer with 4 bytes of Flash programmable and erasable read only
memory (PEROM). The device is manufactured using Atmels high-density
nonvolatile

memory

technology

and

is

compatiblewiththeindustry-

standardMCS-51 instruction stand pin out. The on- chip Flash allows the
program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional
nonvolatile memory programmer.

12

Fig No. 3.1: Pin Diagramof8051

By

combining

versatile

8-bit

CPU

with

Flash

on

monolithic

chip,

theAtmelIC8051isapowerfulmicrocomputer which provides a highly-flexible and costeffective solution to many embedded control applications.TheIC8051provides the following
standard features:4Kbytes of Flash,128bytesofRAM,32I/O lines,two16-bittimer/counters, a
five vector two-level interrupt architecture, full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator and
clock

circuitry.Inaddition,theIC8051isdesignedwithstaticlogicforoperationdownto

zero

frequency and supports two software selectable empower saving modes. The Idle Mode
stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and interrupt system to
continue functioning.

3.2.2 PROCESSOR
A processors an electronic device capable of manipulating data in a
way specified by a sequence of instructions.

INSTRUCTIONS
Instructions in a computer are binary numbers just like data. Different numbers, when
read and executed by a processor, cause different things to happen. The instructions are also
called op codes or machine codes.
Different bit patterns activator deactivated if deferent parts of the processing core. Every
processor has its own instruction set varying in number, bit pattern and functionality.

PROGRAM
The sequence of instructions is what constitutes a program. The sequence of
instructions may be altered to suit the application.

ASSEMBLYLANGUAGE
Writing and understanding such programs In binary or hexadecimal form is very

13

difficult, so each instructions is given a symbolic notation in English language called as

mnemonics. A program written in mnemonics Form is called an assembly language
program. But it must be converted into machine language for execution by processor.

ASSEMBLER
An assembly language program should be converted to machine language for
execution by processor. Special software called ASSEMBLER converts a program written
in mnemonics to its equivalent machine opcodes.

HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGE

A high level language like C may be used to write programs for processors .Software
called compiler converts this high level language program down to machine code. Ease of
programming and portability.

3.2.3. PIN DESCRIPTION

VCC (Pin 40)
Provides voltage to the chip. +5V

GND (Pin 20)

Ground

XTAL1 (Pin 19) and XTAL2 (Pin18)

CrystalOscillatorconnectedtopins18, 19. Twocapacitorsof30pFvalue.Timefor one
machine cycle:11.0592/12=1.085secs

14

Fig 3.2: reset

15

RST (Pin 9)
REST PIN
1. Active high. On applying a high pulse to this pin, microcontroller will reset and
terminate all activities.
2. INPUT pin
3. Minimum2machine cycles required to make RESET
4. Value of registers after RESET

External Access: EA 31
Connected to VCC for on chip ROM
Connected to Ground for external ROM containing the code Input Pin
Program Store Enable: PSEN 29
Output Pin
In case of external ROM with code it is connected to the OE pin of the ROM

Address Latch Enable: ALE 30

Output Pin. Active high
In case of external ROM, ALE is used to DE multiplex (PORT0) the address
and data bus by connecting to the G pinof74LS373chip

I/O Port Pins and their Functions:

Four ports P0, P1, P2, P3 with 8 pins each, making a total of 32 input/output
pins
On RESET all ports are configured as output. They need to be programmed to
make them function as inputs

PORT 0
Pins 32-39
Can be used as both Input and Output
External pull up resistorsof10K need to be connected

16

Dual role: 8051 multiplexes address and data through port 0 to save pins .AD0AD7
ALE is used to de multiplex data and address.

PORT 1
Pins 1 through 8
Both input and output
No dual function
Internal pull up registers
On RESET configured as output

PORT 2
Pins 21 through 28
No external pull up resistor required
Both input and output
Dual Function: AlongwithPort0 usedtoprovidethe16-Bitaddress for
External memory address A8-A16

PORT 3
Pins 10 through 17
No external pull up resistors required

17

3.2.4. PROCESSORARCHITECTURE

Fig No. 3.3: Block Diagram of Microcontroller

18

ALU
The Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) performs the internal arithmetic manipulation of data
line processor. The instructions read and executed by the processor decide the operations
performed by the ALU and also control the flow of data between registers and ALU.
Operations performed by the ALU are Addition, Subtraction, Not, AND, NAND, OR, NOR,
XOR, Shift Left/Right, Rotate Left/right, Compare etc. Some ALU supports Multiplication
and Division. Operands are generally transferred from two registers or from one register and
memory

location

to

ALU

data

inputs.

The

theoperationistheplacedbackintoagivendestinationregisterormemorylocation

result
from

of
ALU

output.

REGISTERS
Registers are the internal storage for the processor. The number of registers varies
significantly between processor architectures.

WORKING REGISTERS
Temporary storage during ALU Operations and data transfers.

INDEX REGISTERS
Point stop memory addresses.

STATUS REGISTERS
Stores the current status of various flags denoting conditions resulting from

various

operations.

CONTROL REGISTERS
Contains configuration bits that affect processor operation and the operating
modes of various internal subsystems.

MEMORY
Memory is used to hold data and program for the processor.

19

SRAM
Volatile, fast, low capacity, expensive, requires lesser external support circuitry.

DRAM
Volatile, relatively slow, highest capacity needs continuous refreshing. Hence
require external circuitry.

OTPROM
Onetime programmable, used for shipping in final products.

EPROM
Erasable programmable, UV Erasing, Used for system development and
debugging.

EEPROM
Electrically erasable and programmable, can be erased programmed in- circuit,
Used for storing system parameters.

FLASH
Electrically programmable &erasable, large capacity, organized as sectors.

BUSES
A bus is a physical group of signal lines that have a related function. Buses allow
for the transfer of electrical signals between different parts of the processor.
Processor buses are of three types:
Data bus
Address bus
Control bus

CONTROLLERLOGIC
Processor brain decodes instructions and generate control signal for various sub
units. It has full control over the clock distribution unit of processor.

20

I/O Peripherals
The I/O devices are used by the processor to communicate with the external
world

Parallel Ports.
Serial Ports.

3.2.5. VOLAGE REGULATOR

Voltage regulator ICs are available with fixed (typically5, 12and15V) or variable
output voltages. The maximum current they can pass also rates them. Negative voltage
regulators are available, mainly for use in dual supplies. Most regulators include some
automatic protection from excessive current (overload protection) and overheating (thermal
protection). Many of fixed voltage regulatorICshas3leads. They include a hole for attaching
a heat sink if necessary.

Fig No. 3.4: 7805 Voltage Regulator

DESCRIPTION
Thesevoltageregulatorsaremonolithiccircuitintegratedcircuitdesignedasfixed voltage
regulators for a wide variety of applications including local, on card regulation.
These regulators employ internal current limiting, thermal shut down, and safe-are a
compensation.
With adequate heat sinking they can deliver output current in excessof1.0 A. Although
designed primarily as a fixed voltage regulator, these devices can be used with external
components to obtain adjustable voltage and current.

21

FEATURES
Output current in Excessof1.0 A
No external component required
Internal thermal overload protection
Internal short circuit current limiting
Output transit or safe-area compensation
Output voltage offered in 2% and 4%tolerance
Available in surface mount D2PAK and standard 3-lead transistor packages
Previous commercial temperature range has been extended to a junction
temperature range of -40degree C to+125 degree C.

3.2.6. LCD DISPLAY

This is the first inter facing example for the Parallel Port. We will start
with something simple. This example doesn't use the Bi-directional feature found
on newer ports, thus it should work with most, if not all Parallel Ports. It however
doesn't show the use of the Status Port as an input. These LCD Modules are very
common these days, and are quite simple to work with, as all the logic required to
run them is on board.

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

Fig No. 3.7: Schematic Diagram of LCD Display

22

3.2.7. CIRCUITDESCRIPTION
Above is the quite simple schematic. The LCD panel's Enable and Register Select is
connected to the Control Port. The Control Port is an open collector/ open drain output.
While most Parallel Ports have internal pull-up resistors, there is a few which don't.
Therefore by incorporating the two 10K external pull up resistors, the circuit is more portable
for a wider range of computers, some of which may have no internal pull up resistors.

We make no effort to place the Data bus in to reverse direction. There for ewe hard wire
the R/W line of the LCD panel, into write mode. This will cause no bus conflicts on the data
lines. As a result we cannot read back the LCD's internal Busy Flag which tells us if the LCD
has accepted and finished processing the last instruction. This problem is overcome by
inserting known delays into our program.
The 10k Potentiometer controls the contrast of the LCD panel. Nothing fancy here. As with
all the examples, I've left the power supply out. You can use a bench power supply set to 5v
or use an onboard +5 regulator. Remember a few de-coupling capacitors, especially if you
have trouble with the circuit working properly.
The 2 line x 16 character LCD modules are available from a wide range of manufacturer
sand should all be compatible with the HD44780. The diagram to the right shows the pin
numbers for these devices. When viewed from the front, the left pin is pin16and the right
pin is pin 1.

23

Fig No. 3.8: LCD Display

24

3.8. POWERSUPPLY

7805

D1

Supply
D3
1000F

Fig No. 3.9: Power Supply

BRIDGERECTIFIER
Bridge rectifier circuit consists of four diodes arranged in the form of a
bridge as shown in figure.

D3
Ac SUPPLY
1
D1

OPERATION
During the positive half cycle of the input supply, the upper end A of the transformer
secondary becomes positive with respect to its lower point B. This makes Point 1 of bridge
Positive with respect to point 2. The diode D1 & D2 become forward biased & D3 & D4 become
reverse biased. As a result a current starts flowing from point1, through D1 the load & D2 to the
negative end.
During negative half cycle, the point 2 becomes positive with respect to point1. Diodes.
D1& D2 now become reverse biased. Thus a current flow from point 2 topoint1.

3.2.9. TRANSFORMER
Transformer is a major class of coils having two or more windings usually wrapped
around a common core made from laminated iron sheets. It has two coils named primary and
secondary. If the current flowing through primary is fluctuating, then a current will be inducted
into the secondary winding. A steady current will not be transferred from one coil to other coil.

Fig No. 3.10: Basic Transformer

Transformers are of two types:
1. Step up transformer
2. Step down transformer
In the power supply we use step down transformer. We apply 220V AC on the primary of step
down transformer. This transformer step down this voltages to 15V AC. We Give 15VAC to
rectifier circuit, which convert it to 12V DC.

3.2.10. ALARM CONTROL SYSTEM

An alarm circuit is safety measure to ensure the safety of the baby, by calling the
attention of medical personnel, whenever the system fails, or crossed the set limits.
Here, we have designed an alarm control circuit which will provide high temperature indication
when the temperature of the incubator exceeds 38C, and also provides low temperature
indication when temperature of incubator is below 25C and in both case it will produce loud
sound from the speaker for medical attention.
To sense the high temperature we have used a 3.6V zener diode for reference while for the low
temperature we have used a 5.5V zener diode. This alarm control unit practically gave indication
when the temperature increased beyond 38.5C or fell below 26C, producing a loud sound from
the speaker for medical attention.

3.2.11. HUMIDITY SENSOR

Humidity is the presence of water in air. The amount of water vapor in air can affect
human comfort as well as many manufacturing processes in industries. The presence of water
vapor also influences various physical, chemical, and biological processes.
Hence, humidity sensing is very important, especially in the control system for industries and
human comfort.

Fig 3.17: Humidity Sensor

3.2.13. HUMIDITY SENSING CLASSIFICATION & PRINCIPLES

According to the measurement units, humidity sensors are divided into two types:
Relative humidity (RH) sensors and absolute humidity (moisture) sensors. Most humidity
sensors are relative humidity sensors and use different sensing principles.
Sensing Principle
Humidity measurement can be done using dry and wet bulb hygrometers, dew point
hygrometers, and electronic hygrometers. There has been a surge in the demand of electronic
hygrometers, often called humidity sensors.
Electronic type hygrometers or humidity sensors can be broadly divided into two categories: one
employs capacitive sensing principle, while other use resistive effects

Fig 3.18: Types of humidity Sensor

Sensors based on capacitive effect:
Humidity sensors relying on this principle consists of a hygroscopic dielectric material
sandwiched between a pair of electrodes forming a small capacitor. Most capacitive sensors use
a plastic or polymer as the dielectric material, with a typical dielectric constant ranging from 2 to
15. In absence of moisture, the dielectric constant of the hygroscopic dielectric material and the
sensor geometry determine the value of capacitance.

At normal room temperature, the dielectric constant of water vapor has a value of about
80, a value much larger than the constant of the sensor dielectric material. Therefore, absorption
of water vapor by the sensor results in an increase in sensor capacitance.
At equilibrium conditions, the amount of moisture present in a hygroscopic material depends on
both the ambient temperature and the ambient water vapor pressure. This is true also for the
hygroscopic dielectric material used on the sensor.
By definition, relative humidity is a function of both the ambient temperature and water vapor
pressure. Therefore there is a relationship between relative humidity, the amount of moisture
present in the sensor, and sensor capacitance. This relationship governs the operation of a
capacitive humidity instrument.

Basic structure of capacitive type humidity sensor is shown below:

Fig 3.19: Capacitive type humidity sensor

On Alumina substrate, lower electrode is formed using gold, platinum or other
material. A polymer layer such as PVA is deposited on the electrode. This layers senses humidity.
On top of this polymer film, gold layer is deposited which acts as top electrode. The top
electrode also allows water vapor to pass through it, into the sensing layer. The vapors enter or
leave the hygroscopic sensing layer until the vapor content is in equilibrium with the ambient air
or gas. Thus capacitive type sensor is basically a capacitor with humidity sensitive polymer film
as the dielectric.
Sensors based on Resistive effect:
Resistive type humidity sensors pick up changes in the resistance value of the sensor
element in response to the change in the humidity. Basic structure of resistive type humidity
sensor from TDK is shown below

Fig 3.20: Resistive type humidity sensor

Thick film conductor of precious metals like gold, ruthenium oxide is printed and
calcinated in the shape of the comb to form an electrode. Then a polymeric film is applied on the
electrode; the film acts as a humidity sensing film due to the existence of movable ions. Change
in impedance occurs due to the change in the number of movable ions.

3.2.14. TEMPERATURE SENSORS; the Basics.

Temperature sensors are used in diverse applications such as food processing, HVAC
environmental control and medical devices etc.
There are two main flavors: contact and noncontact temperature sensors. Contact sensors
include thermocouples and thermistors that touch the object they are to measure, and
noncontact sensors measure the thermal radiation a heat source releases to determine its
temperature.

Temperature sensor types

Thermocouples
A thermocouple (TC) is a pair of junctions that are formed from two different and
dissimilar metals. One junction represents a reference temperature and the other junction is the
temperature to be measured. They work when a temperature difference causes a voltage (See
beck effect) that is temperature dependent, and that voltage is, in turn, converted into a
temperature reading. Thermocouples can achieve good performance up to 2,750C and can even
be used for short periods at temperatures up to 3,000C and as low as 250C.
Strengths and challenges of thermocouples include:

They measure their own temperature.

The temperature of the object must be inferred, and the user must be sure there is no
heat flow between them.

They are prone to temperature-reading mistakes after long use. Reasons? If insulation
of the wires loses resistance because of moisture or thermal conditions, or if there are chemical,
nuclear radiation, or mechanical interference in the environment.

They are electrical conductors so they cannot contact another source of electricity.

They do not measure at the junctions.

These devices react rapidly when compared with resistance thermometers.

Thermistors
Thermistors, like thermocouples, are also inexpensive, readily available, easy to use, and
adaptable temperature sensors. They are used, however, to take simple temperature
measurements rather than for high temperature applications. They are made of semiconductor
material with a resistivity that is especially sensitive to temperature. The resistance of a
thermistor decreases with increasing temperature so that when temperature changes, the
resistance change is predictable.

Fig 3.21: GEs MA300 thermistor assembly is made of stainless steel with medical-grade PVC
Teflon insulation. (Courtesy of GE.)
Resistance temperature detectors
Resistance temperature detectors (RTDs) are temperature sensors with a resistor that
changes resistive value simultaneously with temperature changes. Accurate and known for
repeatability and stability, RTDs can be used with a wide temperature range from -50C to

500C for thin film and -200C to 850C for the wire-wound variety.
Infrared sensors
Infrared sensors are used to measure surface temperatures ranging from -70 to 1,000C.
They convert thermal energy sent from an object in a wavelength range of 0.7 to 20 um into
an electrical signal that converts the signal for display in units of temperature after
compensating for any ambient temperature.
These sensors are used to measure temperature when:

Thermocouples or probes cannot be used.

If the target object is in motion (on rollers, moving machinery, conveyor belts).

If the target object is in a vacuum.

If there is a hazard such as high voltage.

If distances are great.

If temperatures are too high for contact sensors.

When a very fast response is required.

When selecting an infrared option, critical considerations include field of view (angle of vision),
emissivity (ratio of energy radiated by an object to the energy emitted by a perfect radiator at the
same temperature), spectral response, temperature range, and mounting .Infrared sensor voltage
range is specified from 40 to 125C to enable use in a wide range of applications.

CHAPTER 4
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
4.1 P.C.B DESIGNING AND LAYOUT

The entire circuit can be easily assembled on a general purpose P.C.B board
respectively. Layout of desired diagram and preparation is first and most important
operation in any printed circuit board manufacturing process. First of all layout of
component side is to be made in accordance with the available components
dimensions. The following points are to be observed while forming the layout of
P.C.B.
1. Between two components, sufficient space should be maintained.
2. High voltage/max dissipated components should be mounted at sufficient
distance from semiconductor and electrolytic capacitors.
3. The most important points are that the components layout is making proper
compromise with copper side circuit layout.
Printed circuit board (P.C.B) is used to avoid most of all the disadvantages of
convectional breadboard. These also avoid the use of thin wires for connecting the
components, they are small in size and efficient in performance.

4.1.1 PREPARING CIRCUIT LAYOUT

First of all the actual size circuit layout is to be drawn on the copper side of
the copper clad board. Then enamel paint is applied on the tracks of connection
with the help of a shade brush. We have to apply the paints surrounding the point
at which the connection is to be made. It avoids the disconnection between the leg
of the component and circuit track. After completion of painting work, it is allowed
to dry.

4.1.2 DRILLING
After completion of painting work, holes 1/23 inch (1mm) diameter are
drilled at desired points where we have to fix the components.

4.1.3 ETCHING
From this process the copper clad board with printed circuit is placed in the
solution of Fecl with 3-4 drops of HCL in it and is kept so for about 10 to 15 minutes
and is taken out when all the excess copper is removed from the P.C.B.
After etching, the P.C.B. is kept in clean water for about half an hour in order to
get P.C.B. away from acidic, field, which may cause poor performance of the
circuit. After the P.C.B. has been thoroughly washed, paint is removed by soft
piece of cloth dipped thinner or turbine. Then P.C.B. is checked as per the layout,
now the P.C.B is ready for use.

4.1.4 SOLDERING
Soldering is the process of joining two metallic conductor the joint where two
metal conductors are to be joined or fused is heated with a device called soldering
iron and then as allow of tin and lead called solder is applied which melts and
converse the joint. The solder cools and solidifies quickly to ensure is good and
durable connection between the jointed metal converting the joint solder also
present oxidation.

4.1.5 SOLDERING AND DESOLDERING TECHNIQUES:

These are basically two soldering techniques;
Manual soldering with iron
Mass soldering

4.1.6 SOLDERING WITH IRON

The surface to be soldered must be cleaned & fluxed. The soldering iron
switched on and bellowed to attain soldering temperature. The solder in form of
wire is allied hear the component to be soldered and heated with iron. The surface
to be soldered is filled, iron is removed and joint is cold without disturbing.

SOLDER JOINT ARE SUPPOSED TO

1. Provide permanent low resistance path
2. Make a robust mechanical link between P.C.B. and leads of components.
3. Allow heat flow between components, joining elements and P.C.B.
4. Retain adequate strength with temperature variation.
The following precaution should be taken while soldering;
1. Use always an iron plates copper core tip for soldering iron.
2. Slightly for the tip with a cut file when it is cold.
3. Use a wet sponge to wipe out dirty from the tip before soldering instead of
asking the iron.
4. Tighten the tip screw if necessary before iron is connected to power .supply.
5. Clean component lead and copper pad before soldering.
6. Apply solder between component leads, P.C.B. pattern and tip of

Soldering iron.
7. Iron should be kept in contact with the joint for 2-3 seconds only.Instead of
keeping for very long or very small time.
8 .Use optimum quantity of solder.

4.1.7 WORKING OF THE PROJECT.

Temperature monitoring and control baby incubator is a microcontroller
based device. Its used in driverless infants incubator, which is used in most
of developed countries. These incubators are equipped with CPU, which
control the whole system. The incubator is programmed for the specific
function.
Basically it has the following parts
1. POWER SUPPLY
2. 8051 IC
3. DISPLAY UNIT
4. SERVO MOTOR
5. TEMPERATURE SENSOR
6. HUMIDITY SENSOR
7. ALARM SYSTEM
8. OXYGEN CONTROL VALVE
The 230 AC supply is convertedinto9 volts by the power supply section in
which 4 elements are used.
1. TRANSFORMER
2. 7805 REGULATOR
3. DIODES 4007 (in bridge shape)
4. CAPACITOR OF 100 MICRO FARADS & 470 MICRO FARAD
The 230 volts is attenuated by 9 volts by transformer. Then it is rectified by
the bridge rectifier made u p of diodes. Then the 9v is regulated by7805.1000
micro farad capacitor is used to filter the DC voltage. The LED attaches to check

the correct ness of power supply. In this project we try to give the same prototype
for this type of incubator. We are using microcontroller 8051 as CPU. The motion
of the fan is controlled by the Servo Motor.
4.1.8 BLOCK DIAGRAM

HUMIDITY
SENSOR

BABY
TEMPERAT
URE
SENSOR

ADC

16 2 LCD
DISPLAY

MICRO
CONTROL
LER
AT89S52

INCUBAT
OR
TEMPERA
TURE

RELAY DRIVE &

RELAYS (MOTOR
FOR FAN
CONTROL,
HEATER, OXYGEN
CONTROL VALVE,
ALARM SYSTEM)
EEPROM

SWITCHES

Fig 4 .1 : Block Diagram

4.1.9 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Fig 4.2 : Circuit Diagram

DISCUSSION
An infant incubator temperature control system is the most important part of a
baby incubator which has to be maintained around 37 degree Celsius.
The system continuously displays the humidity, body temperature, incubator
temperature on the LCD display. The device shall include an ac powered heater, a fan
to circulate the warmed air, a container for water to add humidity, a control valve for
oxygen supply and access ports for nursing. All the values can be changed at any time
and they are stored in the EEPROM chip. Also there is an Alarm system which is the
safety to ensure the safety of the baby by calling the attention of the medical
personnel, whenever the system fails, or crossed the set limits. Here we design an
alarm system which will provide high temperature indication when the temperature of
the indicator exceeds 38 degree Celsius and also provides law temperature indication
when temperature of incubator is below 25 degree Celsius and in both case it will

produce loud sound from the speaker for medical attention.

CHAPTER 5
COST ESTIMATION
ANALYSIS OF COMPONENTS USED
Tab No. 5.1:
Cost
estimation

S.NO
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18

EQUIPMENT
AT89S52
Relay Drive
Transformer
Voltage Regulator
2Line LCD display
Servo Motor
Crystal Oscillator
Switches
Temperature sensor
Resistors(220,4.7K,10K)
Capacitor(3.3pf,ceramic disk)
Diode
Alarm
PCB
Variable resistor
40 Pin IC Base
Humidity sensor
Connecting wire
TOTAL APROXIMATION

QUANTITY
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
10
2
4
1
1
1
1
1
-

COST
20000
10000
12000
6000
30000
15000
5000
6000
50000
10000
8000
8000
8000
20000
2500
15000
50000
4000
570000

CHAPTER 6
RESULTS AND CONCLUTION
6.1 RESULTS
The Project in designing Baby Incubator was well done, the following
section discusses any major problems that have been experienced
With the project and examines any further work that could be performed to improve
on the existing system; in addition to this it also evaluates the performance
Throughout the project.

6.1.1 Sensors
One of the problems with the project implementation was the

sensor, Although the

circuit was built in prototype, it was not possible to get it working.

The following section discusses the development and implementation of the sensors: To
measure humidity we opted to use the humid sensor from factory. We chose this Method
because it was cheap and the circuit required was simple which meant that The timescale to
build it was quite small. The other advantage of this method is that It is safe even when the
circuit malfunctions. The following diagram shows the fully circuit that was designed.

6.1.2 PROBLEM FACED

When the circuit was completed it was found that it performed poorly and no useful
Output could be extracted. The main problem with the circuit was that it could not sense
well the temperature changes and humidity variation / changes inside the incubator. The
current circuit amplified the whole signal, which meant that any noise associated with the
input signal was also amplified;. The programming of the micro-processor was tough and the
whole process of soldering was giving negative effect to the output due to miss connection or
some high current that bunt some of the circuit components

To mention some problems faced in deigning of this project are as listed below

First problem that was in making the circuit of infants incubator that, it is

difficult to match time with rotation of servo motor & LCD.

We have to take extra care while soldering 2lineLCD
During soldering, many of the connection become short circuited. So we

decoder the connection and did soldering again.

A leg of the crystal oscillator was broken during mounting. So it has to be

replaced.
Diode get damaged when we switched ON the supply so we replace it by the
new one.

TROUBLESHOOT
Care should be taken while soldering. These should be no shorting of joints.
Proper power supply should be maintained.
Project should be handled with care since IC are delicate.
Component change and check again circuit.

6.2 CONCLUSIONS
The following section comprises an objective analysis of the designing performance through
the project and focuses on achievements.
Even though some stages and tasks have been re-ordered and not completed
sequentially as they had been set out in the preliminary report planning section. It have
achieved almost every task that was detailed and completed the project in good time. As
well as this it seemed that for the duration of the project the logbook has been kept updated and
a weekly report has been completed detailing work completed and work to be completed
over the coming week. These factors show that the project clearly organized and the aims and
objectives had been open to restructuring of tasks in order to use time most efficiently. The
positive factors were that the vest hardware worked and was correctly driven by the device
controllers, the system interfaced correctly and efficiently with the c programming and permitted
a well interface between the devices and surrounding. in some cases the work has lacked
achievement and research in some areas has not been as complete as necessary for the
system. With consideration to baby incubator it could have been of help to some hospitals and

medical care in the country and elsewhere in the area.

Overall the planning and organization of the project have helped it to be completed on time and
with almost all the functionality that was originally proposed. this has been the foundation for
what has actually been achieved in the Project

6.3 OUTPUT DESIGN

Fig 6.1: Output Circuit Design

6.4 SIMULATION OF BABY INCUBATOR

Fig 6.2 Simulation diagram

REFERENCE
1. Katie Proctor, Transferring the incubator: Fairs and freaks shows as agents of change,
2004. www.people.cornell.edu/pages/ked42/Infant_Sideshow_Paper.pdf.
(WHO/RHT/MSM/1997, 2nd Ed).
2. Emergency Care Research Institute (ECRI), Healthcare Product Comparison System
Infant Incubators, February 2003, www.ecri.org.
3. Albert D. Helfrick & William D. Cooper, Modern Electronics Instrumentation and
Measurement Techniques. P.337-370.
4. B.L.Theraja, Basic Electronics Solid State. P. 564-575.
5. research.cs.tamu.edu/prism/lectures/isis/iss-l4.pdf