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Incandescent lamp
An incandescent light bulb is an electric light which produces light with a
wire filament made of tungsten (or earlier, carbon) heated to a high temperature
by an electric current passing through it, until it glows. The hot filament is
protected from oxidation within a glass or quartz bulb enclosure that is filled with
inert gas or evacuated. The bulb is filled with an inert gas such as argon (93%)
and nitrogen (7%) to reduce evaporation of the filament and prevent
its oxidation at a pressure of about 70 kPa. A 100 W light bulb for 120 V
operation emits about 1,700 lumens, about 17 lumens/W. Incandescent lamps
are relatively inexpensive to make. The typical lifespan of an AC incandescent
lamp is 750 to 1,000 hours.
Incandescent bulbs are manufactured in a wide range of sizes, light output,
and voltage ratings, from 1.5 volts to about 300 volts. They require no external
regulating equipment, have low manufacturing costs, and work equally
well on either alternating current or direct current.
Incandescent bulbs are much less efficient than most other types of electric
lighting; incandescent bulbs convert less than 5% of the energy they use into
visible light with the remaining energy being converted into heat.
The luminous efficacy of a typical incandescent bulb is 16 lumens per watt,
compared to the 60 lm/W of a compact fluorescent bulb. Incandescent bulbs
typically have short lifetimes compared with other types of lighting; around
1,000 hours for home light bulbs versus typically 10,000 hours for compact
fluorescents and 30,000 hours for lighting LEDs. Incandescent bulbs are
gradually being replaced in many applications by other types of electric light,
such as fluorescent lamps, compact fluorescent lamps (CFL), cold cathode
fluorescent lamps (CCFL), high-intensity discharge lamps, and light-emitting
diode lamps (LED)
Most light bulbs have either clear or coated glass. The coated glass bulbs have a
white powdery substance on the inside called kaolin which is a white, chalky clay
in a very fine powder form, that is deposited on the interior of the bulb. It
diffuses the light emitted from the filament, producing a gentler and evenly
distributed light.
Halogen lamp
Fluorescent Lamp
A fluorescent lamp or a fluorescent tube is a low pressure mercury-vapor gasdischarge lamp that uses fluorescence to produce visible light. An electric
current in the gas excites mercury vapor which produces short-wave
ultraviolet light that then causes a phosphor coating on the inside of the bulb to
glow.
Conventional linear fluorescent lamps have life spans around 20,000 and
30,000 hours.
When light is turned on, the electric power heats up the cathode resulting in
thermionic emission. The emitted electrons collide with and ionize the gas atoms
inside the bulb surrounding the filament. If the incident free electron has
enough kinetic energy, it transfers energy to the atom's outer electron, causing
that electron to temporarily jump up to a higher energy level. The electron then
jumps from the higher energy level to more stable lower energy state thus
emitting photons. For Hg, these photons have wavelengths in the ultraviolet (UV)
region of the spectrum (253.7 and 185 nm). These are then converted to visible
range by making use of fluorescence. Light-emitting phosphors are applied as a
paint-like coating to the inside of the tube. This coating absorbs the ultraviolet
photons, causing a similar jump and drop process, with emission of a further
photon. The photon that is emitted from this second interaction has a lower
energy than the one that caused it and lies in visible region. The difference in
energy between the absorbed ultra-violet photon and the emitted visible light
photon goes toward heating up the phosphor coating.
Fluorescent lamps must use an auxiliary device, a ballast, to regulate the
current flow through the lamp. Higher quality fluorescent lamps use either a
higher CRI halophosphate coating, or a triphosphor mixture, based
on europium and terbium ions, that have emission bands more evenly
distributed over the spectrum of visible light
High-intensity discharge lamps (HID lamps) are a type of electrical gasdischarge lamp which produces light by means of an electric arc
between tungsten electrodes housed inside a translucent or transparent fused
quartz or fused alumina arc tube. This tube is filled with
both gas and metal salts. The gas facilitates the arc's initial strike. Once the arc
is started, it heats and evaporates the metal salts forming plasma, which greatly
increases the intensity of light produced by the arc and reduces its power
consumption. High-intensity discharge lamps are a type of arc lamp
High-intensity discharge lamps make more visible light per unit of electric power
consumed than fluorescent and incandescent lamps since a greater proportion of
their radiation is visible light in contrast to infrared.
LED lamp
An LED ( light-emitting diode) lamp have a lifespan and electrical efficiency that
is several times better than incandescent lamps, and significantly better than
most fluorescent lamps, with some chips able to emit more than 100 lumens
per watt.
Like incandescent lamps and unlike most fluorescent, LEDs come to full
brightness without need for a warm-up time; the life of fluorescent lighting
is also reduced by frequent switching on and off. Initial cost of LED is usually
higher. Degradation of LED dye and packaging materials reduces light output to
some extent over time.
LEDs do not emit light in all directions, and their directional characteristics affect
the design of lamps. The light output of single LEDs is less than that of
incandescent and compact fluorescent lamps; in most applications multiple LEDs
are used to form a lamp.
LED chips need controlled direct current (DC) electrical power; an
appropriate circuit is required to convert alternating current from the supply to
the regulated low voltage direct current used by the LEDs. LEDs are adversely
affected by high temperature, so LED lamps typically include heat
dissipation elements such as heat sinks and cooling fins.
General-purpose lighting needs white light. LEDs emit light in a very narrow
band of wavelengths, emitting light of a color characteristic of the
energy bandgap of the semiconductor material used to make the LED. To emit
white light from LEDs requires mixing light from red, green, and blue LEDs, or
using a phosphor to convert some of the light to other colors.