Formulation of The Equilibrium Equations of Transversely Loaded Elements

Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Applied Sciences (JETEAS) 3 (1): 201-207
Scholarlink Research Institute Journals, 2012 (ISSN: 2141-7016)

jeteas.scholarlinkresearch.org
Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Applied Sciences (JETEAS) 3(1):201-207(ISSN: 2141-7016)
Formulation of the Equilibrium Equations of Transversely Loaded

Elements Taking Beam-Column Effect into Consideration
Okonkwo V. O and Onyeyili I. O
Department of Civil Engineering
Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka
Corresponding Author: Okonkwo V. O
___________________________________________________________________________
Abstract
In this work a mathematical model for the consideration of beam-column effect in structural analysis was
formulated. The stiffness matrix for a prismatic element taking beam-column effect into account was developed.
The force/load vectors for various cases of transversely loaded elements taking beam-column effect into
consideration were also formulated and these were presented in tables synonymous to the tables of end forces
due to unit end displacements of prismatic elements and fixed end moments on transversely loaded elements
found in many structural analysis textbooks. In the analysis of structures by the stiffness method there is need to
obtain the fixed end moments of the transversely loaded elements and also the end stiffness (forces due to unit
end displacement of the elements) of these elements. These are evaluated using formulas obtained from
textbooks. Unfortunately in the derivation of such formulas beam-column effect was ignored. In this work
similar tables that incorporate beam-column effects were developed enabling an easy implementation of the
effects of axial forces on the end stiffnesses of elements in structural analysis.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Keywords: stiffness, beam-column effect, degrees of freedom, prismatic members, modulus of elasticity
__________________________________________________________________________________________
INTRODUCTION
equations were written. {d} is the vector of
When an axial force is present in a member, two
displacements at the coordinates or degrees of
effects are noticeable. One is a change in geometry
freedom of the element.
arising from a change in length of members and the
When there is no external force on any of the degrees
second is a change in stiffness of the member arising
of freedom or coordinates equation (1) is rewritten as
from bending by the axial force. The first effect is
[ ]{ } = 0
(2)
known as axial deformation. It is the only
But for transversely loaded elements equation (1) is
deformation used for the generation of the
written as { } + [ ]{ } = { }
(3)
compatitibiliy equations used in the analysis of
(Leet and Unang, 2002)
indeterminate trusses (Hibbeler, 2006). The second
where {qo} is the vector of reactive end forces on the
effect also known as the beam column effect
transversely loaded element when displacements at
(McGuire et al, 2000) increases or reduces the forces
its coordinates (degrees of freedom) are restrained.
required to cause a unit rotation or translation at the
end of a member. The force decrease (the stiffness of
End Forces on Transversely Loaded Elements
the member decrease) if the member is subjected to
Here it will be illustrative to represent each
an axial compressive force and conversely increase
coordinate (degree of freedom) with a number. This
(the stiffness of the member increase) if the axial
is shown in Figure 1(a) below. Figure 1(a) & (b)
force is tensile (Ghali and Neville, 1996).
shows the 12 degrees of freedom of a space element
and their representation with numbers. If the plane
MODEL
element is lying in the xy plane (see Figure 2) and all
The analysis of structures by the stiffness method
the external loads on it act in the same plane then
involves the writing of equilibrium equations for the
=
=
=
=
=
=0
degrees of freedom (coordinates) of the structure
If the deformation in these coordinates is zero then
(Jenkins, 1990). The equilibrium equation for the
the forces (or moments for rotations) in these
analysis of an element is given by [ ]{ } = { } (1)
coordinates will also be zero.
Where [k] is the element stiffness matrix, it is a 12 x
= =
= =
=
=0
12 matrix for a space element (elements that can
deform in all three coordinate axes) and a 6 x 6 for a
plane element (elements that deform in only one
plane). {q} is the vector of external forces applied at
any of the nodes and which coincide with one of the
degrees of freedom for which the equilibrium
91
]=

(5 )
( )
cos
But
( )
( )
( )
sin
But
( )
( )
cos
( )
(9)
sin
(10)
(11)
( ) =
Equation (11) is encountered in the derivation of the
Eulers equation; see Timoshenko and Gere (1961).
By substituting equation (8) and (10) into equation
(11) we obtain
(12)
( ) =
Let the initial values of these parameters (ie values at
x = 0) be yo, o , Mo and Qo respectively. By applying
these initial conditions into these general solution of
the equation of equilibrium of the axially loaded
uniform column (equations 7, 8, 9 and 11) the
arbitrary constants A1 A4 are obtained as
=
and
+
+
( )
cos
cos
( )
( )
cos
+
(19)
( )
. cos
. . (7) (20)
1+
(22)
+
+
( )
sin
cos
( )
sin
(sin ux ux)
(23)
cos ux 1 +
(24)
+
cos
+
(25)
(26)
( ) =
Equations (23) (26) were used to obtain the fixed
end forces of axially loaded elements with a
. . .
. (13)
uniformly varying load.
1+
+
and
=
. These are substituted into
equations (18), (19), (20) and (22) and rearranged to
obtain
. These are substituted into equations (7), (8),( 9)

and (11) and rearranged to obtain
( )
sin
,
,

x = 0) be yo, o, Mo and Qo respectively. By applying
uniform column (equations 18, 19, 20 and 22) the
=
( )
cos
sin
(21)
( ) =
Substituting equation (19) and (21) into equation (14)
will give
cos
+
=
sin
(Chajes, 1974; Nash, 1998)

sin
(17)
( )
=
+
+ sin + cos
+
(7)
The first derivative of equation (7) gives the slope
+
cos
sin +
(8)
( ) = ( ) =
sin
(18)
( )
The solution of the differential equation is
(6)
sin
Where
=
,P is the compressive force and q the
uniformly distributed load.
cos
(16)
The above equations (equations 13 -16) were used to
obtain the fixed end forces of axially loaded elements
with a uniformly distributed load.
For a case of a uniformly varying load q such that
=
where k is a constant, equation (6) is
modified to
The Eulers differential equation governing the

deflection of a transversely loaded prismatic member
subjected to a compressive force P is
(15)
( )
( )
sin
qEI
(4)
( )
The above expressions were derived for members in

compression. For prismatic members in tension the
(14)
92
same can be written by replacing P with P so that u
is replaced with iu. where = 1.
if =
then
sin
cos
( )
( )
= sin
= cos
=
=
( )
(27)
=0
(28)
( )
cos
sin
( )
+
sin
(31)
By substituting equation (21) and (30) into equation
(16) we obtain
(32)
( ) =
x = 0) be yo, o , Mo and Qo respectively. By applying
uniform column, equations (29, 30, 31 and 32) the
=
( )
( )
cos
sin
+
+
cos
(34)
+
(35)
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

Beam column effect is often ignored in structural
analysis. It is implemented mostly in non-linear
analysis by commercial software. The development
of the fixed end moments on transversely loaded
prismatic elements and The end forces due to unit
end displacements of prismatic elements and which
are presented in tables 1 and 2 would facilitate an
easy implementation of beam column effect in
structural analysis of frames. It is important to note
that the use of tables 1 and 2 requires the knowledge
of the axial force in the element. Hence the frame has
to be analysed first to determine the forces in the
members before the effects of beam column can be
considered. When beam column effect is ignored i.e
the axial force in the element P is taken to be zero in
the calculation the element stiffness and load vectors,
tables 1 and 2 will give the same values as obtained
from similar tables in structural engineering
textbooks like Reynolds and Steedman (2001) and
Davison and Owens (2007).
Where
= and P is the compressive force.
+
+ cos
+ sin
(29)
( ) =
sin +
cos
(30)
( ) = ( ) =
( )
Note that in the table above clockwise moments were

taken as positive while anticlockwise moments were
negative. In the derivation of the end moments and
forces moments that keep the bottom fibres in tension
were taken as positive while those that keep the top
fibres in tension were negative. Likewise shearing
forces that cause the system to move upwards were
treated as positive in the table. In the derivation,
shearing forces that cause the system to rotate
clockwisely were positive while the opposite were
negative.
End Forces due to End Displacements of Elements

The Eulers differential equation governing the
deflection of a prismatic member (without transverse
loads) subjected to a compressive force P is
(36)
( )
Equations (33) (36) were used to obtain the
stiffness coefficients of axially loaded uniform
elements due to unit end displacements and is
presented in table 2.
The stiffness of a prismatic member in tension were
derived by replacing P with P so that u is replaced
with iu, with i where = 1.
Note that in the table above clockwise moments were

taken as positive while anticlockwise moments were
negative. In the derivation of the end moments and
forces moments that keep the bottom fibres in tension
were taken as positive while those that keep the top
fibres in tension were negative. Likewise shearing
forces that cause the system to move upwards were
treated as positive in the table. In the derivation,
shearing forces that cause the system to rotate
clockwisely were positive while the opposite were
negative
( )
From the calculations above the table of fixed end

forces of transversely loaded beam columns was
obtained and presented as table 1 below (See
Appendix).
But
(33)
(Stroud, 1995; Duffy, 1998)
cos
REFERENCES
Chajes A., (1974), Principles of Structural Stability
Theory, Prentice-Hall Inc New Jersey
Davison B., Owens G. W.,(2007). Steel Designers
Maual, 6th Edition, Blackwell Publishing Ltd, UK
=
,
=
and
= +
are
substituted into equations (29) (32) and rearranged
to obtain
Duffy, D. G., (1998) Advanced

Mathematics, CRC Press New York
93
Engineering
Ghali A, Neville A. M. (1996) Structural Analysis: A
Unified Classical and Matrix Approach. 3rd Edition.
Chapman & Hall London
Nash, W.,(1998). Schaums Outline of Theory and

Problems of Strength of Materials. Fourth Edition,
McGraw-Hill Companies, New York
Hibbeler, R. C. (2006). Structural Analysis. Sixth

Edition, Pearson Prentice Hall, New Jersey
Reynolds, C. E.,Steedman J. C. (2001). Reinforced

Concrete Designers Handbook, 10th Edition) E&FN
Spon, Taylor & Francis Group, London
Jenkins, W. M., (1990). Structural Analysis using

computers. First edition, Longman Group Limited,
Hong Kong
Stroud K. A., (1995). Engineering Mathematics.

Fourth Edition, Macmillan Press Ltd, London
Leet, K. M., Uang, C.,(2002). Fundamental of

Structural Analysis. McGraw-Hill New York
Timoshenko, S. P., Gere, J. M.,(1961). Theory of

Elastic Stability. Second Edition, McGraw-Hill
Kogakusha Ltd, Tokyo
McGuire, W., Gallagher R. H., Ziemian, R. D.(2000).

Matrix Structural Analysis. Second Edition, John
Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York
APPENDIX
Table 1: End forces on transversely loaded prismatic members under axial loads
S/N
1
Beam
Force
M1
M2
=
=
F2
q
M
=
(
F2
+
(
(
F1
F1
(
)(
(
)
)
+
(
)
)
+
(
)
)
q = kL
M1
=
(
M2
)(
)(
F2
q = kL
M1
P
L
F2
94
)(
) (
) (
)(
(
)
P
F1
)(
F1
) (
) (
) (
)(
)(
+
q = kL
M
=
F1
F2
M1
M2
=
=
F1
F2
F1
)(
(
)
)
+
(
)
+
(
)
=
=
F2
(
(
(
(
+
)
)
)
q = kL
M1
=
(
M2
P
F1
F2
)(
)(
)(
)(
)(
)(
+
+
) (
(
=
(
) (
) (
95
)(
)(
=
(
)(
+
)
9
q = kL
M1
P
F1
F2
10
q = kL
M
F1
Where
F2
and
Table 2: End forces caused by end displacement of prismatic members putting beam column effects into
consideration.
S/No
Beam
Force
1
M2
=
P
sin
M1
=
d=1
P
2 2 cos sin
=
1 cos
=
2 2 cos sin
F1
F2
2
=
M2
M1
1 cos
2 2 cos sin
sin
2 2 cos sin
sin cos
2 2 cos sin
=1
=
F1
F2
P
d=1
P
F1
F2
4
P
P
F
sin
sin
cos
F2
sin
sin cos
=1
F1
sin
sin cos
cos
sin cos
Pd = 1
F
96
sin
2 2 cos + sin
=
cos 1
2 2 cos + sin
=
6
=
M
1 1
M2
=1
F1
cos 1
2 2 cos + sin
sin
2 2 cos + sin
cos sin
2 2 cos + sin
=
F2
cos
cos sin
d=1
P
F1
=1
F1
Where
and
sin
cos sin
F2
sin
cos sin
sin
cos sin
LL
=
d
y
2
6
(a) A space element showing

the twelve coordinates or
degrees of freedom all
labelled appropriately. d is
for translation and is for
rotation
12
Figure 2: A 2D representation of the six degrees of freedom

(coordinates) of a plane element in the xy plane
97
x
z
(b) A space element showing

the twelve coordinates or
degrees of freedom represented
with numbers

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Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Applied Sciences (JETEAS) 3 (1): 201-207

Scholarlink Research Institute Journals, 2012 (ISSN: 2141-7016)

Formulation of the Equilibrium Equations of Transversely Loaded

. These are substituted into equations (7), (8),( 9)

Let the initial values of these parameters (ie values at

(Chajes, 1974; Nash, 1998)

The solution of the differential equation is

The Eulers differential equation governing the

The above expressions were derived for members in

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

Note that in the table above clockwise moments were

End Forces due to End Displacements of Elements

Note that in the table above clockwise moments were

From the calculations above the table of fixed end

(Stroud, 1995; Duffy, 1998)

Duffy, D. G., (1998) Advanced

Nash, W.,(1998). Schaums Outline of Theory and

Hibbeler, R. C. (2006). Structural Analysis. Sixth

Reynolds, C. E.,Steedman J. C. (2001). Reinforced

Jenkins, W. M., (1990). Structural Analysis using

Stroud K. A., (1995). Engineering Mathematics.

Leet, K. M., Uang, C.,(2002). Fundamental of

Timoshenko, S. P., Gere, J. M.,(1961). Theory of

McGuire, W., Gallagher R. H., Ziemian, R. D.(2000).

(a) A space element showing

Figure 2: A 2D representation of the six degrees of freedom

(b) A space element showing

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