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144 DISC
Veterinary Dermatology 2000, 11, 5360

Case report
Sebaceous adenitis in four domestic rabbits
(Oryctatagus cuniculus)
STEPHEN D. WHITE,* KEITH E. LINDER,{ PATRICIA SCHULTHEISS, KATHRYN V.
SCOTT}, PAGE GARNETT}, M. TAYLOR**, S. J. BEST{{, EMILY J. WALDER{{,
WAYNE ROSENKRANTZ }} and JULIE A. YAEGER*
Department of Clinical Sciences, {Department of Pathology, }Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of
Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80526, USA
*Department of Pathobiology, **Department of Clinical Studies, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario,
N1G 2 W1, Canada,
}Care Animal Hospital, 8044 Kipling Street, Arvada, Colorado, 80005, USA
{{Yager-Best Histovet, PO Box 66, Rockwood, Ontario, N0B 2K0, Canada
{{An Independent Biopsy Service, 626 Venice Boulevard, Venice, California, 90291, USA
}}Animal Dermatology Clinic, 13132 Garden Grove Boulevard #B, Garden Grove, California 92643, USA
(Received 3 November 1997; accepted 10 August 1998)

Abstract Four domestic rabbits were presented with a history of nonpruritic scale. Multiple skin biopsies
revealed ndings compatible with sebaceous adenitis as reported in other species: inammation directed at
the sebaceous gland, and/or an absence of sebaceous glands, a perifollicular lymphocytic inltrate at the level
of the absent sebaceous glands, hyperkeratosis, follicular keratosis, follicular dystrophy, perifollicular
brosis, and a mural inltrative lymphocytic folliculitis. Histological changes not consistent with sebaceous
adenitis in other species were interface dermatitis and interface folliculitis with single cell necrosis and basal
cell hydropic degeneration.
Keywords: rabbit, retinoids, sebaceous adenitis.

Ref start

CASE REPORTS
Case 1
A 7.5-years-old male silver fox rabbit weighing 3 kg
was presented to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital,
Colorado State University (VTHCSU) with a
history of a nonpruritic scaling dermatosis. The
owner reported that the scaling had been conned
to the dewlap area for 1.5 years. During the 3 months
prior to examination at the VTHCSU the scaling
had become generalized. There was another rabbit in
the household; neither it nor the owner had
cutaneous lesions. Both rabbits had free range of
the house, and were fed a commercial rabbit pellet
diet, supplemented with fresh lettuce and parsley.
Skin scrapings and a dermatophyte culture performed by the referring veterinarian were negative
for ectoparasites or dermatophytes, respectively.
Prior medications given included procaine penicillin
(84 000 U kg71 subcutaneously every 7 days for three
treatments) for presumed Treponema cuniculi infection, ivermectin (0.4 mg kg71 subcutaneously every 7

Correspondence and reprint requests: S. D. White. Department of

Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine,
University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA.
# 2000 Blackwell Science Ltd

days for three treatments) for presumed Cheyletiella

sp. infestation and enrooxacin (3.2 mg kg71 orally
every 12 h for 14 days) for presumed Staphyloccocus
aureus infection.1 The owner reported that none of
the treatments aected the course of the skin disease.
A thoracic radiograph to rule out neoplasia had
shown no abnormalities.
Physical examination revealed a thin but alert rabbit.
A generalized exfoliative dermatosis with alopecia was
present, varying somewhat depending on the body area
aected. Scale on the dorsum was typied by adherent
small silver-white akes, the scale on the ventrum was
of a brownish colour, and the medial legs had scale of a
tan colour. Pruritus could not be elicited. Dierential
diagnosis included ectoparasites, dermatophytes,
Malassezia sp. infection, cutaneous or internal neoplasia, and sebaceous adenitis.
The rabbit was anaesthetized using isouorane.
Multiple skin scrapings, a dermatophyte culture, and
multiple skin biopsies from aected areas of the
ventrum, dorsum, and medial thighs were taken. Skin
scrapings both for cytology and for ectoparasites
showed no organisms. Skin biopsies showed an
absence of sebaceous glands, orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis, follicular keratosis and follicular dystrophy, and perifollicular brosis (Fig. 1). The skin from
a healthy rabbit was biopsied as a control to
53

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54

S. D. White et al.

determine the existence of sebaceous glands in this

species. Although small, sebaceous glands were
clearly recognizable (Fig. 2). In a few sections of
the aected rabbit's skin a perifollicular lymphocytic
inltrate at the level of the absent sebaceous glands
and/or a mural inltrative lymphocytic folliculitis
was noted (Figs 3 and 4). These ndings were
consistent with a diagnosis of sebaceous adenitis.24
A mild mononuclear interface dermatitis was also

Figure 1. Photomicrograph of skin from rabbit with sebaceous

adenitis (case 1) showing lack of sebaceous glands, orthokeratotic
hyperkeratosis, follicular keratosis and follicular dystrophy
(H&E, 6 40).

noted in a few areas. Rare individual follicular

epithelial cell necrosis was seen. Plasma cells were
numerous throughout the supercial dermis
Treatment was extrapolated from that of dogs with
sebaceous adenitis.57 Over the ensuing 4 months, the
owner tried to administer isotretinoin (Accutane
Homan-LaRoche Inc., Nutley, New Jersey, USA)
5 mg kg71 every 48 h or etretinate (Tegison HomanLaRoche Inc., Nutley, New Jersey, USA) 5 mg kg71
every 48 h. However, due to the small size of a rabbit's
stoma, it was dicult to administer the medication in
capsule form. Treatment was changed to an essential
fatty acid supplement (Derm Caps liquid, DVM
Pharmaceuticals, Miami, Florida, USA) 0.5 mL orally
every 24 h which was easier to administer, and bath oil
rinses, every 14 days, similar to those described for
dogs with sebaceous adenitis.7 However, clinical signs
progressed during the course of the new treatment.
The rabbit was re-examined 5 months after the
initial visit to the VTHCSU. Both the scaling and
the alopecia had progressed (Fig. 5). The previously
noted dierence in the type of scale relative to the
area of the body aected had remained constant
(Fig. 6). The rabbit also had developed ulcerative
pododermatitis (`sore hock'). Skin scrapings, dermatophyte culture and skin biopsies of the scaling
dermatosis were repeated. Skin scrapings and dermatophyte culture failed to reveal any organisms.
Histological ndings were similar to those of the
initial biopsies.
Enrooxacin (5 mg kg71 orally every 12 h) was
administered for the ulcerative pododermatitis; however, over the next week the rabbit's condition
deteriorated and the animal was euthanized. Postmortem samples of the skin showed the same changes
as the previous biopsies; histological examination of
the ulcerative pododermatitis showed a diuse
pyogranulomatous dermatitis.
Case 2
A 34-years-old male Netherland Dwarf rabbit
weighing 1.7 kg was presented to the Veterinary

Figure 2. Photomicrograph of skin from a

healthy rabbit showing the small sebaceous
glands typical for this species (H&E, 6 400).
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144 DISC
Sebaceous adenitis in four rabbits

55

Figure 3. Photomicrograph of skin from

rabbit with sebaceous adenitis (case 1)
showing a perifollicular lymphocytic
inltrate at the level of the absent
sebaceous glands (arrow) and a mural
inltrative lymphocytic folliculitis (H&E
6 100).

Figure 4. Photomicrograph of skin from

rabbit with sebaceous adenitis (case 1)
showing a mural inltrative lymphocytic
folliculitis (H&E, 6 400).

Figure 5. Rabbit with sebaceous adenitis

(case 1). Note scaling and alopecia.
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144 DISC
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S. D. White et al.

Figure 6. Rabbit with sebaceous adenitis (case 1).

Brownish scale on ventrum.

Teaching Hospital, University of Guelph (VTHUG)

with at least a 1-year history of a nonpruritic scaling
dermatosis. The diet was judged to be adequate by the
examining clinician. The owner reported that the
scaling started on the neck. There was another rabbit
in the household; neither it nor the owner had
cutaneous lesions. Previous medications given for
the skin lesions were miconazole cream and ivermectin at an unknown dosage, given three times. The
owner reported no improvement in the skin disease
from the medications.
Physical examination revealed an alert, thin rabbit
with mild muscle wasting. Mild upper respiratory
sounds were present, and pasturellosis was suspected.
A generalized exfoliative dermatosis with patchy
alopecia and erythema was seen (Fig. 7). Dierential
diagnosis was as in case 1.
Multiple cellophane tape preparations, a dermatophyte culture and wet mounts (for fungi) were
negative for organisms. A complete blood count
(CBC) was normal; serum biochemistry panel showed
an elevated creatinine phosphokinase (15346 U L71,
normal values not established for rabbits). The rabbit
was anaesthetized using isouorane and multiple skin
biopsies were taken. Histological examination of the
skin biopsies showed a lymphocytic and histiocytic
sebaceous adenitis with apparent destruction of
sebaceous glands (Fig. 8), orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis, follicular keratosis and perifollicular brosis.
A mild to moderate lymphocytic interface folliculitis was
present at the level of the sebaceous gland. Interestingly,
a mild multifocal myositis with degeneration and
regeneration was present. Special stains (periodic acid
Schi (PAS), Gram, methenamine silver, tissue gram
stain, acid fast) were negative for organisms.
Because of the possibility of pasturellosis, as well as
a secondary pyoderma the rabbit was given enrooxacin (9 mg kg71 orally every 12 h) for 2 weeks,
followed by trimethoprimsulfa (23 mg kg71 orally
every 12 h) for 2 weeks. Neither skin lesions nor
respiratory sounds showed improvement.
# 2000 Blackwell Science Ltd, Veterinary Dermatology, 11, 5360

The rabbit was then given prednisone elixir (12

mg orally every 12 h) for 4 months and azathioprine
(1 mg kg71 orally every 48 h) for 1 month,
concurrently. During this time the rabbit also
received two injections of methylprednisolone acetate
(12 mg kg71 IM). This presumed immunosuppressive
treatment resulted in only a transient mild improvement of the skin lesions.
The rabbit also developed ulcerative pododermatitis (`sore hock'), and was subsequently euthanized
4.5 months after initial presentation due to the
progression of the skin lesions and the muscle
wasting. Necropsy showed no internal neoplasia, no
evidence of rhinitis or pneumonia, mild multifocal
myositis and an almost complete absence of sebaceous glands.
Case 3
A 7-years-old female Netherland Dwarf rabbit
weighing 1.5 kg was presented to the VTHUG with
a 7-month history of a nonpruritic scaling dermatosis
as well as an abnormal gait. Diet consisted of a
commercial rabbit pellet diet supplemented with
greens and alfalfa. The owner reported that originally
the scaling was conned to the face and dorsal neck.
A CBC and serum biochemistry panel was reported
as normal by the referring veterinarian. A single skin
biopsy taken prior to referral showed a complete
absence of sebaceous glands, a mid-dermal plasmacytic dermatitis, hyperkeratosis and follicular keratosis. Previous medications given included
griseofulvin (1020 mg kg71 orally every 24 h) for
1.5 months and enrooxacin (10 mg kg71 orally
every 12 h) for 1 month. The owner reported that the
medication had had no eect on the skin disease.
Physical examination revealed an alert rabbit. A
generalized exfoliative dermatosis with patchy alopecia was seen (Fig. 9). The dermatosis spared the ears.
Subtle signs of hyperextension of the hind limbs were
noted while the rabbit was hopping. Dierential
diagnosis was as in case 1.

144 DISC
Sebaceous adenitis in four rabbits

57

Figure 7. Rabbit with sebaceous adenitis

(case 2). Exfoliative dermatosis with
patchy alopecia and erythema.

Figure 8. Photomicrograph of skin from

rabbit with sebaceous adenitis (case 2)
showing lymphocytic and histiocytic
inammation of the sebaceous glands
(H&E 6 100).

Multiple cellophane tape preparations, a dermatophyte culture and wet mounts (for fungi) were
negative for organisms. While attempting to take
additional skin biopsies, the rabbit died due to
anaesthetic complications. Multiple skin samples,
obtained at post-mortem, lacked distinct sebaceous
glands. However, sections from the ears contained
sebaceous glands normal in appearance and without
inammation. Other histological ndings included
orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis, follicular keratosis
and perifollicular brosis. Plasma cell and fewer
lymphocytes were present throughout the mid-dermis
at the level of the sebaceous glands. A relatively cellpoor lymphocytic interface dermatitis and interface
folliculitis (Fig. 10) were present and spared only the
inferior portion of hair follicles. Individually necrotic
keratinocytes were seen at all levels of the epidermis,
but were more common in the basal cell layer, where
they were associated with basal cell vacuolar degeneration. Interestingly, the interface dermatitis was
prominent in the footpads, and an occasional intra-

epidermal multinucleated/syncytial cell was seen. The

distribution of the interface dermatitis was patchy,
explaining why this was not seen in the single skin
biopsy taken prior to referral.
Additional necropsy ndings included the presence
of a thin-walled cystic mass in the anterior mediastinum. The thin brous wall of the cyst was lined
predominantly by macrophages, and surrounded by
aggregates of lymphocytes and a few plasma cells.
Components of normal thymic architecture (Hassall's corpuscles, etc.) were not present to conrm a
cystic thymic remnant, and thus an inammatory
cyst seemed the most probable diagnosis. A mild
lymphocytic myositis and myocarditis were also
present. Sections from the brain and spinal cord
did not reveal abnormalities to explain the neurologic signs. A tissue Gram stain did not reveal
organisms within the central nervous system, heart,
or muscle samples. Incidentally, the right kidney was
completely atrophied and was replaced by mineralized brous tissue.
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S. D. White et al.

Case 4
An adult male French Lop rabbit weighing 2.4 kg
was presented to the Animal Dermatology Clinic
with a history of at least 3 months of a nonpruritic
scaling dermatosis. The rabbit was fed a diet of
commercial rabbit pellets. Skin scrapings were
negative and the referring veterinarian had treated
with ivermectin (0.3 mg kg71 subcutaneously every 7

days for three treatments) for presumed Cheyletiella

sp. infestation. Biopsies of the skin were then
obtained. On histological examination no sebaceous
glands could be seen. A mid-dermal mild patchy
predominantly lymphocytic and plasmacytic inltrate
was seen adjacent to the hair follicles at the level of
the sebaceous glands. Some areas of the epidermis
and supercial follicular epithelium exhibited basal
cell vacuolar degenerative changes accompanied by
lymphocytic exocytosis. Scattered individually necrotic keratinocytes were present primarily in the
follicular epithelium. Regular, moderate acanthosis
with hyperkeratosis was also present. A diagnosis of
sebaceous adenitis was made.
Treatment was initiated with an essential fatty acid
supplement (Derm Caps liquid) 1.0 mL orally every
24 h. During the next 2 months, prednisone elixir
(1 mg orally every 24 h) and daily topical propylene
glycol sprays were added to the regimen. No response
was noted, and the rabbit was referred.
Physical examination revealed an alert rabbit. A
generalized exfoliative dermatosis with crusts was seen.
Alopecia was present on the ventrum. Treatment was
changed to etretinate 10 mg every 48 h, given for 1
month. During this month there was no change in the
skin disease, and the rabbit became increasingly
depressed and lethargic, and ultimately died. A serum
chemistry panel was taken shortly before death and
showed changes primarily referable to the liver: aspartate
aminotransferase (AST) (2049 IU L71, normal 2366)
and alanine aminotranferase (ALT) (614 IU L71,
normal 60113). Necropsy was not performed.
DISCUSSION

Figure 9. Rabbit with sebaceous adenitis (case 3). Exfoliative

dermatosis.

Sebaceous adenitis (granulomatous sebaceous adenitis, idiopathic sebaceous adenitis) has been reported in
dogs5,6,8 cats9,10 and human beings.11,12 It typically
presents with varying degrees of exfoliation and

Figure 10. Photomicrograph of skin from

rabbit with sebaceous adenitis (case 3)
showing lymphocytic interface folliculitis
with individual keratinocyte necrosis and
follicular keratosis. Taken at post-mortem
(H&E, 6 400).
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144 DISC
Sebaceous adenitis in four rabbits
alopecia, pruritus generally being absent unless a
pyoderma is concurrent. Histology in the early stages
of the disease shows a neutrophilic to pyogranulomatous inammatory inltrate, centred around and
within the sebaceous glands. As the disease progresses, a granulomatous or lymphocytic inltrate is
more common. In end-stage sebaceous adenitis, the
sebaceous glands are absent, the inltrate may have
resolved or be represented by a few cells in the vicinity
of the absent sebaceous glands, and hyperkeratosis,
follicular keratosis and follicular dystrophy, and/or
perifollicular brosis may all be present.2,3 An
inltrative mural folliculitis may be present.4 Clinical
ndings persist in the absence of inammation.
The aetiology of sebaceous adenitis is unknown.
Hypotheses of an immunological response directed
against the sebaceous gland, a genetically programmed destruction of the sebaceous gland, a
keratinization disorder, or a metabolic defect in lipid
metabolism have all been advanced and reviewed
elsewhere.5,8 Alopecia may be due to inammation in
the putative follicular `bulge' region.4
The rabbits in this report had clinical and
histological ndings similar to sebaceous adenitis as
described in the dog. They had exfoliative nonpruritic
dermatosis, which on histological examination
showed either sebaceous gland destruction or an
absence of sebaceous glands. Histological changes
also showed hyperkeratosis, follicular keratosis and
follicular dystrophy, perifollicular brosis, a perifollicular lymphocytic inltrate at the level of where the
sebaceous glands are normally found, and a mural
inltrative lymphocytic folliculitis.
However, the presence of an interface dermatitis,
interface folliculitis, and individually necrotic keratinocytes suggests that the sebaceous adenitis may
be only one aspect of a more generalized disorder.
This is supported by the development of ulcerative
pododermatitis in cases 1 and 2, and the lymphocytic myocarditis and anterior mediastinal cyst in
case 3. Some features of these rabbits bear similarity
to a skin disease reported in cats, typied by
exfoliative dermatoses, and a hydropic to lichenoid
interface reaction with pronounced single cell
necrosis of epidermal keratinocytes. This dermatosis is associated with the presence of a thymoma or
thoracic lymphoma.13,14 However, sebaceous gland
destruction or absence was not reported in these
cats and there was no evidence of thoracic neoplasia
on thoracic radiographs of case 1 or necropsy of
case 2.
Treatment options for dogs for sebaceous adenitis
include retinoids,5,6 topical oil soaks or sprays,7 and
fatty acids.7 The owner of case 1 found the retinoids
in capsule form impractical to administer, and the
other treatments ineective. Case 4 failed to respond

59

to these treatments, and may have developed an

idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity due to the etretinate.15
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors thank Dr Ann Hargis for reviewing the
initial skin biopsy of case 1 and Dr Thomas Boyer for
informing us of the same rabbit.
REFERENCES
1. Hillyer, E.V. Pet rabbits. Veterinary Clinics of North
America: Small Animal Practice 1994; 24: 2565.
2. Gross, T.L., Ihrke, P.J., Walder, E.L., eds. Veterinary
Dermatopathology, Mosby Yearbook, St. Louis, 1992:
1002.
3. Dunstan, R.W., Hargis, A.M. The diagnosis of sebaceous
adenitis in Standard Poodles. In: Bonagura, J.D., ed.
Kirk's Current Veterinary Therapy XII. W.B. Saunders,
Philadelphia, 1995: 61922.
4. Gross, T.L., Stannard, A.A., Yager, J.A. An
anatomical classication of folliculitis. Veterinary
Dermatology 1997; 8: 14756.
5. White, S.D., Rosychuk, R.A.W., Scott, K.V., Hargis,
A.M., Jonas, L., Trettien, A. Sebaceous adenitis in
dogs and results of treatment with isotretinoin and
etretinate. 30 Cases 199094. Journal of the American
Veterinary Medical Association 1995; 207: 197200.
6. Stewart, L.J., White, S.D., Carpenter, J.L. Isotretinoin in
the treatment of sebaceous adenitis in two viszlas. Journal of
the American Animal Hospital Association 1991; 27: 6571.
7. Rosser, E.J. Jr Sebaceous adenitis. In: Kirk, R.W.,
Bonagura, J.D., eds. Current Veterinary Therapy XI.
W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, 1992: 5346.
8. Rosser, E.J., Dunstan, R.W., Breen, P.T., Johnson,
G.R. Sebaceous adenitis with hyperkeratosis in the
standard poodle: a discussion of 10 cases. Journal of the
American Animal Hospital Association 1986; 23: 3415.
9. Scott, D.W. Adenite sebacee pyogranulomateuse sterile
chez un chat. Le Pointe Veterinaire 1989; 21: 10711.
10. Baer, K., Shoulberg, N., Helton, K. Sebaceous
adenitis-like disease in two cats (Abstract). Veterinary
Pathology 1993; 30: 437.
11. Renfro, L., Kopf, A.W., Gutterman, A., Gottleib, G.J.,
Jacobson, M. Neutrophilic sebaceous adenitis. Archives
of Dermatology 1993; 129: 9101.
12. Martins, C., Tellachea, O., Mariano, A. et al.
Sebaceous adenitis. Journal of the American Academy
of Dermatology 1997; 36: 8456.
13. Scott, D.W., Yager, J.A., Johnston, K.M. Exfoliative
dermatitis in association with thymoma in three cats.
Feline Practice 1995; 23: 813.
14. Scott, D.W., Miller, W.H., Grin, C.E. Small Animal
Dermatology 5th edn. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia,
1995 1098.
15. Ellis, C.N., Voorhees, J.J. Etretinate therapy. Journal
of the American Academy of Dermatology 1987; 16:
26791.

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144 DISC
60

S. D. White et al.
Resume Quatre lapins domestiques ont ete presentes pour une dermatose squameuse non prurigineuse. Des
biopsies cutanees nombreuses ont montre des lesions compatibles avec une adenite sebacee comme rapporte
dans d'autres especes: inammation centree sur les glandes sebacees, et/ou absence de glande sebacee, inltrat
lymphocytaire perifolliculaire au niveau des glande sebacees disparues, hyperkeratose, keratose folliculaire,
dystrophie folliculaire, brose perifolliculaire et une folliculite murale inltrante. Les modications
histopathologiques observees qui n'etaient pas en faveur d'une adenite sebacee comme dans les autres
especes etaient une dermatite d'interface et une folliculite d'interface avec une necrose et une degenerescence
hydropique des cellules de la couche basale. [White, S. D., Linder, K. E., Schultheiss, P., Scott, K. V., Garnett,
P., Taylor, M., Best, S. J., Walder, E. J., Rosenkrantz, W. et Yaeger, J. A. (Quatre cas d'adenite sebacee chez
le lapin domestique (Oryctatagus cuniculus).) Veterinary Dermatology 2000; 11: 5360.]
Resumen Cuatro conejos domesticos presentaban una historia de descamacion no-prur tica. Multiples
muestras de biopsia revelaron hallazgos compatibles con adenitis sebacea, tal como se describe en otras
especies: inamacion dirigida a las glandulas sebaceas y/o ausencia de glandulas sebaceas, un inltrado
linfoc tico perifolicular a nivel de las glandulas sebaceas ausentes, hiperqueratosis, queratosis folicular,
distroa folicular, brosis perifolicular y foliculitis mural linfoc tica inltrativa. Las alteraciones histologicas
no compatibles con adenitis sebacea en otras especies eran dermatitis de la union dermo-epidermica y dermoepitelial en los fol culos, con necrosis celular aislada y degeneracion hidropica de celulas basales. [White, S. D.,
Linder, K. E., Schultheiss, P., Scott, K. V., Garnett, P., Taylor, M., Best, S. J., Walder, E. J., Rosenkrantz, W.
y Yaeger, J. A. (Adenitis sebacea en cuatro conejos domesticos (Oryctatagus cuniculus).) Veterinary
Dermatology 2000; 11: 5360.]
Zusammenfassung Vier Hauskaninchen wurden mit Schuppenbildung ohne Juckreiz vorgestellt. Mehrere
Hautbiopsien ergaben Befunde vergleichbar mit Talgdrusenentzundung bei anderen Spezies: Gegen die
Talgdrusen gerichtete Entzundung und/oder ein Fehlen der Talgdrusen, ein perifollikulares lymphozytares
Inltrat an der Stelle der fehlenden Talgdrusen, Hyperkeratose, follikulare Keratose, follikulare Dystrophie,
perifollikulare Fibrose und murale inltrative lymphozytare Follikulitis. Histologische Veranderungen, die bei
anderen Spezies nicht vorkommen, waren Entzundung der dermoepidermalen Grenzzone (`interface
dermatitis') von Haut und Follikeln mit Nekrose einzelner Keratinozyten and hydropischer Degeneration
der Basalzellen. [White, S. D., Linder, K. E., Schultheiss, P., Scott, K. V., Garnett, P., Taylor, M., Best, S. J.,
Walder, E. J., Rosenkrantz, W. und Yaeger, J. A. (Talgdrusenentzundung in vier Hauskaninchen (Orytatagus
cuniculus).) Veterinary Dermatology 2000; 11: 5360.]

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