Review Notes

dneClass
find more resources at www.oneclass.com
2014-04-23
GGR121H1-Damin Dupuy (201415)
Lecture Notes
Lecture#l: Introduction, Concepts and Context
Definitions of URBAN
o
Subject of much debate and disagreement
Louis Wirth (1938)- cities are large (take up space), dense (populated), relatively permanent
settlements of socially heterogeneous people
Lewis Mumford (1961)- cities were a fundamental cultural institution
Bunting and Filion (2010)- places of intense social interaction and exchange between strangers
Characteristics of Urban
-Urban is a dense concentration (agglomeration) of people and activities
- Proximity, density, and diversity are key characteristics
Distance decay: you interact less the further away you move from it
Urbanization
o
Shifting population balance between urban and rural areas
o Proportion of the total population that is living in urban place (Census: measure population change
over time, 81% of Canadian population lived in cities, has grown significantly over the last 100 yrs)
Deurbanizadon (reverse urbanization)

o Balance is shifting towards peripheral/rural areas
o Rural population growth is higher than urban population growth
o
Growth rates are higher in the city than of outside the city.
Urban Hierarchy
o
Ordering and ranking of urban place by population size or function
Can change over years
2011, Toronto was ranked number one b.c of its diverse economic structure, diversity in culture, pop
size etc
MetropoUtanizadon
o The largest urban areas are growing faster than smaller urban areas
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o Population is shifting up the urban hierarchy

o The "greater golden horse shoe" one massive urban region
Suburbamdzation
o Shifting population balance between suburban portions of metropolitan areas and the rest of the
country
o Areas on the edge of the urban core are getting larger
* Urban Sprawl- density in a city. Canadian cities are more dense than American cities.
Measuring Urban Places (4)
Urban places can be defined using a variety of different criteria. Example: size
Principle method used
o Population
Minimum size of settlement of agglomeration
Minimum density
Relying on population alone can be problematic
Measuring the number of people who occupy a location
Canadian cities are more dense/compact than US cities
o Economic base
Minimum proportion of the labour force in non-agricultural occupations (service or
manufacturing)
Basic (city forming) and non-basic (city serving) goods and services.
Economic Base Theory: activities support city or allow city to grow (forming vs serving).
o Administrative
Using some legal or administrative criteria
Comparative research is difficult
Physical and social extent of the city can extend far beyond the administrative
responsibility
o Functional
Reflect the real extent of the urban influence (how the city actually functions)
Census data expressed in terms of functional definition
Metropolitan statistical area (MSA) in the US
Census Metropolitan Area (CMA) in Canada- 147 of these in Canada
o Area consisting of one or more neighboring municipalities situated around
a core. A census metropolitan area must have a total population of at least
100,000 of which 50,000 or more live in the core. A census agglomeration
must have a core population of at least 10,000.
o Peel, York, Durham, Metropolitan Toronto
o GTA: everything from Milton in Halton to Uxbridge in Durham
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Greater golden horseshoe: takes on regions beyond halton and Durham

(economic definition)
The economics region can extend into buffalo and Michigan?
Understanding Urban Geography
Understand/interpret the distribution of town and cities
Account for the differences and similarities between them and within them
Two Key Themes
o Spatial distribution of towns and cities-system of cities

o Internal structure of the city- city as a system
Discipline is eclectiddiverse
3 Disciplines of Urban Geography
Descriptive
o Recognition and description of the urban area's internal structure-patterns and processes
Interpretive
o Examining how people 1Ulderstand and react to these patterns and processes
Explanatory
o Looks for the origins of these patterns

5 1\,pproaches on Urban GeoWSPhy
Environmentalism
o Dominate up to the mid 20th century
o Looking at the relationship between people and their environment

o Site and situation studies: physical characters determine urban development
Ex. neighbours located along a river, beach.
How does this effect social/economic processes?
Urban Morphology: how urban areas have grown and changed over time
Recent work concentrates on the production, form and design of urban areas
Analyzing evolution of the city by building types
How does change in physical form influence interactions
Positivism
o General paradigm shift in the 1950's

o Human behaviour is determined or influence by scientific and universal laws
o How scientific laws produced observed patterns of urban activity or form on the ground
*BURGESS MODEL
o 2 broad approaches of Positivism
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Ecological
Human behaviour is based on ecological principles
Most powerful groups obtain the most advantageous place in a given space
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o
Survival of the fitness/ evolution but in terms of people with

wealtb./income
Displace those of a lower income *diagram
Neoclassical
Driving force was rationality
Homo-economicus (economic man)- economic rationality of humans trying to get

max benefits, min cost.
Cost-minimization of benefits-maximization
Behavioural and Humanistic

o
Emerged in the 70's as a reaction to scientific determinism
Behavioural
Focused on decision making on human behaviour
Modeling the world

Humanistic
Deepling subjective and complex relations between individuals and groups and the places
they exits
Techniques drawn from diff forms of art: film, writing. paintings
Human interpretations for where you are/sense of place

How the city is being presented
Sttucturalism
o Broad approach in the social sciences
o Importance of social, economic and political structures of society, and how they influence how
cities are planned
o
Derived from the writing of Karl Marx
Approach was dominate in the 70's and beyond mainly in response to social problems emerging
in urban areas (esp. in US: Chicago, Boston, nick)

o
Criticized because of the emphasis on "class"
What is the relationship between income and class?
Postmodemism
o
Emerged in 80's 90's
Approach rejects the notion that one perspective should hold sway
Emphasizes individual differences of multiple perspectives
How do we bring different perspectives together
How do we use it to influence policy making
Most visible in urban design-Chicago, Berlin, Toronto
I.e. Marylyn Monroe towers in missasgua
Criticism is that there is an endless range of possible interpretation for the city
Scales of Analysis in Urban GeoKnwby

(Levels going from smallest to largest)
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Neighbourhood
o Series of city blocks
o Census Track Level- plots of land
City
o Center of economic and social power
Regions
o Comprised of cities
o Toronto as a city region
o Urban sprawl- patter of housing development
National City System
o What is the connection btw cities in Canada
o How are these linkages organised
o Funding provided to cites, therefore influence cities social and economic developments
o Make decisions on where big investments go, rail infrastrcuture, air infrastructure
World System of Cities
o Linkages between international cities
o Toronto has stronger linkages with international cities than other Canadian cities b.c of finance,
immigrants
Oshawa success or failure driven by Detroit- b.c of the auto industry i.e. ford and gm..
Lecture #2: The Origins of Cities
How and why did non-agricultural settlements arise

How and why did those settlements become geographically concentrated
How and why do some of these bran settlements grow to become larger than other settlements
o Oscillates
Two Key Concepts on Urban Evolution

o Social Surplus
Production of basic goods (goods that are tradable) over and above what is needed
for subsistence
o Agglomeration
Concentration of activities, please, networks of relationships in space
Appearance of non-agricultural settlements

Plots of land w. no relationships>surplus> trade and specialization happens >linkages appear between
plots. We now have the potential to become a city
o Trade must be managed then political class emerges- political elite,
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The trade is the trigger
What Generates the Social Surplus?

New Technology
o Irrigation, efficient farming.
Environmental Change
o Longer term climate change, water quality, soil quality
o Series of flooding changing soil making it better for growth
Changes in social organization
o Land reform, the use of slaves as cheap labour
*Unlikely any one factor holds sway, instead more of a gradual transition
Why do some settlements grow larger?
Agglomeration economies!
o Economic benefits accruing to concentration of activities in space

o Highways near car factories for easy transportation
o Two lJ!pes of Economies
Localization- close to similar firms
Urbanization- locating in an urban environment
Shared infrastrucwre, shared sources of water, electricity, sewage disposal,

information and media
Finns dose to the city benefit from the fact that the infrastructure is already there
Information. Through fibre optic infrastructure, telecommunications.
Economies of Scale: As they get larger, cost of production falls.
Agglomeration Diseconomies
Early Urban Development
First cities emerged

o
4000-3000 BCE Mesopotamia, Nile Valley Indus Valley
Early cities were small 2000-20,000

o
Ur 200,000 and Thebes 225,000 (Iraq and Egypt)
Probs b.c they were near water and could easily cultivates..?
Largest of eh ancient cities was Roman

o
Close to 1 million by 2 ad
Athens, Sparta on Greek mainland by BOO BC
Urbanism spread through Mediterranean from Greece
Spread into Greek islands- demand for land
Planned cities developed a gridiron pattern (streets heading east, west, north, south linear
streets)
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Medieval cities have winding streets ie Dublin

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o
Many Roman cities had this pattern, also (roman cities in the uk like York)
Square or rectangular town perimeter
2 main cross-streets
E-W Decumanuc
N-S Cardo
These are main intersections Found in cities like NYC and Toronto
Middle Period Urbanization
Slow growth of European cities sm-1?* cennnies

o
Decrease in spatial interaction after Roman Empire fell
ie emergence of Islamic empire and Viking expansion
Cities grown because of linkages- ie economic linkages
As the linkages broke between cities, there was a decline in the PACE of growth... small
growth if anything
Disruption of urban and rural interaction
Increased isolation
Emergence of guilds
Over time, commerce expanded function of the city- Mercantilism.

o
Urbanization doesn't happen without linkages
Mercantilism
Raised the poor of merchant classes as a social class, providing wealth for the city
Mechanist/traders became important people
Thus, the role of the government was to protect trade, b.c trade overall benefited the city
Power of capitalists reduced toll of the state and cities become industrial centers
o
Growth no longer goes to the city, but the to individuals
Social role, moving to Individual role
Leads to industrial developments[]new technology
Industrial Revolution
Fortified cities/French Bastides/Medieval cities
MontFlaquin, NavaiTenx, Issigeac
central square
Indusnial and Post-Industrial Urbanization
Most significant mbanization occurred after industrial revolution mid 1700s
19 century cities were place of population concentration
Great Britain had the most urbanized population in the 1900s

o
Center of industrialization/urban growth
Cities became more specialised as a result of market forces

o ie Manchester- center of cotton production
North American Urbanization
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Related to the colonization by Spanish, French and English

Earliest settlements during Spanish occupation in South West- Texas, Arizona, California, New Mexico
English colonization began in 1565Dutch established Fort Orange (Albany) and New Amsterdam (new York) in the 1"J'h century-trading
posts
o Colonization to exploit natural recourses to bring them back to the homeland
Quebec founded by the French in 1606 followed by Montreal in 1620
o French owned St. Lawrence river
English colonization was the shit since after 1700s
Westward movement of population and urbanization in the 19111 century
Borchert (1967) a geographer- identifies 4 key phases in the development o the North American urban
systems
o Phases shaped size and location of cities, in addition to their internal structure
o Internal structure of land- look at land use
Phases relate urban change to advances in technology, especially transportation
Staie I 1790-1830- Frontier Mercantilism

1790 was the first US census
Most important cities were on the Atlantic coast- NYC, Philadelphia, Boston (some medieval street
scapes), Halifax
o Technology or machinery moved in, natural recourses moved out
o The lumber industry was to provide planks needed for British army
Cities were commercial centers
Little industry-some traditional crafts (small spatial foot print)
True "walking" cities
o Little internal transportation, people walked everywhere
Staie II (1830-1870) Early Industrial Cswitalism
Steam technology esp. steamboat made trade possible
o Going across great lakes
o Allowing internal trades
o Moving from NE cost, into the center
Cities that were located on rivers were important- Pittsburgh, New Orleans, Cincinnati
Internal structure of cities changed
Emergence of a CBD (central business district), and defined waterfront districts- back then, the CBD
was at the waterfront
o Low income housing near CBD
o Identification of "carriage suburbs"
Only come people could afford carriages
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Rosedale, St. George street- away from city center, but it meant you had money to live
here b.c you needed a carriage to get places from here. Think of living in a suburb today.
You need a car to get around. Same thing then with Rosedale, St. George, back then.
Sta&e III (1870-1930) National Industrial CapjtaH:;m
Continent fully urbanized- Halifax to LA
Completion of railroad in 1869
New centers emerged- Vancouver, Seattle
Greater specialization among cities
Segrated land uses instead of mixed use

o
Distinct CBD in highest cost location
Warehouses, factories, housing least desirable sites
o
o
Those could afford to more, moved further out of CBD

Burgess model- find a picture
Expensive housing- away from the downtown core
Cheaper housing- close to downtown core
*Burguss Model
Stage N 91935-present) Mature Industrial Capitalism
General process of de -concentration and suburbanization
Rail hubs lost out to automobile and airplane

o
Linking cities, commercial jets
Emergence of Megalopolis
o
BosWash-linking Boston to Washington
SanSan- Sand Diego to San Francisco
ChiPitts- Chicago to Pittsburgh
Greater golden horseshoe- Oshawa to Niagara
Lecture #3: The Urban System
"A set of geographically bounded dties that share a number of common attributes that interact with
each other to a more significant extant than dties outside the system"
No cities can grow in a vacuum. Linkages and connections must exists with other cities
o
Dependency
Competition
Its cheaper for firms to locate in Toronto b.c they pay less property tax
Transportation
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2 Types of Urban Systems

Geographic scale
o International/global
Linkages between t.o, nyc, London- b.c of finances
o Nation
Toronto and Ottawa b.c of government funding
Less funding between Ottawa and Quebec b.c of arguing
o Regional
Oshawa, Toronto, Barrie, Kitchener, Wmdsor- industrial corridor
Functional
o Production based
o Consumer oriented
o Specialized service
Evolution of Urban Systems
..Classic"
o
How did cities emerge?- social surplus and agglomeration
Colonial ie Vance
o External settlement selection
o Colonial power determines speed
o System moves toward interior o exploit raw materials
o Eventually, system more functionally integrated and dependent. resembles classic system
National Urban Systems I

Most cities accommodate a variety of functions
Many suggested classification schemes
o Amount of employment in a particular sector
o Population size
o Multivariate statically analyses
o Cities are placed on urban hiechery is based on size AND more variety of functions/services the
city provides
Global hierachyO these cities provide more global benefits- NYC international governance
linkages- the center of UN-
Allen Pred (1977) classified according to interdependence and closure

o Ie Vancouver has stronger linkages outside the country
National Urban System ll
Settlement patterns often reflect different urban functions

1. Linear pattern
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Urban taking place from one natural recourse to another

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Cities evolving in linear patterns
Role of great lakes as a transportation linkage
2. Clustered
Distinct natural resources
Mining clusters- Ex. Sudbury, northern Ontario
3. Uniform/hierarchical pattern
Main town in the middle, lower orders scattered around one
Bigger roads link bigger centers, same thing with small centers
City Size Distn"budon I

"Distribution of cities/urban regions by population"
Directly or indirectly associated with

1. Density of population and population activity
2. Land values and housing prices
3. Traffic Congestion
4. Air pollution
S. Levels of social diversity

a. Do bigger cities have more social problems?
6. Levels of amenity/diversity of services
City Distribution D
Continuous or Rank-Size Distribution

o
Clear pattern between city size and rank within the urban system
Is there a proportional difference as you go down the hieracry
This can give a hint in terms of where the city is in its development
Discontinuous
o
Little relationship between city size and rank
Rank
City size and rank are directly linked-
Where a city is ranked is directly b.c of its population size
The higher up the ranker, the more functions it will carry out
Ie Toronto is heavily populated, and has many functions. Biggest labour market, key
international services, banking center thus very powerful and highly ranked
Use the Rank Size Rule (ZipD

o
Population of any particular city= the population of the city ranked #1, divided by the rank of
the
particular city
OR
"'The Worlds Urbanization Prospects" links to the "Human Development

index" both by the UN
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Population of city A is directly proportional to the population of the city ranked #1 divided by
the rank of city A
Calculating Zipf
Population of a city (of given rank) = Pr
Pop of city ranked #1 = Pl
Rank of city= r
Thus Pr = Pllr
Toronto CMA was ranked #1 in Canada's mban system in 2011 5.6 million. What is the pop of the city ranked
#8?
P(8)=5,600,000/8
P(8)= 700,000
Therefore, population of city #8 is 700,000.
Graph- E opulation, x=city rw
The 8th largest city in Canada in 2011 was Hamilton, with a population 721,000.
The objective is to take data and see if there is a pattern
*graph declining exponentially. Use log to change it linear and we get a downward sloping in the line wood.
3 JYpes of City-Size distributions
1. Perfect rank size distribution
Associates with a high level of economic development under capitalism
Perfect log ordering of cities by population
Largest labour market, generates most wealth
Downward slope
2. Primate City Distribution
Urban system dominated by one huge city, other cities insignificant
Associated with developing nations/colonial economies
Most of the population lives in one city
Quick downward slope then decreases slower
3. Intermediate or Smaller City-Dominant Distribution
Transitional phase of mban system development
More common in large and highly fragmented nations
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Large number of intermediate sized cities- cities have the same pop and economic function ie soviet
union
Very slowling declined slope (almost parallel), then quicker decline, then finally really quick decline.
3 uses of R.ank-Size Djstribution

1. Analysis temporal shift in the urbanization process
a. Measure how far urban system has evolved from primate to perfect city size distribution- over
long periods of time
2. Allows for comparisons of different urban systems in terms of:
a. Dominance of one city group in the urban system
b. Metropolitan growth or decline
c. Density of economic linkages
1. Axe cities in hierarchy growin at the same rate? Is there more migration?
ii. Not only do cities change, but the system changes too
3. Forecasting or planning
a. Predict changes in landscape/population change/what will happen in terms of the eco, soc,
housing etc
Lecture #4: Cities and Center of Production

Olinkages are the glue which hold urban systems together
Economic linkages
Cities as Cenues of ManufacturinK and Seryice Deljvety
OServices in support of manufacture or in support of production
Why is there a functional specialization among cities (especially manufacturing activity.
o Ie ICT sector- waterloo, Ottawa, Toronto- Computer hardware manufactured
o Digital media center- t.o liberty village area
Why are larger cities more economically diversified than smaller cities?
Why do some cities have concentrations of corporate headquarters while others do not
o Fortune 500 companies: most located north of NYC
Cities as Centers of Manufacturing
Manufacturing is one of the most important component of urban growth
o 80% of employment is in services to support manufacturing or production activity
o Logistic and accounting decisions take place in the home location even if production is else
where ie Apple, designed in California made in china
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o Large contributor to GDP growth

Help to explains
o
Development of the Urban system:
Supply chain is scattered globally
o The emergence of large industrial metropolises

o Specialization of cities in particular industries
o
Helps explains growth rates b.c of specialization ie car production in Ottawa

Differences in rates of growth due to specialization
Classifying Manufacturing Places (4)
Components or types of goods

o Durable goods
o
Non-durable
Value-added
o High value added (technology, electronics)
o Low value added (textiles, furniture)
le Metal<steel<car parts<car
Ie chemicals<pharm compound
This is b.c cost of production is also added
Stage in the production process

o
Processing of raw materials
Steel
Fabrication of parts
Car door
Assembly/integration of parts into finished products
Car
Takes place in Canada
Manufacturing Location
IAlfred Weber's Location Theory
Developed in early 1900s
Least-cost theory of manufacturing
Developing in the 1900s

o Firms would locate where they would minimize they're cost
Firms depended on inputs fond everywhere would locate closer to their market- Market Oriented
Those dependent on specific raw materials would locate dose to them- Market Oriented
o illtimately finns would seek the lease-cost locations
But model is "idealized" or "simplistic"
II
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Characteristics of Global Economic System

o Single world market with production for exchange
o Spatial divisions in organization of the system
o Existence of a defined Core and Periphery
Core: places where decisions are made, designed and engineering locations- Developed
Countries of the west
Periphery: manufacturingl]transitional economies. Like Asia
o Cycles of growth across the system globally
Budget deficits
Economy isn't growing as well as before 2008
o Importance of local economic actors
The aspects of globalization
Change from post-war period of Fordism to a period of Post-Fordism of Flexibility

o Assembly line=Fordism
Industry
Fordism
Post-For
1940-19705
1970s to present
Vertical integration,
concentration, monopolistic
Small firms, vertical

disintegration, growth of
high tech and producer
Employment
Manufacturing jobs, stable

unemployment
Production
Economies of scale,
mechanized production
Labour
Skills demarcation,
unionization, employment
protection
Space-Economy
Regional specialization
spatial division of labour
services
High unemployment
contraction of
manufacturing jobs, growth
of private sector services,
flexi in labour rise
Economies of scope,
automation, small batch
production fragmented
industrial organization
Competitive, DE unionized,
part time and temporary
contract, local wage,
detennination
De-industrialization,
emergence of high
technology production
complexes
Manufacturing Location Change
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Production linkages have undergone technological and organizational change

o Moved parts of production process to different location
Major Changes include
o Emergence of flexible production systems
Celestica: manufactures parts for electrons internationally.
FoxCon: manufactures apple productions
o Technology oriented
Productivity: a measure per unit output by per unit input of labour
Measuring productivity growth= use of technology
How can inns use tech productively
o F1exible Labour
More short-term contracts and employment in public and private sectors
More flexi
Continuousll1novation
New ways of organizing production process
Amazon has changed the model for which we buy things
Courses delivered online
Manufacturing Location Change II

Specialization Industrial Networks
o Industrial districts/Science parks
o Clustering: the production process is decentralizing but comes together spatially. Can give you a
competitive advantage
Just-in-time delivery systems
o Supplies delivered in small quantities on schedule
o Through the use of computes and info systems: parts are only supplied when need them... so if
manufacturing goes on strike or something, youre screwed
R&D & HQ facilities in metropolitan areas
o Skilled labourf'creative Class"
o Apple: Designed in California, made in China
o GM plays a large role in Detroit for designed and engineering
0 rnus core cities are focused on designed and engineering,
o Creative Class: large cities higher level of skilled labour- PhD's, engineers. centers of technology
intensive activities
Linked it to levels of artists
Linked to levels of tolerance- active sustainable gay community, or from people outside
of the countries
The more tolerable and skilled cities have the most creative people
Employment in Cities
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Start point in shift in structure of employment from manufacturing to services

Post-fordist emphasis on vertical disintegrated
Emergence of inter firm linkages, industrial districts etc
Contraction of "Blue-Collar" labour in many cities
o Blue collar- working class person who uses manual labour
Exclusion from labour market of certain groups ex young unskilled factory workers, semi-skilled
Labour Demand and Supply
Demandlltoday greater demand for higher skills, math oriented skills

o Globalization
o Industrial restructuring
o Deregulation and privatization
o Organizational restricting
SupplyD
o Population growth and dynamics
baby boomers so aging workforce
o Education and training
Canada's poor performance in math
Higher educated population (university degree)
o Immigration and labour mobility
To sustain our work force
o Hours of work
Labour Market Imbalances
Supply and skills shortages can result in:
Delays in competition of projects

Bottlenecks inhibiting employment of complementary employees
Health and safety issues with less qualified employees
Reduced ability to attract inward investment
o Firms will move to particular locations for availability of skills
Difficult in acquiring components of the production chain
While supply and skills surpluses can influence:
Underemployment
o PhD taxi driver
Underuti.lization of kills
o "No Canadian experience"
Involuntary contract of part time work
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Intra-Urban Employment
Dual process of decentralization and clustering of activity/employment
Decentralization
o GTA: major industrial concentrations follow major transportation infrastructure- highway 401
o Low cost peripheral sites have greater appeal than more expensive central locations
o Low density industrial parks are favoured
o Surplus of land zoned for employment purposes in many municipalities
o Increase in prevalence of "home-work"
Clustering
o Clustering tired to intensification of linkage between firms
o Most enhanced in the central city and older suburbs
o Appeals to certain new industrial enterprise that can operate within subdivided often multi-story
premises
o In Toronto, culture and media industries are suited to central locations-proximity to inner city
pools of creative workers
Informal Economy
Often called the underground or black market economy
Notoriously difficult to measure
o Ex Paying a contractor to work on your house in cash to avoid taxes
Acts to distort true functioning of labour market

Takes many forms
o Domestic or household economy
Taking care for a family member/elderly without being paid
Could this be used as a tax return
o "Neighbourhood" or mutual aid economy
Reciprocity
o Alternative/counter culture
People who remain themselves from mainstream life- ie the Amish
o "Hidden" economy
To hide taxation
Global Cities
DGlobalization means highest-order functions concentrate in only a few key cities
Highly skilled, technology intensive activities in higher order cities
Global Cities
Places where the "command and control" of the world economy is concentrated
o Increasing concentration of HQs, financial service etc.
Characteristics of Global Cities
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Main sites for capital and investment
o Like New York, has pre existing linkages

o The larger cities get larger
Location of highest-order functions/markets

o
New york stock exchange, where prices are determined, things are shipped out etc.
Main destination points for migrants
o Larger cities for migrants

o Toronto
Most intensive places for economic growth and innovation
Large increasing social inequalities/polarization
o Income polarization
Hierarchy of Global Cides (based on John Friedman)
First Tier (New York, London, Tokyo)

o Concentrations of highest order functions
o Centers of descion making for firms
Second TI
er (Toronto, Sydney, Chicago, Berlin)
o Concentration of national and regional HQs, high tech, manufacturing producer services
Lecture #5: Urban Form- the internal Structure of Cities

Urban Land Use Patterns
Urban environment is changing always
o Systems of cities are never static

o Land use is always changing- ie waterfronts now all condos which is different from pervious
years
Variety of scales
o
Individual households
The changing of neighbourhoods
le St. Clair and Bathurst/Duffer in used to be the Jewish area in the 70's.
Large scale infrastructure projects
Condos=massive buildings with little interaction between residence
OccW'S though market forces and or government planning

o
Gov. decides where things will happen
Municipalities put out city plans to guide land use over time based on social,
demographic change etc.
Toronto's current plan allows max 6 story buildings around arterial streets- try to increase
density along these roads. More people=more demand for business=more money spent!
Theories/models help out understanding
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o Help understand patterns of land use in urban areas

Morphogenesis
Analysis of town plan over periods of history to understand how urbanization has evolved
1960's work of Michael Conzen
Landscapes divided in 3 elements

1. Town plan (street layouts) most resistant to change
Street shape doesn't change, area around it does

2. Building form-slow to change
3. Land-use-most susceptible to change
Human Ecology
Influence by Chicago school of ecology in 1920's
Applying sociological theories with theories of ecosystems
Ecological theories applied to land use
o Competition
For land and space. Many actives want the same space
o Invasion
Derived parts of the cities by certain activities- ie shift from commercial to residential
o Succession
One use exceeds others
o Dominance
One activity more dominant than the other
Free Market dicated types of land use- ie the PRICE of land
Natural Areas evolve reflecting dominate homogenous social or ethnic character
o With respect to income and ethnic background
****Burgesses' Concentric Zone Model
UDiagram---reflects Chicago, but can be compared to other cities like T.O
o Zone 1:
CBD All cities have atleast central business district

King and Bay- Toronto's CBD shifted here over time- used to be waterfront
o Zone 2:
transition of housing and immigrant groups and income types
Poor quality, rooming housing- China Town Little Italy
o Zone 3:
better quality housing
21111 immigrant families moving out of the city
as you move up income, you move out of the city- the carriage thing you learn a few
lectures ago
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o Zone4:
Family dwelling. hotels
Higher income areas
Alonzo's Bid-rent Model
o Landuse in respect to competing price of land- location rent driven model in perspective from
city center
o Diagram
o Location Rent (y axis)- certain land uses would commend a certain prince
o Distance from center (x axis)
o Retail would command highest rent over office space or residential- this is why retail activity
happens in downtown core
Hoyt's Sector Model
o Districts
o Housing follows transportation routes!

Harris and Ullman's Multiple Nuclei Model
o Diagram
o Nuclei of activity in certain places
o Lowering coming housing and whole sale manufacturing near downtown core
Mann's Model of British City
o Diagram
o London- West end was the posh area, east end was the poor end
o Industrial revolution- no one wanted to live in the CBD. The east was the poor community b.c
the westerly winds would blow the soot and smoke from city center east. So if you had more
money you'd live away from the soot- ie west end
Lecture #6: Housing

Trench in North American Urban population
Urban population of north America has grown and continues to

o Esp. pop growth in the US
o Rate of Natural Increase
Population reproducing itself
Areas of significant population growth (no immigration) states in the south west US
(Rust Belt/auto industry-growing economically and in terms of population)
Sunbelt States of North America: east coast states, stagnant or small population increase
Census population growth by province (2001-2006)
o Highest rate in NVT,NWT,AB, ON
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o Onatio: brings most GDP in Canada

o Alberta: oil and gas situation- booming of job creating
Canada is still mostly a natural resomce based economy
Ontario Population Growth
o Natural increase vs net migration
Birth rates are getting lower (natural increase declining), so to sustain population, we rely
on immigration
Census Population Growth Rates in Ontario CMA:'s
o Highest present increase in Barrie b.c of GO transportation increases
Barrie is growing- more than just a resident area- ie universit6y there
Population Growth in the GTA
GTA population has increased by 20% over the past 10 years (850,000 ppl)
Every 6-10 years GTA has to provide room for 600,000 people
o These people must be educated as well as accommodated
Transportation investment needed, physically environment needs to hold more people,
more hospitals needed
Population Density
Equates population growth with urban development

How concentrated a population is
" ...number of people per hectar or acre of land within the urban area"
if urban population is growing, and density is uncahged, then we know the SIZE of the urban area is
growing (physical foot print growing)
and... the increase in urban ara is accounted for by housing
Population Density-Canada
most dense (greater than 50 ppl per square kilometer)

o Windsor Quebec corridor
center of population growth=centers of production and growth
most dense here
Population density cont'd
equates pop growth w/ urban development

"the number of people per hectare, or acre of land within an urban area"
if urban popn is growing and density remains unchanged, we know the SIZE of the urban area is
growing
o the increase in urban area is accounted for by housing
Urban Sprawll
defined simply as 'low density development that is beyond the edge of urban services and employment'
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synonymous with all that is bad about new residential and commercial development
-issue of 'sprawl': sprawl is associated with unchecked residential neighborhoods
associated with growth of automobile
1950s, 60s 70s and 80s
links into poor health, obesity, etc
Urban sprawl 2
'cookie cutter houses, wide, treeless, sidewalk free roadways, mindlessly cuving cul de sacs, a
streetscape of garage doors, or worse, a pretentious slew of mcmansions, complete with obligatory gate
house. You will not be welcome there, nor would you ever have any rreason to visit its monotonous
moonscape"
-the rise and fall of the American dream
-very little character, and community
-condo developments downtown can be argued to share the same characteristics (no sense of
community)
Past, Present and Future Urban Area of Toronto and Chicago
In 2020, projectd to extend past major roasd and highways
Farther out into greater golden horse shoe (for T.O)
Edge cities
In relation to urban sprawl

Joel Garreau (1991) in Edge City:
o concentrated residential/employment developments in the suburbs
-(markham)
key components:
o office space
o retail development (big box)
o residential
major central business district downtown, and minor central business districts in suburbs
What is housing?
Basic need of human existence
o shelter, protection, sleep etc.
Households single largest expidenture
Allows separation from public/private lives
-police officers cant wander into your house w/o a warrant
Differentiation on basis of tenure
o Housing differs based on how it's held
(owner occupied vs renter)
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o The more people in rentalspace, the more change will happen to that area
Owner-occupiers are locked in (through mortgage) while renters are not
o So owners are more engaged in their neighbourhood
o Important patterns in how neighborhood evolves
What is housing? 2
dif. b/w public vs. private housing
and/or by pricing mechanism (conveyance)
o is the price set by the market or by other means (market or non-market)
whether occupied by renter or owner, housing is a 'commodity'
Distribution of housing types in Canada-graph
60% single-detached housing, low rise apartments 18%, high rise 9.1%
Housing submarkets
Access to the housing market varies across society
-not everyone has equal access
Submarkets assume urban housing arket is not uniform
Submarkets are localized/can be organized by tenure, type, location, income, ethnicity etc...
GFactors shaping housing submarkets

1. Supply restrictions
-demand truncated be of issues of demand
2. Accessability restrictions
-how accessible to transit systems is it?
3. Neighborhood restrictions
-attractive b.c of location
-deciding on location based on elementary schools
-multiple people using same address so their kids can attend a better school
-demand for houses in this district therefore it screws of demand rates
4. Institutional restrictions
-mortgage companies refusing to lend to those in certain neighborhoods
-racist notions on certain communities
-restrictions based on what can be done TO the house
5. Racial, ethnic, class restrictions
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-wont sell to certain race/class

6. Information restrictions
-usualLy through real estate board
-many private sellers don't adv. Online
-many older people aren't tech savy
-ability to enter market restricted by savviness.
Components of neighborhood change

(there is a map for this)
-go through cycles, periods of growth/decline
Neighbourhood Change
Components of Neighbourhood Change

,""""' Investment I
Disinvestment
~
~
J~
'"
Physical
Deterioration
,""""
'"
Housing
Mobility
'"
Neighbourhood
Change
J~
J~
Social and
Demographic
Changes
Theory of filtering
used to explain changes in occupancy over time
developed by Hoyt
o looked at demand for housing
o
housing shifted over groups of people
typically, highest incomes occupy the most expensive homes
-and as cities evolve, they are located in the centre of the city (long time ago)
-as people got richer, they vacated and moved from city core
-next ighest income group occupy the vacated homes
-their homes are sold to larger income groups
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-housing filters down through income

Ex. Cabbage town/St. james (rooming houses now that were occupied by higher income groups
about 100 years prior (they moved to richer neighborhoods)
thus housing filters to lower income levels
Reverse Filtering/Gentrification
filtering existed in Canada up until the 1970's

since then, reverse filtering/gentrification has been occurring
Genttificati.on- classic stage model
original pioneers'
o driven by lower income neighbourhood (cheap work/living space: creative people)
o Demand for creative space makes creative class the pioneers
o Creative neighbourhood (queen west of spadina) becomes cool which leads to gentrification
-creative space on queen keeps being pushed westward
o attracting creative people to neighborhood is now used as a planning tool
o bringing creative people into a place generates investment because it becomes cool
block by block expansion

o neighborhood loses creative edge, becomes more settle, and used as investment opportunity
o starbucks emerge, diners close and high quality restarants open
-prices displace people out of neighborhood be they cant afford it
transform into exclusive district

-investment opportunity
-condo development
-tension starts b/w income classes
-displaces original home owners/renters
Ex. Beaches, Yorkville (were once very creative/hippie)
Gentrification- possible explanations?\
-Demand side
-consumer sovereignty
-middle class liberation from suburbs
-Supply side:
-potentially profitable housing- necessary condition
-needs to give return on investment
-cycles of disinvestment
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-rent gap: potential ground rent is above actual ground rent

-foregrounds economic culture
Change in average housing prices in Toronto over the past 30 years
most of the cma is above cma average
Lecture #7: City as a Social Space
where are you going to live? Often influence by structure of neighbourhood from
o
religious, ethnoculture, social-economic perspective?
The Star article "A City of unmatched diversity" dec. 05. 2007
EthniCities and Etbnoburbs

EthniCities
o Captures ethnic diversity of many North American cities
o Toroonto, MIL, Van, j'mosaics of ethnic neighbourhoods"
EthnoBurbs
o The shift in the typical geography of immigration to urban areas
o
By passing urban centers as traditional immigrant reception areas
Burgess: immigrats move to the city center, then move out. This law is slowly becoming untrue
Percent of families with over 2 children

Higher in suburbs
PeoOple want to raise families outside of the city
Look at this slide too
Percent of Non-Canadian Citizenship
More concentrated in cities, not suburbs
Modelling the City as a Social Space

Social area analysis (Shevky + Bell)
Premise is that city reflect complexity or modem society
Three Forces that organize a city
1. Social rank or economic status
a. Choose to live where they want, dose to ammenties, "lined by trees"
2. Urbanization or family starus
a. Stage of life depends of where you live, ie couples living in the city, having kids in the
suburbs, and when the kids are gone, may move back in
3. Segregation or Ethnic status
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a. immigrants of the same culture/religion/ethnic origin group together

- Urban Mosaic (Robert Mmdie)
b. Mapped social area analysis on to physical spaces within the city
c. Worked with land use models
i. Nodes based on enthoculure groups scattered in city
li. Concentric rings, people would move depending on stage of life
iii. Overlaying patterns created a mosaic
Social Interaction and Social Distance
Urban mosaic is framework for patterns of friendships relationships communities, ie social interaction
Patters of residential differentiation stem ultimately form dynamics of urban social interaction
degree of social interaction within a city is a function of social distance
o social distance: how well they get along or not
o physical distance: how close the physically are
can be conceptualized in tenn's or people's attitudes towards certain groups
o do I like the people already there?
0
Urban Segregation
Usome groups concentrate others will disperse
Uinfluenced by
o Internal-Cultural retention
people have the same relgion as I do, there are linkages back to my home-country
a choice one makes for ease of aess to services, and comfort
o External-Discriminatory practises
Moving to an area to feel "safe" there
Ie LGBT communities, religious groups
A defensive mechanism
Variety of measures to illustrate segregation in an urban area
Index of Dissimilarity I
Compares the spatial distribution of two groups in an urban area

Xi Yi- two cultural groups. Sigma, from
Ranges from 0 (no segregation) to 100 (complete segregation)
How one groups is spatial dissimilar from another
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ID = O.SL IX i - ~ 1
i=l
Index of Dissimllarity D
Graph
Toronto's disimilarity's index was almost 50 in 1991, montreal's was almost at 65
Calgary is just past 30
Locational Expression of Segregation

1. Colonies
a. Particular areas of city serves as a port of entry
b. Temporary phenomenon
c. When people move up the income ladder, they move away from city
2. Enclaves
a. Exist over several generations
b. Congregation for function reasons
c. Exist b.c of choice people have made on where they want to be
3. Ghettos
a. Exist over several generations
b. Arise due to discrimination
c. B.c of discrimination or xenophobia- people group together here to again feel safe
Lecture #8: Urban Planning and Policy
Urban policy and planning influences urban development

o Strong links between these two
Examples of planning include:
o Zoning
Ie you don't build a factory around a residential area
Protects evolution of city
o Location of various facilities
Determines whether a facotry can go on a particular cite, what its spatial footprint
will be, how many parking spaces will need
Gets involved at mirco level. ..
Can I put a garage or a shed on my property
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Community development etc
By laws for extending a house, making a garage tc
Planners are:
o Concerned with management of urban change
o Often seen as mediator between social purpose and the city form
o Help drive change within city
'Irans-historical issues
Not in My Backyard (NIMBYs), Local undesirable land use (LULUs) and By Nomeans, Anyway
Nohow Not at all (BANANAs)
o What do you want in your neighbourhood? Although I support helping the homeless, I donn't
want a homeless shelter in my neighbourhood
o Captures how their city evolve

o All these acronyms of saying no way
Reform reproduction or revolution
Efficacy of planning
Planning for whom?
o Are we planning for citizens living in he city?

o Are we planning for the elite?
0
Baron Haussman's Paris
Designed for Paris at the end of the french revolution
His plan was to create a safer, more architually pleasing environment- buildings of the same height and
type
Larger, wider streets to create a safe environment

o
How? Difficult to build barricades WOOO LES MIS
Modem Urban Planning
Has a long history
Modem urban planning starts at the end of 1800s

o
Design we usually see in north America has a historical legacy from the UK in from the early
1900s
Powerful system of planning evolved in the UK
Characteristic is a strong government role especially at the national level

o To regenerate urban area
o
National approach to support urban areas
Urban palnning as a siaplin or practise emerged in 19111 centry UK
Belief was the state could address the worst excess of urban industtial systems
o As people are attracted to city, you get lack of supplies, dty congestion, lots of people living in poor
conditions
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o The wrost excess of this could be dealt by the state

Represented in a reformist movement that attempted to design utopian towns
o Clean places to live. Live-work places
o Ie Geroge Cabdury's Boumville (ya the chocolate guy)
An ideal industrial city
o Ebenezer Howard's Garden cities
Has influenced the design of urban cities now
Bourneville
between London and Mancester
goal: to develop a company town- chocolate was its most important industry
people who worked at the company could live close to the factory, but away from the congestion of the
city
high industrial development in a dean, crime free, place to live
made it possible for industrialization and dean, tree lined living to coexist
Canal space: shipping inputs in factor and shipping outputs to major cities
Ebenezer Howard's Garden Cities

Goal: live-work spaces. Enough living space (although there was a max) and enough economic acitivity
to support many economic sectors
Successful model of urbanization early 20m centwy

Ideal Principles:
o Each would have about 32000 people
o City would be self supporting
Support/social services offered
o Diversity of economic activity
Unlike Bourneville's one industry off chocolate
o Spacious layout-lots of green space, not flats
o Greenbelt
Some areas strictly for green space, some strictly for development
o Examples today:
Welwyn Garden City (in UK)
These Started at the end of WW2 housing about 4 million people b y 1995
Le Corbusier- City of Towers
o French architect
o Extreme density and spaciousness
o Idea of green space, but you could hose people by building big towers- agglomerated space-like
condos
o Twomodel:
Contemporary city
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Radiant city
For Le Cmbusier
Land help in common
Extreme function separation-green space
Ideal city had pop of 3 million
Clusters of buildings linked by road or rail
Cities were not build, but these ideas influenced others
I.e. Niemeyer's plan for Brasilia
Spacious, monumental city. Big signature buildings
I.e. St. James town influenced by Corbusier's extreme density and spaciousness
North American Urban Planning
Roots in 19th century-Progressive intellectuals
Government regulation of business, employment and policing in cities
Emergence of City Beautiful Movement

o
Similar to Garden Cities
Advocated cities as a work of art- iconic buildings, green space being important in the design or urban
areas
Development of naster plans (official plans last 5-15 years) for and use
o
1913, over 40 cities had master plans
City Beautiful Movement

o
Advocated the creation of an aesthetically pleasing public city
Fredrick law Olmstead- developed central park in 1850s
"Parks help release workers from the drudgery of city life"
kinda lol
The thinking for Queens Park
Chicago Exposition 1893-prototype city built
Daniel Burnham- 1905 Chicago plan
Frank Lloyd wright-broadacre City

o
Suburbanization, the role suburbs play as a way of realising people form the city
American architect 1934
Advanced utopian vision of city-close to modem suburbanization
"Liberating people from mass agglomeration"
Broad acre City
Large, privately owned lots
A very individual look at capitalism
Dispersed settlement of people
Linked by spacious well landscaped highways
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Highway building started after WW2 and helped suburbs grew
Large lots where people would grown food and recreate

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SeH-sustainability
There is no Broad acre city in the US or Canada, but our suburbs are based on this notion
Modernity and Defence
If a war broke out, you can protect yourself
This is what was kept in mind when building were being built
Planning in Canada
Emerged in 19111 century

Urban reform in early 20111 century influenced by Garden City movement
First decade of 20111 century planning schemes for Canadian cities
1920s
o Emergence of zoning bylaws and internal structure of cities
Halifax
o Redesigned based on garden city principals

o Less of a gridlock, more Emopean winding streets
o Influenced from UK from Ebenezer Hoards and Garden cities
Planning in Canada II
Community planning activities from 1950s

Planning department established within government bureaucry
New suburbs developed in Don Mills- widening streets, large lots, building a stronger sense of
community, houses all look different
Since 1960's, key characteristics of Canadian planning is public participation
o Condos go against this
Planning under attack in 1990s
o A municipal issue
0
Context for Urban Planning in Canada I
Legal
o Laws, regulations at national, provincial, and municipal level
o Planning decisions re often planed legally
Political
o Highly contentious
o Planning issues and elections
o Developers and politicians
II
Economic
o Land use and economic development
Social
o Cultural influence
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o Social structure of mban areas

o Diversity gives richness to a city
III
Organizational
o Organizational structure of local government
Technical
o Innovative planning tools
o Need for better computers and palling tools- electronic infonnation
Contemporary Planning Issues I
Urban dispersion and car dominance

o Tic issues- extending subways. Subways vs lrt. Highways etc
Loss of sense of place
Loss of environment
o Physical environment/green space lost
Functional and social segregation
o Planning is trying to bring people together again
II
Tension between planner and developers

Public participation
o An issue because you need the public input
~~tofgovennnent
Addressing these issues I
New City Form

o "New'' models of urban design
o Called New Urbanism or Neo Traditionalism
o Associated with Andres Duany and Elizabeth Platter Cyber
o Argues that it is really dealing with the "loss of sense of place"
o Summed up as seeking a return to "traditional" forms of urban design
Characteristics and Criticisms
Characteristics
o Sense of place of individual neighbourhoods
House designs in suburbs, used to be a big lot with a long driveway
Now, even longer drive ways+ garages as it's the first thing you see+ front door is at the
side
o Emphasis on public spaces
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A central place to congregate - park, ice rink, fountain
Evoke a feeling on "being in a village" without being in a village
So people don't feel cut off from others, a place to belong
Re-integration of uses, land and social
Criticisms
o Disconnect between theory and execution
o
What's on paper (plans, censuses) being different from what's actually happening
Sprawl will sdll exist at edge of urban area
"Faking" a previous area
Idea of recreating village, where a village never existed
Plan may call for cobble streets and rod-iron street lamps, BUT historically they never
really existed there.
Creating mock-Victorian fa~def'Hollywood feeling of a sense of place"

lolwutrutalkingaboutdepuy
modification required to design for regulatory reasons
Utopian feel: small, winding streets,
Government regulations say that firetrucks and emergency vehicles must pass easily, so
the Utopian theory could never exist
Regent Park Plan I
One of oldest public housing communities in Canada
69 acres bordered by Parliament Shutter, Gerard and River streets
1087 RGI units
Strong community but "cut-off'' from rest of Toronto
Rapid deterioration of builds and to some degree social fabric
Revitalization well under way (was planned for 12 years)
Existing 2087 RGI units to be rebuilt in phases
Addition of 2500 market units (500 affordable ownership)
Creation of a mixed income neighbourhood
Shops, community seiVices, economics development activity
II
RBC moved a bank into the middle of regent park (risky), they hired local labour to give them
employment opportunities- enhanced area
Addressing the Planning Issues II
New models of public participation

o
Must be well structured-not just lip service
All views need to be incorporated
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o Planning require public participation on complex issues

o Community councils in Toronto
Smaller group that could provide input to planner process
o Use of new computer technology
3d models of what will happen, or pictures
Computer technology can assist with public participation
Information generation and management
VlltUal neighbourhoods- this is what the neighbourhood will look like
III
Use of regulation and funding sources

o Decline of government funding-taxation is the only way municipalities can raise revenue
o Taxation principle means that raising revenue requires innovation
Trying to remove taxes will make more pressure on other areas- small fiscal areas- so if
you fund something more, and you cut more elsewhere UNLESS you are willing to run a
deficit
o Move away from "one-size-fits-all"
Lecture #9: Transportation

Urban 'Ii'ansportati.on System
Urban transportation systems allows people and goods to move within and between urban areas
o Cities CANNOT grow without linkages- people and products need to move around
its is the ease of travel between
chart doesn't include arrows
T ravel
Demand
Ac tiv ity
Patterns
e twork
Flows
L~====~-.........."M"MJore resources at www.oneclass.com
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Urban Forms and transportation
Urban form is almost entirely dictated by automobile

o Car-based suburbs
Even pedestrian friendly communities are built with copious garage space
Built form and cut-backs to transit have made low transit usage a self-fulfilling prophecy
'Iraffic Movement and Congestion- im.ponant issue of policy concern
Congestion reduced efficiency

o Delays city progression, people send too much time moving in, out and within city
Prevailing paradigm in 1950's and 1960s: build bigger expressways
Deep ambivalence about the idea of expressways but none related to auto-usage
Crowding on Public transit
Concentrated at particular times

Lack o investment has left to insufficient capacity. The supply has not increased to meet costumer
demand
Off-Peak Inadequacy of Public ttansit
Financial issues associated with maintain peak-volume service during off-peak hours
Service around mid-morning and afternoon- another supply and demand mismatch-slower service.
Difficulties for pedestrians
Automobile ownership becoming less of a choice

Walking not seen as a viable mode of transportation
Environmental Impact
Fossil fuel burning energies linked to air pollution (still most common)
Some US states (Arizona) a certain present of new automobiles must be gasoline/electric hybrids
o Governments (in Canada) have been issues subsidies to those who choose to buy hybrids
Public Healtb/Accidents
o 3000 Canadians and 40000 Americans killed yearly in automobile accidents
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o Canadian fines and tickets for people using cell phones while driving going up to like $300 a
ticket
o Carcinogens in auto exhaust
o Obesity
o Loll ok
o HypertensioolstressSSSssss
o Impacting mental health

o Being stressed=less productive
o Parking Difficulties
o Parking is extremely expensive in inner Toronto, Boston, NY etc.
o Some downtowns are built to accommodate the automobile (massive above ground car parks
above ground)
o Much harder to retrofit existing buildings in older downtowns
Not always possible to have x amount of parking spaces available
Canadian Context
Auto-centric by international standards
Larges cities have viable mass-transit but most cities do not
Even in large, relatively-transit friendly cities Qike Toronto), auto congestions is acute
Journey to Work- Canada CMAs

71.4% of people traveling to Toronto for work use auto, 22.4% use Thansit 5.4% walk or bike.
In Vancouver auto is 79.2% transit 11.5% and walking/biking is 8.3%
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Supply Fix Thansportation Policy

Popularized in 1950's and 1960s
Emphasized new infrastructure provision
"Down's law"
Transit systems underfunded e.g. TIC operating subsidy
Situation we find ourselves in now is TIC subsidy has been starting to decline in the 1990's and hasn't come
back.
Federal & Provincial Budgets 2004, 2005
Gas tax per liter pumped into your car.
Part of this gas tax given to municipalities for infrastructure addition. Ex. Ttc stops, road fixing
Toronto & Go Transit have high % cost recovery for transit operations (the 3$ or ttc token you insert)
Supply fix also looks at transit affordability/efficiency
Fares should be low enough for all (esp.lower/middle class)
Availability of sufficient numbers of vehicles
Routes to reflect demand
Multi-modal one-ticket systems
Thansportation Systems Management
Growth occurred in 1970s
Seeks to increase the carrying capacity of existing traffic routes
Approaches are:
Easy to implement
Fairly low cost
Involve minor physical change in network
E.g. renovating what is already there (shuttles, routes, etc.)
Information technology used to gather data on rush hours, patterns, cycles to help increase traffic flow
efficiency
Ex. Traffic light change button
Road pricing
Auto Restraint
Ex. One way roads
Can also be used to make it difficult to navigate ex. Big road bumps used to make shortcuts through residential
areas safer
Car pooling
London Congestion Charge D
(Massive congestion in London in 1990s, 2000s now)
Charge levied on vehicles entering a 'zone' between 7:00am and 6:00pm M-F
Cost is 16$ per vehicle
Zone residents qualify for 90% discount
Discounts also available for certain types of vehicle e.g. alternative fuel/ 'green' vehicles
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II
5 years after implementation there was a 30% reduction in congestion

21% reduction in traffic
43% increase in cycling
Increase in transit use
$246M raised in 2006-2007 for transit!!!
Reduction in accidents and pollutants
Non-'Iransportation Initiatives
Address transportation and work patterns
Purpose is to encourage alternative work schedules
Flextime
Staggered work hours
Compressed work week
Job sharing/part time
Final Exam Info End of Course Review
A-NanBN2N
Naps-ZBN2S
Bunsen building, 2nd floor north and south
Exam structure
Section 1 - short definitions - relevance to urban geom:aph:J
Don'tjust define, why is it important to url:Jan geography!
Section 2- "essays" (2 out of 5 essays)
Not strictly a standard essay format. Strucrure as you see fit.
Perform with your arguments, discuss, regurgitate facts, link them together, and MAKE YOUR POINT.
If you're running out time, write bullets that you would have discussed if you had more time
Exam is weighted equally! (1st and 2nd half)
Intro
Defining 'urban'
Spatial scales of analysis
Concepts and theories in urban geography
Readings ch.l-2 skim for vow view + context for cit;y development
Origin & growth of cities
Urbanization process
The origins of cities
Urban system
Readings: ch.3 pp44-50, ch.4 p.56-62, ch.19 p.327-338
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Cities as Center of Production/!!! Fordism to Post Fordism! !!
Cities as manufacturing centers- post Fordism
Cities as control centers- global cities
Chapter 6, Ch. 7 p.116-125
Housing
Urban Sprawl
Urban housing markets - structure & sub-markets
Neighborhood change, gentrification, filtering
Chapter 15 p.269-273
Chapter 20
City as a Social Space
Urban segregation
Index of dissimilarity
Locational expressions
Ethoburbs and ethni-cities
Ch. 9 all and ch. 10 p. 177-187
Urban Planning
History of urban planning
Planning in the UK, US and Canada
Context for urban planning
Contemporary planning issues
Addressing the Issues
Ch. 16 p285-289. Ch. 18 all
Transportation Processes
Urban activity and transportation activity profiles
Transportation problems
Transportation policy
Ch.
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dneClass

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Subject of much debate and disagreement

Lewis Mumford (1961)- cities were a fundamental cultural institution

Shifting population balance between urban and rural areas

Deurbanizadon (reverse urbanization)

Ordering and ranking of urban place by population size or function

Can change over years

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o Population is shifting up the urban hierarchy

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find more resources at www.oneclass.com

Greater golden horseshoe: takes on regions beyond halton and Durham

The economics region can extend into buffalo and Michigan?

Understanding Urban Geography

Understand/interpret the distribution of town and cities

Two Key Themes

o Spatial distribution of towns and cities-system of cities

3 Disciplines of Urban Geography

o Looks for the origins of these patterns

o Looking at the relationship between people and their environment

Ex. neighbours located along a river, beach.

How does this effect social/economic processes?

Analyzing evolution of the city by building types

How does change in physical form influence interactions

o General paradigm shift in the 1950's

o 2 broad approaches of Positivism

Human behaviour is based on ecological principles

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Survival of the fitness/ evolution but in terms of people with

Displace those of a lower income *diagram

Driving force was rationality

Homo-economicus (economic man)- economic rationality of humans trying to get

Behavioural and Humanistic

Emerged in the 70's as a reaction to scientific determinism

Focused on decision making on human behaviour

Modeling the world

Techniques drawn from diff forms of art: film, writing. paintings

Human interpretations for where you are/sense of place

Derived from the writing of Karl Marx

in urban areas (esp. in US: Chicago, Boston, nick)

Criticized because of the emphasis on "class"

What is the relationship between income and class?

Emerged in 80's 90's

Emphasizes individual differences of multiple perspectives

How do we bring different perspectives together

How do we use it to influence policy making

Most visible in urban design-Chicago, Berlin, Toronto

I.e. Marylyn Monroe towers in missasgua

Scales of Analysis in Urban GeoKnwby

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find more resources at www.oneclass.com

Lecture #2: The Origins of Cities

How and why did non-agricultural settlements arise

Two Key Concepts on Urban Evolution

Appearance of non-agricultural settlements

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find more resources at www.oneclass.com

The trade is the trigger

What Generates the Social Surplus?

Why do some settlements grow larger?

o Economic benefits accruing to concentration of activities in space

Localization- close to similar firms