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CHAPTER 11: THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER

1.

INTRODUCTION
Heat is the form of energy transferred between two or more
systems or a system and its surroundings by virtue of ____
difference.
temperature

2.

MEASUREMENT OF TEMPERATURE
Mercury and ____ are the liquids used in most liquid-in-glass
thermometers.
alcohol

3.

The ice and steam points have values ____ 0F and ____ 0F,
respectively.
32, 212

4.

On the Fahrenheit scale, there are ____ equal intervals between two
reference points, and on the Celsius scale, there are ____.
180, 100

5.

What are the normal reference points for a thermometer?

Freezing point and boiling point of water.

6.

Express the relationship between Fahrenheit and Celsius scale.

7.

Look below at the graph showing relationship between Fahrenheit

and Celsius temperature scales.

8.

IDEAL GAS EQUATION AND ABSOLUTE TEMPERATURE

Liquid-in-glass thermometers show different readings for
temperatures other than the fixed points. Why?
Because of differing expansion properties.

9.

What are the advantages of a thermometer that uses a gas?

It gives the same readings regardless of which gas is used.

10.

Why do gas thermometers give the same readings regardless of the

gas used?
Experiments show that all gases at low densities exhibit the same
expansion behaviour.

11.

Give the ideal gas equation.

PV = nRT

12.

Give the value of R.

13.

Look at the graph of pressure vs temperature of a low density gas

at constant volume.

14.

Look below at the graph of pressure vs temperature for low density

gases.

15.

____ ____ is the foundation of the Kelvin temperature scale or

absolute scale temperature.
Absolute zero

16.

Real gases deviate from the values predicted by ideal gas law at low
temperature. But, the relationship is ____ over a large temperature
range.
linear

17.

Give relationship between Kelvin temperature (T) and Celsius

temperature.
T = C + 273.15

18.

THERMAL EXPANSION
The increase in the dimensions of a body due to the increase in its
temperature is called thermal expansion. The expansion in length is
called ____ expansion. The expansion in area is called ____
expansion and the expansion in volume is called ____ expansion.
linear, area, volume

19.

Give expression for the linear expansion of a solid (rod).

= T
where is the coefficient of linear expansion
T is the change in temperature
is the length of the rod

20.

Look at the table below for the coefficient of linear expansion for
some materials.

21.

It is seen that the coefficient of linear expansion of copper is about

____ times the coefficient of linear expansion of glass.
5

22.

Look at the figure below to understand the relationship between

linear expansion, area expansion and volume expansion.

/ = T

A/A = 2 T

V/V = 3 T

23.

Give expression for the coefficient of volume expansion.

24.

Look at the graph below showing the variation in the value of v

with temperature.

25.

From the graph above, it is seen that v is also a characteristic of

the substance, but, it is not strictly a constant. In general, it
depends upon _____. It is seen that v becomes constant only at a
____ (high/low) temperature.
temperature, high

26.

Look at the table below for some values of coefficient of volume

expansion for different materials.

27.

_____ is a special iron-nickel alloy.

Invar

28.

Materials like pyrex glass and invar have particularly ___

(high/low) values of v.
low

29.

The value of v is ____ (less/more) for ethyl alcohol than mercury.

It also expands ____ (less/more) than mercury for the same rise in
temperature.
more, more

30.

TRUE OR FALSE? For liquids, the coefficient of volume expansion

is relatively independent of the temperature.
True

31.

For gases, the v is ____ (dependent on/independent of)

temperature.
dependent on

32.

Give the relationship between change in volume per unit volume

for an ideal gas.

33.

Give expression for coefficient of volume expansion for an ideal

gas.

34.

What is the value of v at 0oC?

3.7 x 10-3 K-1

35.

Look at the graphs below for the thermal expansion of water.

36.

When a rod is prevented from expanding (or contracting), it

acquires a compressive strain due to external forces. The
corresponding stress set up in the rod is called ____ stress.
thermal

37.

Give expression for thermal stress developed in a rod that is

prevented from expanding/contracting.

38.

Give expression for thermal stress developed in a rod that is

prevented from expanding/contracting in terms of .

But, / = T
Hence,

39.

40.

SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY

Give expression for heat capacity (S).

41.

Give expression for specific heat capacity (s).

42.

Give expression for molar specific heat capacity (C).

43.

____ has the highest specific heat capacity compared to other

substances.
Water
44.

Why is water used as a coolant in automobile radiators as well as in

hot water bags?
Because of high specific heat capacity.

45.

Water warms up much more slowly than land during summer and
consequently wind from the sea has a cooling effect. Why?
Because of high specific heat capacity of water.

46.

Desert areas warm up faster during the day and cool down faster at
night. Why?
Because of the low specific heat capacity of sand.

47.

CALORIMETRY
Calorimetry means measurement of ____. A device in which heat
measurement can be made is called a ____.
heat, calorimeter

48.

The calorimeter is made up of a metallic vessel and stirrer made of

the same material like ____ or ____. The vessel is kept inside a ____
jacket.
copper, aluminium, wooden

49.

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50.

CHANGE OF STATE
Look below for a plot of temperature vs time.

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51.

The melting point of a substance at standard atmospheric pressure

is called its ____ melting point.
normal

52.

Explain regelation.
Melting under pressure Melting point lowered due to pressure.

53.

Skating is possible on snow. Why?

Skating on snow is possible due to formation of water below the skates
due to regelation. Water is formed due to the increase of pressure and it
acts as a lubricant.

54.

Read this:

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55.

The triple point of water is at ____ K and ____ Pa.

273.16, 6.11 x 10-3

56.

The boiling point of a substance at standard atmospheric pressure

is called its ____ boiling point.
normal

57.

LATENT HEAT
Look below for the graph of temperature vs heat for water.

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58.

59.

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60.

HEAT TRANSFER
CONDUCTION
Give expression for conduction of heat.

where, K is the thermal conductivity of medium

A is the cross-sectional area through which heat flows
L is the length
and T is the temperature difference between the two ends
61.

What is the SI unit of thermal conductivity?

Js-1m-1K-1 or Wm-1K-1

62.

The base of cooking vessels is made of copper. Why?

Being a good conductor of heat, copper promotes the distribution of

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heat over the bottom of the vessel for cooking.

63.

Plastic foams are good insulators mainly because they contain

pockets of ____.
air

64.

Houses made of concrete roofs get very hot during summer days.
Why?
Because the thermal conductivity of concrete is not small enough.

65.

A layer of earth or foam insulation is given on the ceiling to protect

from heat. Why?
Since the thermal conductivity of concrete is not small enough to
prevent the rooms from heating. Hence, a layer of earth or foam
insulation is given.

66.

In a nuclear reactor, elaborate heat transfer systems need to be

installed. Why?
So that the enormous energy produced by nuclear fission in the core
transits out sufficiently fast, thus, preventing the core from over
heating.

67.

Look at the table below to get an idea of the thermal conductivities

of some materials.

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68.

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69.

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70.

CONVECTION
Convection can be ____ or ____.
natural, forced

71.

____ plays an important role in natural convection.

Gravity

72.

Convection involves ____ transport of different parts of the fluid.

bulk

73.

In forced convection, material is forced to move by a pump or by

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some other physical means.

--74.

The human circulatory system is an example of forced convection.

How?
In the human body, the heart acts as a pump that circulates blood
through different parts of the body, transferring heat by forced
convection and maintaining it at a uniform temperature.

75.

Natural convection is responsible for many familiar phenomena.

Look at the figures below to understand this.

76.

Read this: (Important)

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77.

RADIATION
The amount of heat that a body can absorb by radiation depends
on the ____ of the body.
colour

78.

____ bodies absorb and emit radiant energy better than bodies of
lighter colours.
Black

79.

We wear white or light coloured clothes during summer. Why?

Because they absorb the least heat from the sun.

80.

We wear dark coloured clothes during winter. Why?

Because they are capable of absorbing the maximum heat from the sun.

81.

The bottoms of cooking utensils are often blackened. Why?

So that they absorb maximum heat from the fire and give it to the food
to be cooked.

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82.

Read this note on dewar flask.

83.

NEWTONS LAW OF COOLING

Look at the graph below showing the cooling of hot water with
time.

84.

State Newtons law of cooling.

The rate of loss of heat of a body is directly proportional to the
difference of temperature of the body and the surroundings.

85.

What is the limitation of Newtons law of cooling?

(i)
The law holds good only for a small difference of temperature.
(ii)

The loss of heat by radiation depends on the nature of the

surface of the body and the area of the exposed surface.

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86.

Express Newtons law of cooling mathematically.

- dQ/dt = k (T2 T1)
Where,
k is a positive constant depending on the nature and area of the surface.

87.

Express Newtons law of cooling, mathematically, in exponential

form.

88.

Look below for the experimental set up to verify Newtons law of

cooling.

89.

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