Chapter 8 Thrust Anchoring 8-1 General ‘Thrust forces in watr mains are creatod when the plpaline changos rections (at ‘bonds and tes) stops (al pipe ends) or changes in siz0 (at reduces) To ko9p the pipeline intact, while thar aro sevoral methods of resraintavatable, the most popu of which are the use of trust Books and stained ins, 8-2 ThrustForee by = 1) atbonw Internal Pressure ; b Poahend ere, Thus roe p tntomal pressure Sectional area ct pipe @ Anglo bond 2) Atlee oe ie P=pa ‘Where, a: Sectional area of branched 8) At reducer t mere, A ~a: Changed sectional area4) Atpipeline end Thrust force at 0.1 MPa pressure, in kN Table a4 BN ‘Gorbend | 45 bend [25-12 "bend [11-@band | Ppeend 20 1.067, OsT7 0204 O48 O7E4 100) TAT 0.837 0.437 o2tt 1.004 150. 3.210 1737 0.886 0.445, 2.270 200 S474 2.985 T7510 0759 3.71 250 3.308 4513 2307 1156 5.096 300 T1804 e588 S257 1.538 Saa7 350 1.870 3589) 437 2200, 222 400 20.442 T1.06s 3500 Zest 14455 50 2501 eo 7.061 Saa7 13.0965, 00 Base 7.013 B57s 4.358) 22.229 0 warer_[ 28239 | 12.357 6208 31.669 700 0405 |_@.740_| 16.690 3.385 a 00 Taras | 42617 | 21.726 | 10916 | 55682 800 go.ie0 | seat | 27.366 | 13749 | 70.138 1000 teioe1 | e.ce1_ | 33.657_| 16910 | _86261 1100, 1a7.aos_|_79.775_| 40.669 | 20493 | 104231 1200, Taou | ob.e7a_| 48.266 | 24.280 | 128.702 1400 | 237.410 | 128.486 | 65.501_| 32909 | 167.874 1500 | 272.040 | 147.207 | 75.056_| 97.709 | 192.362 7600 | 09.097_| 167.244 | 5.260 | 40807 | 218515 1800 | ae0.ana_| 211.930 | 107.705 | 84128 | 276.117 ‘2000 | 481.467 | 200.868 | 122.006 | 0740 | 340.448 ‘Broo | 520.189 | 281.007 | 143.506 | 72.100 | s67.70a ‘2200 | s77.907 | ai2.sas | 160.003 | 0087 | «0B281 2400 | evto7t | 003.181 | 105.148 | 00022 | «74510 ‘2600 | 000.147 | 499.007 | 200.760 | 110.014 | 868.7608-3 Anchoring by Concrete Blocks 8-4 Design of Concrete Block (Fittings encased) ‘ou Tokarev 0 MPA rei ye tata Fer exam, to that ro on DNEDO 4S dogreebend 0 MPa Concrete block shouldbe designad with suficont resistance to withstand the thrust force under all conditions taking into account laying and ground conditions, size and \walght ofthe block, woight af cover sal onthe block, passive sol prossure at te ‘backside ofthe black and triton fore atthe ottom of te beck. For sft ground, the sail surrounding the block should be replaced with sand or any ther appropriate material which wil provide slficient passive sll reaction. “The boaring capacity ofthe ground should also be checked carol. the bearing capacity isnot enough, either te base area ofthe block should be enlarged or ples te supper the block should be employed ‘There are soveral types of concrete block. Some biocks cover the whole bend or to and others do not. “This ype of block includes whole body and joints of ftings go thatthe forming work {or casting concrolo is easy, butit's impossible to access the jonts offing. Its ‘essential check and ensure the relability of the assombied jolt. 8-4-1 Design of concrete block for horizontal bend Where, P Thust force UW: Total weight atthe block bottom Wh: Weight af soll on te biook ‘Wi: Weight of water and pipe in the bloc Wh: Weight of look EW: Friction force su: Friction coefident between concrete block and soll Passive cath pressure atthe backside of the block + WeathWhere, P : Thrust force W : Total weight at the block bottom (= Ws + We +s) Wi: Weight of soil on the block W:: Weight of water and pipe in the blook ‘Weight of block AW : Friction force x: Friction coeffident between concrete block and soil E : Passive earth pressure at the backside of the block 1 ig BaF Oy(ri ne Cr: Coefficient of passive earth pressure Ge =tan'(45"+ a #: Internal fretion angle of soil ‘7: Unit weight of sail B: Projection length of the block For the horizontal bend, the concrete block should satisty: P< pWeE ‘Note: When concrete biock is constructec under the water table, buoyancy shoud be taken into cconsideraton for the desig.8-4-2 Example of design (1) Design conditions Bend: DN600X45" Pipe outside diameter; D = 635 mm (pipe wall thickness T = 9.9 mm) ‘Maximum intemal pressure; p = 1.0 MPa (=1000 kNim:) Depth of earth cover; hy = 1.2m Unit weight of soil; y «= 16 kN/m* Unit weight of concrete; y= 23 kNim* Internat friction angle af soll; ¢ = 20° Friction coefficient: “= 0.5 (2) Thust force: P P= 2pAsin( # /2) = 21000 1/4X0.635'Xsin(a5/2)" = 242.39 KN (3) Design of block i 61) Weight of soil on the block: Ws Wy = yh: 2LB = 16X1.0X2X1.8X1.3 = 54.08 kN 2) Weight of water and pipe in the block: We Wee yw AQL+ yor (O-TT2L OX 7 4X0.6°X2X 1.3-+ 70.5% 7 X(0.635 ~ 0.0099) X0.0098X2X 1.3 0.91 kN 8) Weight of block: Ws W. = y {BH — (70/4)D92L = 23X(1.3X1.3 -71/4X0.635)]X2X 1.3 = 82.12 kN 4) Total weight: W W= Wh + Wh 4Ws = 54.08 + 10.91 + 82.12 = 147.11 KN, 5) Friction force: F F =uW=O5X147.11 = 73.56 KN 6) Passive earth pressure at the backside of the blook: E E=112Cy.(he— ha) 2 = 12Xtane(45+ 30/2) X 16X23" 1.0)X2.9 = 298.58 kN 7) Total resistance force: R R=F +E = 78.56 + 298.58 = 372.14 kN 8) Safety factor: S: Si= PUP = 372.14/242.30 = 1.54 ‘The calculated safety factor is larger than 1.5, therefore this block will be satisfactory. 9) Required bearing capacity of the ground: Se So= W2LB = 147.11/(2X1.3X1.3) = 43.5 kN When the bearing capacity of the grounds larger than the calculated figures, the block will bo satisfactory; but if not, the bottom of the block should be enlarged.