Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
and HRSGs
APPA E&O Conference
APRIL 2005
HP Turbine
IP
Turbine
Condenser
Vent
Vent
Deaerator
Boiler
HP
Heaters
LP
Heaters
Condensate
Polisher
Cycle frequently
Faster heating cycles
Complex circulation
Often stand-alone (no source of aux.
steam)
Chemical cleaning more complicated
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Your Choice
Rust and Corrosion
Your Choice
Passivation and Protection
Oxygen Pitting
Causes:
Downtime Oxygen
Dissolved oxygen on
Startup
Corrosion Products
Location:
Anywhere where water
and oxygen coexist
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Oxygen Pitting
Starts with a deposit
Driven by oxygen in the water/air versus
no oxygen under the deposit
Heating increases corrosion rate
Chloride increases corrosion rate
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Normal Passivation
Half Reactions
Fe Fe+2 + 2e-
1/ O
2 2
Fe (OH)2
Fe2O3 + H2O
Fe3O4 + H2
3 Fe(OH)2
Fe2O3
Fe+2
Fe(OH)2
Fe 0
+ H2O + 2 e- 2 OH-
(<300 F)
(>300 F)
O2 OH-
Fe3O4
2eSteel
Anode
Cathode
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Normal Passivation
AC
AC AC
0
A C Fe
AC AC AC AC
AC
AC AC
AC AC
A C A CA C
A
C
A
C
A
C
AC
2e
AC
Steel
A- Anode
C- Cathode
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Oxygen Pitting
Deposits create a localized cathode and anode
that form a corrosion pit
Oxygen-deficient area
O2 OH-
Fe(OH)2
Anode
Steel
Cathode
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Corrosion Fatigue
Fixed point
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Corrosion Fatigue
Causes:
Oxygen plus Stress
DO on startup
Affects:
LP Economizer and
Evaporator
Fixed points, headers
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Under-deposit Corrosion
Steam out
Conc. chemicals
Heat
Boiler water in
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Underdeposit Corrosion
Causes:
Deposits
High heat flux
Improper Chemistry
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Lay-up Considerations
Not Time Dependent
Good Lay-up must work
for a day or a year
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Lay-up Considerations
Quick return
OR
Scheduled return
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Lay-up Considerations
Breech
OR
No Breech
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Corrosion Triangle
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22
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Lay-up Options
Dry Lay-up
Hot Drain
Dehumidified Air
Desiccants
Wet Lay-up
Nitrogen
Steam
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25
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Dry Lay-up
Advantages
Only option when repairs are required
Requires less time and cost to
maintain
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Dry Lay-up
Disadvantages
Need to get systems dry and keep
them dry
Requires considerable time and water
on startup
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Dehumidified Air
Air must circulate though all equipment
High flows to achieve dew point of 10F
as quickly as possible
Continue to circulate 1% system volume
per hour
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Silica Gel
32
33
34
VPI Preservation
After 30 days
35
Wet Lay-up
Advantages
Quick restart
Minimizes corrosion product transport
36
Wet Lay-up
Disadvantages
Requires freeze protection
More time and cost to maintain properly
37
Wet Lay-up
Hot
Uses Auxiliary
Steam
Reduces Thermal
Cycling Stresses
or
Cold
Nitrogen
Simple to maintain
No fuel costs
Faster Starts
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Nitrogen Cap
Cap should be applied to:
Steam Drum(s)
Deaerator (if separate)
Condenser
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Danger:Nitrogen
Nitrogen lay-up is designed to prevent
oxygen from entering the boiler
Nitrogen will NOT support life
All confined spaces MUST be clearly
marked
Confined Space Entry Procedures
MUST be followed
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HP Turbine
IP
Turbine
Condenser
Vent
Vent
Deaerator
Boiler
HP
Heaters
LP
Heaters
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Drain
Drain
Feedwater Preheater
LP Evaporator
To LP Turbine
IP Drum
HP Economizer
IP Economizer
HP Economizer
IP Evaporator
LP SH
To IP Turbine
HP Drum
IP SH
HP Econmizer
HP Evaporator
HP SH
To HP Turbine
LP Drum
From HP FW Pump
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44
45
Drain
Drain
Feedwater Preheater
LP Evaporator
To LP Turbine
IP Drum
HP Economizer
IP Economizer
HP Economizer
IP Evaporator
LP SH
To IP Turbine
HP Drum
IP SH
HP Econmizer
HP Evaporator
HP SH
To HP Turbine
LP Drum
From HP FW Pump
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Transitions
Dry To Wet
Need a source of deoxygenated water
Add chemical treatment during fill
Cap with Nitrogen
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Transitions
Wet to Dry (Cold)
Drain under nitrogen pressure
Continue to blow nitrogen until water is
gone
Dry out with dehumidified air
Use dry air or silica gel to maintain
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Transitions
Wet to Dry (Better)
Fire boiler to 25 psig
Drain under nitrogen pressure
Dry out with dehumidified air
Use dry air or silica gel to maintain
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Startup Chemistry
Dry Lay-up
Boiler/HRSG fill-water should be:
Hot
Deaerated
Chemically Treated
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Startup Chemistry
Treatments
Feedwater
Amine
Scavenger
Boiler
Phosphate
Caustic (if needed)
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Startup Chemistry
Wet Lay-up (Nitrogen)
Chemistry from the lay-up predominates
Treat with a heavier than normal dose
of amine and scavenger to account for
high make-up rates
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Reference Document
ASME CRTD-Vol. 66
Consensus for the Lay-up of Boilers,
Turbines, Turbine Condensers and
Auxiliary Equipment
Available at the www.asme.org
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