Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
(BJT-III )
Analyzing Transistor Amplifiers
Transistor as an Amplifier
Choose a proper Q-point
Make sure that the input is
such that the transistor does
not get driven outside its
active region
R1
C
C2
+
C1
B
RS
+
E
vo
R2
RE
C3
vS
-
VCC
C2
C1
B
RS
+
RC
R1
RC
R1
vo
R2
RE
C3
-
vo
R2
vS
vS
-
RS
C
B
RS
+
vS
-
R1
RC
vo
RS
+
R2
RC
vo
R1R2
vS
RB=R1|| R2
We now replace the transistor with its small signal equivalent circuit.
The details of this would be available from the manufacturers
specifications for the transistor.
7
ic
ib
C
B
npn
E
ie
E
ic
C
ib
ic
ic = ib
C
ib
B
E
ie
B
E
E
VT 26 mV
=
re =
IE
IE
ic = ib
re
ie
IE is the DC Emitter
Current
C
ib
B
E
ic = ib
re
ie
+
C
RS
+
vS
(+1)re
vi R B
ib =
vi
( + 1)re
vo
= ib
ro || RC
Av =
ic
ib
ro RC
vo
RC || ro
vo
=
+
vi
1
re
RC
re
vo
R1R2
RC
+
C
RS
ii
ib
ic
io
RC
vo
R1R2
vS
-
io
RB
=
A=
i
ii
RB + ( + 1) re
ro
r
R
+
C
o
(+1)re
Output Impedance
vi R B
ii
ro RC
Z O = RC || ro
vo
vi
[ RB || ( + 1)re ]
ib = ii
ib
RB
RB + ( + 1)re
ro
io = ib
ro + RC
Input Impedance
Current Gain
Z=
i
vi
= RB || ( + 1)re
ii
RC
R1
ii
C
C1
+
B
RS
+
C2
iL
R2
RE
RL
vo
C3
vo
A =
vS
*
V
vS
-
Note that the circuit between the dotted lines is what we have analyzed before
VCC
Finding AV
Voltage Gain
RC
R1
C
C2
C1
+
B
RS
+
E
RL
R2
RE
vS
-
v Ai
Zi
vo
RL
= =
vs Z i + Rs
v Ao RL + Z o
ii
RS
Zo
vs
vAi
Zi
vo vo v Ao v Ai
A= =
vs v Ao v Ai vs
*
v
vAo
RL
vo
vo
C3
Zi
RL
=
Av
RL + Z o
Z i + Rs
VCC
RC
RB
C
C2
C1
+
Rs
+
B
E
RL
vo
vi
vs
-
VCC
RC
RB
C
Input port
C2
C1
output port
+
Rs
+
B
E
RL
vo
vi
vs
-
ii
ib
ic
C
io
+
RS
vi
RB
(+1)re
ib
RC
ro
RL
vo
vS
-
E
Zo
Zi
=
Z i RB || ( + 1)re
=
Z o RC || ro RC
if ro>>RC
VCC
RC
RB
C
C2
C1
Rs
RL
+
vo
vi
vs
-
Input port
vS
RB
ib =
RS + RB || ( + 1)re RB + ( + 1)re
ii
output port
ib
io
vo = ib ( RC || ro || RL ) ib ( RC || RL )
ic
RS
vi
RB
(+1)re
ib
RC
ro
RL
vo
vS
-
Zi
vo
( RC || RL ) RB || ( + 1)re
=
vs
R
R
||
(
1)
r
(
1)
r
+
+
+
B
e
e
S
R || RL
C
for
RB || ( + 1)re >> RS
re
AV =
Zo
RC
RF
C2
+
C1
vo
-
+
vi
RE
CE
vi
ib =
( + 1)re
vi vo
vo
vi
=
ib =
+ 1 re
RF
ro || RC
We can of course solve this to
get the exact gain AV=vo/vi
ii
RF
C
+
+
ib
vi
ib
(+1) re
ro
RC
vo
1
1 1
1
vo
+
= vi
R
R
r
R
C
F
F
e
vo
RF || RC
RC
A=
v
vi
re
re
For
RF>>RC
=
ii
vi
v v
+ i o
( + 1)re
RF
1
RC
1
vi
+
+
r
R
R
r
F
F e
e
Input Impedance
RF
ii
C
+
+
ib
vi
ib
(+1) re
RC
vo
vi
re
1
Zi =
ii 1
RC 1 + RC
1
+
+
R
r
R
R
r
F
F
F e
e
ro
VOC= v=
AV vi
o
I SC
v
v
vi
= i ib = i
RF
RF + 1 re
v
i
re
Ignore ro
RF
ii
+
ib
vi
ib
(+1) re
RC
Using
Av =
RC || RF
re
Output Impedance
or
we get
Z o = RC || RF
Z o = RC || ro || RF
ISC
R1
RC
C2
+
C1
vo
-
+
vi
R2
RE
+ VCC
RC
R1
C2
+
vo
C1
ii
+
vi
ib
vi
(+1) re
RB=R1||R2
ib
R2
ro
RC
vo
RE
-
vi =
( + 1)ib re + ( + 1)ib RE
Voltage Gain
AV =
vo =
ib RC
Neglecting ro
RC
vo
RC
RC
=
+
1
vi
re + RE
RE
re + RE
RE
+ VCC
RC
R1
C2
+
vo
C1
ii
+
vi
ib
vi
(+1) re
RB=R1||R2
ib
R2
ro
RC
vo
RE
-
Output Impedance
Z O = RC
vi = ( + 1)ib re + ( + 1)ib RE
Input Impedance
(neglecting ro)
vi
= ( + 1)(re + RE ) = Z BE
ib
(say)
Z
RB || Z BE
=
= RB || [ ( + 1)(re + Re ) ]
i
(higher than before)
RE
Bias (Q-Point)
RB=R1||R2
VBB=VCCR2/(R1+R2)
R1
VBB 0.7
IB =
RB + ( + 1) RE
RC
IC = I B
VCE = VCC ( + 1) I B RE
C1
+
vi
C2
+
R2
RE
vo
+
Simplified equivalent
circuit omitting ro
v=
( + 1)ib RE
0
ib
vi
(+1) re
=
( + 1)ib (re + RE )
RB=R1||R2
vi = ib ( + 1)re + ( + 1)ib RE
ii
ib
E
RE
Voltage Gain
A=
v
v0
RE
=
<1
vi re + RE
Input Impedance
VOC
v
Z i =i =RB || [ ( + 1)(re + RE ) ]
ii
RE
=
vo =
vi
re + RE
Zo
Output Impedance =
( + 1)ib , SC
I SC =
VOC
= re || RE re
I SC
ib , SC
vi
=
( + 1)re
+
vo
-
Darlington Connection
How can we get very large values of ?
C
overall=12+1+2
overall 12
Q1
Q2
Darlington Pair
Differential Amplifier
How to amplify differential signals? i.e. vo=Av(v1-v2)
+ VCC
RC1
RC2
vo1
vo2
Q1
v01-v02=Av(vi1-vi2)
Q2
vi2
vi1
RE
- VEE
+ 12V
Q-Point of Q1 and Q2
RC=50 K
RE=10 K
=50
RC
vo1
IB1=IB2=0.215/51=0.004216 mA
VC1=VC2=12 - 0.211(50)=1.461 V
vo2
VB1=VB2=0 V
Q1
Q2
VE1=VE2=-0.7V
vi2
vi1
VCE1=VCE2=1.461-(-0.7)=2.161 V
RE
I RE
- 5V
+ 12V
re=26/0.215 = 121
RC
RC
vo1
=50
RC=50 K
RE=10 K
vo2
Q1
Q2
vi2
vi1
RE
I RE
- 5V
ib1
ib2
RE
51re
10 K
6.17K
51re
6.17K
vs1
vs2
ve
50ib2
50ib1
vo1
RC1
50 K
vo2
RC2
50 K
vs1 ve
vs 2 ve
=
ib 2
6.17
6.17
(v v )
(v v ) ve
v
51 s1 e + 51 s 2 e =
6.17
6.17
10
8.27(vs1 + vs 2 ) 16.53ve =
0.1ve
ib1
ib1
ib2
RE
51re
10 K
51re
6.17K
6.17K
vs2
s1
or 8.27(vs1 + vs 2 ) =
16.63ve
0.497(vs1 + vs 2 )
ve
ve
50ib2
50ib1
vo1
RC1
50 K
vo2
RC2
Therefore,
0.497(vs1 vs 2 ) 0.006
+ =
vs1 0.08055(vs1 vs 2 ) + 9.7 104 vs1
6.17
6.17
0.08055(vs1 vs 2 ) + 9.7 104 vs 2
ib 2 =
=
ib1
and
50ib1 RC1 =
2500ib1
vo1 =
50ib 2 RC 2 =
2500ib 2
vo 2 =
2500(ib1 ib 2 ) =
405.3(vs1 vs 2 )
vo1 vo 2 =
vo1 vo 2
= 405.3
Therefore, AV =
vs1 vs 2
50 K
Push-Pull Configuration
+VCC
R1
C1
Q1
Class B Power
Amplifier
vo
R3
vi
RL
Q2
C2
R2
-VCC
Matched npn and pnp transistors used to make amplifiers with high
efficiency. Typically used as Power Amplifiers.
VCC1
VCC2
I=(VCC1-VBE)/R
Q1
RL
Imirror=I
Q2
Transistor as a Switch
VCC=+5 V
ICsat =6.1 mA
Vi
5V
RC
0V
Vi
0.82K
Vo=VC
t
VC
RB
5V
68 K
=125
0V
Transistor Inverter
VCC=+5 V
Vi
5V
RC
0.82K
Vi
Vo=VC
t
RB
68 K
VC
5V
0V
(a) Vi=0 V
(b) Vi=+5 V
IC
R2
RC
VBB=5 V
IB
Q
R1
IE
RE
RB=50 K
5 = 50IB+0.7+5(IB+IC)
55IB+5IC=4.3
10=10IC+0.1+5(IC+IB)
5IB+15IC=9.9
IB= 0.019 mA
vAi
iO
Zo
Zi
vAo
=
AV
v Ao
v Ai
=
Zi
v Ai
ii
v Ao
AV v Ai
AV Z i ii
=
iO = =
Z o + RL Z o + RL Z o + RL
RL
vo
iO
AV Z i
Ai = =
ii Z o + RL
Problem 1, Tutorial 5
VCC=10 V
RC
R1
40 K
2.8 K
=
IB
VTh 0.7
4.3
=
= 0.0305 mA
RTh + ( + 1) RE 20 + 101*1.2
IC =
IB =
3.05 mA VC =
10 2.8 I C =
1.46 V
VE =
I E RE =
( + 1) I B RE =
3.7 V
VB =VE + 0.7 =4.4 V
R2
40 K
RE
1.2 K
+2.94 V
VBC =
VB VC =
Gives forward-biased B-C junction which is
not possible if transistor in active region.
Assumption of transistor in active region is
NOT RIGHT!
Problem 1, Tutorial 5
VCC=10 V
RC
R1
2.8 K
40 K
5= I B RB + 0.7 + ( I B + I C ) RE
10= I C RC + 0.1 + ( I B + I C ) RE
1.2 I B + 4 I C= 9.9
40 K
RE
1.2 K
VCC=10 V
RC
R1
2.8 K
40 K
IC I E
9.9
= 2.475 mA
4
40 K
RE
1.2 K
IB
=
VTh VB 5 3.67
= = 0.0665 mA
RTh
20