Ausairpower Net

Special Mission Systems
King Air & Cessna ISR system integrator FLIR, POD, etc
Last Updated: Mon Jan 27 11:18:09 UTC 2014
PLA Mechanised Infantry Division Air Defence

Systems
PLA Point Defence Systems
T echnical Report APA-T R-2009-0301
Martin Andrew, BA(hons), MA, PhD, RAAF(Retd)
March 2009
Updated May, December 2009
Updated August, 2010
Updated April, 2012
2009 - 2012 Martin Andrew
converted by W eb2PDFConvert.com
Excerpted from How the PLA Fights: Weapons and Tactics of the Peoples Liberation Army
published by the United States Armys Training and Doctrine Command. Additions and updates
by Dr Carlo Kopp and Dr Martin Andrew.
Background
PLA Armoured and Mechanised Infantry Brigade Structures[3]
Self-Propelled Air Defence Systems
T ype 95 SPAAG[9]
Ludun 2000 / LR66 / T ype 347G / 30 mm SPAAG/SPAAGM[9][36][42]
CSSA-1 / T ype 90 35 mm SPAAG
T D-2000D AAGM[9]
HQ-7/FM-80/FM-90 / CSA-4 Crotale[9]
HQ-6/HQ-61[9]
LY-60 / HQ-64 Aspide
T ype 89/ZSD89 Air Defence Missile Carrier[10]
FB-6A Avenger SAM System[11]
LS-II ADS PLA SLAMRAAM/Chapparel SAM System
FLV-1/FLG-1/FL-2000 Wheeled Air Defence Vehicle[12]
WZ551D Wheeled Air Defence Vehicle Launcher[14]
Yi T ian WZ551 Wheeled Self-Propelled Surface-to-Air Missile System[9][37]
Yi T ian Air Defence Battalion [37]
COMMAND, CONT ROL AND COMMUNICAT IONS
T ype 81 Armoured Command Vehicle
T ype 81C Amphibious Armoured Command Vehicle[33]
T ype 85 Armoured Command Vehicle[34]
T ype 89 Armored Command Vehicle
WZ551A Armoured Command Vehicle
ZZM88 Armoured Cryptographic and Communications Centre Vehicle[39]
Man Portable Air Defence Systems
QW-2 and HY/FN-6/FN-16 Man Portable Air Defence Systems[16]
Large Calibre Anti-Aircraft Machine Guns
QJG02 14.5mm Anti-Aircraft Machine Gun
W95A .50in Heavy Machine Gun[19]
QJZ89 12.7mm x 108mm Heavy Machine Gun[20]
QJC 88 12.7 x 108mm cupola anti-aircraft machine gun[21]
T ype 85 12.7mm x 108mm Heavy Machine Gun[22]
T ype 77 12.7 x 108mm Heavy Machine Gun[23]
T ype 58 T win 14.5 x 114mm Anti-Aircraft Gun System[40]
T ype 56 Quad 14.5 x 114mm Anti-Aircraft Gun System[41]
Heavy Machine Gun Cartridges[24]
Colour Identification of Chinese Small Arms Cartridges from 1958-1987[25]
Chinese Military Heavy Machine Gun Cartridges Issued 1950-1987[26]
12.7 x 99 Browning Machine Gun Cartridges
T ype 54 12.7 x 108mm
DV06 12.7 x 108mm dual projectile[27]
12.7 x 108mm Helicopter Cartridges
T ype 56 14.5 x 114mm[29]
T ype 91 14.5 x 114mm APDS
DGJ02 AP-T 14.5 x 114mm[30]
DGE02 APHEI 14.5 x 114mm[31]
M203 API-T 14.5 x 114mm
CS/BFD06 14.5 x 114mm
Endnotes/References
Background
W ith the operational art of the PLA now firmly rooted in the concepts and doctrine of
modular forces creating independent battle groups within the division, augmenting it
seamlessly with heavier forces. [1]
Battle groups are generally based around a battalion and the PLA is going towards a threelevel command structure of corps, brigade and battalion. The divisional structure remains
for administration in many military regions containing brigades instead of regiments to
accommodate the battle group concept. The idea behind brigade and battle groups is to
adapt to informationalised warfare and to enable more rapid decision making on the
battlefield. [2]
In the PLA, the primary difference between a regiment and a brigade is that the brigade is
capable of independent operations whereas a regiment is directly subordinate to the
division, as it does not have the headquarters staff to carry out independent operations.
PLA Armoured and Mechanised Infantry Brigade Structures[3]

The Peoples Liberation Armys 112th Mechanised Infantry Division was the first unit using
the new structure and when unveiled in 2006 is claimed by the PLA to be two generations
ahead of its predecessor. [4] The division is organised and equipped to fight as independent
battle groups on mountainous and urban terrain, its equipment being lighter in weight and
firepower than those of the PLAs divisions tasked to defend the nation against aggressors
equipped with main battle tanks. Its theatres of operation are Xinjiang and Tibet where the
divisions lighter vehicles and support weapons can operate in areas where the
communications infrastructure can be described as poor at best.
There are three mechanized infantry companies to the battalion and three battalions to the
brigade with three brigades in the division giving a total of 351 Type 86 infantry fighting
vehicles (IFVs). These are supported by an artillery brigade of 72 PLZ89 122mm selfpropelled guns and a tank battalion of 99 Type 96 main battle tanks. Type 89 armoured
command vehicles are liberally provided throughout the division down to the company level
to provide command and control. Intelligence and electronic warfare assets are held at the
divisional level in a battalion and distributed as required. Although described as a light
division the PLA generally classes wheeled units as light and tracked units as heavy.
The new mechanised infantry brigade has four mechanised infantry battalions, one armoured
battalion, one fire support battalion, one engineer battalion and one communication
battalion. Each mechanised infantry battalion has three mechanised infantry companies,
each of three platoons with each company having 13 infantry fighting vehicles; four in each
platoon and one headquarters vehicle.
Each armoured brigade has three armoured battalions for a total of 99 main battle tanks,
one mechanised infantry battalion, one artillery battalion with 18 self-propelled guns and
one air defence battalion of 18 AAA guns. Each armoured battalion has three armoured
companies, each of three platoons with each company having 11 main battle tanks; three in
each platoon and two headquarters vehicles. There are no tanks at the battalion or brigade
headquarters. A complete armoured brigade contains 2,200 soldiers. [5]
The Type 86 infantry fighting vehicle, a Chinese copy of the Russian BMP-1, is being updated
by replacing its existing 73mm low velocity gun turret with the new Chinese one man
universal turret containing a 30mm chain gun which has impressive performance against
light armour, can disable many main battle tanks, and can be used in an anti-helicopter
role. [6]
The other combat tracked vehicles in the division, other than the tanks, are based on the
indigenous Type 89 armoured fighting vehicles. The support company of the battalion
comprises one 100mm mortar company of 10 vehicles with one mortar per vehicle and a fire
control vehicle, an automatic grenade launcher (AGL) platoon in two vehicles with two AGLs
each; one anti-tank platoon in two vehicles sharing three anti-tank guided missile systems,
normally the Hong Jian 8. There are a total of 18 Type 89 series armoured vehicles in each
brigade providing 54 anti-tank guided missile systems in the division.
The wheeled units are equipped with the W ZZ551 family of vehicles. In 1990 the first
vehicle was introduced into service as the Type 90 (W Z551A) IFV was equipped with turreted
25mm automatic cannon, and in 1992 the Type 92 (W Z 551B) was introduced as a cheaper
APC with the semi-open turret used on the ZSD89 APC. The W Z551D air defence version
using the heat seeking PL-9 point defence SAM round was developed but not put into
production. The Type 02 assault gun mounting a 100mm high velocity gun in a turret is in
service and the self-propelled gun version mounting the same gun as on the PLZ89 is due
into service shortly.
The division headquarters comprises an engineer battalion, an electronic warfare battalion, a
chemical defence battalion, the division headquarters (company sized), an air defence troop
and a guard company for HQ protection. Logistics is provided by corps assets attached to
the battle groups as required.
Mechanised formations based on this model are well equipped with organic air defence
assets, intended to deploy with the units and provide mobile point and limited area defence
capabilities against opposing aircraft and helicopters.
W ithin each mechanised infantry battalion there is an air defence platoon of three vehicles
with four Hongqi6 (HY-6) man portable air defence system (MANPADS) missile launchers per
Type 89 APC vehicle, for a total of twelve. A division has 27 air defence vehicles and has
108 Hongqi6 MANPADS available for air defence at any time. They come under operational
control of the air defence brigade commander.
The divisional air defence brigade comprises one battalion of 24 towed 57mm anti-aircraft
guns and one battalion of 18 towed twin 37mm anti-aircraft guns. An air defence platoon of
six Type 95 self-propelled combination AAA/SAM vehicles and one of light surface-to-air
missiles are attached to the artillery brigade.
The Type 95 SPAAG/SAM system uses the same hull as the PLZ89 122mm self-propelled gun,
with a turret mounting four 25mm automatic cannon and can be fitted with four QW -2 IRhoming, short-range surface-to-air missiles, the Chinese equivalent of the Russian Igla-1
(SA-16 Gimlet).
If heavier forces are required to augment the new division, these have been developed as
well. These include the Sixth Armoured Division, which has a similar structure to the
mechanised infantry division; an independent supporting artillery brigade equipped with 72
152mm Type 83 or the new PLZ45 155mm self-propelled gun, which uses the Chinese built
version of the Russian KBP laser guided round; the 16th anti-tank regiment, which is really
the size of a small battalion and contains six PTZ89 120mm self-propelled huatang guns and
18 Type 89 Hongjian 8 anti-tank guided missile tank destroyers; and an air defence brigade
that contains a battalion of 24 57mm towed anti-aircraft guns and one of six Hongqi 7 SAM
systems, the Chinese clone of the French Crotale system. The air defence and anti-tank
units are light enough to go with the mechanised division into isolated areas. The PLA still
depends on towed AAA despite having vehicles available to replace them. The 37mm and
57mm systems are still capable of causing considerable damage but are showing their age.
Self-Propelled Air Defence Systems

Type 95 SPAAG[9]
The Type 95 SPAAG is a PLA attempt to produce a capability equivalent to the ZSU-23-4M4,
providing a mix of gun and heatseeking missile armament. The system is equipped with a
CLC-1 search radar, claimed to operate in the S-band. Target tracking is provided a thermal
imaging and TV system with a laser rangefinder.
The Type 95 is armed with four gas operated 25 mm guns, providing an aggregate rate of
fire up to 1600 rounds/min, and up to four QW -2 heatseeking missiles, based on the PLA
MANPADS, can be carried. Accompanied by a battery acquisition and command vehicle
equipped with a CLC-2 search and acquisition radar with its large antenna, an air defence
battery of six Type 95 SPAAGs is used to protect divisional artillery assets. To simplify
maintenance the Type 95 uses the same standard hull as PLA artillery vehicles including the
Type 83 152mm and PLZ-89 122mm self-propelled guns, the PLZ89 122m self-propelled antitank gun and the PHZ89 122mm self-propelled multiple rocket launcher.
Type 95 SPAAG firing with guns elevated and CLC-1 radar stowed.
Type 95 battery command vehicle with CLC-2 search radar deployed (above) and stowed (below).
Ludun 2000 / LR66 / Type 347G / 30 mm SPAAG/SPAAGM[9][36][42]
LD-2000 demonstrator during trials.
T h e Ludun-2000 is a Chinese copy of the Thales Nederland Goalkeeper 30 mm close-in

weapons system (CIW S) mounted on the rear a 8 x 8 single cab flat bed truck and generator
and system container behind the cabin.
The Type 730B gun is a copy of the General Electric GAU-8 30 mm x 173 mm seven-barrel
Avenger gun used on the A-10. It fires at 4,200 rounds-per-minute with the APDS round
having a muzzle velocity of 1,150m/sec and the HE cartridge of 920m/sec. There are two
500 round cylindrical magazines either side of the gun.
The system can intercept targets flying at a velocity of Mach 2 or below. Although a target
can be optically tracked up to 18 km, a cruise missile with a radar cross section of
approximately 0.1 m 2 can be detected at 12 km, optically tracked using a charge coupled
device at five km. The gun has a maximum effective range of 2.5 km, its intercept
engagement range between 1000 to 1,500 m and a maximum ground range of 3,000 m. The
response time of 9.8 sec is given the system is able to simultaneously track and prioritise
48 targets.
In the anti-aircraft role, the Ludun-2000 system is claimed to be as effective as a battalion
of 18 Type 65 twin 37mm anti-aircraft guns. In the counter rocket and mortar (C- RAM) role,
it is claimed that when cued by an AN/TPQ-37 Block 1B Firefinder artillery locating radar of
between 60 to 70 percent of 60 mm and 81 mm mortar rounds, and there is enough
ammunition for 50 engagements against mortars and rockets. The PLA employs the SLC-2
which is an improved clone of the TPQ-37 series.
By design, the LD-2000 is essentially a land based derivative of the existing PLAN Type 730
CIW S, itself modelled on the closed loop tracking US Phalanx CIW S and EU Goalkeeper
CIW S.
Production vehicles are intended to be based on the Wanshan W S-2400 chassis, common to
the HQ-9 SAM system. The engagement and tracking radar as yet undesignated, operates in
the Ku-Band.
More recent imagery depicts the addition of a mast mounted search radar and six launch
tubes for the TY -90 Surface-to-Air-Missile.
W hile intended to fulfill much the same role as the Russian Pantsyr S1 / SA-22 system, the
LD-2000 is hampered by older technology acquisition and engagement radar technology in
comparison with its Russian competitor. The cited use of SLC-2 / AN/TPQ-37 Block 1B
Firefinder artillery locating radar indicates an intent to address this capability limitation.
This radar is however optimised for the CBR role, which differs in geometry from the
Counter-PGM roles.
This will limit the system's ability to acquire and track low signature targets, especially
guided weapons. To date no evidence has emerged showing the integration of extant PESA
air defence engagement radars such as the H-200 or SJ-231 with the LD-2000 system, both
of these radars providing the power-aperture performance and beam-steering agility required
to make the LD-2000 genuinely effective in killing salvoes of high angle low signature smart
munitions. A single H-200 or SJ-231 supporting three, four or six LD-2000 fire units makes
for a formidable point defence capability.
Current acquisition radar technology does not preclude further development of this system
as China's industry eventually masters PESA and AESA antenna technology. A mature LDconverted by W eb2PDFConvert.com
2000 variant has the potential to be a very effective terminal defence weapon against
supersonic and subsonic guided weapons.
LD-2000 demonstrator image from Norinco brochure.
LD-2000 SPAAGM variant with six TY-90 launch tubes, on WS-2400 chassis. Elevating acquisition radar appears to
be a variant of the YJ-17 series.
CSSA-1 / Type 90 35 mm SPAAG

Recently unveiled, the CSSA-1 is a self-propelled variant of the Type 90 35 mm AAA system,
previously only available as a towed AAA piece. The system is based on a licensed Oerlikon
GDF-002, and is credited with a 1175 m/s muzzle velocity, 3200 metre effective range, and 2
x 500 rounds/min rate of fire, with 360 traverse and +92 to -5 elevation. A Type 902
engagement radar is usually associated with the Type 90 AAA system, based on the Oerlikon
Skyguard I/II system. The Super Fledermaus / Skyguard radar and GDF guns were used in
the German Gepard SPAAG.
Type 90 35 mm towed AAA gun, deployed and stowed.
Oerlikon-Contraves GDF/Skyguard III 35 mm gun and engagement sensor, comprising acquisition and engagement
radars and electro-optical tracker (Rheinmetall/Oerlikon).
The Type 902 radar system is claimed to be based on the depicted Skyguard I/II acquisition and engagement
radar system (Wikipedia image)
TD-2000D AAGM[9]
The CPMIEC TD-2000B system is an integrated package combining QW -1 or QW -2 MANPADS

launchers on a vehicular chassis, towed 57 mm guns, and an acquisition/engagement radar
and fire control processing package. A typical battery combines six 57 mm guns, one eight
round launcher, and a single radar vehicle, equipped with what appears to be a JY-17
variant.
HQ-7/FM-80/FM-90 / CSA-4 Crotale[9]
China continues to manufacture and export the cloned Crotale SAM. The latest HQ-7B/FM-90 Crotale variant is
carried on a new Chinese designed 6 x 6 AFV chassis, replacing the cloned French Thomson-Hotchkiss P4R
chassis. Additional image [1] (via Chinese internet).
The HQ-7 is a Chinese clone of the French Thales/Thomson CSF Crotale SAM. During the
1970s the French supplied samples of the Crotale which was promptly reverse engineered.
The cloned Crotale has been built in two configurations, a high mobility variant for PLA Army
units on a 4 x 4 cloned French Thomson-Hotchkiss P4R armoured vehicle, and a less mobile
PLA-AF air field defence system, using either a trailer or a truck platform. The ThomsonHotchkiss P4R vehicle uses either a diesel or gasoline engine driving an alternator which
powers electrical motors driving the wheels. Chinese sources sometimes label the P4R as a
B-20. A naval variant of the Crotale as also been developed.
A four round elevating tube launcher turret is used, mounting the Ku-band Automatic
Command to Line Of Sight monopulse radar dish antenna. Export variants are the FM-80 and
improved FM-90 with a FLIR tracker and longer ranging missiles. HQ-7/FM-80/90 batteries
are typically supported by an acquisition radar system, the FM-90 usually on a new design
indigenous 6 x 6 light armoured personnel carrier.
HQ-7 [T homson CSF Crotale] Specifications
Length
Diameter
Wing span
Launch weight
Propulsion
Guidance
Warhead
Max speed
Maximum range
Minimum range
Max effective altitude
Min effective altitude
Reaction time, sec
Reload time
Single-Shot Pk
Engagement Radar
Detection range
2.89 m
0.15 m
0.54 m
84 kg
solid propellant rocket motor
command link
15 kg HE fragmentation with contact and proximity fuzing
750 m/s
>10 km
500 m
5,000-5,500 m (depending upon target velocity)
15 m
6.5
2 min (full 4-round load)
0.8
Thomson-CSF Ku-band monopulse radar
18.5 km
FM-90 Specifications (CNPMIEC)

Effective Range
ASM Target 600 m/s
Cruise Missile Target 300 m/s
Aircraft Target
Helicopter Target
Effective Altitude
ASM Target 600 m/s
Cruise Missile Target 300 m/s
Aircraft/Helicopter Target
Single Shot Pk
700 700 700 700 -
7,000 m
11,000 m
12,000 m
15,000 m
30 - 3,000 m
30 - 6,000 m
30 - 6,000 m
0.85
Radar System
Maximum Detection Range RCS=0.1 m2
RCS=0.1 m2
Maximum Tracking Range

Concurrent Target Detection Qty
Concurrent Target Tracking Qty
Firce Control Channels
Reaction Time
Missile Maximum Velocity
Missile Maximum load Factor
20 km
18 km
48
24
7
6.5 to 10.5 sec
930 m/s
35 G
The HQ-7 Crotale round on display.
FM-90 TELAR on parade in 2009 (via Chinese Internet).
FM-90 Crotale display model at Zhuhai, 2008. The acquisition radar uses a planar array with a boresighted IFF
array. The engagement radar appears to be identical to the earlier FM-80 configuration (image 2009, Zhenguan
Studio).
Acquisition radar vehicles for a HQ-7/FM-80 battery. The design concept follows the Soviet Dog Ear model used
with the 9K35 / SA-13 Gopher. Two radar types have been disclosed, a concave reflector design and a newer
planar array design.
The earlier self propelled HQ-7/FM-80 variants employ a reverse engineered variant of the original ThomsonHotchkiss P4R electrically driven armoured chassis which weighs in at 32,965 lb / 14,950 kg (all images Chinese
internet).
Late model FM-80 Crotale launch from cloned Thomson-Hotchkiss P4R chassis.
Note the PLA-AF towed HQ-7 variant in the background, below the foreground.
HQ-6/HQ-61[9]
The US DoD credits the PLA with 30 HQ-6 launchers, most likely referring to the HQ-61
series point defence SAMs deployed during the 1980s. Based conceptually on the cloned
Alenia Aspide missile, itself which is based on the US RIM-7E/F Sparrow, the HQ-61 is much
larger and heavier and equipped with a semi-active radar homing seeker and midcourse
command link guidance. A 6x6 YanAn SX2150 truck carries two rounds on a slewable
elevating launcher. Guidance is provided by the Type 571 radar system. The cumbersome
HQ-61 series has been largely superceded by the HQ-7 and HQ-64 point defence SAMs.
A mixed deployment of the HQ-61 and HQ-7 Crotale.
HQ-61 6 x 6 TEL vehicle.
Navalised HQ-61 variant.
LY-60 / HQ-64 Aspide
The LY-60 four round TEL (image 2009, Zhenguan Studio).
The CPMIEC LY-60 is a direct clone of the Italian Selenia (Alenia) Aspide Mk.1, itself derived
from the RIM-7E Sea Sparrow. This missile is frequently cited as the direct replacement for
the conceptually similar but much bulkier HQ-61. Recent literature shows a four round LY-60
TEL which is based on the naval box launcher mount, similar to the US Sea Sparrow and
original Aspide designs. Like the Aspide / Sparrow, the LY-60 appears in naval and mobile
point defence SAM configurations, and as an AAM for fighter aircraft, designated as the FD60 or PL-10.
The missile is a semi-active homing design, reliant on a CW illuminator which is cued by an
acquisition and tracking radar. Cited battery composition is one acquisition radar, three
engagement radars and six TELs, with eight support vehicles providing missile transport,
backup and primary power supply, missile test, electronics maintenance, mechanical
maintenance, tools and spares. The acquisition radar is likely to be a derivative of the CLC-2
series operating at 2.9 ~ 3.4 GHz, or the Y LC-6M. The engagement radar is a truck mounted
variant of the naval LY-60 engagement radar, which is a single channel X-band design with
providing CW illumination of the target. Until recently, no good imagery was available for
the radar package, specifications remain unstated. CPMIEC brochures claim the capability to
engage low flying aircraft and cruise missiles. Other sources claim the capability to detect
40 targets, track 12, and engage three. [36]
LY-60/HQ-64 Specifications [Aspide Mk.1 Specification Assumed]
Missile Launch Mass
Fuselage Diameter
Length
Wingspan
Warhead Mass
Maximum Range
Minimum Range
Maximum Altitude
Minimum Altitude
220 kg
0.20 m
3.72 m
0.99 m
35 kg
20 km
1.3 km
5,000 m
15 m
480 lb
0.65 ft
12.20 ft
3.24 ft
77 lb
10.8 NMI
0.7 NMI
16,400 ft
49 ft
Qty
1
3
6
1
1
Notes
6 x 6 Dong Feng
6 x 6 Dong Feng
6 x 6 Dong Feng
-
LY-60/HQ-64 Battery Composition

Component
LY-60 Aquisition Radar
LY-60 CW Illuminator
LY-60 TEL 4 Round
Power Supply Primary
Power Supply Backup
Missile Test
Electronics / Engineering
Mechanical / Engineering
Spare Components
Missile Transporter/Transloader
1
1
1
1
2
The LY-60 displays the same clipped wings as the box launch late model Aspide. In the background, the
engagement radar with a CW illuminator (image 2009, Zhenguan Studio).
The LY-60 engagement radar with a CW illuminator/tracker (image 2009, Zhenguan Studio).
The LY-60 acquisition radar. This design is nearest in configuration to the YLC-6M series, and is likely a direct
derivative (image 2009, Zhenguan Studio).
The LY-60 four round TEL, below detail of box launchers (images 2009, Zhenguan Studio).
LY-60 launch.
Above/below Alenia SPADA/Aspide towed launcher. The tracker and CW illuminators are colocated on the mount,
no such antennas being visible on the LY-60 TEL.
Type 89/ZSD89 Air Defence Missile Carrier[10]
The Type 89/ZSD89, also known as the W Z534, is 6634mm long, 3148mm wide, 1890mm
high at the top of the hull and 2556mm high including the 12.7mm semi-enclosed turret,
which is a copy of the turret used on the M113 ACAV during the Vietnam War.
The
supercharged diesel engine is rated at 319 horsepower and gives the vehicle a top road
speed of 65km/hr and 6.5km/hr in the water.
The vehicle has a maximum road range of
500km and 61km in the water. W ith a combat weight of 14.5 tons, the power to weight
ratio of 22hp/ton enables the ZSD89 to climb a 32 degree slope. There are four twin 76mm
grenade launchers, two sets on both sides just behind the glacis plate. There are four vision
blocks and rudimentary firing ports on the right side, one of each in the smallish rear door
which swings outwards, and three of each on the left hand side of the vehicle. The lack of
a rear folding ramp like on the M113 is a severe drawback.
The 12.7mm heavy machine gun has 1050 rounds stored in the vehicle and provides close in
air and ground defence. Fo ur Hongqi 6 MANPADS are carried along with spare missiles.
There would be around nine air defence gunners who would operate the missiles, man the
12.7mm machine gun and listen to the air defence net for targets. The vehicle itself has a
two man crew, comprising a driver and vehicle commander.
FB-6A Avenger SAM System [11]
The FB-6A is a copy of the United States Armys AN/TW Q-1 Avenger system which mounts
the Stinger short-range surface-to-air missile on an octuple launcher on a HMMW V chassis.
The HMMW V variant employed is the aluminium body Shenyang SFQ2040.
Designated the FB-6A it uses the TY 90 surfaceto-air missile that is 1,862 mm long, 90 mm
in diameter and weighs 20 kg. The missile is quoted as having an effective range of
between 500 to 6,000m; can engage targets flying at altitudes from 15 to 4500 m; and can
reach Mach 2.2. The launcher is quoted, as being able to acquire a target a 12 km, a
reaction time of 2 to 3 seconds and the vehicle and launcher are a direct copy of the
HMMW V.
Above, FB-6A engagement radar and TEL, below FB-6A engagement radar, both carried on the Shenyang SFQ2040
HMMWV (image 2009, Zhenguan Studio).
LS-II ADS PLA SLAMRAAM/Chapparel SAM System
LS-II ADS TEL with a pair of SD-10/PL-12 active radar guided missiles and a pair of PL-9C heatseeking missiles
(image 2009, Zhenguan Studio).
The Lie Shou Hunter II Air Defense System or LS-II ADS was displayed publicly at the
Zhuhai 2008 exhibition. It is a Chinese analogue to the US MIM-120/MPQ-64 Sentinel
SLAMRAAM point defence system, but with the important distinction in a mixed missile
armament, comprising two SD-10/PL-12 and two PL-9C. The SD-10/PL-12 is an analogue of
the AIM-120 AMRAAM, but with better range performance, and equipped with the Russian
designed Agat 9B-1103M active radar seeker. The PL-9C is an analogue of the AIM-9H/L
Sidewinder. The LS II is therefore a defacto hybrid of the Chapparel and SLAMRAAM
concepts, but with a self propelled engagement/acquisition radar rather than the towed
MPQ-64 radar used with the SLAMRAAM.
Both the TEL and the engagement/acquisition radars are carried on the Dong Feng EQ-2050
HMMW V. The TEL is equipped with an electro-optical acquisition and tracking sensor
mounted on the cabin roof. The radar is a planar array design, likely operating in the X-band.
LS-II ADS TEL and engagement/acquisition radar (image 2009, Zhenguan Studio).
LS-II ADS TEL (image 2009, Zhenguan Studio).
LS-II ADS TEL EO system (image 2009, Zhenguan Studio).
LS-II ADS engagement/acquisition radar and antenna (image 2009, Zhenguan Studio).
SLAMRAAM battery with two TELs, MPQ-64 radar and C3 vehicle (US Army).
FLV-1/FLG-1/FL-2000 Wheeled Air Defence Vehicle[12]
The FLV-1 close in lightweight air-defence weapon system is based on the W Z 551 four
wheeled armoured vehicle. [13] This vehicle appears to be half way between the United
States Armys AN/TW Q-1 Avenger system which uses the Stinger short range surface-to-air
missile on an octuple launcher on a HMMW V chassis, and the Russian 9K31 Strela-1 system
(SA-9 Gaskin) based on the BRDM 4 x 4 chassis.
The FLV-1 uses the rear engine version of the W Z 550 4 x 4 chassis but has only twowheeled drive. The FLV-1 weighs 8.5 tonnes, is 5.5 metres long and the rest of the chassis
is the same as the W Z 550. The engine produces 132kw of power with a maximum road
speed of 90 km/hr.
There are six smoke dischargers in two rows of three at the rear of the vehicle. The FLV-1
carries a pintle mounted 7.62 mm machine gun at the front of the vehicle for local defence.
The octuple launcher turret houses two quad launchers for the QW -1A lightweight surfaceto-air missiles. There is a FLIR, laser rangefinder, and most probably a laser designator,
contained in a ball mount between the missiles with a search radar mounted on the top of
the system. The search radar appears to be a variant of the NRIET AS-901 series, an L-band
MTI with ~20 km range. The FLV-1 can be used for used for independent close in protection
of high value assets.
The FL-2000 is a derivative of the FLV/FLG-1 series.
The FLG-1 is a derivative of the FLV-1 series.
WZ551D Wheeled Air Defence Vehicle Launcher[14]
WZ551D demonstrator.
The W Z551D wheeled air defence vehicle was ordered in 1987 as an air defence variant of
the W Z551 family, using the PL-9 surface-to-air missile system. The PL-9 is conceptually
closest to the AIM-9P and appears to be an evolution of the PL-5 series missile, although
Chinese sources claim the missile outperforms the AIM-9L/M. It was not a success as only
one prototype was built and tested. The vehicle was a transporter, launcher, and radar unit
(TLAR) and its use was between the Russian 9K35 Strela-10 (SA-13 Gopher) and the 9K331
Tor (SA-15 Gauntlet) tracked surface-to-air missile systems.
The W Z 551D carried a quadruple launcher, similar in shape to the then contemporary U.S.
MIM-72A/M48 Cha pa rra l surface-to-air missile (SAM) system which used an M54 missile
launcher mounted on the M730 surface-to-air missile (SAM) system vehicle. Atop the
launcher on the W Z551D was a search and acquisition radar which folded forward when not
in use and for traveling to lower the vehicles silhouette. It appears to be a variant of the
JY -17 series.
The W Z551D was 6.65m long, 2.8m wide and had a height of 3.4m with the radar folded and
5m with the radar upright. It weighed 16t ready to fire with four missiles and a crew of
between four and six. The prototype vehicle did not even have proper seating, with one seat
a folding chair. The F8L413F 188kW four-stroke diesel engine gave it a power-to-weight ratio
of 11.8kW /t, a top road speed of 85km/hr and a maximum range of 800km. It could
surmount a 0.5 m vertical obstacle and wade through 1.2m of water.
Its radar had a search radius of 20km at altitudes from 50 to 4000m with an electro-optical
tracking system providing passive tracking and back up. W hy it never entered service is
unknown, but it could have been due to the changing nature of the threat and system itself.
The W Z551D was designed to engage attack helicopters but the new fire and forget antitank guided missiles like Hellfire II have made many such surface-to-air missile systems
obsolescent, as their silhouettes makes them readily identifiable and targeted by attacking
aircraft, both fixed and rotary wing.
The PL-9 Air-To-Air Missile is used in this application as a SurfaceTo-Air Missile. [15] It is
an all aspect missile guided by a targets thermal signature. Its surface-to-air variant
weighs 120kg, is 2.99m long and like all the PL-9 versions has a diameter of 167mm, which
compares favourably to the AIM-9 Sidewinders 127mm. Its maximum speed is reported as
Mach 2 and the version on the defunct W Z551D had a reported slant engagement range of
10km and could engage targets up to an altitude of 4,000 m.
Display model of the WZ551D point defence SAM system.
Yi Tian WZ551 Wheeled Self-Propelled Surface-to-Air Missile System [9][37]
The Y i Tian wheeled self-propelled surface-to-air missile system uses the W MZ551 6x6
wheeled armoured fighting vehicle hull on which is mounted a surface-to-air missile
comprising two square quad box launchers each containing a TY-90 short range short-range
surface-to-air missile separated by the sensor system and mounting. The system comprises
a CCD day/night sight, thermal imaging sight, laster range finder that elevate with the
missile launchers. A top this is a mast mounted rotating planar array low probability of
intercept (LPI) radar, designated the 825 [36].
Against a helicopter or non-stealth attack aircraft the radar provides surveillance out to
18km, tracking at 12km, engagement at 10km with the missile firing at 6km from an
oncoming target. Against a cruise missile the surveillance range drops to 8km. The system
can intercept at target with a maximum speed of 400 m/sec (1,440km/hr) and the system
reaction time reaction time is given as between 6 8 secs
The vehicle weighs 16 tons, has a crew of four and is armed with a remote controlled QZZ89
12.7 x 108mm heavy machine gun mounted forward on the right hand side of the roof next
to the driver. There is a small CCD optical sensor camera mounted under the gun cradle
which is operated by a joystick inside the gunners position. There are four twin 76mm
smoke dischargers mounted on the roof immediately, two mounted behind the machine gun
and the drivers hatch.
The vehicle takes 30 seconds to prepare for firing from a cold start and two seconds to move
which would assume the engine is running.
Yi T ian Air Defence Battalion [37]
The Y i Tian Air Defence Battalion comprises a battalion headquarters and three selfsupporting air defence companies. The battalion headquarters consists of a W Z551
armoured command vehicle 4x4 truck with a folding mast mounted IRIS-80 radar. For
instance, the 113th Mechanised Infantry Division of the 38th Army Group is equipped with
both Type 92 and 92A wheeled infantry fighting vehicles. Other vehicles based on the
chassis include command, anti-tank with the Hong Jia-8 ATGW, the Y i-Tian self propelled
SAM system and the wheeled 122mm self-propelled gun, the latter is at this time close to
approval.
The air defence company headquarters comprises a single W Z551 ACV mounting a
surveillance radar, six fire W Z551 air defence vehicles, two 4 x 4 resupply and two 4 x 4
maintenance trucks. Each company could spilt into two self-supporting groups (dui).
W hether the company is organised into two vehicle platoons (pei) or squads (bian) is not
known.
COMMAND, CONTROL AND COMMUNICATIONS

Type 81 Armoured Command Vehicle
Type 81C Amphibious Armoured Command Vehicle[33]
The Type 81 ACV is also designated the W Z701 and is based on the Type 63 and uses the
same extended hull as the W Z750 ambulance.[32] The vehicle weighs 13 tons loaded for
combat and contains seating for two crew forward of the rear and up to eight personnel in
the rear. This makes for a crowded vehicle which includes a seat against the rear door and
normally the personnel in the rear varies from 3 to 5. A battery fire control vehicle would
have less personnel for example. The Chinese ACV version in the article was equipped with
five Type A-220 short wave/FM radios, one Type 714B back pack radio and one Type 339
facsimile machine.
The Type 81 armoured command vehicle based on the Type 63 hull has had similar
modifications to the Type 63C to enable it to provide command and control of amphibious
landings. The PLAN modified version is designated the Type 81C.
A Type 63 APC equipped with a ZU-23-2 3 mm AAA gun.
Type 85 Armoured Command Vehicle[34]
Unlike the Type 81 featured previously, this vehicle uses the same hull as the vehicle it is
based on, in this case the Type 85 armoured personnel carrier. This means that the vehicle
cannot be readily identified as an ACV on the battlefield drawing unwarranted attention,
ACVs being natural ordnance magnets.
The vehicle weighs 13.8 tons and has a crew of 8. It is 6.125mm long, 3.06m wide and is
2.59m high to the top of the hull. It is armed with the ubiquitous Type 59 12.7mm machine
gun with 560 rounds. Its diesel engine produces 317KW and its torque is 54.3 kP. It has a
maximum road range of 500km on road and 61km in water. Its maximum road speed is
65km and it can reach 6 km/hr in the water. A typical ACV fit out is one VRC-83 and two
VRC-84 transceivers and one 70-2B facsimile machine
Type 89 Armored Command Vehicle
The PLA has put into service a new armoured command vehicle based on the hull of the
W Z752 armoured ambulance, itself based on the ZSD89 armoured personnel carrier. It has
four large and two smaller whip antennae. The vehicle is 6,634mm long, 3,148mm wide and
2,470mm high to top of the hull. There four 76mm smoke grenade dischargers on both sides
of the forward part of the hull. The vehicle commander/gunners sits behind the driver and he
has a pintle mounted 12.7mm machine gun attached top his raised cupola.
Type 89 ACV vs APC. Both equipped with a .50 cal weapon.
WZ551A Armoured Command Vehicle
ZZM88 Armoured Cryptographic

Communications
Centre Vehicle[39]
WZ551 and
(Wikipedia
image)
The C2
ZZM-88
is ofanthe
armoured
andrear
communications
units
version
W Z551A cryptographic
transplants the
of the Type 85 centre
ACV onvehicle
to the for
W Z551A
equipped
with
vehicle
mounted
and
back
pack
frequency
hopping
and
later
radio
sets.
It
has
[35]
hull.
A typical ACV fit out is one VRC-83 and two VRC-84 transceivers and one 70-2B
two
roles.
Firstly,
it
provides
remote
re-keying
of
cryptographic
protection,
or
daily
keys,
for
facsimile machine. The vehicle is quite high which would affect its cross-country ability and
frequency
hopping on
radio
sets at
automatically
via roads.
radio transmission.
second
is providing
speed restrictions
turning
speed even on
Its height alsoThe
makes
it prominent
on
command
and control
using
packet
switching
for higher out
levelof headquarters
units. Itand
is
the battlefield,
but asnets
a rear
area
vehicle
it will hopefully
sight of surveillance
co-located
with the highest level command vehicle to provide cryptographic and
targeting systems.
communications support. At the air defence headquarters it can provide dedicated secure
real time nets for fire control, data linking and communications.
The vehicle is equipped with a, VRC-8000 vehicle mounted radio, a PRC-18 back pack radio,
a Z/TCP-1 rapid battery recharger, VIC internal communications system, one single voice
(broadcast) system which could be used for the crypto keys, four two voice communications
systems, one three voice communications system and one separate radio remote control
internal main vehicle intercom. The FJ-10/2-2 crew environmental control system keeps the
internal temperature of the vehicle habitable for the six crew, even when outside it is 45
degrees Celsius.
The ZZM-88 was introduced in 1992 initially to units operating the then new Type 79 main
battle tank which introduced the VRC-8000 radio into PLA service. The vehicle would be colocated with a Type 81 armoured command vehicle to provide higher echelon units with a
battlefield command and control net, and utilises the same hull as the Type 81 armoured
command vehicle. Combat loaded it weighs 12.9t and is 5.576m long., 2.978m wide and
2.187m high including the sight on the Type 59 12.7 x 108mm heavy machine gun, with a
hull height of 2.198m. The ground clearance is 435mm and it is powered by a 190kW diesel
engine which gives a maximum ground speed of 61km/hr, a torque of 56.7kP and a maximum
speed in water of 6km/hr. The vehicle has a maximum road range of 500km, 61km in water
and 420 rounds of 12.7 x 108mm ammunition carried for the machine gun.
Man Portable Air Defence Systems

QW-2 and HY/FN-6/FN-16 Man Portable Air Defence Systems[16]
The QW -2 is a reverse engineered copy of the Russian 9K310 Igla-1 (SA-16 Gimlet). The
infrared seeking missile is 72mm in diameter is 1.59m long and weighs 11kg. It has a
launch speed of 25 m/sec and can engage a target at a distance between 500m to 6,000m
at an altitude from 10m to 4,000m. All up, the system weighs 18.4kg and has a shelf life of
ten years. In action, the reaction time is five seconds with a reported 75% chance of
intercepting a target.
QW-1 and QW-1M MANPADS are predecessor variants to the QW-2 series.
The HY /FN-6 is an infrared seeking missile with a diameter of 71mm, a length of 1.495m and
a weight of 10.77kg. All up with the launcher the system weighs 17kg and can intercept a
target going 600m/sec. The launcher can be equipped with a night sight and an IFF system
similar to the AN/PPX-1 fitted to the FIM-92 Stinger.
HY/FN-6 MANPADS.
The FN-16 an improved version of the FN-6 and is also an infrared seeking missile with the
missile having a diameter of 72mm, a length of 1.6m and can do an 18g turn. The FN-16 can
engage a target flying between 10 and 4000m altitude up to up a range of 3km although the
missile has a lethal range of 6km. weight of 10.77kg. All up with the launcher the system
weighs 18kg, is 1.7m long and can intercept a target going 600m/sec[38].
Large Calibre Anti-Aircraft Machine Guns

FN-16 MANPADS.
The Peoples Liberation Army describes all heavy calibre machine guns as high-angle
weapons, following the Soviet convention of labeling air defence weapons as Zenitniye.
QJG02 14.5mm Anti-Aircraft Machine Gun
China has developed a lightweight 14.5mm anti-aircraft machine gun designated the
QJG02. [17] The weapon is designed to replace the Type 56 copy of the Russian ZPU-1 that
comes in at 413kg. [18] Despite a double baffle muzzle brake, the weapon would jump
around on fully automatic fire. This is not unlike firing a .50 M-2 Browning on a hard
surface. The weapon would have been very handy for the Mujahideen during the Russian
invasion of Afghanistan but has been rendered obsolescent at best by MANPADS. This
weapon remains nevertheless effective against rotary wing aircraft and low flying
transports.
Once broken down into six man portable loads, the heaviest weight is less than 20kg. It
has a rate of 600rpm and an effective range of 2,000m; however its effective rate of fire is
100rpm. It was introduced with two new 14.5 x 114mm rounds, the DGJ02 APDS-T and the
DGE02 APHEI-T.
W95A .50in Heavy Machine Gun[19]

The Chinese Defence Industries are now offering the W 95 12.7mm heavy machine gun in
12.7mm x 99mm, based on the PLAs W 85 heavy machine gun in 12.7mm x 108mm. The gun
itself weighs 28 kg without the tripod and is 2050mm long overall. The heavy barrel, the
rear half which is heavily fluted, is 1002mm long and the weapon has a cyclic rate of fire of
650-750 rounds per minute and an effective rate of fire of 80 100 rounds per minute. It is
designed to operate in temperatures from -15 0C to 70 0C.
Representing another doomed attempt to replace the M2 Browning heavy machine gun, it
will probably be offered to Third World countries that are under a U.S. embargo against the
supply of spare parts for their M2 Browning heavy machine guns. Given the popularity and
numbers of M2s in the world, spare parts are readily available from many suppliers, and this
is a forlorn hope. Some may be bought by countries in an attempt to spite the United
States but the numbers would be small.
QJZ89 12.7mm x 108mm Heavy Machine Gun[20]
The Type 77 was developed further and entered into PLA service as the QJZ89 12.7 x 108mm
heavy machine gun. The QJZ89 weighs 17.8kg empty and its simple tripod weighing 8.5 kg
yields a total weight of 26.3 kg. The weapons overall length is 1,640mm with barrel length
being 1003mm. The muzzle velocity is quoted at 825m/sec and the effective range 1,500
m. A 50 round drum feeds from the left.
QJC 88 12.7 x 108mm cupola anti-aircraft machine gun[21]
The new cupola mounted anti-aircraft machine gun is 1500mm long and 620mm wide. It
comes in two parts, the main body weighs 18.5kg and the mount is 15.5 kg. Its elevation
ranges from -6 0 to +85 0 and has a rate of fire of 540 to 600 rounds per minute. It can fire
the Type 54 12.7mm family of cartridges and the Type 84 12.7mm APDS cartridge.
Type 85 12.7mm x 108mm Heavy Machine Gun[22]
The Type 85 12.7 x 108mm heavy machine gun is a product improved version of the Type
77, and is as simple a design as a 12.7mm machine can be. W ith the tripod laid flat, the
Type 85 is 2050mm long and 1160mm wide. It has a rate of fire of 650 750 rpm and
depending on the tripods configuration (it can be set up for anti-aircraft fire) its elevation is
from -10 to + 80 0 and an arc of 360 0. The complete system weighs 39.6kg with its box
magazine on the left hand side holding sixty rounds of link ammunition.
Type 77 12.7 x 108mm Heavy Machine Gun[23]
The Model 77 heavy machine gun is described as Chinas first generation designed 12.7mm
anti-aircraft machine gun. The Type 85 is a product improved version. The weapon is both
gas (three settings) and recoil operated. The ammunition belt is the standard DShK metal
non-disintegrating link.
The gun itself weighs 21.3 kg, the tripod is 28.3kg and other attachments/accessories weigh
6.5kg, for a total weight of 56.1kg. The rate-of-fire is between 650 to 750 RPM, its range
against aircraft is 1,600m slant and up to an altitude of 800m. The muzzle velocity is
between 810 to 825m/sec and its maximum ground range is 7 km.
Type 58 Twin 14.5 x 114mm Anti-Aircraft Gun System[40]
A copy of the Russian ZPU-2, the Type 58 twin 14.5 x 114mm anti-aircraft gun system
provided Chinese units a small self-contained mobile system able to be set up almost
anywhere. The weapon swivels on its integral circular mounting and has a single towing
trail. Its two wheels rotate upwards on their axles to provide a stable firing platform.
In traveling configuration, it was 3.900m long by 1.6m wide by 1.5 m high with guns in a
horizontal position. Ready to it was 3.9m long, by 1.6m wide by 1.1m high.
Its two magazines could each hold 150 round of ammunition in non-disintegrating link belts,
weighed 42kg, and fully loaded for combat the Type 56 weighed 1,000kg with 600 rounds of
ammunition.. Each gun fired at 600 rpm giving a total firepower of 1,200 rpm. In the antiaircraft role its effective slant range is given as 1,000m and a 2,000m effective ceiling.
Type 56 Quad 14.5 x 114mm Anti-Aircraft Gun System[41]
A copy of the Russian ZPU-4, the Type 56 quad 14.5 x 114mm anti-aircraft gun system
provided Chinese units and fixed sites a high firepower powerful and light anti-aircraft
system. On a small four-wheel mount, the equipment could be towed behind a light
vehicle. To permit accurate firing the two side stabilisers swung out, the wheels swung
upwards and the jacks screwed down so the ordnance sat on cruciform shaped mount.
In traveling configuration, it was 5.545m long by 1.86m wide by 2.3 m high with guns in a
horizontal position. Ready to it was 4.33m long, by 2.68m wide by 1.97m high. In an
emergency, it could be fired in the traveling position.
Its four magazines could each hold 150 round of ammunition in non-disintegrating link belts,
weighed 42kg, and fully loaded for combat the Type 56 weighed 2,150kg. Each gun fired at
600 rpm giving a total firepower of 2,400 rpm. In the anti-aircraft role its effective slant
range is given as 1,000m and a 2,000m effective ceiling.
Heavy Machine Gun Cartridges[24]

Colour Identification of Chinese Small Arms Cartridges from 19581987[25]
Lead Core
No colour on projectile
Steel Core
Prior to 1975 silver tip and from 1975 no colour
Incendiary
Red tip
Incendiary Tracer Red tip

Tracer
API
only
API T
Explosive flash
Green tip
Prior to 1967 black tip with red band. After 1967 tip changed to black
Prior to 1967 purple tip with red band. From 1967 tip changed to purple
only
W hite tip
Chinese Military Heavy Machine Gun Cartridges Issued 1950-1987[26]

The following are the rounds that have been issued for military issue during the period 1951
to 1987 and use the Chinese meaning of the word
Type 54 high shooting machine gun armour penetrating incendiary round (12.7 x 108mm FMJ)
with a black tip which has a red band,
Type 54 high shooting machine gun armour penetrating incendiary tracer round (12.7 x
108mm FMJ) with a purple tip which has a red band,
Type 56 high shooting machine gun armour penetrating incendiary round (14.5 x 114mm FMJ)
with a black tip which has a red band,
Type 56 high shooting machine gun armour penetrating incendiary tracer round (14.5 x
114mm FMJ) with a purple tip which has a red band,
Type 56 high shooting machine gun incendiary round (14.5 x 114mm FMJ) with a red tip, and
Type 56 high shooting machine gun shun dan (translates as twinkling & sudden and violent)
round (14.5 x 114mm FMJ) with a white tip. This is an explosive that gives off a bright flash
upon detonation. Obviously it can also be used as a ranging round.
12.7 x 99 Browning Machine Gun Cartridges

The 12.7 x 99mm heavy machine gun cartridges are produced for export and are direct copies
of United States military ammunition. The Chinese and comparable designations are:
Chinese
United States
M202
M17 Tracer
M205
M2 AP
M206
M8 API
M207
M20 API-T
M208
Mss Ball
Type 54 12.7 x 108mm

Used in the Type 54, 77 and 85 heavy machine guns, the cartridge and weapons are
generally used in the air defence role. The primary cartridges in Chinese service are the
armour piercing incendiary; armour piercing incendiary tracer, and armour piercing
discarding sabot.
The API cartridge uses a copper jacketed lead sheathed steel core projectile with the
incendiary compound in the projectiles rear. It can vary in weight from 116 to 126g, and
from 145.5 to 147mm in length. Its muzzle velocity is between 810 and 825m/s and the
chamber pressure id 294.3MPa. At 100m it has a not less than 90% average of penetrating
20mm of steel plate set at 20 0; and at 70m can penetrate 15mm of steel plate with a not
less than 80% chance of the incendiary compound igniting.
The API-T cartridge uses a copper jacketed lead sheathed steel core projectile with the
incendiary compound in the rear and the tracer compound behind that. It can vary in weight
from 112 grams upward. Its muzzle velocity is between 810 and 825m/s and the chamber
pressure is 294.3MPa. At 100m it has a 90% probability of penetrating 15mm of steel plate
set at 45 0; and at 70m can penetrate 15mm of steel plate with a not less than 80%
probability of the incendiary compound igniting.
The APDS incendiary projectile uses a tungsten penetrator inside a sabot. The cartridge
weighs between 98.7 to 108.7g and its velocity at 25m is 1,150m/sec. Its chamber pressure
is 326.3MPa and at 100m, against a 15mm steel plate set at 45 0 has an average penetration
rate of not less than 60%.
DV06 12.7 x 108mm dual projectile[27]

The DVD06 12.7mm shuandtoudan (dual projectile round) is 146 to 147mm long and the
cartridge has a total weight of 140g. The first round weighs 32g and has a muzzle velocity
of 750 m/s and the second weighs 36g and has a muzzle velocity of 700 m/s. The chamber
pressure is 294 MPa and at 300m the projectiles have a 50% mean point of impact group of
45cm. They can penetrate 20mm of homogenous steel plate at 100m (hardness not given)
and 7mm at 1,000m.
They can be identified by two crimp dents behind the cartridge
shoulder and has an elongated projectile when compared to standard 12.7 x 108mm
cartridges. The cartridge can be used in the Type 85, 88 and 89 12.7 x 108mm heavy
machine guns.
12.7 x 108mm Helicopter Cartridges

There are 12.7 x 108mm cartridges used in helicopter pylon pod mounted solenoid fired
12.7mm machine guns. [28] These are the DVY 89 shi chuanjia ranshao yeguang dan (armour
piercing incendiary tracer round) which is identified by a blue-grey/ultramarine tip on the
copper jacketed projectile; and the DVB89 shi chuanjia baozhe ranshao dan (armour piercing
explosive incendiary round) which is identified by a silver tip on the steel jacket projectile.
Type 56 14.5 x 114mm[29]

The Type 54 has a planning range of 2,000m in air defence and 1,000m in ground defence.
There are three major Type 96 cartridges in service, API, API-T and APDS.
The API cartridge weighs between 175 to 188g, with the projectile itself weighing between
63 to 64.8g, and having a muzzle velocity of between 980 to 995 m/sec and a chamber
pressure of 325MPa. Its success rate at penetrating a 20mm steel plate set at 20 0 was no
less than 80% which was the same at 100m and the ignition of the incendiary compound
was put at no less than 80%.
The API-T cartridge has an overall length of between 154.5 to 156mm, weighs between 170
to 183g, with the projectile itself weighing between 58.2 to 61g, and having a muzzle
velocity of between 995 to 1,015m/sec and a chamber pressure of 319MPa. Its success rate
at penetrating a 20mm steel plate set at 20 0 was no less than 80% which was the same at
100m against a vertical 20mm steel plate and the ignition of the incendiary compound was
put at no less than 80%. The tracer lasts over three seconds and burns out more than
2,000m.
Using a tungsten core, this APDS cartridge, 98.7 between 108.7g and at 25m has a velocity
of 1,150m/sec with a chamber pressure of 326.3MPa. The tungsten penetrator has a success
rate of penetrating a 15mm plate set at 45 0 of no less than 60%.
Type 91 14.5 x 114mm APDS

Introduced for use in the QJZ91 heavy machine gun which did not see service it can be
described as the forerunner to the DGJ02 cartridge. It was 173mm long overall and had a
weight range of between 98.7 and 108.7g, presumerably different designs were trialled. It
had a velocity at 25m of 1,250m/sec and a chamber pressure of 355.7MPa. It had a success
rate of no less than 80% in penetrating a 20mm steel plate set at 50 0 at 1,000m.
DGJ02 AP-T 14.5 x 114mm[30]

The DGJ02 AP-T cartridge uses a 45g tungsten penetrator, wrapped in a discarding sabot
with dual colour tracer to aid ranging. The sabot splits and leaves the penetrator between
150 to 200m from the muzzle. It has a muzzle velocity of 1,250m/sec and is quoted as
being able to penetrate 20mm of armour plate set at an angle of 50 0 at 800m.
DGE02 APHEI 14.5 x 114mm[31]

The DGE02 APHEI cartridge weighs between 175 and 188g. At 800 m it is quoted as having
a 90 percent chance of being able to penetrate 15mm of armour plate set at 30 0. At 300m
after penetrating a 2mm soft steel plate (representing an aircraft skin) it can further
penetrate a 1.2mm thick steel plate producing 20 fragments. Upon explosion between 75
and 95 incendiary pieces are formed which have an 80% chance of igniting aviation fuel.
M203 API-T 14.5 x 114mm

Developed for export, the M203 cartridge is identical in performance to the Type 56 14.5 x
114mm cartridge.
CS/BFD06 14.5 x 114mm

The CS/BFD06 is a high-explosive incendiary cartridge built for export. It has a total weight
of 180g, an overall length of 156mm with a muzzle velocity between 980 to 995m/sec and a
chamber pressure of 319MPa. At 1500m it can penetrate 1.0mm of 08F steel then a 2mm
aluminium plate with 90% success rate coinciding with an incendiary ignition success rate of
also 90%.
Endnotes/References
[1] Zhongguo zengqiang jixiehua bubing shi gonglji nengli, Tanke zhangjia cheliang, 2006 Niandi, 11Qi, Zhongdi 249,
pp. 12 15.
[2] Military to be restructured: Paper, Xinuanet, 13 July 2005, ttp://www.xinhuanet/.com.sn/english , accessed
14 July 2006
[3] Wai kanbao dao Zhonnguo jianshe gengduo qingxing jixiehua budui, Tanke zhangjia cheliang, 2008 Niandi, 1Qi,
Zhongdi 263, pp. 26 28.
[4] Zhongguo zengqiang jixiehua bubing shi gonglji nengli, op. cit., pp. 12 15.
[5] .
Chinas military exercise Vanguard-2008 concludes, Xinhuanet,
28 October 2008,
http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-10/28/content_10269127.htm accessed 29 October 2008.
[6] .
Baryatinskiy, Mikhail. The Protectress of the Infantry, M-Khobbi, 5/2005, Issue 63,pp. 18 & 19.
[7] .
Shui wan changgong fa tienlang ___ Zhongguo yanzhi WXZ204 ludai shi hog qi er haoyi dikong daodan
jidong, Tanke zhuangjia cheliangi, 2008 Niandi, 6 Qi, Zhongdi 266,
pp. 5 9.
[8]
SA-2
Surface-to-Air
Missile, National
Museum
of
the
USAF,
http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=334, accessed 30 June 2008.
[9] Contributed by Carlo Kopp.
[10] Xinxing biezhide guochen dierdai zhuangjia shusongche ___ Zhongguo zixing yanzide ZSD89 Shu ludai shi
zhuangjia shusongche, Tanke zhangjia cheliang, 2007 Niandi, 4 Qi, Zhongdi 254, pp. 5 11.
[11] Zhongguo xinxing duikong zhuhai, op.cit., p. 10. Also Zhongguo xinxing duikong zhuhai, Xiandai junshizao
(CONMILIT), 2004 Niandi, 12 Qi, Zhongdi 335 Qi, pp. 11 & 13. p. 10; Zhongguo xinxing duikong zhuhai.
[12] Zhongguo FLV-1 jincheng qingxing chezai fangkong daodan wuqi xitong, Bingqi Zhishi, 2004 Niandi, 7 Qi,
Zhongdi 201 Qi, pp.12 15.
[13] The title of the article translates as Chinese FLV-1 close in (near stage in journey) light type air defence
missile weapons system.
[14] Zhongzhide fangkong weishi __ woguo yanzhide WZ551D lunshi zhuangzia dikong daodan fanshe che, Tanke
zhangjia cheliang, 2008 Niandi,5 Qi, Zhongdi 267, pp. 5 9; WZ554 zixing gaopao he WZ551D dikon daodan fashe,
Tanke zhuangia cheling, 2002 Niandi, 12 Qi, Zhongdi 202 Qi, pp. 16 & 17.
[15] . Ibid.
[16] . Zhongguo xinxing duikong zhuhai, Xiandai junshizao (CONMILIT), 2004 Niandi, 12 Qi, Zhongdi 335 Qi, pp.
11 & 13.
[17].
Zhuanti QJG02 shi 14.5mm danguang gaoshshe jiqiang pouxi, Qing Bingqi, 2005 Niandi, 2 Qi, Zhongdi 192
Qi, pp. 17 20.
[18] . Foss, C.F. Janes Armour and Artillery 1983-84, Janes Publishing Company, London, 1983, p. 698.
[19] .
(Yiran suoqianglong) guodong W95 shi 0.50 yingcu zhongjiqiang, Bingqi Zhishi, 2/2007, Number 232, pp.
34 36.
[20] Zhongguo QJZ89 shi 12.7mm zhongjiqiang, Qing Bingqi, 2007 Niandi, 10 (xia) Qi, Zhongdi 257, photograph
inside rear cover.
[21] QJC 88 shi 12.7mm chezhuang jiqiang, Qingbingqi, 2006 Niandi, 11Qi (shan), Zhongdi 234, pp. 16 19.
[22] Zijiang benteng keji xingye ___ ji jiuliuwuliu chang, Qingbingqi, 2007 Niandi, 6 (xia) Qi , Zhongdi 249, pp. 40
42.
[23] Zijiang benteng keji xinye _ ji jiuhuoli chang, Qingbingqi, 2007 Niandi, 6 (xia) Qi, Zhongdi 249, pp. 40 & 41;
Zhongguo gaoshe jiqiang diyi 77 shi 12.7mm gaishe jiqiang, Qingbingqi, 2008 Niandi, 12 (xia) Qi, Zhongdi 285, pp.
16 20.
[24] Unless mentioned otherwise the information comes from Yingzao dande shijie: Zhonnguo qiangdan jingguan
(shang), Qing Bingqi, 2008 Niandi, 9 (xia) Qi, Zhongdi 279 Qi,.pp. 36 39.
[25] Tudigemiong zhanzeng guochandan zhijie (xia), Qingbingqi, 2007 Niandi, 6 (shang) Qi , Zhongdi 248, pp. 16
18.
[26] Ibid.
[27] Zhongguo xinxing gaoxiaoneng wushi qidanyao ___ DVD06 shi 12.7mm shuangtoudan, Qing Bingqi, Number
11/2007 (shang), Number 258, pages 36 & 37.
[28] Zhongguo xinxing QJK99-12.7-1 xing hongkong jiqiang shejizhe, Qing Bingqi, 2006 Niandi, 10(shang) Qi,
Zhongdi 232 Qi,.pp. 1114.
[29] DGJ02 shi 14.5mm wuxin tuke chuanjie ranshao yeguangdan, Qing Bingqi, 2005 Niandi, 2 Qi, Zhongdi 192 Qi,
pp. 21 & 22; DGE02 shi chuanjie baozha ranshao dan, Qing Bingqi, 2005 Niandi, 2 Qi, Zhongdi 192 Qi, pp. 22 & 23.
[30].DGJ02 shi 14.5mm wuxin tuke chuanjie ranshao yeguangdan, Qing Bingqi, 2005 Niandi, 2 Qi, Zhongdi 192 Qi,
pp. 21 & 22.
[31] DGE02 shi chuanjie baozha ranshao dan, Qing Bingqi, 2005 Niandi, 2 Qi, Zhongdi 192 Qi, pp. 22 & 23.
[32] See GI Zhou Newsletter Number 37 Page 2.
[33] Wujun dengbu zuozhande Zhulijun ___ Zhongguo 63C, 86B liangqi zhuangjia zhantou cheliang, loc.cit.
[34] Yunchou weiwo jueshi qianli (xia) ___ Zhongguo yanzhide jikuanludai shi zhuangjia zhihuiche, Tanke zhangjia
cheliang, 2006 Niandi, 5 Qi, Zhongdi 243, pp. 5 - 10.
[35] Andrew, Martin. Model 85 Armoured Command Vehicle, GI Zhou Newsletter, Number 42, 11 August 2006, p.
2.
[36] Wise, John, C, Chinese Radars.
[37] [Bachang jianxi yi zhangtain] Yitian fangkong daodan wuqi xitong, Bingqi Zhishi, 2009, Niandi, 5A Qi, Zhongdi
268, pp. 24 26.
[38] Zhongguo xinxing duikong zhuhai, Xiandai junshizao (CONMILIT), 2004 Niandi, 12 Qi, Zhongdi 335 Qi, pp. 11 &
13. Also 09 abuzhabi fangwa zhangshangde Zhongguo bingqi, op. cit., p. 22.
[39] Zhuangjia zhanchede baomuibing __ Zhongguo ZZM88 xingludai shimiyao jiasheche, Tanke zhuangjia
cheliang, 2009 Niandi, 5 Qi, Zhongdi 283, pp. 5 - 10.
[40] Hingse tiankong Budan wang ___ 56 xilian, 58 shuanglian, 14.5mm gaoshe jiqiang (xia), Qing Bingqi, 2007
Niandi, 12 (shang) Qi, Zhongdi 259, pp. 12 16.
[41] Hingse tiankong Budan wang ___ 56 xilian, 58 shuanglian, 14.5mm gaoshe jiqiang (shang), Qing Bingqi, 2007
Niandi, 11 (xia) Qi, Zhongdi 259, pp. 20 24.
[42] Ludan-2000 luji jincheng fangkong fadao wuqi xitong, Bingqi Zhishi, 2010 Niandi, 4A Qi, Zhongdi 290 Qi, pp.
38 & 39.
The Type 59 / KS-19 100 mm towed AAA gun.
The Soviet S-60 57 mm towed AAA piece was cloned for use by PLA units (Wikipedia image).
The Type 85 23 mm towed AAA piece was based on the Soviet ZU-23-2 and intended for export only.
Imagery Sources: Chinese Internet.

Line Artwork: 2000, 2007, 2008, 2009 Carlo Kopp
T echnical Report APA-T R-2009-0301
Artwork, graphic design, layout and text 2004 - 2014 Carlo Kopp; Text 2004 - 2014 Peter Goon; All rights
reserved. Recommended browsers. Contact webmaster. Site navigation hints. Current hot topics.
Site Update Status: $Revision: 1.753 $ Site History: Notices and Updates / NLA Pandora Archive
Save Page as PDF
Tweet
Select Language
Powered by
Powered by
Follow
@APA_Updates
Select Language
Translate
Translate

Ausairpower Net

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Ausairpower Net

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Special Mission Systems

Last Updated: Mon Jan 27 11:18:09 UTC 2014

PLA Mechanised Infantry Division Air Defence

PLA Armoured and Mechanised Infantry Brigade Structures[3]

Self-Propelled Air Defence Systems

Ludun 2000 / LR66 / Type 347G / 30 mm SPAAG/SPAAGM[9][36][42]

LD-2000 demonstrator during trials.

T h e Ludun-2000 is a Chinese copy of the Thales Nederland Goalkeeper 30 mm close-in

LD-2000 demonstrator image from Norinco brochure.

CSSA-1 / Type 90 35 mm SPAAG

Type 90 35 mm towed AAA gun, deployed and stowed.

The CPMIEC TD-2000B system is an integrated package combining QW -1 or QW -2 MANPADS

HQ-7/FM-80/FM-90 / CSA-4 Crotale[9]

FM-90 Specifications (CNPMIEC)

700 700 700 700 -

Maximum Tracking Range

The HQ-7 Crotale round on display.

FM-90 TELAR on parade in 2009 (via Chinese Internet).

A mixed deployment of the HQ-61 and HQ-7 Crotale.

HQ-61 6 x 6 TEL vehicle.

Navalised HQ-61 variant.

LY-60 / HQ-64 Aspide

The LY-60 four round TEL (image 2009, Zhenguan Studio).

LY-60/HQ-64 Battery Composition

Type 89/ZSD89 Air Defence Missile Carrier[10]

FB-6A Avenger SAM System [11]

LS-II ADS PLA SLAMRAAM/Chapparel SAM System

LS-II ADS TEL (image 2009, Zhenguan Studio).

LS-II ADS TEL EO system (image 2009, Zhenguan Studio).

FLV-1/FLG-1/FL-2000 Wheeled Air Defence Vehicle[12]

The FL-2000 is a derivative of the FLV/FLG-1 series.

The FLG-1 is a derivative of the FLV-1 series.

WZ551D Wheeled Air Defence Vehicle Launcher[14]

Display model of the WZ551D point defence SAM system.

Yi Tian WZ551 Wheeled Self-Propelled Surface-to-Air Missile System [9][37]

COMMAND, CONTROL AND COMMUNICATIONS

A Type 63 APC equipped with a ZU-23-2 3 mm AAA gun.

Type 85 Armoured Command Vehicle[34]

Type 89 Armored Command Vehicle

Type 89 ACV vs APC. Both equipped with a .50 cal weapon.

WZ551A Armoured Command Vehicle

ZZM88 Armoured Cryptographic

Man Portable Air Defence Systems

Large Calibre Anti-Aircraft Machine Guns

QJG02 14.5mm Anti-Aircraft Machine Gun

W95A .50in Heavy Machine Gun[19]

QJZ89 12.7mm x 108mm Heavy Machine Gun[20]

QJC 88 12.7 x 108mm cupola anti-aircraft machine gun[21]

Type 85 12.7mm x 108mm Heavy Machine Gun[22]

Type 77 12.7 x 108mm Heavy Machine Gun[23]

Type 58 Twin 14.5 x 114mm Anti-Aircraft Gun System[40]

Type 56 Quad 14.5 x 114mm Anti-Aircraft Gun System[41]

Heavy Machine Gun Cartridges[24]

Prior to 1975 silver tip and from 1975 no colour

Incendiary Tracer Red tip

Chinese Military Heavy Machine Gun Cartridges Issued 1950-1987[26]

12.7 x 99 Browning Machine Gun Cartridges

Type 54 12.7 x 108mm

DV06 12.7 x 108mm dual projectile[27]

12.7 x 108mm Helicopter Cartridges

Type 56 14.5 x 114mm[29]

Type 91 14.5 x 114mm APDS

DGJ02 AP-T 14.5 x 114mm[30]

DGE02 APHEI 14.5 x 114mm[31]