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(Figure 1). Several early to upper Jurassic salts, anhydrite, carbonates, and evaporates together with unconsolidated sands
in the shallow to very shallow subsurface are the source of
most of the processing woes in terms of statics, multiples and
poor signal-to-noise ratio.
For a detailed mapping of the Ledjmet-405/406 blocks,
two 3D seismic surveys were acquired using Vibroseis 100fold parallel-geometry. This acquisition geometry allowed a
much better sampled offset distribution (50-5000 m) in the
CDP domain. This also resulted in effective noise attenuation, improved velocity analysis, an enhanced signal-to-noise
ratio, and a stable full Kirchhoff Prestack Time Migration
(KPSTM). A typical raw CDP gather before and after noise
attenuation and surface-consistent amplitude correction is
shown in Figure 2.
Figure 1 Berkine Basin oil and gas trend - more than 5 billion
barrels of oil discovered to date.
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Figure 2 (a) A typical CDP gather from the Ledjmet 3D volume. Poor signal-to-noise ratio due to random noise, ground
roll, surface-generated noise, interbed multiples, and refractions produced by several high-velocity sand, limestone, and
anhydrite layers posed the main challenges in the surface-consistent amplitude-preserving processing flow. (b) CDP gather
after application of random noise and linear noise attenuation
in shot and offset domain and multichannel median filters in
selected frequency bands.
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by shallow sand layers. The application of this long-wavelength statics permitted accurate picking of the first breaks
corresponding to the deeper ~2000 m/s and ~3000 m/s layers at a modelled depth of ~100 m and ~320 m below ground
level respectively. Refraction statics were then computed
based on this model as step two of the statics workflow and
applied. This step was able to handle medium to long wavelength statics. As step three, a reflection-based specialized
algorithm, which uses a known shallow reflection as a reference to compute residual medium wavelength statics, was
applied successfully followed by three passes of residual statics (Figure 4). After every pass, velocity picks were refined
and the frequency bandwidth was broadened to achieve a
high-resolution seismic volume. The final stacks are compared in Figure 5.
Figure 4C Stack with model and refraction and reflection statics and residual statics applied.
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Figure 5 Comparison of final stack with first-breaks-based statics to a four-step statics workflow, which is a combination of
refraction statics derived from the uphole data-based model, refraction statics using a layer-stripping approach, followed by
reflection and auto statics.
obtain interval velocities, which can be readily converted
into stacking velocities, thereby providing an invaluable reference in velocity picking (Figure 8). This information should
preferably come from VSPs, as they better correspond to seismic velocities due to the similar bandwidth of acquisition
when compared with sonic log-derived velocities. As clearly
shown in Figure 8, slight modifications in velocity picking
matched to the borehole-derived velocities may not only pro-
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vide better quality of stacks, but also may make seismicallyderived interval velocities more geologically meaningful.
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Figure 8 VSP can be an excellent source for providing reference stacking velocity trends in seismic velocity picking. This
can be seen in panel 2 where the seismic velocity picking is
matched with VSP-derived stacking velocity trend and in
panel 4 where the interval velocity from the stacking velocity becomes more meaningful.
affecting the primary events, due to insufficient moveout in
both near and far offsets. This means that interpretation has
to be carried out with remnants of multiples in the final data.
In such circumstances, the best approach would be to somehow identify the multiples and exclude them from the interpretations. VSP, by virtue of its acquisition geometry, can be
a very useful tool to help identify the primaries and respective multiples.
The diagram in Figure 9 illustrates multiple generation in
VSP. The multiple event (M1) terminates directly below
where the strong impedance contrast of primary reflection
(PR1) meets the first breaks at receiver depth level 4, as it
cannot exist at receiver depths deeper than the event generating PR1. Both the time difference between primary and
multiple arrivals, as well as the receiver depth level where a
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Conclusions
The integration efforts undertaken have resulted in a high
quality 3D seismic data set. Innovative use of upholes, log,
Figure 11 An integrated composite can be useful in understanding the correlation of primary events and also the possible identification of multiple events (as shown in the yellow
box). The VSP corridor stack before deconvolution provides
a good correlation of multiple events in the yellow box.
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improvement. The HRVSP experiment designed and applied
to a real case was the important part of the study, as it has
the potential to further refine the statics and velocity model in
the top 500 m of subsurface to achieve a precise statics computation and a confident seismic interpretation. In most seismic interpretation, zero-offset VSP data is only used in its
fully-processed corridor-stack form. This information is sufficient for correlation purposes but, in our opinion, represents
only partial use of the information available in the VSP wavefield. Analysis of VSP data at different stages of its processing
can greatly aid seismic interpretation, especially of difficult
seismic data, such as that from the Ledjmet blocks in Algeria.
Figure 12 2001 Vs. 2004 processing: The integration efforts
undertaken resulted in a high-quality 3D seismic data.
Innovative use of upholes, log and VSP data to improve the
statics, velocities and primary-multiple identification were the
key steps contributing to this improvement.
and VSP data to improve the statics, velocities, and primarymultiple identification were the key steps that resulted in this
Acknowledgements
Special thanks to Cherif Hellal, chief geologist, Eastern
Region, Sonatrach for his sustained contribution to the
advancement of this project. Thanks to Todd Mojesky,
Lavdosh Bubeqi, and Maria Bastidas for the technical support and processing of the seismic data. The authors also
thank First Calgary Petroleums and CGG Canada Services
for their approval to publish this work.
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