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THE KNOWLEDGE
OF
THE ABSENT ENTITY IN ADVAITA VEDANTA
By
KENNETH
HOW~RD
POST, A.B.
A Thesis
Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies
in Partial Fulfilment of' the Requ.irements
for the Degree
Master of Arts
l.fci1:aste:c Dnl versi ty
~1cMA.S~r:E;R
Hamilton~
AUTHOR:
UNI VERSI TY
Ontario"
SUPERv~SOR:
Professor J" Go
(~liddlebury College)
ArapQ~a
x, 98
nabhavo
v~dyate
satah
11:1.
PREFACE
t~ree
AdVf::>.i ta shO"i'!S
Those things
ment to them.
attach~
Deslre as vlell as
Closer analysis
:iv
..
the
~-:-.:"-_.~a~gr..a~;"a
Sankarite tradition.
to any other of
Upani~ads
.
Sankara's
,
Mandu~oDanisadD
"~r-;---
~.-.-=~
.
Sankara
,
..
~nupalab~hh
In the
~nuEa~~bdhi
(non-apprehension)
VivaranaEram~asa~ha,
:Paribhasa
~~=--&~
the
Vedanta~Par:i.bbasa that
=
~--,,~-
Nav-ya~
Often the
"
know~,
non~existence"
The way
importance to him.
Other texts which offered great help as secondary
sources were Datta's The =SL:c W~ys 0LKnowin~ and Sinha's
Indi~n~Ps.xchology:_~ogni~ig,
Bibllogr8,phy~
pos~d
EnciLclo=,l2..~2f
ful quest:i.ons are not even asked if vThat; does not exi.st
US~
It also appeared
in Vedanta intrigued me
If it
Dr. Araptu'a
Another of these
my Ynfe, Rebecca o
"ITi:1.
TAB L E
o0
N TEN T S
INTRODUOTION
1.
2
0
I.
3.
4.
3.
4.
7
7
9
12
PurvievT
The Student
Repetition and Boredom
Openness as Absence
NEGATION:
1.
2.
3.
4.
IV.
Purview
Absence as Merely an Empty Location
Perceived Absence, a Distinot Reality
Bha tta Hima-msa and Ad vai ta Veda,nta
III.
1
4
II.
Absence
Method
THE E'UNOTION OF
Questions
yfords lfhich Negate:
and Sublation
Name and Form
Illusion
~BSENCE
20
Oontradiction
22
25
29
1.
2.,
3.
Lt-.
5.
6.
7~
Purvi evT
The Prj, vati ve Form
Abhava
Asat
Oause and Effect
Distinction and the Conditions for
Noticing Absence
Four Types of Absence
vili
35
36
39
41
1;-6
50
53
Vo
3"
'i- e
50
6
70
0
90
Purvi ew
Knoi'rledge
Validity
Psychology
Perception and Immediate Consciousness
Four Prama~as
Anupalabdhi
The Analysis of Anupalabdbi and the
Problem of Memory
The General Knowledge of Ignorance
65
66
70
72
78
82
86
CONCLUSION
APPENDIX:
62
62
63
BIBIJIOGRAPHY
94
96
ix
~~
ABBREVIA~['IONS
vlberever "s" B.
Note:
II
..
~.
Ch~.
e c c e
eo. e
e e
GO.
e ,
e e e
e e
.00
e e _ e _
Tl- i t:Ei.:t;::hiL~~~si
INTRODUCTION
1.
~b.~~
lie
Olle
HoW" do v[e
phe~
ex~ent.
dha~~~,
consideration of absence.
It remains question-
intro~
duce and pass from no thing11eSso But the term 'absence r vall
show itself to be more and more revelatory as we proceed.
That which may conceivably appear but never does is absent.
That which may occur but is not here presents us
absence"
an
va th
It exists apart
3
or to
US~
To be lost
eXistence~
for~
That which is
be rid of ignorance.
OCCill.'-
Han is
of it.
kllOloj
Because he is on his
way~
Even
~LS
~Thlch
are
path~
:preseJ:):t~
ali'l8.yf:.l
they are
Becau.se
thOSt~
But because
:POssl-ble~
upon
wayfaring~
which occurs
phenomena~
which are in
phe~
di\~llged
This will be
of knowledge there is
cogni tion.,
6 2,,1 11 and
0
t"iTO
One~
'\vhich occurs in
Tait.~,,~ 2,,7~
.!3r~o 7
1.,2 0 1 1 ~.1!"
llCitrrLo.g~
ness.
This ("roTId)
vTaS
"
Its
Aga~
He perceives immanent
In the
~Oompare Oh~U.,
'
SoB.,
v. 6.2.1, in
~fitra
and
Nadhavananda~
hereiil~
f"
I>
p., 21.
p. 22 ..
R.,u!.vi e!!
Buddhism
Nonetheless
'" ..
Saukara
argues vehemently against the Buddhist position,
and his
concept~on
views into
account~
~s
su~nary
differen~
!.~!:~.c~cLlt~el;y. aJl..];l1J?iiL...kCL~~ti_Cl..I1
nOl1=
se~
Similarly, the
non~existence
of
8
one thing in another or the fact that one thing is not
another means the mere existence of that YThich is present"
The problem of doing or becoming one thing as opposed to
another ceases to be of concern after the decision, for
the fact of onels non-existence as another is incomprehensi.ble"
the object,
is a direct apprehension"
For in explaining
non~existence
of kinsmen on it"
Explaining in any
impos'~
9
3"
Absence is
However~
it is only blown through the location, ioeo, by perceivlng the location, and through it, the absence which is
attached to it and qualifies it.
location~
namely perception.
The
non~existent
th~
absent kinsmen
..
10
some~hat
in the
as qualified by
Navya~Nyaya.
absence~
j.11
Sa~chya
schools.
reall ty.
in several "'I-Tays.
other
tp~ngs
hOlT
involved,
~-~,.~-.,~~"",-.;~~..:I
11
the
..~
There
s~aruE
-~~
_.=--~
division of realities was forced into a logical gymnastics to explain the fact that things appear related o
The problem of oneself being that which is lost and
The Ve=
lOMatilal f pe 310
llIbido
~=
p. 41&
~-
12
a snakeI'.
Whereas
absence was (or could be) eternal for Nyaya, it was not
for Advaita o
ku01n1
by perception.
__
~~
**"l:_~
_ _
.....
~ _
picked up the problem of the relation of absence and presence, and in so doing attempted to resolve the misery of
absence.
They disagreed
~nth
ca~ot
either
~dth
relationship must occur in knowledge itself, and the knowledge of an absent entity must occur by a peculiar means
of knowledge other than the senses.
tion of non-apprehension
knowledge of absence.
(~nu~labdhi),
13
"Non-apprehension
Absence
he says, "Brabman .. ..
t>
than non=being",,14
_~~;r--_~
...
~_
. :a_.
~~._a_
II
Pl.1rvi~
In asking after a phenomenon and hOi., the enCOlm.ter wi th it is to be accounted for, 1'Te must attempt to
delineate the approach to it.
and acoess route was of those who are giving the account.
OlIT problem and theirs is to give an account of the
phenomenon of absence.
OUX
The Student
~_oa::>-..::
Oonsidering the
Thus the
!~1.
15
understanding of types of knowledge and their appropriate
objects must occur in the requisite conditions for being
a student.
There are four necessary conditions for knowledge
to obtain, and they are characterized by a resolute openness to whatever may be the case.
non~eternal.
o~cur
If it occurs, it
The externality
Some-
.....
-~
16
as opposed to their external manifestatiollo
The first
~_~k~h~
is self=control
is fortitude or endurance
~
is the cessation of
absence of distractions. 17
~amadhan~
is attention to what is at
i~lorance,
. 30
To
..Ye~~I~=of._~c.h~t~~~Ia
]7 g., po 221.
17
To feel bound is to feel
constrained~
II
pre~
feel~
Still it is only
in disinterest that one can look beyond what one identifles one's existence with and ask what should be,
with a clear conscience"
not come in failure but in
Rebirth has to be
aSSL~e
18
freedom from rebirth (ni~.sreyasa)".,19
Boredom becomes
As a
pre~colldition
y~thin
know~
in~bility
or a dismal solution.
p.
795~
19
ignorance o
certainty~
consider~
Perception of the
~repared
obstacle~
before~
We find
III
NEG.A.11ION:
1.
.9J:!e.:..l:it~
Is it a matter
alterna~
It gives
Yet ques-
We
Yet what it
f-
21
to something..
It seems to be necessary to percelve a
structure~
apprehended~
unob~
Thus
But pure
nOll=
each other..
The~r
con~
Yet the
Or is
j. t
is~
in asserttng what is
knoym~
a judgement achieves
22
of sublationo
!i.o:.2:1L,.!Ul1~a~,L_C2-ntr~~n a~d,_~u~~21
In the
Ni vrtti means
-=~~..
V~~a~~ribha~~ it
The
(a
as pink glassesJ,," 2 3
22Dat-to~ ~ D
tl
>if
J.VJ"o,
23y<>~ p. 60
23
gained the most formalized meanings are badlE and
v~.
It
Sankara
uses this as a relative, logical principle of non=contradiction, although, Devaraja says, it was not his
terion of truth or reality.
"~
cri~
contrary instances.,,25
]1rodh~,
lation orclestructlon.
, .
Ke , An Introduotion to Sankara1s
1heotL..2JS1l9,!~ (Varanasi-=. '1~oi1J:.rr~B8,nai"sr~Dass,-
1902), p. 137; quoted from ~i:ln~~~g~ 92Jn1lL~'2~1'i.~~ p. 53 ..
Devaraja,
N~
_
~:Thibau"tf. Geotge~ transo, .TJ12._1~U1;'1~:r;as.
2.f=~~.El~~:L~=}!i:tll"t~le_S!~~~.~3~J:~.J~y_,)3anJs~~n~ e11 York:
Dover PUblications~ Inc q 19021, VQ2.,2 .. 31~ voL IS' 427 ..
26
~=b~.;
v o 2 .. 2 33 f vol. I, 4290
6
2L:
(~y~),
cO~1ition
of
~he
absent
ing to Bharatitirtha,,28
is that wInch is
One, which
Q~real
with regard
to a terminating point
(~-ill).
~ is the final
perception that an object appeared only falsely without having had .a real existence.
It is the knowledge
abadhit~!Y~,
27V~"t po 830
28rbido, po 83 ..
29Gupta, Dr. lio Sq ,HAdvait.a Vedanta and Samkhya
on Erroneous Perception", The Ved:a'r.!.ta Kasari (lvladras:
Sri Ramakrishna Math ll Sept:-;==f9b8"}7='~~~-=
25
li~lll~$all~]
3"
know~
them~
For
~~
origins of absence.
Speech is what
"Whatever
iEl
known
30yo~o, SoB~,
VO
3~Y~~Of
v. 101 4, vol. I, 32
SoBo
32B~Jr.jl
VO
105.8 9 p. 218 ..
26
Here~
it is meant"
its substance"
II
cog~
through the \'lord, for example 'table', lie may then notice
the wood of the table, its shape and measurements$
We
S~Bo,
V"
27
wood~
We are in
then~
Sub-
differentiates..
specialties~ ~=
(121,
3-8~8)
-~
in
f-
This
possibi~
"
'Yle
set~
3J+~g;.,
J, h
"
n
S.B.,
v. 13 .. 12 ,p. 3 'i":Je
35 v"s., S.B
"e , .
J.
V. 1.3 28 1 vol. I, 20+.
There is a
certatn amount of contention in the literature as to 11he=
ther the w6rld consist~ of just na~es and forms or names,
forms and actions. (cf. Bri.U. 1.6.1) The V.P.S. notes
this and reconciles the two~y saying that Ved~ntins ..
admi tthr(-le~foldness or tl'TQ foldness. (name and form and
act1.on or name and fo rm)" (V. P. S. pe Ln L+) I think this
merging of expectancy, possltd.rrty and action in language
helps to explain the admission by Advaita of both the
tv-/O=foldness and three=foldness of the m'li verse.
0
28
ancy~
d el 'LlSiOll~
Thus the
'110 rIel
arises characteristically
out of language 0
e~
tr~s
For "in so far as they are names ...... they are untru.e;
in so far as they are clay they are true",1139
36~ .. , S"B
' e II
Y ..
2 0 4,,lO, po 362 ..
r-
29
l~"
llhfL~
subject~predicate relation,
Illusion
appears"
b-
d. V....,
kno~n1,
"
S.B... , Lrrcro.
42 V"p.s., p. 81.
explalla tioir:=-~~
so
unreal~
See Ohapter
IV~
30
th-~t
finable'
Devaraja
.
Sankara
,
'inde~
One ordi=
~l]A,r'yacall.U~
nescience, is inexplicable.
Nescience is the ordinary term used in trans~
, .
lating ~Vlc\;ya which Sankara defines as lithe mutual superII
hr 4
.Ayid~
is
rna~
aocor di- ng t
43Devaraja, p. 163.
4-4
I
4[;:
4-6
Ib~d" \
8/
p. 2't; quoted from
.-
~vai.~~~
31
- 47
Bharatitirtha.
II
....
maya
But this
~L~
of a sense
organ~~
kn
32
!L~
The cogni=
To have the
wSl1 as of presence
II
~s
necessary.
Thus it is argued p
lated and
ShOl'ill
that it is possible to
mOli
that. there is
33-
It is coming
from deep sleep that one says, "I did not know anything.. "
It is-this which, according to Advaita, shows that the
cognition of absence is not pure nothingness and that
fear in the face of absence is caused by factors other
than absence ..
This type of sublation is what occurs in the
understanding of existence.
(ne~i-neli),
By a process of reduction
But this
arrival is only accomplished by a negation of all attributes, a process known as apavada or the negation of
negation..
story of Lidice..
34
means the negation of all negations without the reappearance of what was first negated.
Just as silver
That there is a
This is the
Sankara~
tradi~
II I
That
adhy~~
~E~~~,' 1~~.,
5.4V
P o)~c,
S
Ph
v ...
~=
213
- , from note #2e
r-
IV
AS./lT AND ABHAVA:
THE ABSENT ENTlrry AND THE PROBIJEL'4 0]' CAUSALITY
l ..
priva~
non~existent
cannot be
non~extstent~
dif~
but the
35
36
in the distinction between absences.
distinct~on
To understand the
nega~
per~
ception.
The use of a
command~
parti~
fll!1
or the
37
It
This is like
f>
It
krWlf
S' B
57~1::!.(J!J
VQ
0
0'
'Lc~~
, h1, v U l...... o
r
....
J... ,
p.{)
30
;7&
38
Finally and most important for
us~
the privative
non~
existent in i tsel.
It may
mea~
to the subject.
Thus
For example,
which
39
the possibilities of relationship.
But it is quite
The problem of
noth~
Abh~~
root is
any condition.
as~1,
it may be distinguished.
r-
Sankara in his
However,
and
3-.-blJ.~
COll'W
in
The importance
. 50
"'Discussed in Section 7 of thls chapter.
A bh~y~ as a being 61 is
tiOll. 62
growth,
(vik~r~):
transformation~. decline;
birth~
and destruc=
Anything vihic11
".
eO
modi~
.-.llli.~E
is not being in
such a form.
2:J?lF:1y"~,
I.caves one in
Because
65
their transition.
this
In
sense~
It is that
(ap~~) .. 67
4.
Asat .
~...
which
~~t,
level..
It is the oontinuity
Aoti vi ty is
66
'
. l3023~ p. 362 ..
. lbii.. , S.B.~
v.
67 ...,Cee
'
B
v- .. 2 0.'-'
Ih ar'd Sal1.k~.:po,'
s co )11L11en tary
.
("1
~Ol'
_J.
~- ... ~.
0 nit ..
42
known by the change in name and form, that is)) "l'rhat is
manifesto
Here is rThere
asa~i.
fUl1da~
may
existent things.
..
non~existent$
then nobody
ill~, is
The
allirx~qau~.
1FY~~~~~~
aUSa
picious act or that which bodes well for the future and
also devotion to sacrifice, gifts and austerity as rTell
. as the actions in connection vri th them.
Sat
--'
which is
...
.I..
._,=~
~.~~1:_ _~ ~ " - = o . ~ - : : ~
non~existent
Sankara explains 9
""
"
"
auc1.
sat
existence~
being
nOllaexist~
epithets~
0."
~~
and
all that
~sat
Here
all~pervad:ing,
one only,
In all
sense~
lIEven
nOif
p. 1930
Section
rJ.amarUD8.
..
~."...--=-_ ~~~
of. Chapter
III~
This is not
'before,'~o,
anterior to
a~
The
(~).
---~~~
Our consciousness
~~!
lI
This
con~
of~.
Such double
sUbstratum (samanadhikaralfa)1I.73
.-~a19
~~!
ordinarily 'Yrhat
for
absent~
Th:i.s is
The
One can
The un=
wh~t
From a different
demar~
per'~
remain unmanifest"
"lo't
w~ll
~
the field
~~
see .!LJl,,).
~"YX~~~~
senses".76
110
absent 1
48
onc o
be~
kn01Vllo
gramma~
non~existent,
entity
non~
(~ay~)p
non~ex.istence
exis~
This kind of
Thus he says:
certain~
II
Sepa",
S'
lh,.G,. ,
S.B", v
S~Bot
2.,2.,2, volo
I, 3690
49
statement~
".
Finally!) in a rather
eXist~
making or seeing
pre~existence"
"e"
c>
the natu.re of
nOl1~existence
posses~
The cause
50
like darkness or an intervening
vening obstacle like a
,.yall~
bstaclc o
I'll th an
i.nter~
light~
In the
to remove
the obscuratiolle
What may be made manifest is always accomplished
by removing obstructions.,
of an obstacle.
6.
The first
~4.~bhay'~.
The
illusion~
is super-
Ipl2.;.., p. 88.
51
characteristic of all perception is immediacy "Thich
indicates the substratum \'Thich is existence o
II
~at.
sprouts~
efficiency~
&c. origi-
It is
nec~
If the
~istinction
versa~
If there are
dls~"
52
These
a missing house.
(2.rat~~~&1J1)
This is the
of the absence o
thf~
counterposi~
the sub-
Bharatitirtha vall
53
counterpositive~
Such
7"
~l!,"~.hJls~
l?J;:,gabl1a\ra,
or absolute
non~existence~
!~lan~
examples~
It is defined
effect~
(Square,scircles and
Nyaya defines
Thi~
negated
connection is eternal o
under~
IIYle
cannot indeed
~~~~bQav~
If
1-1e 1fere to see such things we 1'Tould think rie were hallucinatingo
b~~
It is the
counter~
Uhat is
It doesn't
shell~
like a pot
55
on the desert.
II
the
Thus illusoriness is
counter~correlate of
absolute non-u
1{-
The cloth,
The
56
of identity.97
But the
It
II
My dog
Therefore all
~~l~~~
1950)~ p.
Oalcutta
57
8.
beginning, if i ts substratum~
aVii~
ceases"
al~~~
is
is understood eXistentially only as what evokes the cognition of difference and this must happen through a
present entity.
In
But
sub~
But to be differentiated
58
makes the
1Xa~
adjunct.
The
by
and
different is the
~-:~!3!3:.~
]g~~
. . ve have already
or limiting
said~
is limited
~!&
in.
by a
form~
Sankara
notes that .''one and the same thing may
say~
99 V':.-t ..
s'
lOOV..""
~0G~
SoB.~
1130
lOlV
'P
J'1
f. rom. no te,#3
--?~.,
p. ] .'1"-t
59
E:~,
as in
jar
"0,
is not a clothll e
In all these cases of conditioned and
uncondi~
~~o
&tY-a~t~
was
~o~xabha~ is an absence
For
in~
60
begi~~ing.
horseshoe appears.,
by the
say~
ts an a bS8nce ''1hich
11
is
invar~
non~
is a necessary factor e
sub~
We found in our
""C"
~'"
~~o~~~~~~
~~~~
p.,
176;
61
The thing
Datta
v
KNOi'lLEDGE AND NON-APPREHEl-TSION
Purvie!!
1.
Valid knowledge of it is
~~,
valid knowledge
A means of
(]ram~)
is produced.
Valid knowledge
~1.abdh.l
How perception or
cogni~
Kn}i:l:~dg.
Cognition is self-luminous.
something discloses.
62
,
L
L
I
63
It must
Cognition
ti
knowledg~,
for their objects eXisting things; knowledge can therefore not be either made or not made or modified, but
108
depends entirely on existing thingS Il
3.
la1idjt;{,
106
Sinha, p. 162.
107
.
V.P~ .. , p. 516.
108
,
B . , S. B., v. 1. 1 .. 4, vo Ie I, 35.
64
"A means
Valjod know=
some~
The obJect of a
a thing,,"lll
109...J2~,=
1 20 ,P <> 309
B -,' U , S/
.... B ., v. 2
110See g., PP. 5 and lL~l+Cl
III
V.<> ~1.&, p" 205 ..
r.
65
olITselves~
t~ts
light of the
self~
the
knower~
112
The mind
(~~~~~)
is the limiting
~t~):');kara~
things)
the
F~ath~~ba
'
aJ11aht;~.-.:
2G2~28l>
vol. III
1~22"
VGS.~
66
~
(memory).
114
~~tahkarall~
is the source
of types of mental ,states, 1.e., the totality of an'instance of the reflection of consciousness, or a cognition.
~nt~kara~
,;
know~
5.
Perception
(EratL~~~)
116
Consciotlsne.
The
67
this space"
II
It is characterized by immediacy.
ever~perfect
."
"
(~}gl:)
That is,
and as so
fined as follovrs.
non~
These are
119
..Y.."..Ji,,,, P" 3 0
68
unifi ed by the
through the
ag.1!:hk~
~1l"
Such
the
....- --
(anta1l1~~~11)
mind
(~R~t:)
is cognizing consciousness.
a~.E~
object
con~
('y:i;.f!~:L~).limits
Cognitive
E~ll1aB_~.
The
Through
Ulli ty
of con=
69
and object, their existences are not separated from each
other.
(Con~
Rratx~
(nirvika~ak~)
perception.
inde~
N~IY~ka~ak~
the"."~ubject
To appre-
S~nhaJ
po 33.
70
6.
Besides
Four Pramanas
~ral[aksa
(perception) and
~~~R~~ab~~
(~~a~~as).
Q~~~~~
It proceeds by
~~ma~~.
!g~~~
(verbal tes-
It can also be a
It is sometimes called
'
Bri.U., S.B.,
v. 2.1.20, p. 302.
71
Whereas in inference
ex~
b~r
of phenomena.
Then
72
of knovTledge s goes tOHarcls man I s essential restdence in
the :vrorldand not his uncanny strangeness.
-is
sup:posecl~
ilhat is absent
In order to
con~
~~
discontinUity"
fOllilcl
to appear
upon~
cog~
simpl~T
ackno"\-r""
absent~
73
I ~
The issue
anuQ~~a~~hi
Let us consider an
The presence
Sen-
74
ap~eh~
This is called
anu~
-.#.~
Anupala~hi
state and as such is opposed to the mental state of perception, for the absent object has an existence apart
from the subject.
There
natn~e
of
~~alabdh\
for it could
The consciousness
limited by the mental state is the consciousness associated with the means of knowledge (in this case anuJ2alabdhj).
It should also
-------
T'
75
~~la~dhi
when it says:
Not by speech , not by mind,
Not by sight can He be apprehended.
HOi'T can Hebe comprehended r2:1Dal8:b,hl..t~)
Other"i'Tise than by one IS saying-rHe is-r''?
He can indeed be comprehended (uDalabdl~J
by the thought IHe is' (~tf)~
And by (admitting) the real nature of both
(his comprehensibility and his incomprehensi bill ty).
Uhen he has been comprehended C..l?al~:l
by the tho ught I He j. s '
His real nature manifests itselfo 128
I t is a type of apprehension
A deep
seems to be implied.
Incomprehension or non=apprehension
obtailli~ent,
catchings or aCQuisition.
~l!-.
m.eaning up or hither,
~~
An being
~~~lJrt
Instead
as
~pprehensionp
in this case ls
absence was
it is called non-apprehension"
~.J2}~~"
no~~p~T~e4d1
Nothing
cular location"
A J2f.;,~na~?~ is the cause (~~~.) of a ~ vTh:i.ch
"A
is a true cognition..
karn~
~ill
of which a particular
strument"
~~~Lal~~i~l;
on
memory~
1n-
If it
d~~
-=-~,d.-c;>;...---""","""""",~
being a unique
~~~~"
Anq12,,~l9- ~g,!2i
is defined as
1I
the extraordinary
77
It is not the cause of the knowledge of
absent~
imper-
~~~ ~a~~~,
be~
It does not
(~og~abd~L)
what
is
non~
t.
l~ve
ab~
and falling"
-_.
~~~~~~~=,.;.~=.,..~~~=~-~~~-""""~~""""'"---~~
13 2 nas , Adha:c
and Truth (Oalcutta:
p p:=i }r,-~f5"
78
t~
attentive~
lo~
As in any
~~9
with
The objects of
the
COll=
~m~~
anu~lab1hi
may
are the
8::.I*:g~i'l1?~cL.hi
Tht s multiple
The functioning of a
psa~~~~
is called
~p
There may be
"
~~~...,...~.....,..~~"'-~...~S'
134~1~~.~
po
37~
135sin.ha~ p~ 100.,
79
~a1J2..c;lhl
Part of the
This made
itneces~
separate realities.
immedi~te
to assume that
non~apprehension
It is not the
sho~~
lank~
The merging of
Q.aI~~=
world.
80
of the Bhatta explanation
g~ven
Cognition
It is
The
freedom of a person is in terms of directing his cognition in a direction (closing eyes, plugging nose,
etc.).
non-cognition of something.
I'
".
. ..
not the circumstance of subordination or non-subordination to some other purpose, but rather the presence or
absence of a certain idea furnishes a reason for (our
asswning) the existence of something.
This is exem-
See
81
forth even when one do eSl1' t desire theme137
The sight
~'hrougho1J:t
this it
II
is in=
absence by means of
non"'8.pprehension~
82
in a thought about 'what has previously occurred..
must be explicit at the moment it occurs"
It
In the case
96
(IINo, I
lhe~Clene"~ Kn~~8e
Although
~ld-1LalaE.13..~
C?.LI_g~nc~
knOrffio
~;ya
may be
unknown~
But because
~xa
an~~~~f~~ ~~
~=
'fhich
it is directly accessible
83
kno"\1'~
rlI
know~
It refers to lcnowing
pre~
r4
ul1dis~
~~
l1on<~existence
Ther.efore lie
If
pre~
kne1'l
"
k
I
This is further elucidated in Sanrara
s com-
The locus of
This is explained:
(themselves) denied r
then~
the
negation)~
. bI ee 11 1 39
s~
~Zi~a.
direct~
and hence
It is knOrID in the
That
~~d~.
It is
IInon~lntelligent
in
nature~
:n:~~ahlfar"''Jl~.
~~his
ho'wever,
there is fear.
85
One
~s
Difference
~~,
nature~
but on
J2.2.sib~
wi tness) of a>~.
"l am ignorant. 1I
This statement itself is theu the .E.raIl:1p:~ for the knov-l,~e d ge 01~.19norance.-
llL2
knowledge as follo"\'1"s:
n-
from Sanka.ra's
v. 6.2.
OONCLUSION
Two problems were opened to us in the last chapter.
ference arouses in us, and the threat which absence contains did not become clear.
sim~ilarity
and
differenoe
87
As objects
If it
an~alabdhi
yet cer-
In Chapter V, I maintained
88
changes~
is only
The threat is
upani~ado
Fear~
b_haY~:1.
It is said "When
then fear
lL~6
dis~~
0'
7 in
$
,.
I{oe:t'~
po
..
89
'.
this, Sankara
explains, is that by seeing even a small
difference, the fear of change and the aclcnowledgement
of the annihilation of what one identifies oneself with
OCClU'So
148
ferentiated.
==
,,1!
r ..
~ 149
This analysis of
E~~
is confirmed by Sankara's
YTi th
V0 ..,~'
'
S~
Ib9
I
!J.-bJl", v"
150I~l?~,
S.B.
2"
71.
..
90
~~~a~~~:~~~
This psychology
Thus
Sen=
Even
~~
is an existent although
it is devoid of consciousness.
This latter understandj.ng of absence
1fS
inter...
~i.'his
presented itself
1;T8
found tInt
t-
91
thus absent entities, as effects, are YTaiting to be uncovered in their causes. 15I Thus we noticed that the
s t a t us
changed.
a b sence
.'.
Vls-a-v~s
non-ex i
S'
and immediately.
By the Advaitin
The
92
~\his
The cognition of an
however~
present~
knOl'T
what it is.
As a l'lesterner,
~~his
'@!2k~~~,
if it is
discoverecl~
Now
be
The concept
What
salva~
It cannot be
93
acknow"ledgement"
We discovered that
is essent:i.ally absent from
al~~~
is a phenomenon vrh:ioh
being~
But it is the
}QJ.OW"-
jar~
absence~
ultimately by
For to ackuowledge
aav~da~
is to concur
APPENDIX
A Note on Images of Absence
~==--=-=~~
~P"=
~ _ ~
things~
I~
is the hole in
It is
pos~
sible that the symbol of the wheel nave (0) became the
designation for zero, even as the name itself (g'-"!?t!a)
94
95
came to mean zero .153
non~differentiation.
The same
Its fullness
When zero
.L'o ndoi17-'lSrJ4:='~~~~~~----~~~
1t0!lsl.2.!L~J~l~I1I~~Iil,
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Dt. Howrah: Swami Vimuktananda~ C19633 0
Bhal'ati tI'rtha .T.Q.. Vi v.x:anap.sa~~E_~~ah~.. Translated
bySe Se Suryanarayana Sastri and Saileswar Sen.
Kumbakonam:
Sri Vidya Press, 1941.
.
BhaJetacharyya, S. A. -*,~<!.ies21L~t.:..~~l~,9~,
Calcutta: Unlverslty of Calcutta, 19.)0.
Oha tt er j ee, Satischandra. Th~,}I;t~;r?l.:.rheo:sL._Qf>,.}(n!i..ledg~:
!~=Q.ri ti,c..l;1. StU9-L2.LOI~gO bl~r!l~..21-~.2,f~~ ansi
lli~l:~slli.
Second edition.
Oalcutta: Uni versi ty
of Oalcutta, 1950.
Coomarasvramy, Ananda IL
IIKha and Other 'i'lo:cds Denoting
I Zero I
tn Oonnection ,-;ill the Hetaphysics of Space ll ,
Bulletin of the School of Oriental Stud.ies London
~t~ti~l.
London, 193t.
~~"","",.~':>-""";;"'--~C6'~~""""~~-7J~~""~<:zo=.~.~~.
~ ~ -= ~ = ~
Deva-raja, lL K"
Kll01'ilE~dFO
J?
96
97
}t'eibleman$ James K.
Ph~o]hl9 X\~I,
Gupta, Dr. A. S.
1968,
41~60e
lvIadras:
Sri Rama-
edited by D. H. H. Ingalls
Cambridge:
Harvard
a1;.lCJ..li;;~l~l.j;.Jt~",:.~llIR-}~~_QQ.-pi~;>sL::3,,,
","~,-
. Adyar;
I~Iadras:
Murti, T. R.. Vo
If'l'he Tyro Defin:itions of Brahman in the
Ad va1 ta 1/, Kf.i!21lli0~.~gJ}.?;}1.?~-ID:~~t~~,2!l1.Y.:Y~~e.lELDf~~~~l;>~l .
.y'g.~-}Yll~" Amalner: Indian Insti. -Cute of l:'hil0 sophy,
1958, pp. 135~150o
98
r~<v=.~.",,,,,==,,
Nakamura, Ha j i.me"
J~:i~91Jtp..~..J2llet~=~.
Honolulu:
Eastt~
Th~~.~?L\L'Y-:1ELqJ.>_a~}1~~ad
~~~d;a~~_Ka:ri~~l1d.~~~C.l!meI~~"
Mysore:
NE:if
York:
IJ
Sanford p David.,
June~ 1967,
201~205.
Vol. I.