Benefits of AC-motor

robust
low need for maintenance
high protection class
(upto ex d)
small size
high speed
cost effective

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basic2e.ppt 1

AC-motor - Introduction
AC-motor

stator and rotor

squirrel-cage

stator coupling
star and delta

phasor diagram (simplified)

simplified 1-phase equivalent circuit

R1
U1

I1

L2

L1

U1
I1

Im

f1

Lm

I2

I2

R2/s
Im

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basic2e.ppt 2

I1 = stator current
I2 = rotor current
Im = excit. current
= flux
=U1/f1

Equivalent circuit

I1

R1

j 1 L1
'

j 1 L2
'

I2

Im

U1, f1

Ui

j 1 Lm
'

'

1
2

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basic2e.ppt 3

R1 = stator resistance
R`2 = rotor resistance
L1 = stator stray inductance
L`2 = rotor stray inductance
Lm = stator inductance
I1 = phase current
Im = magnetizing current
I`2 = rotor current
U1 = phase voltage
Ui = air gap voltage
1 = (2f1) angular speed of
supply voltage
2 = (2pn) angular speed of
rotor voltage

Star-delta-coupling
7

T/TN

I/IN
star

delta

I-delta

2,5

2,0
T-delta

1,5

3
M

2
T-star

0,5
T-load

0
0

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1,0

I-star

0,25
basic2e.ppt 4

0,5

0,75 n/nS

0
1,0

Power
The mechanical power
P2 depends on
torque T and
rotation speed n:
P 2 = 2 n T
P2
n
T
1
=

kW 9550 1 / min Nm

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T
4. quadrant
n < 0 reverse
T>0

1. quadrant
n > 0 forward
T>0

P2 < 0 generator
3. quadrant
n < 0 reverse
T<0

P2 > 0 motor
2. quadrant
n > 0 forward
T<0

P2 > 0 motor

P2<0 generator

basic2e.ppt 7

Efficiency and losses

P1 electrical power
Pcu1 copper losses in stator
stator

Efficiency of
AC-motor:

P
P

2
1

P loss
P

PFe

Padd additional losses

iron losses

P air gap power

Pcu2 copper losses in rotor
rotor
Pfri

P2 mechanical power

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basic2e.ppt 8

friction losses

Torque = k * flux * rotor current

Torque is proportional to
the triangular area 0AB

U1

With no load:
torque = 0
rotor current = 0
stator current = exciting
current
cos = ca. 0

Phasor diagram for

two different load

U1

U1

I1

I2

B
0

U 1 / f1

= k1*I

I1b
T=0
I = I

1
I

T = k2**I2 = ca. k2**I1*cos

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I2 = 0

basic2e.ppt 9

1 I
1a
I

U 1 / f1

I2b

Tb

I2a

Ta
U 1 / f1

Motor current with load-step

Torque
(load-step)

T2

T1

I1

It

Excitation current
0
(Im)

Im

Load T1
Active current
(It)

It
1

Line current
(I1)

2
2

0
1

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I1

basic2e.ppt 10

Load T2

Im

Speed control of AC-motor

Speed of AC-motor:

n = n (1 s)
f
=
n p (1 s)
s

standstill:
s=1
nominal speed:
sN = 0,5%...6%

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Speed can be affected by:

1. Changing the number of pole pairs p
gradual adjust of the speed
(for example Dahlander coupling)
2. Changing the slip s
a) Additional resistance in rotor with
slip-ring motor
b) Changing the terminal voltage (stator)
c) Current transformer cascade
(feeding the energy from the rotor back to the net)
3. Changing the frequency fs
Converter
a) VSI-converter
b) CSI-converter

basic2e.ppt 11

Torque depends on the rotor slot type

three different winder slots

T/TN
2,5

1.

2,0

2.

3.

1,5

1,0

1
0,5
0
0

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0,5
basic2e.ppt 13

n/ns

1,0

Thermal endurance
continuous duty

S1

intermittent duty
S3, S4, S5
P

time

time

short time duty

P

S2

continuous periodic duty

S6
P

time

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time
basic2e.ppt 15

Temperature limits for insulation materials

highest ambient temperatur
over temperature limit (resistance measurement) H
180oC
F
thermal reserve
155oC
15
B
10
E
130oC

A
105oC

120oC

10
5

5
60

75

80

40

40

40

0oC

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basic2e.ppt 16

105

40

125

40

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