Proceeding Of International Conference On Recent Innovations In Science, Engineering And Technology ICRISET14,

2nd & 3rd April 2014.

FREE VIBRATION ANALYSIS OF NATURAL FIBERIZED POLYMER COMPOSITE

USING BLOCK-LANCZOS METHOD AND EULERS THEORY
M.Esakkimuthu1, Jinu John1, S.Milan2
Final year Mechanical Engineering, Cape Institute Of Technology, Levengipuram
2
Assistant professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Cape Institute Of Technology
2
Corresponding author mail ID- milangce@gmail.com
1

Abstract
This paper mainly presents the free vibration analysis of isotropic
rectangular beam using Block-Lanczos method. This analysis has
been held for two polymer matrix based composite materials with
reinforcements are E-Glass and Coir fiber with same dimensions
and their orientations are 0, 90 and 180 of three layers. The
result from the Block-Lanczos method is compared with those
results obtained from computerized data acquisition system (DEWE
43, Dewetron Corp, Austria) based Cantilever Beam Vibration
Technique and the beam is treated as a cantilever for testing, and
the results of free vibration has been taken for three modes with the
use of an accelerometer (Kistler model 8778A500) and an impact
hammer (Kistler model 9722A500). Based on Eulers Theory the
free vibration of the beam is numerically calculated by taking
youngs modulus, density and Poissons ratio as constants.
Commercially available ANSYS software is used to do the modal
analysis of beam by taking eight elements. All the results of the
three methods are well correlate with each other and by comparing
the free vibration results of E-Glass and Coir fiber, Coir fiber
produced very low vibration in all the three analysis. So it is
proposed to use Coir fiber as reinforcement material in place where
E-Glass is currently used.
Key words: Isotropic rectangular beam, Polymer matrix, E-Glass
and Coir fiber, Free vibration, Block-Lanczos method, Cantilever
Beam Vibration Technique, Eulers Theory.

NOMENCLATURE:
U
V
t
w
G

L
b

f
I
EF
CF
TR
DAQ
1.

Displacement in x direction
Displacement in y direction
Beam thickness along the z direction
Displacement is the function x and y
Modulus of rigidity
Poisons ratio
Length of beam
Width of beam
Density of the material
Natural circular frequencies
Natural frequencies
Moment of Inertia
E-glass fiber
Coir fiber
Trial Specimens
Data acquisition system
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Composite Material

A composite material is a material system composed

of a suitably arranged mixture or combination of two or more
micro- or macro- constituents with an interface separating
them that differ in form and chemical composition and are
essentially insoluble in each other. At the atomic level
materials such as some metal alloys and polymeric materials
could be called composite materials since they consist of
different and distinct atomic groupings. Material property
combinations and ranges have been, and are yet being,
extended by the development of composite materials.
Generally speaking, a composite is considered to be any
multiphase material that exhibits a significant proportion of the
properties of both constituent phases such that a better
combination of properties is realized. According to the
principle of combined action, better property combinations are
fashioned by the judicious combination of two or more distinct
materials.
Many composite materials are composed of two
phases; one is termed the matrix, which is continuous and
surrounds the other phase, other called the dispersed phase.
The properties of composites are a function of the properties of
the constituent phases, their relative amounts, and the
geometry of the dispersed phases. Dispersed phase geometry
in this context means the shape of the particles and the particle
size, distribution, and orientation. One simple scheme for the
classification of composite materials is shown in Figure, which
consists of three main divisions: particle-reinforced, fibrereinforced, and structural composites; also, at least two
subdivisions exist for each. The dispersed phase for particlereinforced composites is equiaxed (i.e., particle dimensions are
approximately the same in all directions); for fibre-reinforced
composites, the dispersed phase has the geometry of a fibre
(i.e., a large length-to-diameter ratio). Structural composites
are combinations of composites and homogeneous materials.
The discussion of the remainder of this chapter will be
organized according to this classification scheme.

Use of Composites
The composites industry has begun to recognize that
the commercial applications of composites promise to offer
much larger business opportunities than the aerospace sector
due to the sheer size of transportation industry. Thus the shift

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Proceeding Of International Conference On Recent Innovations In Science, Engineering And Technology ICRISET14,
2nd & 3rd April 2014.

of composite applications from aircraft to other commercial

uses has become prominent in recent years.
The various reasons for the use of composites are due to
To increase stiffness, strength and dimensional
stability.
To increase tough and impact strength.
To increase heat deflection temperature.
To increase mechanical damping.
To reduce permeability to gases and liquids.
To modify electrical properties.
To reduce cost.
To decrease thermal expansion.
To increase chemical wear and corrosion resistance.
To reduce weight.
To maintain strength/stiffness at high temperatures
while under strain conditions in a corrosive
environment.
To increase secondary uses and recyclability, and to
reduce negative impact on the environment
1.2 Vibration
Vibration is a mechanical phenomenon whereby
oscillations occur about an equilibrium point. The
oscillations may be periodic such as the motion of a
pendulum or random such as the movement of a tire on a
gravel road
Benefits of analyzing vibration
1. Early detection of machine failure
2. Monitoring the condition of the machine
3. Longer life span of a machine
I.

1.3 ANSYS

ANSYS, Inc. is an engineering simulation software

(computer-aided engineering, or CAE) which uses the above
said Finite Element Concept to analyze a structure or a part
based on the discretization (dividing a big part into small parts)
principle.
ANSYS software was found by ANSYS. Inc. This
company was founded in 1970 by Dr. John A. Swanson as
Swanson Analysis Systems, Inc. SASI. Its primary purpose
was to develop and market finite element analysis software for
structural physics that could simulate static (stationary),
dynamic (moving) and heat transfer (thermal) problems. SASI
developed its business in parallel with the growth in computer
technology and engineering needs. The company grew by 10
percent to 20 percent each year, and in 1994 it was sold to TA
Associates. The new owners took SASIs leading software,
called ANSYS, as their flagship product and designated
ANSYS, Inc. as the new company name.

A. Advantage of using ANSYS

ANSYS is a virtual prototyping and modular
simulation system that is easy to use and extends to meet
customer needs, making it a low-risk investment that can
expand as value is demonstrated within a company. It is
scalable to all levels of the organization, degrees of analysis
complexity, and stages of product development.
ANSYS software helps organizations achieve:
Innovative, reliable and high-quality products and
processes.
Fewer physical prototypes and test setups for faster
return on investment due to reduced development
time.
A more flexible and responsive information-based
development process, enabling the modification of
designs at later stages of development.
Seamless working exchange of data regardless of location,
industry, CAD environment, etc.
1.4 PROBLEM DEFINITION
Several researchers investigated bending,
buckling and free vibration behaviour of isotropic and
composite plates under thermal load, the advanced material,
CNT and E-Glass reinforced polymer composites are used as a
structural component like plate in actual structural
applications. But the awareness on the Natural Fibre is getting
considerable interest today. In India the availability of coconut
fibres are more compared to other natural fibres. So in the
present work a three layered coir fibre reinforced polymer
matrix plate was made with orientations 0, 90 and 180. And
the importance of the Coir fibre is proofed by founding the free
vibration of the composite. Series of three methods has been
used to investigate the free vibration behaviour of the
composite. By comparing all the results of the investigated
method, it is proposed to use Coir fibre in commercial
applications rather than E-glass fibre.
2.

MATERIALS
PREPARATION

SELECTION

AND

2.1 Material
This part of this paper presents the methods and
equipments used to make composite materials. Here we have
used the following materials to develop composites.
1.Matrix
Polyester
2.Reinforcements
a. Coir fiber
b. E-glass
3.Accelerator
-- Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide
(MEKP)
4.Catalyst
-- Cobalt naphthenate
Coir Fiber
The studied composite material is made of polyester
matrix reinforced with Coconut fibers which were arranged in
discontinuous randomly oriented configuration. Basically, the
coir fibers obtained from the coconut husk which was

172
Department of EEE & Mechanical Engg., Immanuel Arasar JJ college of Engineering

Proceeding Of International Conference On Recent Innovations In Science, Engineering And Technology ICRISET14,
2nd & 3rd April 2014.

abstracted from coconut fruit. After they had been abstracted,

the coir fibres will be dried at 70C to 80C using drying oven.
In order to avoid degradation factor, the coir fibers need to go
through the treatment process. But hare we have done
experiments without any treatments in order to enumerate its
naturally available natural frequency.
2.2 Material Preparation
Coir fibers are reinforced in unsaturated isophthalic
polyester Resin to prepare the composite. The composite slabs
are made by conventional hand lay-up molding Technique.
Two percent cobalt naphthalene (as accelerator) is mixed
thoroughly in isophthalic polyester resin and then 3% methylethyl-ketone-peroxide (MEKP) as hardener is mixed in the
resin prior to reinforcement. This mixture is handled in the iron
mould shown in figure 3. The castings are put under load for
about 3 to 4 hours for proper curing at room temperature.
Similar procedure adapted for the preparation of the Glass fiber
polymer composites. Coir fiber after this process is chopped
into equal pieces of 20mm breadth; its shown in figure 4.

Figure 4(a) Coir fiber specimens

Figure 4(b) E-glass fiber specimens

3.

EXPERIMENTAL
ANALYSIS

SETUP

FOR

MODAL

Figure 1 Coir fiber

Figure 2 preparations on Coir fiber

Figure 3 Iron mould (200x200mm)

Figure 5

Experimental setup for modal analysis

Figure 6 Line diagram of Experimental setup

Figure 5 shows the experimental setup used to carry
out the modal analysis of coconut sheath/clay-reinforced

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Proceeding Of International Conference On Recent Innovations In Science, Engineering And Technology ICRISET14,
2nd & 3rd April 2014.

hybrid composite laminates using impact hammer. The

accelerometer (Kistler model 8778A500) is attached at the end
of rectangular composite laminate with wax. The modally
tuned impact hammer (Kistler model 9722A500) with sharp
hardened tip is chosen for getting higher frequencies. The
displacement signal from accelerometer has been recorded in
personal computer through data acquisition system (DEWE 43,
Dewetron Corp., and Austria) and ICP conditioner
(MSIBRACC). Two separate adaptors are used for capturing
the output signal, one for receiving accelerometer signal and
the other for measuring the magnitude of the response by the
hammer from laminates.
3.1 Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA)
Dynamic mechanical properties such as storage
modulus (E 0 ) and loss tangent (tan d) were measured by
using SII EXSTAR DMS 6100 DMA instrument. The
rectangular composite specimens of size 200mm_20mm_3mm
were used. It can be easily understood by viewing the figure
4.7. The test was conducted by using 3-point bending mode.
The samples were tested in a nitrogen atmosphere in a fixed
frequency mode of 20 Hz and a heating rate of 2_C/min. The
measurements were taken over a temperature range of 20_C
300_C.

3.2 NUMERICAL AND ANSYS

Numerical Calculation:
In this present work the Eulers theory is used for the
numerical calculation of free vibration for the proposed two
composites. Based on Eulers theory, the basic equation is
m(x)=x(

2
4

+
c(
+
EI(

=f(x,t)
t
t 2
t2

3.1
Mass flow rate m = AE
If there is no damping and no force C = 0 & f(x,t) = 0
Assume EI(x) & m(x) is constant.
(

2
+
2
t

EI
m

2
=0
2
x

3.2

Assume Harmonic Vibration in steady state (x,t)

3.3
(x) sin t -
Substitute equation 3.3

in equation 3.2

4 (x ) = 0
2
m
4 =
EI

4 ( x )
)
x4

3.4
3.5

Solution of equation 3.4 is

( x ) = C1sin x +C2sin x +C3sin h 1+ C4cos
3.6
1
By Applying
Boundary
Condition for the proposed
cantilever beam

Figure 7. Section of beam

The results obtained from the free vibration tests are
tabulated in the Table 1 for three modes. This test was done for
four specimens in both Coir and E-glass fibres and the average
of four is considered for comparison with Eulers theory and
ANSYS.
Table 1 Experimental Natural Frequency results of Coir and
E-glass fiber in Hz
Sl.NO
Specimens
Mode1
Mode2
Mode3
1
EF -TR1
51.20
306.47
779.90
2
EF TR2
38.00
260.00
760.59
3
EF TR3
35.92
270.28
782.45
4
EF TR4
39.20
280.00
771.35
5
CF -TR1
27.47
176.00
522.00
6
CF TR2
27.60
175.35
535.28
7
CF TR3
30.25
156.70
511.25
8
CF TR4
31.19
161.35
636.40

EI
A L4
EI
4 .694 2
A L4

1. 8752

7 . 8542

EI
A L4

3.7
5.8

So, Natural Frequency

f

3.8 Density of the

beam can be found by Archimedes Principle

Wa
WwWa

3.9

The material properties of the E-glass and Coir fiber are listed
in the Table3.1. Youngs modulus of the material is found by
three point bending test and density is calculated by using the
equation 3.9.
Table 3.1
Material properties of the composites

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Proceeding Of International Conference On Recent Innovations In Science, Engineering And Technology ICRISET14,
2nd & 3rd April 2014.

Material

Youngs
Modulus

Density

kg
m3

N
2
m

Coir fiber

4.40*109

E-glass
fiber

17.00*10

2036

4 .694 2

EI
A L4

0.2

0.2

= 1063.68rad/sec
f

Sample Calculation:
Moment of Inertia and Area of both the fibers are
equal because both are same dimension. So general formula for
rectangular section to find Moment of Inertia is
3

I=

f = 27.025 Hz
Natural Circular Frequency for Mode 2:

885
9

Poisons
Ratio

bt
12

3.10

f
= 169.37 Hz
Natural Circular Frequency for Mode3:

7 . 85 42

EI
A L4

= 2977.87 rad/sec

In equation 3.10 b and t are the breadth and thickness of the

plate. It can be understood from the following figure 8.

474.18 Hz

3.2.2 Calculation for E-glass Fiber:

Moment of Inertia I
= 45*10-12 m4
Youngs Modulus

17*109

60*10-6 m2
0.2 m

Area of Cross section A =

Length of the Plate L =
Figure 8

Orientation and section of beam

From equation 3.10

3

I=

bt
12

. 02. 003
=
12

Youngs Modulus

= 45*10

-12

-6

E=4.4*109
-6

=885

kg
m3

Natural Circular Frequency for Mode 1:

1. 8752

N
2
m

Area of Cross section A=60*10 m

Length of the Plate L=0.2 m

I= 45*10-12 m4

Density of the Plate

1. 875

2036

kg
m3

Natural Circular Frequency for Mode 1:

Area of cross section A = b*t = .02*.003 = 60*10

3.2.1 Calculation for Coconut Fiber (Coir):
Moment of Inertia

Density of the Plate

N
m2

EI
A L4

169.71 rad/sec

EI
A L4
=

219.942 rad/sec

2
35.02 Hz

Natural Circular Frequency for Mode 2:

4 .694 2

EI
A L4

= 1378.45 rad/sec
f

f
= 219.49 Hz
Natural Circular Frequency for Mode3:

7.8542

EI
A L4

= 3859.117 rad/sec

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= 614.50 Hz

Table 3.2
Numerical Natural Frequency results of Coir
and E-glass fiber in Hz
Sl.NO
Mode1
Mode2
Mode3
E-glass
fiber
Coir fiber

35.02

219.49

614.50

27.025

169.37

474.18

3.2.2 ANSYS Results

Commercial package of ANSYS Mechanical APDL is
used to check the modal vibration of the beam with dimensions
as said in Figure 4.3 and its properties are tabulated in Table
5.1. Below given is the procedure used to model and analyze
the beam made of Coir fiber.
In ANSYS main menu
1. Preference Structural OK
2. Preprocessor
a.Element type Add/Edit/Delete Add
Library of element types beam SHELL 63
OK
Options Element behavior K3
OK
a. Real Constant
Thickness THK
b.

c.

Figure 9

.003

Material props Material models

Structural Linear Elastic Isotropic
EX
4.4*109
PRXY

0.2

DEN

885

Density ok
Modeling create areas rectangle By
corners
Figure 9 shows the model in ANSYS

Model of beam in ANSYS

After completing the model with given problem meshing of the

domain is carried out by
d.Meshing Mesh tool Smart size Fine Mesh OK
The loads and degree of freedoms (DOFS) of the beam is
given by,
d. i.Loads Analysis type New Analysis Model OK
Analysis options No. of modes to extract 4 OK
i.Loads Define load Apply Structural
Displacement on lines
After defining the given problem in ANSYS, the solution is
done by
d.ii. Solution Solve Current LS OK
The results of the given problem can be taken by the following
steps
3.General post processor
a. Read results First set
b. Plot results perform shape Def +
undeformed OK
Repeat the step 3 (a) and 3 (b) to get results of the
remaining steps
To animate the mode shapes
Utility menu plot ctrls Animate Mode
shapes DOF solution Def + undeformed
OK
4.RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Experimental Results
Experimental results of Coir and E-glass found by
computerized DAQ based cantilever vibration setup with use
of an accelerometer (Kistler model 8778A500) and an impact
hammer (Kistler model 9722A500) are listed in Table 4.1.
Table 4.2 shows the average values of frequency found for
these four trials.
Table 4.1
Experimental Natural Frequency results of
Coir and E-glass fiber in Hz
Sl.NO
Specimens
Mode1
Mode2
Mode3
1

EF -TR1

51.20

306.47

779.90

EF TR2

38.00

260.00

760.59

EF TR3

35.92

270.28

782.45

EF TR4

39.20

280.00

771.35

CF -TR1

27.47

176.00

522.00

CF TR2

27.60

175.35

535.28

CF TR3

30.25

156.70

511.25

CF TR4

31.19

161.35

636.40

Table 4.2
Experimental average values of Natural
Frequency of Coir and E-glass fiber in Hz
Sl.NO
Mode1
Mode2
Mode3

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E-glass
fiber
Coirfiber

41.08

279.19

773.58

29.13

167.35

551.24

This experiment was done for four trial specimens in order to

get best result. Free vibration values of the trials have some
difference, this may be due to the loses in hand lay-up method.
Figure 6.1 shows the frequency variation of Coir and E-glass
fiber in each mode.

Figure 6.4 Frequency and Mode shape of Coir fiber in mode 2

Variation of Experimental frequency in each mode

4.2 ANSYS Results
Experimental test was done by taking nine node i.e.
eight element in the apparatus. So ANSYS analysis for the
model said in figure 4.7 done for 8x2 elements. The results of
the ANSYS analysis are listed in Table 6.3.
Table 6.3 Natural frequency of fibers from ANSYS in Hz
Sl.NO
Mode1
Mode2
Mode3
E-glass
fiber
Coir fiber

35.14

228.22

686.84

27.12

176.13

530.10

Figure 6.5 Frequency and Mode shape of Coir fiber in mode 3

In each mode ANSYS assumes a mode shape for the modeled

beam. This mode shape is necessary to identify the shape of
beam in extreme vibrations. Mode shapes of the modeled Coir
fiber beam is shown in figure 6.3 to 6.5 and he same for Eglass is shown in figure 6.6 to 6.8.

Figure 6.6 Frequency and Mode shape of E-glass fiber in mode

1

Figure 6.3 Frequency and Mode shape of Coir fiber in mode 1

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Variation of the above table can be clearly identified by figure

6.10.

Figure 6.7 Frequency and Mode shape of E-glass fiber in mode

2

Figure 6.8 Frequency and Mode shape of E-glass fiber in mode

3

Comparison for Results

This section presents the comparison of the above
said results. Figure 6.11 to 6.13 explain about the free vibration
in mode 1 to mode 3.

Figure 6.10 Frequency of fiber in Mode 1

3 Eulers Theory Results

In this present work the Eulers theory is used for the
numerical calculation of free vibration for the proposed two
composites. Based on Eulers theory, the equation is

1.8752

4.694 2

EI
A L4
5.8

EI
A L4
6.1

7.8542

EI
A L4

By using the above equation sample calculation was made and

presented in chapter 5. The results from the above equation are
tabulated in Table 6.4.
Table 6.4
Numerical Natural Frequency results of Coir
and E-glass fiber in Hz
Sl.NO
Mode1
Mode2
Mode3
E-glass
fiber
Coir
fiber

35.02

219.49

614.50

27.025

169.37

474.18

Figure 6.11 Frequency of fiber in Mode 2

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Proceeding Of International Conference On Recent Innovations In Science, Engineering And Technology ICRISET14,
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[2]

[3]
[4]

[5]
Figure 6.12 Frequency of fiber in Mode 3
Form the above figures, we can take a thing that
experimental result give little high vibration compared to other
methods. These is due to inconsiderable factors such as minute
wind flow and uninform fiber alignment in hand layup method.
Away from experimental result ANSYS result gives little equal
frequency to Eulers theory result because these two does not
consider any unexpectable losses so we can consider the
experimental results as composite fee vibration. And among
two fibers Coir gives less vibration so it can be used for any
structural applications.
CONCLUSION
In this paper, the free vibration analyses of Coir and
E-glass fiber reinforced composites are investigated by
computerized DAS based cantilever beam vibration method by
taking eight equal elements. The results of the fibers are
checked for modal analysis in ANSYS by taking 8x2 element
discretization. Block-Lanczos method is chosen in ANSYS due
to its characteristics and materials youngs modulus and
poisons ratio are calculated by doing series of three point
bending tests. Archimedes principle is used for calculating
density with these properties numerical calculations are made
to evaluate the performance of the two methods. All the three
methods produced small percentage of error, this may be due
to improper alignment in specimen manufacturing and loses at
the edges of the element in ANSYS. By comparing the free
vibration results of Coir and E-glass, Coir produces low
vibration than the commercially used E-glass. So it is to
conclude that the Coir is the best of two in vibration
characteristics.
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2nd & 3rd April 2014.

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Department of EEE & Mechanical Engg., Immanuel Arasar JJ college of Engineering