LEGAL ASPECT OF

BUSINESS
SUBMITTED TO: PROF. D.G.SHUKLA
SUBMITTED BY: Mruganda Shah (20135038)
SCHOOL OF PETROLEUM MANAGEMENT,
PDPU

School Of Petroleum Management,PDPU

Table of Contents
TOPIC OF ASSIGNMENT .................................................................................................................... 3
INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................... 3
CHARACTERISTICS OF AN IDEAL FORM OF ORGANIZATION .................................................. 4
Sole Proprietorship ....................................................................................................................5

I.

Meaning: ..........................................................................................................................................5
Features: ...........................................................................................................................................5
Advantages ...................................................................................................................................... 6
Disadvantages.................................................................................................................................. 6
Suitability of Sole Proprietorship Form ..........................................................................................7
II.

Joint Hindu Family ....................................................................................................................7

Meaning ............................................................................................................................................7
Features ........................................................................................................................................... 8
Advantages ...................................................................................................................................... 8
Disadvantages.................................................................................................................................. 9
Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................... 9
III.

Partnership Form of Organization .................................................................................... 10

Definition ........................................................................................................................................ 10
Features .......................................................................................................................................... 10
Advantages ...................................................................................................................................... 11
Disadvantages................................................................................................................................. 12
IV.

A Joint stock company ........................................................................................................ 13

Characteristics ................................................................................................................................ 13
Types of companies- ....................................................................................................................... 14
Advantages of Joint Stock Company ............................................................................................. 14
Limitations of Joint Stock Company- ............................................................................................ 14
Features of Multinational companies- .......................................................................................... 15
Advantages of Multinational Company: ....................................................................................... 15
Limitations of Multinational Company: ........................................................................................ 15
V.

Co-Operative Society ............................................................................................................... 16

Types of Co-operative Societies ..................................................................................................... 16

Characteristics of Co-operative Society ......................................................................................... 17

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Requirements for Registration: ..................................................................................................... 19

Advantages of Co-operative Society............................................................................................... 19
Limitations of Cooperative Society ..............................................................................................20
References ..............................................................................................................................................22

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TOPIC OF ASSIGNMENT
As a Consultant of a Sole Proprietor advise your client about the advantages and
disadvantages of the Company form of business organization vis-a-vis other forms of
business organization viz. Sole Proprietorship, Partnership, H.U.F., Co-operative
Society, etc. in view of the provisions contained under the Companies Act, 2013

INTRODUCTION
Profit making is one of the main objectives of the company. They can be established
either by one person or by a group of persons in the private sector by the government
or other public bodies in the public sector. Sole proprietorship is the business initiated
by an individual. The business started by a group of persons can be either a Joint Hindu
Family or Partnership or Joint Stock Company or a Cooperative form of organization.
Thus there are various forms of business organization:
1. Sole Proprietorship
2. Joint Hindu Family Firm
3. Partnership Firm
4. Joint Stock Company
5. Cooperative Society
Forms of business organization are legal forms in which a business enterprise may be
organized and operated. These forms of organization refer to such aspects as
ownership, risk bearing, control and distribution of profit. Any one of the above
mentioned forms may be adopted for establishing a business, but usually one form is
more suitable than other for a particular enterprise. The choice will depend on various
factors like the nature of business, the objective, the capital required, the scale of
operations, state control, legal requirements and so on.

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Out of the forms of private ownership listed above the first three forms may be
described as non-corporate and the remaining as corporate forms of ownership. The
basic difference between these two categories is that a noncorporate form of business
can be started without registration while a corporate form of business cannot be set up
without registration under the laws governing their functioning.

CHARACTERISTICS OF AN IDEAL FORM OF

ORGANIZATION
Before we discuss the features, merits and demerits of different forms of organization,
let us know the characteristics of an ideal form of organization.
The characteristics of an ideal form of organization is found in varying degrees
in different forms of organization. The entrepreneur, while selecting a form of
organization for his business, should consider the following factors.
Ease of formation: It should be easy to form the organization. The formation
should not involve many legal formalities and it should not be time consuming.
Adequacy of Capital: The form of organization should facilitate the raising of
the required amount of capital at a reasonable cost. If the enterprise requires a
large amount of capital, the preconditions for attracting capital from the public
are a) safety of investment b) fair return on investment and c) transferability of
the holding.
Limit of Liability: A business enterprise may be organized on the basis of either
limited or unlimited liability. From the point of view of risk, limited liability is
preferable. It means that the liability of the owner as regards the debts of the
business is limited only to the amount of capital agreed to be contributed by
him. Unlimited liability means that even the owners personal assets will be
liable to be attached for the payment of the business debts.

Direct relationship between Ownership, Control and Management: The

responsibility for management must be in the hands of the owners of the firm.
If the owners have no control on the management, the firm may not be managed
efficiently.
Continuity and Stability: Stability is essential for any business concern.
Uninterrupted existence enables the entrepreneur to formulate longterm plans
for the development of the business concern.
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Flexibility of Operations: another ideal characteristic of a good form of

organization is flexibility of operations. Changes may take place either in
market conditions or the states policy toward industry or in the conditions of
supply of various factors of production. The nature of organization should be
such as to be able to adjust itself to the changes without much difficulty.
Let us understand the all form of business organization in detail.

I. Sole Proprietorship
Meaning:
The sole proprietor is an unincorporated business with one owner who pays
personal income tax on profits from the business. With little government
regulation, they are the simplest business to set up or take apart, making them
popular among individual self-contractors or business owners. There is no
separate legal entity created by a sole proprietorship, unlike corporations and
limited partnerships. The debts of the sole proprietorship are also the debts of
the owner.
Features:
The important features of sole proprietorship are:
1. The business is owned and controlled by only one person.
2. The risk is borne by a single person and hence he derives the total benefit.
3. The liability of the owner of the business is unlimited. It means that his personal
assets are also liable to be attached for the payment of the liabilities of the business.
4. The business firm has no separate legal entity apart from that of the proprietor, and
so the business lacks perpetuity.
5. To set up sole proprietorship, no legal formalities are necessary, but there may be
legal Restrictions on the setting up of particular type of business.
6. The proprietor has complete freedom of action and he himself takes decisions relating
to his firm.

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7. The proprietor may take the help of members of his Family in running the business.
Advantages
1. Ease of formation: As no legal formalities are required to be observed.
2. Motivation: As all profits belong to the owner, he will take personal interest in the
business.
3. Freedom of Action: There is none to interfere with his authority. This freedom
promotes initiative and selfreliance.
4. Quick Decision: No need for consultation or discussion with anybody.
5. Flexibility: Can adapt to changing needs with comparative ease.
6. Personal Touch: comes into close contact with customers as he himself manages the
business. This helps him to earn goodwill.
7. Business Secrecy: Maintaining business secrets is very important in todays
competitive world.
8. Social Utility: Encourages independent living and prevents concentration of
economic power.

Disadvantages
1. Limited resources: one mans ability to gather capital will always be limited.
2. Limited Managerial Ability
3. Unlimited Liability: Will be discouraged to expand his business even when there are
good prospects for earning more than what he has been doing for fear of losing his
personal property.

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4. Lack of Continuity: uncertain future is another handicap of this type of business. If

the sole proprietor dies, his business may come to an end.
5. No Economies of Large Scale: As the scale of operations is small, the owner cannot
secure the economies and large scale buying and selling. This may raise the cost of
production.

Suitability of Sole Proprietorship Form

From the discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of sole proprietorship above,
it is clear that this form of business organization is most suited where:
1. The amount of capital is small
2. The nature of business is simple in character requiring quick decisions to be taken
3. Direct contact with the customer is essential and
4. The size of demand is not very large.
These types of conditions are satisfied by various types of small business such as retail
shops, legal or medical or accounting profession, tailoring, service like dry cleaning or
vehicle repair etc. hence sole proprietor form of organization is mostly suitable for these
lines of businesses. This form of organization also suits those individuals who have a
strong drive for independent thinking and highly venturous some in their attitude.

II. Joint Hindu Family

Meaning
The Joint Hindu Family, also known as Hindu Undivided Family (HUF) is a non
corporate form of business organization. It is a firm belonging to a Joint Hindu Family.
It comes into existence by the operations of law and not out of contract.
In Hindu Law, there are two schools of thought viz Dayabhaga which is applicable in
Bengal and Assam, and Mitakshara which is applicable in the rest of India. According
to Mitakshara school, the property of the Joint Hindu Family is inherited by a Hindu
Family from his father, grandfather and great grandfather, thus three successive
generations in male line (son, grandson and great grandson) can simultaneously inherit
the ancestral propriety. They are called coparceners in interest and the senior most
member of the Family is called karta. The Hindu succession act 1956, has extended to
the line of coparceners interest to female relatives of the deceased coparcener or male
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relative climbing through such female relatives. Under the Dayabagha law the male
heirs become members only on the death of the father.

Features
1. The business is generally managed by the father or some other senior member of the
family he is called the Karta or the manager.
2. Except the Karta, no other member of the family has any right of participation in the
management of a Joint Hindu Family firm
3. The other members of the family cannot question the authority of the Karta and their
only remedy is to get the family dissolved by mutual agreement.
4. If the Karta has misappropriated the funds of the business, he has to compensate the
other coparceners to the extent of their share in the Joint property of the family
5. For managing the business, the Karta has the power to borrow funds, but the other
coparceners are liable only to the extent of their share in the business. In other words
the authority is limited.
6. The death of any member of the family does not dissolve the business of the family
7. Dissolution of the Joint Hindu Family can take place only though mutual agreement

Advantages
1. Stability: The existence of the HUF does not come to an end with the death of any
coparcener, hence there is stability.
2. Knowledge and experience: There is scope for younger members of the family to get
the benefit of the knowledge and experience of the elder members of the family.

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3. No Interference: The Karta has full freedom to take decisions without any
interference by any member of the family.
4. Maximum Interest: As the Kartas liability is unlimited, he takes maximum interest
in running the business.
5. Specialization: By assigning work to the members as per their knowledge and
experience, the benefits of specialization and division of work may be secured.
6. Discipline: The firm provides an opportunity to its members to develop the virtues
of discipline, selfsacrifice and cooperation.
7. Credit Worthiness: Has more credit worthiness when compared to that of a sole
proprietorship.

Disadvantages
1. No Encouragement: As the benefit of hard work of some members is shared by all
the members of the family, there is no encouragement to work hard.
2. Lazy and Inactive: The Karta takes the responsibility to manage the firm. This may
result in the other members becoming lazy.
3. Members Initiative: The Karta alone has full control over the business and the other
members cannot interfere with the management of the firm. This may hamper members
initiative.
4. Duration: The life of the business is shortened if family quarrels take precedence
over business interest.
5. Abuse of Freedom: There is scope for the Karta to misuse his full freedom in
managing the business for his personal benefit.

Conclusion

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This form of business organization which at one time was popular in India is now losing
its popularity. The main cause for its decline is the gradual dissolution of the Joint
Hindu Family system; it is being replaced by sole proprietorship or partnership firm.

III. Partnership Form of Organization

Generally when a proprietor finds its difficult to handle the problems of expansion, he
thinks of taking a partner. In other words, once a business grows beyond the capacity
of a sole proprietorship and or a Joint Hindu Family, it becomes unarguably necessary
to form partnership. It means that partnership grows out of the limitations of oneman
business in terms of limited financial resources, limited managerial ability and
unlimited risk. Partnership represents the second stage in the evolution of ownership
forms. In simple words, a Partnership is an association of two or more individuals who
agree to carry on business together for the purpose of earning and sharing of profits.
However a formal definition is provided by the Partnership Act of 1932.

Definition
Section 4 of the Partnership Act, 1932 defines Partnership as the relation between
persons who have agreed to share the profits of a business carried on by all or any of
them acting for all

Features
1. Simple procedure of formation: the formation of partnership does not involve any
complicated legal formalities. By an oral or written agreement, a Partnership can be
created. Even the registration of the agreement is not compulsory.
2. Capital: The capital of a partnership is contributed by the partners but it is not
necessary that all the partners should contribute equally. Some may become partners
without contributing any capital. This happens when such partners have special skills,
abilities or experience. The partnership firm can also raise additional funds by
borrowing from banks and others.
3. Control: The control is exercised jointly by all the partners. No major decision can
be taken without consent of all the partners. However, in some firms, there may partners
known as sleeping or dormant partners who do not take an active part in the conduct of
the business.

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4. Management: Every partner has a right to take part in the management of the firm.
But generally, the partnership Deed may provide that one or more than one partner will
look after the management of the affairs of the firm. Sometimes the deed may provide
for the division of responsibilities among the different partners depending upon their
specialization.
5. Duration of partnership: The duration of the partnership may be fixed or may not be
fixed by the partners. In case duration is fixed, it is called as partnership for a fixed
term. When the fixed period is over, the partnership comes to an end.
6. Unlimited Liability: The liability of each partner in respect of the firm is unlimited.
It is also joint and several and, therefore any one of the partner can be asked to clear the
firms debts in case the assets of the firm are inadequate for it.
7. No separate legal entity: The partnership firm has no independent legal existence
apart from that of the persons who constitute it. Partnership is dissolved when any
partner dies or retires. Thus it lacks continuity.
8. Restriction on transfer of share: A partner cannot transfer his share to an outsider
without the consent of all the other partners.

Advantages

1. Ease of formation: partnership can be easily formed without expense and legal
formalities. Even the registration of the firm is not compulsory.
2. Large resources: when compared to soleproprietorship, the partnership will have
larger resources. Hence, the scale of operations can be increased if conditions warrant
it.
3. Better organization of business; as the talent, experience, managerial ability and
power of judgment of two or more persons are combined in partnership, there is scope
for a better organization of business.

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4. Greater interest in business: as the partners are the owners of the business and as
profit from the business depends on the efficiency with which they manage, they take
as much interest as possible in business.
5. Prompt decisions: as partners meet very often, they take decisions regarding business
policies very promptly. This helps the firm in taking advantage of changing business
conditions.
6. Balance judgment: as partners possesses different types of talent necessary for
handling the problems of the firm, the decisions taken jointly by the partners are likely
to be balanced.
7. Flexibility: partnership is free from legal restriction for changing the scope of its
business. The line of business can be changed at any time with the mutual consent of
the partners. No legal formalities are involved in it.
8. Diffusion of risk; the losses of the firm will be shared by all the partners. Hence, the
share of loss in the case of each partner will be less than that sustained in sole
proprietorship.
9. Protection to minority interest: important matters like change in the nature of
business, unanimity among partners is necessary hence, the minority interest is
protected.
10. Influence of unlimited liability: the principle of unlimited liability helps in two
ways. First, the partners will be careful in their business dealings because of the fear of
their personal properties becoming liable under the principle of unlimited liability.
Secondly, it helps the firm in raising loans for the business as the financers are assured
of the realization of loans advanced by them.

Disadvantages
1. Great risk; as the liability is joint and several, any one of the partners can be made to
pay all the debts of the firm. This affects his share capital in the business and his
personal properties.

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2. Lack of harmony: some frictions, misunderstanding and lack of harmony among the
partners may arise at any time which may ultimately lead to the dissolution.
3. Limited resources: because of the legal celing on the maximum number of partners,
there is limit to the amount of capital that can be raised.
4. Tendency to play safe: because of the principle of unlimited liability, the partners
tend to play safe and pursue unduly conservative policies.
5. No legal entity: the partnership has no independent existence apart from that of the
persons constituting it, i.e. it is not a legal entity.
6. Instability: the death, retirement or insolvency of a partner leads to the dissolution of
the partnership. Further even any one partner if dissatisfied with the business, can bring
about the dissolution of partnership. Hence partnership lacks continuity
7. Lack of public confidence: no legal regulations are followed at the time of the
formation of partnership and also there is no publicity given to its affairs. Because of
these reasons, a partnership may not enjoy public confidence.
Sustainability: The advantages and drawbacks of partnership stated above indicate that
the partnership form tends to be useful for relatively small business, such as retail trade,
mercantile houses of moderate size, professional services or small scale industries and
agency business. But when compared to sole proprietorship partnership is suitable for
a business bigger in size and operations.

IV. A Joint stock company

A Joint stock company is an artificial person created by law, having separate legal
entity, with perpetual succession and a common seal. The companies are governed by
the Indian Companies Act, 1956.

Characteristics
1. Legal formation
2. Artificial person business Studies
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3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Separate legal entity

Common seal
Perpetual existence
Limited liability of members
Democratic Management

Types of companiesOn the basis of ownership:

Private limited Companies

Public limited Companies
Government Companies

On the basis of Nationality:

Indian Companies
Foreign Companies

Advantages of Joint Stock Company

1. Availability of large financial resources
2. Limited liability of members
3. Benefits of professional management
4. Large-scale production of goods and services
5. Beneficial for the society
6. Emphasis on Research and Development

Limitations of Joint Stock Company1.

Difficult to form

2.

Excessive government control

3.

Delay in policy decisions

4.

Concentration of economic power and wealth in few hands.

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A company which is registered in one country but carries on business operations in a

number of other countries by setting up factories, branches or subsidiary units is called
Multinational Company.

Features of Multinational companies-

1.

International operation

2.

Large size, and

3.

Centralized control

Advantages of Multinational Company:

1. Investment of foreign capital
2. Generation of employment
3. Use of advanced technology.
4. Growth of ancillary units
5. Increase in exports and inflow of foreign exchange
6. Healthy competition in the market.

Limitations of Multinational Company:

1. Least concern for priorities of host countries
2. Adverse effect on domestic enterprises
3. Change in tradition and culture

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V. Co-Operative Society
Types of Co-operative Societies
Although all types of cooperative societies work on the same principle, they differ with
regard to the nature of activities they perform. Followings are different types of cooperative societies that exist in our country.
1. Consumers Co-operative Society:
These societies are formed to protect the interest of general consumers by making
consumer goods available at a reasonable price. They buy goods directly from the
producers or manufacturers and thereby eliminate the middlemen in the process of
distribution. Kendriya Bhandar, Apna Bazar and Sahkari Bhandar are examples of
consumers co-operative society.
2. Producers Co-operative Society:
These societies are formed to protect the interest of small producers by making
available items of their need for production like raw materials, tools and equipments,
machinery, etc. Handloom societies like APPCO, Bayanika, Haryana Handloom, etc.,
are examples of producers co-operative society.
3. Co-operative Marketing Society:
These societies are formed by small producers and manufacturers who find it difficult
to sell their products individually. The society collects the products from the individual
members and takes the responsibility of selling those products in the market. Gujarat
Co-operative Milk Marketing Federation that sells AMUL milk products is an example
of marketing co-operative society.
4. Co-operative Credit Society:
These societies are formed to provide financial support to the members. The society
accepts deposits from members and grants them loans at reasonable rates of interest in
times of need. Village Service Co-operative Society and Urban Cooperative Banks are
examples of co-operative credit society.
5. Co-operative Farming Society:
These societies are formed by small farmers to work jointly and thereby enjoy the
benefits of large-scale farming. Lift-irrigation cooperative societies and panipanchayats are some of the examples of co-operative farming society.
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6. Housing Co-operative Society:

These societies are formed to provide residential houses to members. They purchase
land, develop it and construct houses or flats and allot the same to members. Some
societies also provide loans at low rate of interest to members to construct their own
houses. The Employees Housing Societies and Metropolitan Housing Co-operative
Society are examples of housing co-operative society.

Characteristics of Co-operative Society

A co-operative society is a special type of business organisation different from other
forms of organsation you have learnt earlier. Let us discuss its characteristics.
1.

Open membership:

The membership of a Co-operative Society is open to all those who have a common
interest. A minimum of ten members are required to form a cooperative society. The
Cooperative societies act does not specify the maximum number of members for any
co-operative society. However, after the formation of the society, the member may
specify the maximum number of members.
2

Voluntary Association:

Members join the co-operative society voluntarily, that is, by choice. A member can
join the society as and when he likes, continue for as long as he likes, and leave the
society at will.
3. State control:
To protect the interest of members, co-operative societies are placed under state control
through registration. While getting registered, a society has to submit details about the
members and the business it is to undertake. It has to maintain books of accounts, which
are to be audited by government auditors.
4. Sources of Finance:
In a co-operative society capital is contributed by all the members. However, it can
easily raise loans and secure grants from government after its registration.
5. Democratic Management:
Co-operative societies are managed on democratic lines. The society is managed by a
group known as Board of Directors. The members of the board of directors are the
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elected representatives of the society. Each member has a single vote, irrespective of
the number of shares held. For example, in a village credit society the small farmer
having one share has equal voting right as that of a landlord having 20 shares.
6. Service motive:
Co-operatives are not formed to maximise profit like other forms of business
organisation. The main purpose of a Co-operative Society is to provide service to its
members. For example, in a Consumer Co-operative Store, goods are sold to its
members at a reasonable price by retaining a small margin of profit. It also provides
better quality goods to its members and the general public.
7. Separate Legal Entity:
A Co-operative Society is registered under the Co-opera- tive Societies Act. After
registration a society becomes a separate legal entity, with limited liability of its
members. Death, insolvency or lunacy of a member does not affect the existence of a
society. It can enter into agreements with others and can purchase or sell properties in
its own name. Co-operative Society

8. Distribution of Surplus:
Every co-operative society in addition to providing services to its members, also
generates some profit while conducting business. Profits are not earned at the cost of
its members. Profit generated is distributed to its members not on the basis of the shares
held by the members (like the company form of business), but on the basis of members
participation in the business of the society. For example, in a consumer co-operative
store only a small part of the profit is distributed to members as dividend on their shares;
a major part of the profit is paid as purchase bonus to members on the basis of goods
purchased by each member from the society.
9. Self-help through mutual cooperation:
Co-operative Societies thrive on the principle of mutual help. They are the organisations
of financially weaker sections of society. Co-operative Societies convert the weakness
of members into strength by adopting the principle of self-help through mutual cooperation. It is only by working jointly on the principle of Each for all and all for
each, the members can fight exploitation and secure a place in society

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Requirements for Registration:

1. Application with the signature of all members
2. Bye-laws of the society containing:
(a) Name, address and aims and objectives of the society;
(b) Names, addresses and occupations of members;
(c) Mode of admitting new members
(d) Share capital and its division

Advantages of Co-operative Society

1. Easy Formation:
Formation of a co-operative society is very easy compared to a joint stock company.
Any ten adults can voluntarily form an association and get it registered with the
Registrar of Co-operative Societies.
2. Open Membership:
Persons having common interest can form a co-operative society. Any competent
person can become a member at any time he/she likes and can leave the society at will.
3.Democratic Control:
A co-operative society is controlled in a democratic manner. The members cast their
vote to elect their representatives to form a committee that looks after the day-to-day
administration. This committee is accountable to all the members of the society.
4. Limited Liability:
The liability of members of a co-operative society is limited to the extent of capital
contributed by them. Unlike sole proprietors and partners the personal properties of
members of the co-operative societies are free from any kind of risk because of business
liabilities.
5. Elimination of Middlemens Profit:
Through co-operatives the members or consumers control their own supplies and thus,
middlemens profit is eliminated.

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6. State Assistance:
Both Central and State governments provide all kinds of help to the societies. Such help
may be provided in the form of capital contribution, loans at low rates of interest,
exemption in tax, subsidies in repayment of loans, etc.
7. Stable Life:
A co-operative society has a fairly stable life and it continues to exist for a long period
of time. Its existence is not affected by the death, insolvency, lunacy or resignation of
any of its members

Limitations of Cooperative Society

Besides the above advantages, the co-operative form of business organisation also
suffers from various limitations.
1. Limited Capital:
The amount of capital that a cooperative society can raise from its member is very
limited because the membership is generally confined to a particular section of the
society. Again due to low rate of return the members do not invest more capital.
Governments assistance is often inadequate for most of the co-operative societies.
2. Problems in Management:
Generally it is seen that co-operative societies do not function efficiently due to lack of
managerial talent. The members or their elected representatives are not experienced
enough to manage the society. Again, because of limited capital they are not able to get
the benefits of professional management.
3. Lack of Motivation:
Every co-operative society is formed to render service to its members rather than to
earn profit. This does not provide enough motivation to the members to put in their best
effort and manage the society efficiently.
4. Lack of Co-operation:
The co-operative societies are formed with the idea of mu- tual co-operation. But it is
often seen that there is a lot of friction between the members because of personality

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differences, ego clash, etc. The selfish attitude of members may sometimes bring an
end to the society.
5. Dependence on Government:
The inadequacy of capital and various other limita- tions make cooperative societies
dependant on the government for support and patronage in terms of grants, loans
subsidies, etc. Due to this, the government sometimes directly interferes in the
management of the society and also audits their annual accounts.

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References
http://www.cemca.org/braou/subject02/fobtext.htm#01
http://old.nios.ac.in/Secbuscour/cc08.pdf
http://old.nios.ac.in/Secbuscour/cc09.pdf
http://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/soleproprietorship.asp

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