Dynamic Response of Wind Turbine with Double-Fed

Induction Generator during Grid Voltage Dip

Kao-she Zhang Ping Su Lian-hui Ning Xin-wei Zhang
The Faculty of Water Resources and Hydraulic Power
Xian University of Technology
Xian,China
zhangks@263.net suping-1214@163.com
AbstractBased on the transient model of double-fed induction
generator (DFIG) under synchronous rotating reference frame,
the electromagnetic transient simulation system of DFIG is
implemented under PSCAD/ EMTDC. This paper deliberates the
dynamic responses of stator and rotor voltage and current, active
and reactive power, electromagnetic torque, rotor speed and DC
link voltage both during the grid voltage dip and after the
clearance of the fault and analyses the reason of the responses.
Then, the dynamic response intensity of the above-mentioned
variables under two typical voltage dip conditions is compared.
Finally, the simulation results validate the research conclusion.

domain simulation model, and at the same time it puts forward

power failure excitation control to guarantee that the system
can recover from failure to steady operation rapidly. Literature
[11] compare the dynamic responses of DFIG under three
different degrees of voltage dip and put forward the
corresponding LVRT control strategy, but has not analyzed the
principle by which it produced. Literature [13]: Considering
the crowbar protection and the current instantaneous trip
protection, the analysis of the dynamic response of DFIG has
been conducted, which brings about a certain error to the
response result.

Keywords- double-fed induction generator (DFIG); voltage dip;

dynamic response

On the basis of the rotor flux linkage vector control of

DFIG, the paper analyses the influences of flux linkage
changes on characteristic quantities of the generator during the
voltage dip process according to the principle of conservation
of flux linkage. Two kinds of typical voltage dip are chosen to
be simulated, one is 50% voltage dip of symmetrical threephase with the duration of 0.5s, the other is 80% voltage dip of
symmetrical three-phase with the duration of 0.25s. The
simulation result can validate the correctness of theoretical
analysis.

INTRODUCTION
At present, the Double-Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) has
a large proportion in variable speed and constant frequency
wind power generation System, with the increasing of the
single-unit capacity and installed capacity of the DFIG unit, the
reaction between the generator and grid becomes more and
more important [1]. According to the new requirement of grid
regulation, when power failure occurs such as voltage dip (in a
certain range), the wind turbine shall remain to be connected
with the Main-Grid, therefore Low Voltage Ride
Through(LVRT) of DFIG has become one of the domestic and
foreign scholars hot research subjects. The leading country of
the wind power generation technology has issued the quota
standard about through fault in succession.
The voltage dip is referred to the sudden voltage drop by
10% -90% in a single point and lasts for a half cycle to 1
minute. The voltage dip is classified in three categories
according to the reason which it forms: voltage dip caused by
power failure, voltage dip caused by large-scaled generators
start-up, voltage dip caused by generators reacceleration. As to
the voltage dip caused by the power failure, the time of the
voltage dip and voltage recovery is comparatively short, so it is
a usual form of voltage tip. In order to reduce the harm to the
DFIG caused by power failure, ascertain the related method of
passing through fault on low voltage and protective measure,
so it is very important to make clear the dynamic respond of
the DFIG during Grid voltage dip and the reason which it
produced. Literature [5] has established the precise model for
DFIG in the stator winding dynamics process, and the voltage
dip fault response simulation is implemented on the basis of
improved vector control strategy. Literature [6], the response of
DFIG during symmetrical grid faults is simulated by time

I.

THE TRANSIENT MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF DFIG

Diagram 1 is the schematic diagram of DFIG wind power

generator of variable speed and constant frequency.

Figure 1. Schematic Diagram of the DFIG Wind Energy Generation System

The DFIG voltage equation under synchronized revolving

coordinate system is [5-6]:

L dI

Vs = Rs I s + m mo + j1 s

dt

Lr dI r L2 m dI mo
Vr = Rr I r +
+
+ js r
dt
Ls dt

The flux linkage equation is:

978-1-4244-4813-5/10/$25.00 2010 IEEE

(1)

 s = Ls I s + Lm I r = Lm I mo

2
= L m I mo + L I
r r
r

Ls
is:

The active and the reactive power of the stator respectively

[ ]
[ ]

P = 1.5 Re Vs I s *

*
Q = 1.5 Im Vs I s

L2 m
Ls I s
In the formula: I mo =
= 1
Vs
Lm + Lr
Lr Ls
Vr are respectively the stator and rotor voltage vector; I s
I r are respectively the stator and rotor current vector; s
r are respectively the stator and rotor flux linkage vector;
Rs Rr are respectively the stator and rotor resistance;

Ls = Ls + Lm Lr = Lr + Lm are respectively stator and

rotor winding entire self inductance, Lm Ls and Lr are

respectively are respectively stator and rotor mutual inductance

and stator leakage inductance and rotor leakage inductance
the variable above is the value that has been converted; 1 is

the synchronous angular speed,

is rotor angular speed;

s = 1 r is slip angular speed.

II.

ANALYSIS OF THE TRANSIENT PROCESS DURING THE

VOLTAGE DIP

The process of the voltage dip is divided into two stages:

The first stage is that wind turbine transitions from steady
operation to faulty operation during voltage dip; the second
stage is that wind turbine recovers from faulty operation to
steady operation after voltage recovery; the paper mainly
analyzes the first stage.
According to the principle of conservation of flux linkage,
the generator stator flux remains constant in the fault instant. In
order to maintain the constant flux leakage during faulty time,
transient DC component will appear in the flux leakage.
When the grid voltage is normal, generator stator flux
linkage and stator voltage can be express by space vector:

u s = Rs i s +

d s
dt

+ sP
+ sN
=
s = sDC

In the formula: where u s i s s are respectively the

voltage space vector of the stator voltage in static coordinates,
stator current and stator flux, the R s is the stator winding
resistance.
According to the formula (4), we can deduce the relationship
between the generator stator flux linkage components and the
stator voltage components after the fault. The relationship can
be expressed:

5
U sN
s usP
U s U sP
u
e +

+ sN

j j
j
j j
Where s is the space vector of the generator stator flux
is the space vector of the
linkage after the fault and sDC
generator stator flux linkage transient DC component after the
and sN are the space vector of generator stator
fault, sP
flux positive and negative sequence components after the fault;
U s is the space vector of the generator stator voltage before

and U sN
are the space vector of the generator stator
fault; U sP
voltage of positive and negative sequence components after the
fault; is the stator angular frequency; s is the attenuation
time constant of stator flux transient DC component; u sP and

usN are the space vector of the positive and negative sequence
components of generator stator voltage after the fault.
When DFIG-side three-phase symmetrical short-circuit
fault occurs, due to the exhausted function of stator resistance,
the stator flux DC component will gradually decrease, and the
attenuation rate depends on the motor stator resistance and
leakage. Since the generator rotor rotates with high speed
during the voltage dip, the stator magnetic DC component with
angular speed r rotate against rotor winding, at the same
time rotated frequency current component can be induced in
the rotor winding (relative to the rotor), and then rotor flux
transient DC component (relative to the stator) can be
generated. Rotor flux DC component and stator flux DC
component phase offset to maintain the rotor flux conservation
during the fault. After the fault, under the effects of the stator
resistance, the stator flux DC component will gradually
attenuate, and the corresponding rotor speed frequency current
component will attenuate, the attenuation rate depends on
generator parameters. Because the momentary rotor transient
magnetic components can only cross the stator winding
magnetic leakage, when the stator flux DC component is large,
the rotor winding induces a large current that produces enough
magnetic flux which balances the stator flux linkage. This will
lead to the rotor flow.
After the removal of the fault, generator stator voltage
returns to be normal, the generator transient process is similar
to the moment of fault, the stator flux still appears transient DC
component, and this will also lead to the rotor flow.
As to the asymmetric grid fault, the stator flux linkage not
only contains DC component but also contains negative
sequence component. As the wind turbine speed is usually
higher than the thermal power units, the speed of the stator flux
leakage with a great rated slip that is relative to the DC
component and negative sequence component causes the
increasing of rotor circuit voltage and current significantly.

III.

DFIG DOUBLE PMW TRANSDUCER CONTROL METHOD

A.

Generator Side PWM Converter Control

DFIG control is implemented by the converter on the rotor
side, therefore whether converter control on the rotor side is
effective or not directly determines the DFIG system
performance. DFIG has two main operational targets, The first
is to achieve maximum wind power capture, the control of
active power and DFIG speed is the core; The second is the
control of DFIG stator output reactive power[14]. The active
and reactive power of DFIG are closely relative with the rotor
current, so we can control the rotor current of the DFIG by
generator side converter to achieve these two goals. Thus, the
control system of PMW converter on the generator side can be
divided into two links, one is the speed control on the outer
loop, the other is the current control in the inner loop, which
forms double loop vector control mode, and the control
principle is shown in figure 2.
Rr iqr Lr iqr Lmiqs

ref

Te*

Ls
L m

udr*

udr

idr*
s

Qref

uqr*

uqr

iqr*

ua*1

dq u
abc u

*
b1
*
c1

idr , iqr

Rr iqr + Lr idr + Lmids

ids , iqs

IV.

SIMULATION ANALYSIS OF THE DFIG RESPONSE DURING

THE VOLTAGE DIP

In order to verify the result of theoretical analysis, based on

the PSCAD/EMT DC platform, we can establish a simulation
model for DFIG and control system and do the research during
the voltage dip. The specific simulated parameters are as
follows:
DFIG parameters: rated power is 500 kVA, stator rated
voltage is 13.8Kv, rated frequency is 50 Hz, rated speed is
380rad/s, stator resistance is 0.0054pu, stator leakage is
0.102pu, rotor resistance is 0.0607pu, rotor leakage is 0.11pu,
the moment of inertia is 0.7267s, the mechanical damping is
0.001pu.
This paper selects two ways of typical voltage dip to
simulate and analyze, one is 50% voltage dip of symmetrical
three-phase with the duration of 0.5s, the other is 80% voltage
dip of symmetrical three-phase with the duration of
0.25s.Suppose the reason of voltage dip is that the three-phase
short circuit fault that occur son grid side and rated power
converter is large enough to withstand fault current.

dq
abc

uds , uqs

actually identical with the control of the input current reactive

power component. And whether the input current waveform is
sinusoidal or not is related to the main current control and
modulation method. Thus, the PMW converter control system
on grid side can be divided into two links: one is the speed
control on the outer loop, the other is the current control in the
inner loop, control principle is shown in figure 3.

dq
abc

A.
Figure 2. Diagram of Generator Side Rectifier Control

B. Grid Side PMW Converter Control

The main functions of the grid-side PMW converter are to
keep DC bus voltage stable, the input current sinusoidal, and to
control input power factor. Whether the DC bus voltage is
stable or not depends on whether active power on the AC and
DC side is balanced. If we can effectively control the input of
AC-side active power, we can maintain DC bus voltage stable.
As the grid voltage is basic constant, we can keep the stability
of the DC-bus voltage by effectively controlling the input
active power on DC side, the input power factor control is
u dc

id*

v*d
dq

u *dc

The Voltage Dip of 50%-0.5s

Assume that the three-phase short circuit occurs at 4s, lasts
for 0.5s, generator operates in the rated wind speed, and the
variables of generators during the voltage dip are shown in
figure 4.

*
q

abc

a) Stator Voltage and Electromagnetic Torque

v*q

e L

ud

u abc

e L

id

iq

dq

abc

iabc
dq

abc

Figure 3. Diagram of Grid Side Inverter Control

b) Rotor Speed

c) DC Voltage

d) Rotor Current

e) The d, q Axis Current of The Rotor

f) The Active and Reactive Power of the Stator

Figure 4. Dynamic Response of DFIG during 50%0.5s Voltage Dip

As shown in figure 4-a, electromagnetic torque reduces

correspondingly during the voltage dip, the flux leakage
reduces because the voltage reduces, then electromagnetic
torque reduces. But the mechanical input torque keeps constant
when the wind turbine operates at rated wind speed, so the
generator speed increases. After the fault removal, as the
reason for inertia generator speed goes continues to increase,
but the input mechanical power of generator is less than the
output electromagnetic power right now, then the generator
begins to slow down, and the generator speed stabilizes again
after short regulation, as shown in figure 4-b. As shown in
figure 4-d, rotor current increases because of the coupling
effect on the generator stator, so the rotor current of d, q-axis
increases (as shown in figure 4-e). The increase of the rotor
current can damage the converter since the converter is directly
connected with the generator rotor. As the system adopts a
reactive power control, the reactive power of generator
basically remains unchanged during the voltage dip, the active
power reduces as while. Stator flux reduces after fault, which
causes that the stator reactive power deviates from the original
operating point, as shown in figure 4-f. Generator absorbs the

reactive power from system on the stator side during the

voltage dip, which diminishes reactive power on the stator side,
as shown in figure4-f.The generator voltage on the DC side is
shown in figure 4-c, the DC voltage increases, but a large
capacitor which is regarded as a inertial element is installed
between the DC bus, the inertial element slows down the speed
of DC side response, so the change of DC bus voltage is small.
Conversely, the DC voltage drops when the excitation power
needed exceeds the maximum power provided by converter on
the grid side [12], which is to meet the need of rotor excitation
power, conversely the DC bus voltage rises.
B. 80%0.25s Voltage Dip
Assume that the three-phase short circuit occurs at 4s, lasts
for 0.25s, generator operates in the rated wind speed. The
variables of generators during the voltage dip are shown in
figure 5.
The variable changes of generator during the voltage dip are
shown in fig.5 are similar to counterpart that is shown in figure
4, but the changes and peak amplitude in fig.5 are larger than
the counterpart that is shown in fig.4, oscillation frequency
increases, and the recovery time of generators variable has
became longer after the fault disappears. The reason why it
occurs is the further voltage dip, from 50% to 80%.

a) Stator Voltage and Electromagnetic Torque

b) Rotor Speed

c) DC Voltage

d) Rotor Current

voltage dip is, the more large the rotor current

amplitude increases.
2)

e) The d, q Axis Current of the Rotor

REFERENCES
[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]
f) The Active and Reactive Power of the Stator
Figure 5. Dynamic Response of DFIG during 80%0.25s Voltage Dip
[5]
TABLE I.

THE CHANGE TREND OF DFIG DURING GRID

VOLTAGE DIP
[6]
Variables

Stator voltage
Electromagnetic torque
Active power of generator
Reactive power of stator side
rev
Rotor current active component
Rotor current reactive component
Voltage on DC side

Change

trend

reduction
reduction
reduction
reduction
acceleration
augment
augment
augment

We can conclude from the simulation result that when

system operates under rating wind speed when voltage dip
occurs, the change tendency of each variable of the generator is
shown in Table 1, when the voltage dip occurs, stator voltage,
electromagnetic torque, active power of the generator, reactive
power on the rotor side will reduce, whereas rev of generator,
the rotor current, DC point voltage will increase.
V.

CONCLUSION

The dynamic response of the DFIG during two different

typical voltage dip conditions is simulated in the paper, and the
dynamic response of the DFIG during grid voltage dip is
comparably analyzed, as a result, the simulations indicates:
1)

The variables of DFIG will produce an intense

oscillation during grid voltage dip, which indicates that
the grid voltage fault has an intense influence on DFIG
connecting with the grid. The more serious the voltage
dip degree is, the more intense the oscillation of the
generators characteristic parameters are, accordingly,
the power electronic devices and the mechanical parts
of the system will suffer great impacts

In order to maintain the flux linkage conservation

during the grid voltage dip, the amplitude value of rotor
current increase correspondingly, where the amplitude
value of rotor current has a close relationship with the
intensity of the grid voltage dip, the more serious the

[7]

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BIOGRAPHIES
Kao-she ZHANG, (1965- ), male, Qianese county in Shaanxi
Province, associate professor, doctor, mainly engaged in the study
of the power system stability control and electrical market.
Ping Su (1985- ), male, PingLiangnese in GanSu province, master
graduated student, mainly engaged in the study of power system
analysis and wind power.