3RZHU

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6WXGLHV5HIHUHQFH0DQXDO
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Copyright 2001, SKM Systems Analysis, Inc.
All Rights Reserved.

SKM Power*Tools for Windows

Information in this document is subject to change without notice. No part of this document may be reproduced or
transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, without the express written consent of SKM
Systems Analysis, Inc. No patent liability is assumed with respect to the use of the information contained herein.
Although every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this manual, the publisher and author assume no
responsibility for errors or omissions. Neither is any liability assumed for damages resulting from the use of
information contained herein. For information, address SKM Systems Analysis, Inc., PO Box 3376, Manhattan
Beach, CA 90266-1376, USA.
1999 SKM Systems Analysis, Inc. All rights reserved.
Power*Tools, CAPTOR and DAPPER are registered trademarks and HI_WAVE and I*SIM are trademarks of
SKM Systems Analysis, Inc.
Microsoft is a registered trademark and Windows is a trademark of Microsoft Corporation.
Intel is a registered trademark and Pentium is a trademark of Intel Corporation.
ACAD and AutoCAD are registered trademarks of AUTODESK, Inc.
WordPerfect is a registered trademark of Novell, Inc.
Lotus and 1-2-3 are registered trademarks of Lotus Development Corporation.
Arial is a registered trademark of The Monotype Corporation, PLC.
PIXymbols is a trademark of Page Studio Graphics
ImageStream Graphics Filters is a registered trademark and ImageStream is a trademark of ImageMark Software
Labs, Inc.
PIXymbols Extended Character Set. Copyright 1995. Page Studio Graphics. All rights reserved.
For information, address Page Studio Graphics, 3175 North Price Road, Suite 150, Chandler, AZ 85224.
Phone/Fax: (602) 839-2763.
ImageStream Graphics & Presentation Filters. Copyright 1991-1995. ImageMark Software Labs, Inc. All
rights reserved.
Various definitions reprinted from IEEE Std 100-1992, IEEE Standard Dictionary of Electrical and Electronics
Terms, copyright 1992 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. The IEEE takes no
responsibility or will assume no liability for the reader's misinterpretation of said information resulting from its
placement and context in this publication. Information is reproduced with the permission of the IEEE.
MathType math equation editing fonts are licensed from Design Science, Inc.
1987-1996 by Design Science, Inc. All rights reserved.

10/29/2001

&RQWHQWV
6,1*/(3+$6($1'81%$/$1&('678',(6



1.1. Component Entry for Single-Phase and Unbalanced Studies............................1-2

1.1.1. Cables ...............................................................................................................1-2
1.1.2. Transformers.....................................................................................................1-3
1.1.3. Transmission Lines...........................................................................................1-5
1.1.4. Generators ........................................................................................................1-7
1.1.5. Loads ................................................................................................................1-7
1.1.6. Motors ..............................................................................................................1-8
1.1.7. Panels................................................................................................................1-8
1.1.8. Capacitors / Filters............................................................................................1-9
1.2. Running the Unbalanced Studies .........................................................................1-9
1.3. Study Setup ..........................................................................................................1-10
1.3.1. Demand Load Analysis...................................................................................1-10
1.3.2. Sizing Study....................................................................................................1-11
1.3.3. Load Flow Study.............................................................................................1-12
1.3.4. Short Circuit Study .........................................................................................1-13
1.3.5. Schedule Report..............................................................................................1-15
1.4. Reports and Output Displays .............................................................................1-16
1.4.1. Datablocks ......................................................................................................1-16
1.5. Examples of Unbalanced Studies........................................................................1-19
1.5.1. When to Use Unbalanced Calculations...........................................................1-19
1.5.2. Single-Phase System.......................................................................................1-20
1.5.3. Distribution System with Single-Phase Taps ..................................................1-22
1.5.4. Fault Current with Open Line .........................................................................1-23
1.5.5. Negative Sequence Current from Unbalanced Capacitor Bank ......................1-25

,QGH[

'HY(YDOL
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SKM Power*Tools for Windows

6LQJOH3KDVHDQG
8QEDODQFHG6WXGLHV

IN THIS CHAPTER

The Single-Phase and Unbalanced Study module examines the power system as individual
phases. Any combination of single-phase, two-phase and three phase components
including loads, cables, transformers panels and other components can be represented.
Load Analysis, Load Flow, Fault Analysis and Sizing calculations can be performed on
the combined single-phase and unbalanced three-phase system. The study results are
reported on each phase in the system. As with all PTW Study modules, the Single-phase
and unbalanced studies use the same PTW database, so theyre compatible with existing
Projects. Typical uses include city and rural distributions with single-phase taps; military
and institutional unbalanced operating conditions such as an open line feeding a capacitor
bank; commercial systems with single-phase transformers and panels;

1.1. Component Entry for Single-Phase and Unbalanced Studies ........................... 1-2
1.2. Running the Unbalanced Studies ...................................................................... 1-9
1.3. Study Setup ..................................................................................................... 1-10
1.4. Reports and Output Displays .......................................................................... 1-16
1.5. Examples of Unbalanced Studies.................................................................... 1-19

Unbalanced / Single-Phase Studies 1-2 Reference Manual

&RPSRQHQW(QWU\IRU6LQJOH3KDVHDQG
8QEDODQFHG6WXGLHV
The input data for single-phase and unbalanced studies is almost the same as for balanced
three-phase studies. The differences for each component are outlined in the following
section:

&DEOHV
The Cable input includes a check box for each phase.

The cable impedance values can be entered as sequence or phase impedances for 3-phase
cables. The sequence values are automatically converted to phase impedance, and phase
impedance values can also be entered directly. The phase impedance data can represent
mutual coupling which is typically ignored in balanced systems. The effect of mutuals
may be more pronounced in unbalanced systems. For single-phase cables, the values are
entered as phase and neutral impedances directly.

10/29/2001

Unbalanced / Single-Phase Studies

1-3

7UDQVIRUPHUV
The Transformer input includes a selection for Three Phase, Single-Phase Mid-Tap, and
Single-Phase. When Single-Phase or Single-Phase Mid-Tap is selected, you can specify
the Primary Phase designation as A, B, C, AB, BC, or CA. The Secondary phase
designation is automatically adjusted based on the Primary Selection. The Primary and
Secondary Connections are also automatically adjusted based on the Primary Phase
designation. Pay close attention to the Voltage specification, as A, B, or C primary phase
designation expects L-N voltage entry.

A single-phase mid tap transformer can be fed by two phase conductors or a phase and
neutral conductor. In both cases, two voltages are possible on the secondary side. For a
mid-tap configuration, the a-b voltage is twice the a-n voltage. The ab, designation on the
secondary is arbitrary and could be replaced with x and y.
A
B

480 V A-B

a
b
n

240 V a-b
120 V a-n, b-n

A
N

a
b
n

277 V A-N

240 V a-b
120 V a-n, b-n

SKM Power*Tools for Windows

Unbalanced / Single-Phase Studies 1-4 Reference Manual

The Transformer Impedance Sub-View includes a field for no-load losses. This field
represents the internal transformer losses at no-load.

The Transformer Automatic LTC (Load-Tap-Changing) sub-view allows representation of

an Automatic LTC for 3-winding transformers in the unbalanced load flow study. The tap
will automatically adjust with load changes or operating scenarios to keep the voltage
within the Max Voltage and Min Voltage tolerance specified. The tap will move within
the Tap Limit Max Tap and Min Tap specified in the given step size increment. The LTC
function is not included in the DAPPER balanced 3-phase load flow.

10/29/2001

Unbalanced / Single-Phase Studies

1-5

7UDQVPLVVLRQ/LQHV
The Transmission line entry includes check boxes for ABC phase combinations. There is
also alternative entry formats in Z Matrix, or Y Matrix from each end that can be used to
include mutual coupling effects.

The transmission line data can be referenced from a library. The library automatically
calculates the transmission line parameters. For unbalanced calculations, the 3-Phase
Transmission Line Model is recommended to include mutual coupling effects. The 3Phase Transmission Line Model also includes line sag effects, bundling, multiple circuits,
and transposition. The Z phase and sequence data and the Xc Phase and Sequence data are
calculated from conductor diameter and spacing, GMR, resistance, bundle configuration,
resistivity, permeability, and sag. The data is entered on the Device Model tab and the
results are reported on the Z Phase, Xc Phase, Z Sequence and Xc Sequence tabs.

Input Data:

SKM Power*Tools for Windows

Unbalanced / Single-Phase Studies 1-6 Reference Manual

Earth Wires Segmented

Check if there are segmented ground wires.

X, Y

The coordinates of the conductor.

D, GMR, Resistance

These are characteristics of the conductor. As an

example, 795000 CM 26/7 ACSR has the following
data:
Resistance (r) = 0.117 /mi at 25oCOutside
Diameter (D) = 1.108 in.Geometric Mean
Radius (GMR) = 0.0375 ft.

Bundle Numbers

Number of parallel conductors to form the circuit.

The options are 1, 2, 3(Up), 3(Down), or 4.

Bundle Separation

Separation between 2 parallel conductors.

Transpose

Check if the conductor has a complete transposition

or rotation cycle. Each transposition section is onethird of the total line length. The result circuit will be
balance.

Resistivity

The resistivity of the conductors

Permeability

The relative permeability of the conductors.

Sag

The sag of the conductors.

Output Data:

10/29/2001

Z Phase

Impedance of conductor phase domain matrix (3x3)

Xc Phase

Capacitance of conductor or line charging phase

domain matrix (3x3)

Z Sequence

Impedance of conductor sequence domain matrix

(3x3)

Xc Sequence

Capacitance of conductor or line charging sequence

domain matrix (3x3)

Unbalanced / Single-Phase Studies

1-7

*HQHUDWRUV
Although the generators are assumed to be balanced three-phase components, the
connection may affect the unbalanced study results. The generator can be connected
Delta, Wye, or Wye-Ground.

/RDGV
Loads can be single-phase, 2-phase, or 3-phase as defined by checking the appropriate
phase(s). The connection can also be specified as Delta, Wye, or Wye-Ground.

SKM Power*Tools for Windows

Unbalanced / Single-Phase Studies 1-8 Reference Manual

0RWRUV
Motors can be single-phase, 2-phase, or 3-phase as defined by checking the appropriate
phase(s). The motor connection can also be specified as Delta, Wye, or Wye-Ground,
depending upon the Phase selection.

3DQHOV
Panels can be 3-phase or single-phase as defined in the Schedule Category field. Singlephase panels can be specified as AB, BC, or CA by checking the appropriate phase
selection. Both 3-phase and single-phase panels can contribute to unbalanced loading
conditions.

10/29/2001

Unbalanced / Single-Phase Studies

1-9

&DSDFLWRUV)LOWHUV
Capacitors and Filters can be specified as 1-phase, 2-phase or 3-phase and can be
connected Delta, Wye, or Wye-Ground, depending upon the phase specification.

5XQQLQJWKH8QEDODQFHG6WXGLHV
The Unbalanced Studies are run from the Run>Unbalanced/Single Phase Studies menu or
by selecting the unbalanced study icon

SKM Power*Tools for Windows

Unbalanced / Single-Phase Studies 1-10

Reference Manual

6WXG\6HWXS
Each of the 5 unbalanced/single phase study modules has separate setup options.

'HPDQG/RDG$QDO\VLV
The Demand Load analysis setup has options to include all loads, only loads that have a
demand library reference, or only loads that are checked as Energy Audit loads. The
Design load calculation can assign a separate design load factor to the largest motor and
optionally scale the remaining motor load. There is also an option to use motor rated size
to calculate the full load amps (FLA), or to reference FLA values from the MCC library.

10/29/2001

Unbalanced / Single-Phase Studies

1-11

6L]LQJ6WXG\
The Sizing study setup includes the following options:
1) Maximum allowable voltage drop for sizing feeders.
2) Over-size percentage for feeders directly connected to a transformer.
3) Generate Size Report but dont write the new sizes back to the project database.
4) Generate Size Report and write the new sizes back to the project database.
5) Generator a Report of existing cable and transformer sizes but dont calculate
new sizes.
6) Generate report as a DXF file
7) Use extended characters to form a box around the report.
8) Assign default library categories for Cables and Transformers that dont already
have a category specified. The categories are specified based on voltage level.

SKM Power*Tools for Windows

Unbalanced / Single-Phase Studies 1-12

Reference Manual

/RDG)ORZ6WXG\
The Load Flow Study setup includes the following options:
1) Max Iteration: This is the maximum number of iterations allowed in load flow
solution. The load flow will converge in the first few iterations for most systems.
2) Mismatch: This is the solution tolerance, whereby the solution will continue until
all phase flows in and out of each bus balance within the tolerance specified.
3) Bus Voltage Drop(%): Marks each bus in the report that exceeds the specified
voltage drop limit.
4) Branch Voltage Drop(%): Marks each branch in the report that exceeds the
specified voltage drop limit.
5) Utility Impedance: Includes the equivalent fault impedance for the Utility or SB
Generators in the load flow calculation when checked.
6) Transformer Phase Shift: Includes the transformer phase shift specifications in
the load flow calculation when checked.
7) LTC Transformer: Includes the automatic LTC Transformer setting selection in
the load flow calculation when checked.
8) Exact (Iterative): Represents all loads as defined in the load flow calculation.
9) Approximate: Represents all loads as Constant Impedance in the load flow
calculation. This solution can be used to help trouble-shoot systems that dont
converge with the Exact solution.
10) Connected Load: Uses rated size for all load specifications and does not include
any load factors assigned to the loads
11) 1st Level Demand or Energy Audit Load: Includes load factor specified for each
load.

10/29/2001

Unbalanced / Single-Phase Studies

1-13

6KRUW&LUFXLW6WXG\
The Short Circuit Study setup includes the following options:
1) Fault All Buses: Reports fault current at each bus. Each bus is faulted separately.
2) Fault Selected Buses: Reports fault current for selected buses. You can choose
to fault each bus separately, or simulate a simultaneous fault at multiple buses.
3) 3 Phase: Specifies a 3-phase bolted fault simulation
4) SLG: Specifies a fault on a single phase, where A, B or C phase can be selected.
5) LL: Specifies a line to line fault, where AB, BC or CA phases can be selected.
6) LLG: Specifies 2 phase to ground fault, where AB, BC or CA phases can be
selected.
7) Induction Motor Contributions: Provides option to include or exclude induction
motors contributions from the calculation.
8) Pre Fault Voltage Load Flow: Uses the bus voltages from the most recent load
calculation as the pre-fault voltage.
9) Pre fault Voltage 1 Per Unit: Uses the nominal bus voltage for pre-fault voltage.
10) Pre Fault Voltage No Load with Tap: Uses the driving voltage specified at the
Swing Bus and transfers the voltage through the system including off-nominal
transformer voltages and tap.
11) Asym Fault Current: Provides option to report RMS or Peak Asymmetrical
Currents. The Time field provides a user-defined time to report the
Asymmetrical current in addition to the standard 0.5, 2, 3, 5 and 8 cycle values.
12) Mid-Tap Trans Impedance Factor: The most severe short-circuit condition is a
line-to-neutral short circuit. Since the reactance and resistance of the transformer
are given on the basis of a full winding, it is necessary to convert to the proper
values when only one-half the secondary winding is involved as in a line-toneutral fault. The Impedance Factors are multiplied times the reactance and
resistance for this fault condition. Recommended impedance factors are 1.44 for
resistance and 1.2 for reactance.

SKM Power*Tools for Windows

Unbalanced / Single-Phase Studies 1-14

Reference Manual

If the Fault Selected Buses option is selected, the faulted phase or phases can be
selected, and additional impedance from the fault point to ground, or between the faulted
phases can be added. Rg, Xg is the impedance between the fault point and ground. Rf and
Xf defines the impedance between each faulted phase to the fault point. The impedance is
displayed in Ohms, but can be converted from Per Unit using the p.u.=>Ohms calculator
button.

10/29/2001

Unbalanced / Single-Phase Studies

1-15

6FKHGXOH5HSRUW
The Schedule Report Setup includes the following options:
1) Create DXF File: In addition to the text report, the schedules can be written to a
DXF file for transfer to CAD programs.
2) Report File: Specifies the name of the report generated when the Run button is
selected.
3) Schedule Footer: Provides optional information at the bottom of the schedule.
The optional information includes the total load for the largest phase in the
schedule in kVA and Amps, the total load on the bus where the schedule is
attached, the date and time the schedule report was generated, the VA phase total,
and the current total for each phase.
4) Panel Format: Allows you to choose between 3 alternative panel schedule
formats. There is also an option to show the 2-pole and 3-pole loads as a total
load on the first pole, or to split the load evenly between the available poles.
5) MCC Format: Allows basic customization to the MCC layout, including the
selection and order of columns to print.
6) SWBD Format: Allows you to choose between 2 alternative switchboard
schedule formats.

The Output window automatically displays errors, warnings and study-related messages
when a study is run.

SKM Power*Tools for Windows

Unbalanced / Single-Phase Studies 1-16

Reference Manual

5HSRUWVDQG2XWSXW'LVSOD\V
There are three ways to display and report output results for the Unbalanced/Single Phase
study modules: Datablocks; Datablock Reports; and Crystal Reports. There are no fixedformat reports written when the studies are run. All of the reports are generated from data
stored in the database after the studies are run.

'DWDEORFNV
Datablocks are user-defined combinations of data fields to be displayed on a one-line
diagram, TCC drawing or Component Editor sub-view. The following example shows bus
voltage magnitudes and current magnitude for each phase conductor with an unbalanced
load condition. Notice that the datablock reports 10.6 Amps in Phase A and B, and 4.0
Amps in phase C.

UTIL-0001

Phase Voltages
A: 277.1 V
B: 277.1 V
C: 277.1 V

BUS-1

CBL-1

Phase Currents
A: 10.6 A
B: 10.6 A
C: 4.0 A

BUS-2

SCH-0001

10/29/2001

Phase Voltages
A: 274.9 V
B: 275.5 V
C: 276.4 V

Unbalanced / Single-Phase Studies

1-17

The datablock editor includes a selection for largest phase, phase summation, or specific
phases and an option to display Magnitude, Magnitude and angle, Magnitude and power
factor, or real + imaginary values.

A sample datablock report follows showing unbalanced cable phase currents and power
flows. The datablock reports can be printed directly or saved in Excel format.

SKM Power*Tools for Windows

Unbalanced / Single-Phase Studies 1-18

Reference Manual

A similar output using the Crystal Report option follows. The Crystal Report output can
be printed directly or saved in a wide variety of formats.

For more information on Datablocks, Datablock reports and Crystal reports, refer to the
PTW Users Guide.

10/29/2001

Unbalanced / Single-Phase Studies

1-19

([DPSOHVRI8QEDODQFHG6WXGLHV
:KHQWR8VH8QEDODQFHG&DOFXODWLRQV
The single-phase / unbalanced studies have a wide variety of uses including:
1) Single-phase distribution.studies
2) Three-phase distribution with single-phase taps.
3) Unbalanced loads or operating conditions.
4) Simultaneous faults.
5) Open line faults.
6) Setting negative sequence relays.

SKM Power*Tools for Windows

Unbalanced / Single-Phase Studies 1-20

Reference Manual

6LQJOH3KDVH6\VWHP
The following example shows a single-phase distribution system from a 3-phase service
with a combination of 1-phase, 2-phase and 1-phase panel schedule loads.
UTIL-0001

3PLF_Current
A: 26.09 / -36.93 A
B: 126.34 / -147.95 A
C: 126.38 / 73.93 A

CBL-0005

CBL-0002

3PLF_Current
B: 126.34 / -147.95 A
C: 126.38 / 73.93 A

A: 26.09 / -36.93 A
B: 0.00 / 0.00 A
C: 0.00 / 0.00 Amps
XF2-0001
Panel

BUS-0002
3PLF_Voltage
A: 119.6 / -0.1 V
B: 119.8 / 179.9 V

BUS-0001
3PLF_Voltage
A: 277.0 / -0.0 V
B: 276.6 / -120.2 V
C: 276.4 / 119.9 V

PANEL SCHEDULE: Panel

PANEL:
Panel
OC DEVICE TYPE: Breaker
ENCLOSURE: NEMA 1
MAINS(A): BKR
BUS RATING(A):
200
LOCATION:
DEVICE FAMILY: Bolt On
MOUNTING: Flush
WIRING:
Single-Phase 3-Wire WITHSTAND(A):
20000
FED FROM: BUS-0004
VOLTAGE:
480/277
FAULT CURRENT(A)
0

OC

NOTES
DESCRIPTION
DEMAND VA CKT PHASE LOADS VA CKT VA DEMANDDESCRIPTION

NOTES
OC

AMPS P

CODE

A
B
C

CODE

AMPS P

20 1
Lights
LTS
41571
8314
2 4157LTS
Lights

20 1

20 1
Lights
LTS
41573
8314 4 4157LTS
Lights

20 1

20 1
Lights
LTS
41575
8314
6 4157LTS
Lights

20 1

20 1
Lights
LTS
41577
8314 8 4157LTS
Lights

20 1

20 1
Lights
LTS
41579
8314
10 4157LTS
Lights

20 1

20 1
Lights
LTS
415711
8314 12 4157LTS
Lights

20 1

30 2
Heating
HEAT
480013
9600
14 4800HEAT
Heating

30 2

""
""

480015
9600 16 4800
""

""

ALL CONNECTED
KVA
AMPS
* PHASE TOTALS
VA
AMPS
BUS TOTALS
KVA

TOTAL CONNECTED
69.08
126.2
* A-N
0.0
0.0
CONNECTED
69.08
DATE: Aug 30, 2001
TOTAL DEMAND
69.08
126.2
* B-N
34983.4
126.2
DEMAND
69.08
TIME: 11:10:05

TOTAL DESIGN
86.35
157.8
* C-N
34983.4
126.2
DESIGN
86.35

LOAD-0001
CBL-0001

3PLF_Current
A: 20.11 / -36.93 A
B: 20.09 / 143.11 A

LOAD-0002

Notice how the unbalanced currents are displayed back to the 3-phase source. These
unbalanced currents result in negative and zero sequence currents in the 3-phase portion of
the system, as shown in the following view.
UTIL-0001
I_Pos 91.887 A
I_Neg 44.388 A
I_Zero 21.406 A

CBL-0005

I_Pos 91.887 A
I_Neg 44.388 A
I_Zero 21.406 A

BUS-0001

CBL-0002

I_Pos 83.189 A
I_Neg 53.086 A
I_Zero 30.104 A

I_Pos 8.698 A
I_Neg 8.698 A
I_Zero 8.698 A
XF2-0001
Panel

BUS-0002

LOAD-0001
CBL-0001

I_Pos 11.607 A
I_Neg 11.602 A
I_Zero 0.010 A

LOAD-0002

10/29/2001

PANEL SCHEDULE: Panel

PANEL:
Panel
OC DEVICE TYPE: Breaker
ENCLOSURE: NEMA 1
MAINS(A): BKR
BUS RATING(A):
200
LOCATION:
DEVICE FAMILY: Bolt On
MOUNTING: Flush
WIRING: Single-Phase 3-Wire WITHSTAND(A):
20000
FED FROM: BUS-0004
VOLTAGE:
480/277
FAULT CURRENT(A)
0

OC
NOTES
DESCRIPTION
DEMAND VA CKT PHASE LOADS VA CKT VA DEMANDDESCRIPTION

NOTES
OC

AMPS P

CODE
A
B
C
CODE

AMPS P

20 1
Lights
LTS
41571
8314
2 4157LTS
Lights

20 1
20 1
Lights
LTS
41573
8314 4 4157LTS
Lights

20 1
20 1
Lights
LTS
41575
8314
6 4157LTS
Lights

20 1
20 1
Lights
LTS
41577
8314 8 4157LTS
Lights

20 1
20 1
Lights
LTS
41579
8314
10 4157LTS
Lights

20 1
20 1
Lights
LTS
415711
8314 12 4157LTS
Lights

20 1
30 2
Heating
HEAT 480013
9600
14 4800HEAT Heating

30 2
""
""

480015
9600 16 4800
""

""

ALL CONNECTED
KVA
AMPS
* PHASE TOTALS
VA
AMPS
BUS TOTALS
KVA

TOTAL CONNECTED
69.08
126.2
* A-N
0.0
0.0
CONNECTED
69.08
DATE: Aug 30, 2001
TOTAL DEMAND
69.08
126.2
* B-N
34983.4
126.2
DEMAND
69.08
TIME: 11:10:05

TOTAL DESIGN
86.35
157.8
* C-N
34983.4
126.2
DESIGN
86.35

Unbalanced / Single-Phase Studies

1-21

The design load for each phase is shown in the following display.
UTIL-0001

CBL-0005

Design Load
A: 5.8 kW, 4.3 kVar
B: 38.7 kW, 20.4 kVar
C: 30.4 kW, 31.4 kVar

CBL-0002

Design Load
B: 38.7 kW, 20.4 kVar
C: 30.4 kW, 31.4 kVar

XF2-0001
Panel

BUS-0002
Design Load
A: 3.8 kW, 2.9 kVar
B: 1.9 kW, 1.4 kVar

BUS-0001
Design Load
A: 5.8 kW, 4.3 kVar
B: 38.7 kW, 20.4 kVar
C: 30.4 kW, 31.4 kVar

PANEL SCHEDULE: Panel

PANEL:
Panel
OC DEVICE TYPE: Breaker
ENCLOSURE: NEMA 1
MAINS(A): BKR
BUS RATING(A):
200
LOCATION:
DEVICE FAMILY: Bolt On
MOUNTING: Flush
WIRING:
Single-Phase 3-Wire WITHSTAND(A):
20000
FED FROM: BUS-0004
VOLTAGE:
480/277
FAULT CURRENT(A)
0

OC

NOTES
DESCRIPTION
DEMAND VA CKT PHASE LOADS VA CKT VA DEMANDDESCRIPTION

NOTES
OC

AMPS P

CODE

A
B
C

CODE

AMPS P

20 1
Lights
LTS
41571
8314
2 4157LTS
Lights

20 1

20 1
Lights
LTS
41573
8314 4 4157LTS
Lights

20 1

20 1
Lights
LTS
41575
8314
6 4157LTS
Lights

20 1

20 1
Lights
LTS
41577
8314 8 4157LTS
Lights

20 1

20 1
Lights
LTS
41579
8314
10 4157LTS
Lights

20 1

20 1
Lights
LTS
415711
8314 12 4157LTS
Lights

20 1

30 2
Heating
HEAT
480013
9600
14 4800HEAT
Heating

30 2

""
""

480015
9600 16 4800
""

""

ALL CONNECTED
KVA
AMPS
* PHASE TOTALS
VA
AMPS
BUS TOTALS
KVA

TOTAL CONNECTED
69.08
126.2
* A-N
0.0
0.0
CONNECTED
69.08
DATE: Aug 30, 2001
TOTAL DEMAND
69.08
126.2
* B-N
34983.4
126.2
DEMAND
69.08
TIME: 11:10:05

TOTAL DESIGN
86.35
157.8
* C-N
34983.4
126.2
DESIGN
86.35

LOAD-0001
CBL-0001

Design Load
A: 1.9 kW, 1.4 kVar
B: 1.9 kW, 1.4 kVar

LOAD-0002

The Single-phase and Unbalanced studies provide an excellent tool for looking at singlephase power systems and the effects of load imbalance on the three-phase power system.
Sizing calculations can now account for the largest load on each phase rather than
assuming the load is balanced.

SKM Power*Tools for Windows

Unbalanced / Single-Phase Studies 1-22

Reference Manual

'LVWULEXWLRQ6\VWHPZLWK6LQJOH3KDVH7DSV
The following example shows an over-head distribution system with single-phase mid-tap
transformers. Phase currents and voltages are displayed in the datablocks.

UTIL-0001

PD-0001

PD-0002

PD-0003

OH1-A

OH5-B

OH9-C

T1-A

A: 10.58 / -37.20 Amps

B1-A

L1-A
3PLF_Voltage
A: 111.6 / -0.3 V
B: 119.8 / 179.9 V

OH2-A

T4-B

B: 10.58 / -157.19 Amps

B4-B

L4-B
3PLF_Voltage
B: 111.6 / -120.3 V
C: 119.9 / 60.0 V

OH6-B

T2-A

A: 10.59 / -37.21 Amps

B2-A

L2-A
3PLF_Voltage
A: 111.5 / -0.3 V
B: 119.8 / 179.9 V

OH3-A

T5-B

B: 10.58 / -157.20 Amps

A: 10.59 / -37.21 Amps

B3-A

L3-A
3PLF_Voltage
A: 111.5 / -0.3 V
B: 119.8 / 179.9 V

OH4-A

B7-C

L7-C
3PLF_Voltage
A: 119.9 / -60.0 V
C: 111.7 / 119.7 V

OH10-C

B5-B

L5-B
3PLF_Voltage
B: 111.6 / -120.3 V
C: 119.8 / 60.0 V

OH7-B

T3-A

T7-C

C: 10.57 / 82.82 Amps

BUS-0001
3PLF_Voltage
A: 7617.5 / -0.0 V
B: 7617.1 / -120.0 V
C: 7618.2 / 120.0 V

T8-C

C: 10.58 / 82.82 Amps

B8-C

L8-C
3PLF_Voltage
A: 119.9 / -60.0 V
C: 111.7 / 119.7 V

OH11-C

T6-B

B6-B

L6-B
B: 10.58 / -157.20 Amps
3PLF_Voltage
B: 111.6 / -120.3 V
C: 119.8 / 60.0 V
OH8-B

Fault currents are displayed at the main and each load bus.
UTIL-0001

PD-0001

PD-0002

PD-0003

OH1-A

OH5-B

OH9-C

T1-A

B1-A

T4-B

L1-A
InitSym3P
A: 9602.7 A
B: 9602.7 A
OH2-A

B2-A

T5-B

T8-C

L5-B
InitSym3P
B: 9610.7 A
C: 9610.7 A

B3-A

B6-B

L6-B
InitSym3P
B: 9586.2 A
C: 9586.2 A
OH8-B

B8-C

L8-C
InitSym3P
A: 9642.7 A
C: 9642.7 A
OH11-C

T6-B

L3-A
InitSym3P
A: 9554.2 A
B: 9554.2 A

10/29/2001

L7-C
InitSym3P
A: 9659.5 A
C: 9659.5 A

B5-B

OH7-B

T3-A

B7-C

OH10-C

L2-A
InitSym3P
A: 9565.0 A
B: 9565.0 A
OH3-A

T7-C

L4-B
InitSym3P
B: 9650.4 A
C: 9650.4 A
OH6-B

T2-A

OH4-A

B4-B

BUS-0001
InitSym3P
A: 43716.5 A
B: 43716.5 A
C: 43723.9 A

Unbalanced / Single-Phase Studies

1-23

)DXOW&XUUHQWZLWK2SHQ/LQH
The following example demonstrates how fault current can continue to flow even after a
fuse operates for a single-line-to-earth fault condition.

Ground Current Still

Flows Through Load
From Other Fuses

Blown Fuse

Results from PTW unbalanced fault analysis:

Source

Phase A Open
C-1

Isc SLG
A: 0.0 / 0.0 A
B: 31.5 / -84.3 A
C: 31.5 / -84.3 A

Phase to-ground fault on phase A.

Fault Location
Isc SLG
A: 63.1 / -84.3 A
B: 0.0 / 0.0 A
C: 0.0 / 0.0 A
C-2

Isc SLG
A: 63.1 / 95.7 A
B: 31.5 / -84.3 A
C: 31.5 / -84.3 A
M-1

SKM Power*Tools for Windows

Unbalanced / Single-Phase Studies 1-24

Reference Manual

Same case reporting sequence current magnitude. Valuable information for selecting
negative sequence or zero sequence relay settings.

Source

Phase A Open
C-1

Isc SLGPos 10.5 A

Isc SLGNeg 10.5 A
Isc SLGZero 21.0 A

Phase to-ground fault on phase A.

Fault Location

C-2

Isc SLGPos 31.5 A

Isc SLGNeg 31.5 A

M-1

10/29/2001

Unbalanced / Single-Phase Studies

1-25

1HJDWLYH6HTXHQFH&XUUHQWIURP8QEDODQFHG&DSDFLWRU
%DQN
The following example demonstrates negative sequence currents when one phase of a
three-phase capacitor bank is open.
UTIL-0001
I_Pos 46.312 A
I_Neg 2.758 A
CBL-0001
I_Pos 46.312 A
I_Neg 2.758 A

XF2-0001

I_Pos 46.312 A
I_Neg 2.758 A

BUS-0003
Blown Fuse

CBL-0002
I_Pos 163.905 A

MTRI-0001

XA

Ph-A

CAP-A
I_Neg 0.000 A

Ph-B
I_Pos 9.148 A
I_Neg 9.148 A
I_Zero 9.148 A

CAP-B
I_Pos 9.148 A
I_Neg 9.148 A
I_Zero 9.148 A

Ph-C
I_Pos 9.147 A
I_Neg 9.147 A
I_Zero 9.147 A

CAP-C
I_Pos 9.147 A
I_Neg 9.147 A
I_Zero 9.147 A

Notice that negative sequence current flows in the 3-phase system when one phase of the
capacitor bank is lost.

SKM Power*Tools for Windows

Unbalanced

Index

I*SIM i

,QGH[
C

Cables, 1-3
Capacitors, 1-10
Component Entry, 1-3
Crystal Report, 1-19

Negative Sequence Current from Unbalanced Capacitor Bank, 127

P
D

datablock report, 1-18

Datablocks, 1-17
Demand Load Analysis, 1-11
Distribution with Single-Phase Taps, 1-24
DXF File, 1-16

F
Fault Current with Open Line, 1-25

G
Generators, 1-8

L
Load Flow Study, 1-13
Loads, 1-8
LTC Transformer, 1-13

Panels, 1-9

R
Reports, 1-17
Running the Unbalanced Studies, 1-10

S
Schedule Report, 1-16
Short-Circuit Study, 1-14
single-phase, 1-27
Single-Phase, 1-1, 1-2, 1-3, 1-4, 1-21, 1-24
Single-Phase System, 1-21
Sizing Study, 1-12
Study Setup, 1-11

T
Transformer Automatic LTC, 1-5
Transformers, 1-4
Transmission Lines, 1-6

M
Motors, 1-9

U
Unbalanced Examples, 1-20
Unbalanced Studies, 1-1, 1-2, 1-3, 1-10, 1-20

SKM Power*Tools for Windows

Device Evaluation ii Reference Manual

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10/29/2001