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Comparison of Protection Relay Types

jiguparmar

Comparison of Protection Relay Types (photo by switchgearsupport.com)

Comparison Table
This comparison summarize characteristics of all protection relay types described in previously published technical
articles:
Characteristic

El. Mech. Relay

Static Relay

Digital Relay

Numerical Relay

Technology
Standard

1st generation relays.

2nd generation
relays.

Present generation
relays.

Present generation
relays.

Operating
Principle

They use principle of

electromagnetic principle.

In this relays
transistors and ICs
been used

They use
microprocessor.
Within built software
with predefined
values

They use
microprocessor.
Within built software
with predefined
values

Measuring
elements/
Hardware

Induction disc,
electromagnets, induction
cup, balance beam

R, L, C, transistors,
analogue ICs
comparators

Microprocessors,
digital ICs, digital
dignal processors

Microprocessors,
digital ICs, digital
signal processors

Measuring
method

Electrical qtys converted

intomechanical force,
torque

Level
detects,comparison
withreference value
in analogue
comparator

A/D conversion,
numerical algorithm
techniques

A/D conversion,
numerical algorithm
techniques

Surrounding
Environment

Depend upon gravitation

and the value changes to
the surrounding magnetic
fields also.

There value may

vary with respect to
temperature also.

Characteristic

El. Mech. Relay

Static Relay

Digital Relay

Numerical Relay

Relay Size

Bulky

Small

Small

Compact

Speed of
Response

Slow

Fast

Fast

Very fast

Timing
function

Mechanical clock works,

dashpot

Static timers

Counter

Counter

Time of
Accuracy

Temp. dependant

Temp. dependant

Stable

Stable

Reliability

High

Low

High

High

Vibration Proof

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Characteristics

Limited

Wide

Wide

Wide

Requirement
of Draw Out

Required

Required

Not required

Not required

CT Burden

High

Low

Low

Low

CT Burden

8 to 10 VA

1 VA

< 0.5 VA

< 0.5 VA

Characteristic

El. Mech. Relay

Static Relay

Digital Relay

Numerical Relay

Reset Time

Very High

Less

Less

Less

Auxiliary
supply

Required

Required

Required

Required

Range of
settings

Limited

Wide

Wide

Wide

Isolation
Voltage

Low

High

High

High

Function

Single function

Single function

Multi function

Single function

Maintenance

Frequent

Frequent

Low

Very Low

Resistance

100 mille ohms

10 Ohms

10 Ohms

10 Ohms

Output
Capacitance

< 1 Pico Farad

> 20 Pico Farads

> 20 Pico Farads

> 20 Pico Farads

Characteristic

El. Mech. Relay

Static Relay

Digital Relay

Numerical Relay

Deterioration
due to
Operation

Yes

No

No

No

Relay
Programming

No

Partially

Programmable

Programmable

SCADA
Compatibility

No

No

Possible

Yes

Operational
value
indication

Not Possible

Possible

Possible

Possible

Visual
indication

Flags, targets

LEDs

LEDs, LCD

LEDs, LCD

Self
monitoring

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Parameter
setting

Plug setting, dial setting

Thumb wheel, dual

in line switches

Keypad for numeric

values, through
computer

Keypad for numeric

values, through
computer

Fault
Disturbance
Recording

Not possible

Not possible

Possible

Possible

Relays Nomenclature as per ANSI

No

Type of Relay

Time delay relay

3 Checking or Interlocking relay

21

21 Distance relay

25

Check synchronizing relay

27

Under voltage relay

30

Annunciation relay

32

Directional power (Reverse power) relay

37

Low forward power relay

40

Field failure (loss of excitation)

46

Negative phase sequence relay

49

Machine or Transformer Thermal relay

50

Instantaneous Over current relay

51

A.C. IDMT Over current relay

52

Circuit breaker

52a

Circuit breaker Auxiliary switch Normally open (a contact)

52b

Circuit breaker Auxiliary switch Normally closed (b contact)

55

Power Factor relay

56

Field Application relay

59

Overvoltage relay

64

Earth fault relay

67

Directional relay

68

Locking relay

74

Alarm relay

76

D.C Over current relay

78

Phase angle measuring or out of step relay

79

AC Auto reclose relay

80

Monitoring loss of DC supply

81

Frequency relay

81 U

Under frequency relay

81 O

Over frequency relay

83

Automatic selective control or transfer relay

85

Carrier or pilot wire receive relay

86

Tripping Relay

87

Differential relay

87G

Generator differential relay

87G

T Overall differential relay

87U

UAT differential relay

87NT

Restricted earth fault relay

95

Trip circuit supervision relay

99

Over flux relay

186A

Auto reclose lockout relay

186B

Auto reclose lockout relay

Relays for Transmission and Distribution Lines protection

No

Line

Protection

400 KV
Transmission Line

Main-I: Non switched or Numerical Distance Scheme

220 KV
Transmission Line

Main-I : Non switched distance scheme (Fed from Bus PTs)

132 KV
Transmission Line

Main Protection: Switched distance scheme (fed from bus PT).

33 KV Lines

Non-directional IDMT 3 Over Current and 1 Earth Fault relays

11KV Line

Non-directional IDMT 2 Over Current and 1 Earth Fault relays

Main-II: Non switched or Numerical Distance Scheme

Main-II: Switched distance scheme (Fed from line CVTs) With a changeover facility from
bus PT to line CVT and vice-versa

Backup Protection: 3 Nos. directional IDMT O/L Relays and

1 No. Directional IDMT E/L relay.

References:
- Handbook of Switchgear Bhel
- Digital/Numerical Relays - T.S.M. Rao

About Author //
Jignesh Parmar
jiguparmar - Jignesh Parmar has completed his B.E(Electrical) from Gujarat University.
He is member of Institution of Engineers (MIE),India. Membership No:M-1473586.He has
more than 12 years experience in Transmission -Distribution-Electrical Energy theft
detection-Electrical Maintenance-Electrical Projects (Planning-Designing-Technical
Review-coordination -Execution). He is Presently associate with one of the leading
business group as a Assistant Manager at Ahmedabad,India. He has published numbers of
Technical Articles in "Electrical Mirror", "Electrical India", "Lighting India", "Industrial
Electrix"(Australian Power Publications) Magazines. He is Freelancer Programmer of
Advance Excel and design useful Excel base Electrical Programs as per IS, NEC, IEC,IEEE codes. He is Technical
Blogger and Familiar with English, Hindi, Gujarati, French languages. He wants to Share his experience &
Knowledge and help technical enthusiasts to find suitable solutions and updating themselves on various Engineering
Topics.

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10 Comments

1.
Rafiq Ahmad
Jul 30, 2014
Dear Jignesh
A very well compiled work. Hats off.
A very important things that needs to be noted is that all the three types of these
Relays(Considering Digital & Numerical to be one) are SCADA Compatible. However you will
need different types of Interfaces at the RTUs. A different interface port for the Hot signals (with
varying voltages) for the E&M and Static Relays while as a different Communication port for the Soft signals
from the Numerical Relays.
(reply)
2.
Microprocessor and conventional secondary systems compared | EEP
Jul 09, 2014
[] Each task is performed by devices employing different technologies (electromechanical, electronic, solidstate or microprocessor-based). []
(reply)
3.
Dan Thompson
Jun 11, 2014
I found the article very informative thank you
(reply)
4.
Suvra Pattanayak
May 31, 2014
The articale is very nice but i have few question.
1.what is difference between numerical relay & digital relay?(many literature say both are sameDigital/Numerical Relays T.S.M. Rao)
2.why In comparison table relay resistance are different unit? (for EM relay 100 mile ohm,other relay are 10
ohm)
(reply)
5.
maghboul
Jan 12, 2014
Thank you , IT IS VERY HELFULL AND HELP TO IMPROOVE ELECTRICAL IND.
(reply)

6.
shahid jamil
Dec 05, 2013
This portal is very useful for Electrical Engineers.
(reply)
7.
bitoha
Apr 29, 2013
Why the numerical relay is single function type? I think it is multi-function type?
(reply)
8.
Jay
Mar 09, 2013
Good work Jignesh, But for El Mechanical Relay like CDD21 (Alstom) Aux. Supply is not
required and all the Numerical Relay are Multi function relays.
(reply)
9.
sharathrsidenur
Feb 28, 2013
very good information
(reply)
10.
sagar77777
Feb 17, 2013
this portal is very helpful to all the electrical engineering student as well as professor and
technical engineer.Its very nice and helpful for all in electrical engineering to get practical knowledge & idea
very easily.
(reply)
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