Managing

Information

Institute of Communication Studies

University of the Punjab
Class PhD.
Course: CS 702
Instructor: Dr. Waqar ul Qounain Jaffry
Compiled By: Anam Muzamill

Contents
1. Internet Search
1.1 Internet History
1.2 Internet related Key terms
1.3 Internet & Search
2. Towards Scientific Writing, Publishing & Sharing
2.1 Debates in Social Science
2.2 Research Publication Eco System
2.3 Evaluating Research Productivity
2.4 Research & Social Networking
3. Personal Information Management
3.1 Versioning
3.2 Managing Reference Libraries
3.3 MS Word Review Option
3.4 Google Drive
4. Software & Skills
o Evaluating online Sources (Checklist)
o Endnote
o Endnote Web
o MS Word (Reviewing Documents)
o Research Gate
o Google Drive (Creating Online Survey Forms)

1.1 Internet History

Emergence of Internet technology
To gratify urge of communication
To communicate text based documents
DARPAs initiative (Department of Defense): Restricted access, It was not a public
Project
DARPA invented basic architecture of computer including
o Standard common protocol: To transfer data from one point to another and to
ensure that data is received on the other end.
TCP: Transmission Control Protocol
IP: Internet Protocol
o Standard operating systems to make machines compatible with each other
Finally project was made public
How Internet works?
o Satellite organizations provide IPs
o Agencies provide internet facility to users
o Types of Internet Connections
LAN (Local Area Network)
WAN (Wide Area Network)
Other Terms
o MAC (Media Access Number) stores media content on a certain computer
o Internet Security Mechanism
o Virtual Securities Issues
o Hacker may crack the code of DNS(Domain Name Server)
o Pknic (Assign Domain Names)
o Denial of Service (DOS): To control request traffic, Admin server may block request
1.2 Internet Related Key Terms
1.2.1 WWW (World Wide Web)
o Internet application
o A system of Internet servers that support specially formatted documents.
o Term was introduced by Tim Berner Lee
1.2.2 HTML (HyperText Markup Language) that supports links to other documents, as well as
graphics, audio, and video files. This means you can jump from one document to another simply
by clicking on hot spots. Not all Internet servers are part of the World Wide Web.
(http://www.webopedia.com)
1.2.3 HTTP: Hyper Text Transfer protocol:
o The Hypertext Transfer Protocol is an application protocol for distributed, collaborative,
hypermedia information systems. HTTP is the foundation of data communication for the
World Wide Web.
o HTTPs: Hyper Text Transfer protocol secure
o Verisign: secures the information
1.2.4 FTP: File Transfer Protocol

1.2.5 Web pages

o Information is publicly available on web pages
o HTML Hyper-text markup language
o Text and Links are codified
o Links allow us to navigate from one site to another website
1.2.6 Web Browser:
o A software application used to locate, retrieve and also display content on the World
Wide Web, including Web pages, images, video and other files. Examples: Google
Chrome, Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Opera (http://www.webopedia.com)
1.2.7 Uniform Resource Locator URL
o The web address that connects you with a website:
o Gives you information about the website
o Goes in the address bar at the top of the screen
Example - http:// www .starwars.com/seminars.html
http:// -- hypertext transfer protocol : the language computers use to talk to one
another
www world wide web: the body of information connected by the cables and
computers of the Internet
starwars domain name: the structured, alphabetic-based, unique name for a
computer on a network, used in the place of IP address
. com top level domain: gives an idea of where the document is stored
/ seminars file name: a folder within a website
. html hypertext markup language: the computer language used to format
documents
1.2.8 Web Server
Web servers are computers that deliver (serves up) Web pages. Every Web server has an IP
address and
possibly
a domain
name.
For
example,
if
you
enter
the URL http://www.pcwebopedia.com/index.html in your browser, this sends a request to the
Web server whose domain name ispcwebopedia.com. The server then fetches the page
named index.html and sends it to your browser. Any computer can be turned into a Web server
by installing server software and connecting the machine to the Internet. There are many Web
server software applications, including public domain software from NCSA and Apache, and
commercial packages from Microsoft, Netscape and others. (http://www.webopedia.com)
1.2.9 Cloud Computing:
o The practice of using a network of remote servers hosted on the Internet to store, manage,
and process data, rather than a local server or a personal computer.
o Cut down costs infrastructure
o Virtual infrastructure is available
o Enterprises/Companies dont have to buy infrastructure, instead the they can take lease
this facility from web hosts when they have lot of as per their need e.g. Wal-Mart may
this facility for new year and Christmas
1.2.10 Web Hosting: Web hosts are companies that provide space on a server owned or leased
for use by clients, as well as providing Internet connectivity, typically in a data center.

1.3 Internet & Search

1.3.1 Search Engines:
o Search engines are programs that search documents for specified keywords and returns
list of the documents where the keywords were found. A search engine is really a general
class of programs, however, the term is often used to specifically describe systems like
Google, Bing and Yahoo! Search that enable users to search for documents on the World
Wide Web.
o Content topic based search engines
Google www.google.com
Yahoo! Search search.yahoo.com
Exalead www.exalead.com/search/
1.3.2 Subject Directories: Populated by Humans, Designed and maintained by Humans
ipl2 www.ipl.org
Infomine infomine.ucr.edu
About.com www.about.com
Yahoo! dir.yahoo.com
1.3.3 Meta-Search Engines In meta-search engine, you submit keywords in its search box, and
it transmits your search simultaneously to several individual search engines and their databases
of web page
Yippy yippy. COM
Dogpile www.dogpile.com
SurfWax www.surfwax.com
1.3.4 Invisible Web / Deep Web The "visible web" is what you can find using general web
search engines. It's also what you see in almost all subject directories. The "invisible web" is
what you cannot find using these types of tools.
ipl2
Infomine
cited in Jaswal, Bushra. Searching for Research. PowerPoint presentation. Center of Learning & Teaching ,FC
College , Lahore. October 2013 .

1.3.5 Search Syntax

o Bolean Logic: Parameterized Search
o Boolean logic - Boolean logic allows the use of AND, OR and NOT to search for items
containing both terms, either term, or a term only if not accompanied by another term.
Pakistan India +sports filetype:pdf
+Pakistan India + sports
+Pakistan site:pu.edu.pk filetype:doc
In-title:sports (will search all the titles with word sports)
o Wildcards and truncation - This involves substituting symbols for certain letters of a
word so that the search engine will retrieve items with any letter in that spot in the word.
"wom*n will retrieve "woman" and "women
o Phrase searching - Many concepts are represented by a phrase rather than a single word.
In order to successfully search for a term like Global Warming, enclose the Phrase in
double quotes
o Capitalization - When searching for proper names, search syntax that will distinguish
capital from lower case letters will help narrow the search. E.g. US and us show different
results in Google

cited in Jaswal, Bushra. Searching for Research. PowerPoint presentation. Center of Learning &
Teaching ,FC College , Lahore. October 2013 .

1.3.6 Search Engines Architecture

o User can send a search request to search engine
o User Search Request/Query search engine Data Center
1.3.6.1 Web Crawler is a programme, keeps crawling on internet and stores it in Data Center
o Advantages: Convenience, updated information and continuous supply of information
o Function: Keeps crawling websites, picks up web pages, keeps data and links separately
o Data Data Center
Links Stack the links
o Search Mechanism
o Depth first Search
o Breadth first Search

Courtesy: Google Images

Graphical Representation of Web Crawlers Function
User

Search
Engine
(SE)

Web
Crawler
(WC)

Data Center
(DC)

Text
Links
Stack of
Links

Web

o Weaknesses
No semantic association, Search is morphological e.g. Pakistan India (will pre assume
that Pakistan and India)
o Facility
Stemming: Taking word in to meaningless shortest form Sky Sk (Merged/Condensed
form) then match the sub form with already stored data
1.3.7 Googles Strengths as a search engine:
o Googles Corporate Reach
o User-Friendly, User Orientation
o Principles of Human Computer Interaction (HCI)
o Generic/Universal principles
1.3.8 Evaluating Sources

Web Page Evaluation Checklist

1.

Go to Google and search a controversial topic, such as:

prions danger or nuclear armageddon or "stem cells" abortion

2.

Use this Checklist to evaluate some of the search results.

Title and URL of page you are evaluating:

Personal page or site?

~ or %, or users, members, or people

What type of domain is it?

com
org/net
edu
non-US________ other:

Appropriate for the content?

Published by entity that makes sense?

Publisher or Domain Name entity:

Does it match the name of the site?

Who wrote the page?

Credentials on this subject?

(Truncate back the URL if no useful
links.)

E-mail

Evidence?

Name:

gov/mil/us

Date ____________

Dated?

Current enough for your

ur purpose?
Sources documented
ted with link
links or
notes?
Can you verify thatt quoted text was not
altered or forged?

Links to more resources?

Do they work?
Evidence of bias?
Search URL in alexa.com,

Who owns the domain?

click on Site info for

Who links to the site?

Is the page rated well in a dire

directory?
www.lii.org or infomine.ucr.ed
fomine.ucr.edu or
about.com
Which blogs link to it? What do they
say?
blogsearch.google.com
.google.com
Look up the author
or in Google
Why was the page put on the Web?

Inform
parody?
Other:

Persuade

Sell

Satire or

BOTTOM
OM LINE: IIs the web page appropriate for yourr purpose?
Teachin
Teaching Library, UC Berkeley Spring 2009

Web Page Evaluation Checklist Copyright 2012 The Regents of the University of California are licensed under a Creative Commons
Attribution-NonCommercial
ial 3.0 U
Unported License.Permissions beyond the scope of this license may be available
a
at
http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/Teac
edu/TeachingLib/Guides/Internet/contact.html.

1.3.9 Honey nets: Identify

tify and catc
catch signatures of virus attacks.

2. Towards Scientific Writing, Publishing & Sharing

o Sequential expression will never be true representation of ones mind
o Scientific writing is objective not subjective
o It is explicit, clear and loud
o Subjective interference should not be there
o Mind Map: Order of the Map, Ordering Matters, Serial Expression
2.1 Debates in Social Science
o Social Science is not a science, it involves subjectivity
o Lack of objective agreement on subjective agreements
o Social Science does not move towards consensus
o Natural science theories dont overlap
o Need to have standardized tool for social science
o Need standardized instruments
o Exclude exceptions from human behavior
o Social Scientists have to believe that every expression is explainable
o Tools of statistics are ways to move social science to objectivity
o Whatever works, will work under the principle, can be proved again with same results
o Everything is explainable and governed by principles
o Segregation on concerns in Science, Philosophy and Religion
o All disciplines have different discourse, instruments and claims
o Science and its Limitations
o Gaudels Incompleteness Theorem: Science will be either be complete or sound
Science has limitations
If you want science to explain everything than it would not be sound

o
o
o
o
o
o

2.2 Research Publication Eco System

Identify a problem; Problem should be Novel, Significant and Relevant
Determine the scientific significance of the problem
Select significant methodology
Gauge value and time factor for your research work
Finding and approach publishing
Relevance of research changes with timings

2.2.1 Modes of Publications

Category A
o Abstract: Includes domain of research, methods and procedures and results
o Extended Abstract: One page
o Poster: One page
o Conference Paper: Short conference papers 4-6 pages, Long Conference papers 8-12
pages
o Concept Paper: Expression about one specific direction of the subject

o Journal Paper: 16-48 pages

o Usually a journal paper goes through Major Review (3-6 months), Minor Review
may takes couple of weeks or rejection
o Editorial Board usually has
Chief Editor: Determines relevance
Associate Editor: Assess the quality and details
Blind Peer Reviewers: provide a comprehensive feedback on paper
o Economic Model for Publisher
o Publisher bears the cost of printing and circulation
o Researcher pay the price per view because researcher publications have limited
circulation and readership
o Open Access Journal makes author pay the cost
o DOI: Digital Object Identifier, unique access number is assigned to digital objects
including music, videos, papers
o Digital object owner has to apply and request to purchase number
o Citeseer and Gutenberg free directories
o Conferences:
o Pre-Proceeding: Review process is done before the conference
o Post-Proceeding: review process is in progress
o Participation in conferences: Assess the funding models, look for ways and
venues for funding
o Workshop aspect of Conference
o Brainstorming: Includes discussion, focus groups and emergent themes
o Hand-on-Training: Includes training session on different skills
o Conference Validity
o Age of Conference
o Who public proceedings? Credibility of Publisher
o Some credible publishers: IOS press, Elsevier, Springer, Sage
o Credibility of Sponsors and Organizers
o Credibility of Programme Chair, Organizing Chair
Category B
o Books
Monographs: Comprehensive account about one topic by one author
Research Books: Combination of various researches on one theme
Research Book Chapters: Invitations are sent out to different authors by the editor of the
book
2.3 Measuring Research Productivity
o Lesson s from Fermats Last Theorem:
o Realizing the importance of the argument
o Publishing and Communicating research is essential
o Understand research in context of social responsibility
o arnetminer.org ranking of researchers

2.3.1 Popular Scientists

o Popular Scientists communicate findings to general public in easy language
o Scientific Findings Popular Scientists General Public
o Influence public policy
o serve science in public sphere
o Have strong presence in talks, symposium
2.3.2 Researcher Co-Activist
o Present on public forums
o Work for public awareness
o Communicate fundamental scientific facts
2.3.3 Hardcore Scientists
o Laboratory Scientists
o Less access to the general public
o Write research, get it published and cited
o popularize them in journals and conferences
2.3.4 Measuring Research Productivity
o H-Index (Hirsch Index)
o The h-index is based on a list of publications ranked in descending order by the Times Cited. The
value of h is equal to the number of papers (N) in the list that have N or more citations.

Example:
Publications
A
B
C
D
E
F
G

Citation/publication
3
5
8
2
3
6
9

Arranging in Descending Order

No. Publications
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Publications
G
C
F
B
E
A
D

Citation/publication
9
8
6
5
3
3
2

h-Index: 4
Number at left hand side should not
exceed the number at right hand side

o ISI Index & Impact Factor, founder Eugene Garfield

o Sciencometric: Domain to Measure Science
o Thomson Reuters acquired ISI (Institute of Scientific Information)
o ISI offered bibliographic database services, maintains citation databases of thousands
of Academic Journals

o ISI also publishes the annual Journal Citation Reports which list an impact factor for
each of the journals that it tracks.
o Impact Factor: Journals impact factor will also be papers impact factor publishing
in the journal
o Calculation:
o Impact Factor is calculated individually for every year.
o A = the number of times that articles published in that journal in 2006 and
2007, were cited by articles in indexed journals during 2008.
o B = the total number of "citable items" published by that journal in 2006 and
2007. ("Citable items" are usually articles, reviews, proceedings, or notes; not
editorials or letters to the editor.)
o 2008 impact factor = A/B.
o IF: 350/100=3.5
o Impact Factor Weaknesses:
o Monopoly over information
o No Significant competition/Alternative to mechanism of assessment
o Dont assess individual papers
o HECs Recognized Categories
X

International, un-ISI indexed

Pakistani Published, International Journal with International Figures in The

Review Board

International, ISI Indexed, Impact Factor (top-most category)

National, no international reviewer

2.4 Research & Social Networking

2.4.1 Popular Research Social Networks
o SSRN (Social Science Research Network)
o Mendley
o Research Gate
o LinkedIn
o Google Scholar
2.4.2 Facilities
o Emerging phenomena of Collaborative Research
o Orient your Research
o Update findings
o Timely information
o Sharing and introducing new research trends
2.4.3 Google Scholar
o Semi-automated, verified research repository
o Proprietary owned infrastructure

o Gives facility to create accounts

o Maintains scholars profile
o send emails to verify publications
2.4.4 Research Gate
o Feedback from experts on your research ideas
o RG Score: Research gate ranks researchers on the basis of questions asked, answers
contributed, up votes to questions and answers, downloads
o Value measurement through crowd sourcing
2.4.5 Wikipedia
o Advantages
o Open Collaborative System (OCS)
o An example of crowd sourcing, Collective Intelligence
o Wikipedia is a product of Collective Human Intelligence
o Data up to 25 Tera bites
o Utility of Wikipedia is beyond any other encyclopedia
o Issues
o Skepticism about Wikipedia credibility
o Questions about considering Wikipedia as an Academic Source
o Our society does not value the sense of contribution
o More contributory society will have their cultural and behavioral bias
2.4.6 From Information to Knowledge
o Knowledge Management through collaborative discussion
o Accelerated the research pace
o Knowledge is a step beyond information
o Online Education courser.org, iversity.org open course wares
o Diversity is fundamental for innovation
3. Personal Information Management
3.1 Versioning
o Multiple versions may bring issues of authentication
o During research multiple drafts need to be prepared
o Versioning: Process of making History Life
o Making logs of the previous drafts to preserve different versions of drafts in order to
understand why changes are being made
o Versioning Control Systems: Github and Current Versioning System (CVS)
No.
Purpose of Change
1
1.1
1.2
2
2.1
File name VOL 1.1.doc

Author

Date

3.2 MS Word: Review Option

o Comments
o Date
o Previous
o New Version
o Updated Reviewers comments

3.3 Managing Reference Libraries

o Creating and Managing Reference Libraries
o Store references, can be used during research writing
o Tools
o Endnote
o Zotero
o Endnote Web
o Reference Manager
o Mendeley
3.4 Google Cloud Service: Service oriented as culture, outsourcing
o SAS: Software as service
o IAS: Infrastructure as Service
o PAS: Platform as Service
o Google Drive: Sharing documents, collaborative writing, data transmission, creating
online survey forms and collating responses
###