CAPSULE PHYSICS

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CAPSULE PHYSICS

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PHYSICS

(A SMALL COMPANION MATERIAL FOR PHYSICS)

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CLASS X

ALIF MUHAMMED.A

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CAPSULE PHYSICS

PREFACE
I feel immense pleasure in presenting the book CAPSULE PHYSICS

(A SMALL COMPANION MATERIAL FOR PHYSICS) for class x.

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Salient features:
Covers all the facts and aspects of syllabus in the form of a capsule.
Number of worked out examples are given in all chapters at
appropriate places for the quick revision and assessment of
understanding of the topic.
Model question paper is also included at the end of the book.
Use of very simple and lucid language.

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First thanks go to my father and mother and GOD and my friends &
Smart Caf, Edamon. My Sincere thanks go to Mrs. Jayakumary.S
[Former Principal KUCTE, ANCHAL].

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Please read this text book carefully, and then send your suggestions for
improving the quality and usefulness of the book.

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Alif Muhammed. A
Banglavu Murupel Puthen Veedu
Edamon Post
Punalur
Pin 691307
Mob: 9995858447
E-mail: alif.muhammedplr@gmail.com

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CAPSULE PHYSICS

Index

CHAPTER

PAGE NO

1. EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT ..4

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3. GENERATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF

2. ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION .12

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ELECTRIC POWER .19

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4. SOUND.. 26

5. OPTICAL PHENOMENA.. 35

6. ELECTRONICS.. 40

7. OUR UNIVERSE....49

8. S.S.LC MODEL QUESTION .... 51

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CAPSULE PHYSICS

1. EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT

MAIN CONTENTS

HEATING EFFECT OF ELECTRIC CURRENT

LIGHTING EFFECT OF ELECRIC CURRENT
CHEMICAL EFFECT OF ELECTRIC CURRENT

HEATING EFFECT OF ELECTRIC CURRENT

Joules Law
The law states that Heat developed in a conductor by the passage of electric current is equal to the
product of the square of the current and the resistance of the conductor and the time of the flow of
current.

H = I2Rt

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I current (A)

H = V2t /R

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t- Time (s)

H = VIt

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Equations of Joules law from Ohms law

By Ohms law R = V/I, I = V/R

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= V2t /R

2. H = I2R t =

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1. H = I2Rt =

H- Heat (joule)

I.e.: H =I2Rt

=VIt

Q1. What are the factors affecting heat produced by a current passing conductor?
Q2. State and explain joules law?
Additional l information
We know that H =I2Rt,
Then 1. t=H/I2R
2. R = H/I2t
3. I2 = H/Rt or I=

Q3. Find out the quantity of heat produced in a resistance of 10

Ans:

R = 10, I=2A, t =60 s, H=?

H = I2Rt
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CAPSULE PHYSICS

, when 2A current is supplied to it for 60 s?

H =22x 10 x 60 = 4 x10 X60 = 2400 J

MORE PROBLEMS
1 Calculate the time required to produce 24000 J of heat when a current of 2A flows through an electric kettle
under a supply of 240 v?
Ans : t =50 s
2 .Find the heat developed in a resistor of resistance 2000 when 2A current is supplied to for 5 minutes?
Ans: 2400000J

Safety fuse wire

Characters of nichrome

* It is an alloy of tin and lead

1. High Resistance

* low melting point

2. High melting point

3. Ability to remain in red hot state for a long
time

4. Does not have high thermal expansion

ELECTRIC POWER

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Power is the work done per unit time, Power =work/time

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5. Does not get oxidized at higher

temperature.

Electric power is the work done by the electric current per unit time.

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=W/t=H/t

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Electric power =
P = I2Rt/t
P

P= I2R

equations of electric power is

=I R

P = V2 /R

P = VI

Unit of power is J/s or watt (w)

Q4. Find out the power of an electric device of 200 resistance which draws a current of 3A?
R =200
I=3A
P =?
P

=I R

P= 3 x 200=1800 w

Q5.An Electric device of resistance 20works in a 230 V mains, find the power of the device?
R =20, V= 230V, P=?

P = V2 /R =2302/20=2645w
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CAPSULE PHYSICS

Q6.Calculate the heat produced when a 500 W heater works for 10 minutes?
Ans : P=500W ,t=10X60=600S,
H=VIt=Pxt=500x600=300000J
RESISTANCE
Resistance of an electrical conductor is the opposition to the passage of an electric current through that
conductor. It is denoted by R, and its unit is ohm (),
Factors affecting the resistance of a conductor

1. Length of the conductor (

1.(

2.(R

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, R=

(Rho) is a constant, and is called resistivity of

the conductor.

,Its unit is ohmmeter ( m)

Resistivity is the resistance of a conductor having

unit length and unit area of cross section

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Q7.Some material and there

resistivity are given below

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5. The nature of the material

Silver
Copper
Aluminum
Steel
Tungsten
Nichrome
Carbon

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4. Temperature of the
conductor

Resistivity
-8
x10
m
1.59
1.68
2.82
2
5.5
100
3.5

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Then R
Substance

the conductor(R

2. Area of cross section of

Silver-1.53, copper-1.68, iron-10, mercury-94

a. Which among iron and mercury is a better conductor?
B .Which material is the best conductor? Why?

Q8. A current of Y ampere is passed through a conductor of X ohm resistance for a period of Z second,
a. Find the heat developed in the conductor?
b. When the current through a conductor is doubled, the heat developed in it will be increased
by?
LIGHTING EFFECT OF ELECRIC CURRENT
Different Types of lamps
1. FILAMENT LAMP
2. FLURESCENT LAMP
3. DISCHARGE LAMP
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CAPSULE PHYSICS

4. LIGHT EMITTING DIODE

MAIN FUNCTION OF ELECTRIC
LIGHT ENERGY

LAMPS

CONVERT ELECTRICAL ENERGY INTO

FILAMENT LAMP (Incandescent lamp)

Main parts

1. Tungsten filament 2.Glass bulb, 3.Holder pin

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Working: An incandescent light bulb, incandescent lamp or incandescent light globe is an electric
light which produces light with a filament wire heated to a high temperature by an electric current passing
through it, until it glows. The hot filament is protected from oxidation with a glass or quartz bulb that is filled
with inert gas or evacuated.

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Filament lamp

2.. HIGH DUCTILITY

3. HIGH RESISTIVITY

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1. HIGH MELTING POINT

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CHARACTRERISTICS OF TUNGSTEN

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DEMERIT OF THE FILAMENT LAMP: Main problem is major part of energy is lost in the form of heat.

INCANDESCENT MEANS GLOWING ON

BEING HEATED

5. HIGH RESISTANCE
5. ABILITY TO REMAIN IN WHITE HOT STATE
FOR A LONG TIME

DISCHARGE LAMP
Part-1.A Glass tube,
2. Glass tube filled with suitable gas,
3. Electrodes at both ends of the tubes

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CAPSULE PHYSICS

Working
A High voltage is applied on the electrodes of the tube, then the gas gets ionized. As a result of the collision of
ions and electrons with unionized particle, the light is produced.
The colour of the light produced in discharge lamp
depends on the nature of the gas that is used in the
discharge lamp

Gas in the
discharge tube
Neon
Nitrogen
Sodium Vapour
Mercury vapour
Chlorine
Hydrogen

FLUORESCENT LAMP
Main parts:
1. Glass tube,

Colour of light
Orange
Red
Yellow
white
Green
Blue

2. Heating coil

Working

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When electricity is passed though the heating coil of the F-lamp it gets heated and electrons are emitted. The
tube in the lamp has mercury in it, due to the passage of electricity mercury gets evaporated, and then the
emitted electrons collide with mercury atoms. As a result, UV rays are produced from mercury atoms. These
UV rays are absorbed by the fluorescent materials and change into visible light .

CF lamps (Compact Fluorescent lamps)

A compact fluorescent lamp (CFL), also called compact fluorescent light, energy-saving light, and compact
fluorescent tube. It works with the help of an electronic circuit

Advantages of fluorescent lamps

Energy loss is less

Gives greater intensity of light
Majority of energy is converted into light energy
Shadow is minimized
Saves electrical energy

Disadvantages of fluorescent lamps

High initial cost

Useless fluorescent lamps became waste
Mercury and florescent material inside the discarded tubes as pollutants

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CAPSULE PHYSICS

(CFL- LAMPS)

(CFL- LAMP CIRCUIT)

LED (Light emitting diode)

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LED is an electronic device which converts electrical energy into light energy, (An LED consists of two
elements of processed material called P-type semiconductors and N-type semiconductors. These two elements
are placed in direct contact, forming a region called the P-N junction.)
Benefits of LEDs compared with incandescent and fluorescent lamps

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Low power requirement: Most types can be operated with battery power supplies
High efficiency
Long life
L.E.D
Lower initial cost
Produces cool light
LED light up very quickly

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Indicator lights

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Uses of LED

LCD panel backlighting: Specialized white LEDs are used in flat-panel computer displays.
Q9.The colour of light in the Neon lamp is orange
a. We can fill mercury vapour instead of Neon gas, predict the colour of light?
b. Explain how light is obtained from it?
Ans: a .white b.(refer) what?

Q10.In a circuit there is a resistance wire of length 20 cm , a boy cuts the resistance wire in to two equal halves
and one half is connected to the circuit, what will be the change in the intensity of bulb in the circuit?

Ans : The new length is 10 cm, we know that

, and when the length of the resistance wire is reduced to half

of the original value, intensity of current increases and the bulb glows with more intensity.

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CAPSULE PHYSICS

CHEMICAL EFFECT OF ELECTRIC CURRENT

Electro plating is the process of coating a metal on the surface of conductor by electrolysis. It is done by the
help of a solution called electrolyte. This electrolyte contains the ions of the metal used and the ions move
towards the negative electrode.

Positive electrode

Negative electrode

Electrolyte

Silver plate

Iron spoon

An aluminum cup with

gold

Gold plate

Aluminum cup

The handle of a bicycle

with chromium

Chromium plate

Handle of bicycle

Silver nitrate solution

/mixed solution of
sodium cyanide and silver
cyanide
A mixed solution of
sodium cyanide and gold
cyanide
Chromic acid

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Object to be electro
plated
An iron spoon with silver

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Copper- Copper sulphate, Nickel- Nickel ammonium sulphate

Improves the appearance

Prevents corrosion
To make artificial jewellery by electro plating gold or silver on jewellery made of cheaper metals

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Uses of electroplating

Situations in which chemical effect of electric current is used

Electroplating
Purification of metal
To extract metals from ore

Q11. Suppose an iron cup is to be electroplated with silver.

a. Which material is used as positive electrode?
b. Which solution is used as electrolyte?
c. Draw the arrangement of electroplating?
Q12.A wire of given material having length L and area of cross section A has a resistance of 4.what
would be the resistance of another wire of the same materials having length L/2 and area of cross section 2A?
Q13. Calculate the power of a heater of resistance 125 working on 230v mains?
Ans: P=423.3w
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CAPSULE PHYSICS

Combination of resistors
Effective resistance in series R=R1+R2+R3+
Effective resistance in parallel = + +.
Q14.Two resistors 12, 6 are connected in series with 9v battery.
a. Draw the circuit diagram?
B . Calculate the effective resistance of the circuit?
c. Calculate the intensity of current through each resistor?
Ans : b. R=8 c .I=0.5A,

50W, 250V

25W, 250V

Q15.

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A and B are two blubs

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a. Which bulb has more resistance?

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b. If the bulb A works on 125v, calculate the heat produced in 10 minutes?

Ans : a. Bulb B has more resistance because it has less power

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b. H=7500J

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Q16. Analyze the given figure and write about the effect of current utilized in each figure ?

(A)

(B)

(C)

Q17. Calculate the heat produced in the circuit given below when current is passed for one minute through the
circuit? (R1=6 and R2=3,V=3V}

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CAPSULE PHYSICS

.
Q18 .An electrical device of 250 work in 2 A current
a. find the power of this device?
B .How much energy will be consumed in one hour?
Q19. A silver cup is has to be electroplated with gold.

a. What are the materials needed for this?

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b. What area the important points to be noted while doing this experiment?

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Q20 .Write the following sentences in the correct order?

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c. What is the function of the battery?

Gases are ionized, Rays are produced, and Collision between ions and molecule take place, High voltage is
given to the electrodes

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Q21.It is dangerous to use a thick wire as fuse instead of a fuse wire, why?

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Q22.How does safety fuse protect the appliance in an electric circuit?

2 .ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
MAIN POINTS

ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
ELECTRIC GENERATOR
MOVING COIL MICROPHONE
MUTUAL INDUCTION
TRANSFORMER
SELF INDUCTION
FLEMINGS LEFT HAND RULE
MOVING COIL LOUDSPEAKER
DC MOTOR

ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
The process by which an emf is induced in a conductor when the magnetic flux linked with it changes. The emf
produced is called induced emf, and the resulting current is called induced current.

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CAPSULE PHYSICS

Methods used to increase the induced emf

Increase the strength of the magnet

Increase the number of turns in the coil
Increase the speed of rotation of magnet or coil

AC and DC GENERATORS

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AC and DC generator is a device working on the principle of ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

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AC and DC generator is used to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy

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AC generator

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Field magnet
Armature
Slip rings
Brush

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Output of AC generator

Main parts of AC generator are

If the coil completes one rotation in one second its frequency is said to be 1Hz

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CAPSULE PHYSICS

DC Generator
Main parts

Field magnet
Armature
Split ring
Brush

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Out put

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The AC induced in the armature is converted into DC in the

External circuit by an arrangement called-split ring commutator.

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Graphical representation of battery

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emf

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Moving coil microphone
Parts

Diaphragm
Field magnet
Moving coil (voice coil)

Figures representing a moving coil microphone

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CAPSULE PHYSICS

Flow chart of moving coil microphone

Sound wave

diaphragm

voice coil

out put

When the intensity of sound produced in front of the diaphragm increases, the amplitude of the induced electric
signal formed in the coil also increases.

Function: converts sound waves into electric signal

Self Induction
The phenomenon of inducing an emf in a coil due to change in magnetic flux linked with the same coil when ac
is flows through it is called self induction.
This emf is opposite to the emf applied in the circuit; this emf is called BACK EMF. The coil is known as
inductor.

Mutual induction

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Consider two coils placed near each other as shown in figure. When current is passed through the primary
coil, magnetic flux is produced. This magnetic flux is also linked with the secondary coil. If the current is
changed by varying the resistance in the primary circuit, the magnetic flux also changes. As this changing
flux is linked with the secondary coil, it induces an emf in it. This phenomenon of inducing emf in a coil by
changing current in another coil is known as mutual inductance.

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Inductors are used in ac circuits to

regulate electric current as the need
be without loss of power or energy

Transformer
Transformer is a device used to increase or decrees the AC voltage. This work on the principle of mutual
induction

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CAPSULE PHYSICS

Transformer

Step up transformer
High volt AC

High volt AC

Low Volt AC

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Low volt AC

Step down transformer

Relation between the number of turns of coil of a transformer and induced emf

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RELATION BETWEEN VOLTAGE AND

CURRENT AND POWER OF A
TRANSFORMER
P=VxI
Power in primary = VP x IP
Power in secondary = VS X IS , In a transformer the
power in the secondary and primary is the same,
then VP x IP= VS X IS

Moving coil loudspeaker

Main parts

Magnet
Voice coil
Diaphragm

Flow chart
Electrical signal from amplifier

Voice coil
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CAPSULE PHYSICS

diaphragm

sound

Schematic diagram of moving coil loudspeaker

FUNCTION

ELECTRIC SIGNAL IS CONVERTED

INTO SOUND SIGNAL

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Electric motor (DC motor)

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Field magnet
Armature
Split ring commutator
Brushes

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Parts

Flemings Left hand rule

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Into Mechanical energy

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Motor converts electrical energy

Stretch the thump, fore finger, and middle finger of the left hand, so that they are perpendicular to one
another. The fore finger represents the direction of the magnetic field, and the thumb indicates the
direction of the force and middle finger represent the direction of current.

Sir John Ambrose Fleming

Sir John Ambrose Fleming FRS (29 November 1849 18
April 1945) was an English electrical engineer and physicist. He
is known for inventing the first thermionic valve or vacuum tube,
the diode, later called the Kontron in 1904. He is also famous for
the left hand rule (for electric motors)

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CAPSULE PHYSICS

Q23.To wind a step-down transformer to get an output of 10v by applying an input voltage of 250v, how many
turns are required in the secondary coil if the number of turns in the primary is 4500?
Q24. Complete the following table?
Name of device
Dynamo
Micro phone
Loud speaker
transformer

Working principle

Q25. Initially 3v, 50Hz, AC is applied on the moving voice coil of a loudspeaker. After that a 3v DC is applied,
a. Which among these two will produce sound? Why?
b. What type of energy transformations occur in this device?
c. What arrangement is made to produce sound, when the voice coil vibrates in the moving loudspeaker?
d. Suppose you are given a circuit of loudspeaker, what changes can make that circuit into a microphone?

Q.26 AC is not suitable for electroplating.

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a. Name the type of electricity used in the process electroplating?

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b. Why Ac is not suitable for electroplating?

It has a magnet and coil

There are no slip rings in it

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Q27 When a bicycle dynamo is examined by opening it, the following components were found .

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b. Why slip rings were not used?

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a. .What type of electricity, we get from this dynamo?

c. In which part emf is induced?

d. How can you increase the amount of emf obtained from this dynamo without changing its structure?
Q28. In a transformer NS : NP -3 : 5 , if VS is 300 v ,then what will be the value of VP?
Q29.Wat is the difference between a generator and an electric motor with respect to energy transformation?
Q30. You are given a long insulated copper wire, a galvanometer and a bar magnet.
a. How can you produce electromagnetic induction by using these?
b. How can you increase the strength of the induced current?
c. Write any two devices working on the principle of electromagnetic induction?

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CAPSULE PHYSICS

Q31 Complete the table?

Characteristics of electric
current

Name of source

Graphical representation

Flows in opposite directions with

continuous variations
Continuous increase and decrease
,but flows in the same direction
Flows in the same direction without
any change
Q32. Write the following statement in the correct order and answer the given questions given below?

[Paper cone vibrates, Sound is produced, Electric signals reach the voice coil, and Voice coil vibrates]
a. Name the device?

b. Write the energy change in the device?

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Q33.Bilal said .the electricity formed in the armature of a DC generator is actually AC

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a. Is the statement true?

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b. Write your opinion?

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3. GENERATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER

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Main points

POWER GENERATOR
SINGLE PHASE AND THREE PHASE GENERATOR
POWER TRANSMISSION
POWER DISTRIBUTION
TRANSMISSION LOSS
STAR CONNECTION
HOUSE HOILD WIRING
THREE PIN AND TWO PIN PLUG
EARTHING
MEASUREMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY

Power Station
The centre where electricity is generated for distribution

Mainly three types of power stations

Thermal power station

Hydroelectric power station
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CAPSULE PHYSICS

Nuclear power station

Hydroelectric power
station

Thermal power station

Nuclear power station

Pallivasal

Neyveli

Tharapur

Moolamattom

Kayamkulam

Kalpakkam

Kuttiadi
Sabarigiri

Ramangundam
Brahmapuram

Kotta
Narora

Power generator
In electricity generation, an electric generator is a device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy

Main parts of a power generator

Rotor

Stator
Exciters

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The most important parts of a generator are armature and field magnet. In order to cut the magnetic lines of
force one of them is said to be rotated and other is kept stationary.
Rotor is the rotating part of the generator & stator is the stationary part of the generator

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Exciters

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{The armature of a power generator will be of heavy mass .So it is used as the stator, and the field magnet is
used as rotor}

The auxiliary generators meant for providing DC to electro magnets in large AC generators is called exciter.
Q34.Why permanent magnet should not be used as field magnet in large AC generator?
Ans: If permanent magnet is used as field magnet the amount of current produced will decrease with the
decrease in the power of magnet. So electromagnets are used as field magnets.

Single phase and three phase generator

Generator in which there is an armature coil for every pair of magnetic poles and from which only a single AC
is obtained is called a single phase generator.
The generators which have three set of armature coils (at an angle1200) for every pair of
poles and from which three separate AC are obtained are called three phase generator .

Three phase generator

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CAPSULE PHYSICS

Output

[One end of the three phase line is connected together, this point is called neutral]

Power transmission and distribution

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The process of sending electricity through wires from the generating station to the area where it is consumed is
known as power transmission.

Note:

Step up transformer are used at the substation near the power house
In other stage of distribution step down transformer is used
The voltages generated at the power station is 11 KV

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CAPSULE PHYSICS

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Voltage drop
Energy lose (Heat)

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Problems related to the transmission of electricity to distant places

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Q35. What are the problems related to the transmission of the electricity to the distant place? How can they be
minimized?

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Ans ; it can be minimized by reducing the strength of electric current and by raising the voltage during
transmission.

Star connection

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(The heat developed in a conductor is directly proportional to the square of the current passing through it from
joules law)

An arrangement of connecting one end each of the three phase coil at a common point is known as star
connection.

four lines come out of the distribution transformer meant for household and another purposes
Three lines come into the transformer

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CAPSULE PHYSICS

Star connection
Note:

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The potential difference between two phase line is 400v

Potential difference between one phase line and neutral line is 230v
One end each of the three phase coils will be connected together at a common point is called neutral
point, the voltage at that point will be zero
If a person standing on the earth touches the neutral line he does not get electric shock

Parallel electric circuit is better for domestic wiring

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House hold wiring

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Bulbs give maximum light when they are connected in parallel

Energy saved in parallel system since the required equipment alone can be switched on
We can control each equipment separately in a household circuit when it is connected in parallel
Total resistance of the circuit is minimized
Each appliance gets the same voltage
In parallel circuit ,if one electrical appliance stops working then all other appliances keep working
normally

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Q 36 . What are the conveniences in connecting equipments in parallel?

Household wiring circuit

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CAPSULE PHYSICS

Note the points:

Fuse is connected in the phase line
Watt hour meter is connected in the beginning of the domestic
circuit
The switches are connected to the phase line

Three pin and two pin plug

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The large pin of the three pin plug is called earth pin which is connected to
metallic covering.
When the plug pins are inserted in the plug socket the earth pin will be
connected to the large hole in socket, which is kept well earthed.
If the insulation of a circuit is damaged, and the current happens to pass over the
metallic part of appliances one who happens to touch this may get an electric
shock. When a three pin plug is used, the metallic body of the appliance
connected to the instrument gets connected to the earth through the earth wire.

Measurement of electrical energy

When electrical appliance consumes electrical energy at the rate of 1 joule per second, its power is said to be 1
watt
Electrical energy = power x time

i.e

x s = 1 j or

Xs =1Ws is the consumed electrical energy.

The energy consumed by a device of power 1000 w (1 KW) in one hour is one kilowatt hour. This is the
commercial unit of electricity

Energy consumed in kilowatt hour =

1 Watt hour = the quantity of energy consumed in one hour at the rate of 1 joule per second
= 1 joule x 60 x60 = 3600 j

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CAPSULE PHYSICS

1 kilowatt hour (1 unit) = 1000 x 3600 j = = 3600000 joule

Q37. Problem from text

Device

Power
w

Iron

750

Time of
working
hour
0.5

Fan

60

Bulb

40

L.E.D

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C.F.L

20

Consumed energy in
kilowatt hour

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SI No

Q38. Why we use very high voltage for transmitting electricity to distant places, why

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Ans : power p= VI , when electricity is transmitted to distant place , there is a loss of energy due to heat. To
reduce this electric current should be minimum. So high voltage is used by decreasing the value of electric
current without changing the electric power.

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Q39.Draw the graphic representation of a three phase AC?

Q40.The following picture shows three pin plugs

A
B
C

a. What is the use of terminal E?

b. To which part of the equipment is E to be connected?
c.To which terminal are the fuse and the switch connected B or

Q41.

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CAPSULE PHYSICS

Complete a domestic electric circuit of your own idea and label the names of devices used?
Q42. There are five 500 w bulbs and three 60w bulbs in a house circuit. They work for 5 hours daily. How many
units of electricity is consumed in the month of March?

Q43. Some details in a survey form attached with a project report of a student are given below:
Appliance
Bulb
Bulb

power
100 w
60 w

Total number
3
5

Time in hours
5
5

Based on the survey calculate the total energy consumed per day in this house?
Ans : Total power 3 x100 + 5x 60 + =300+300 = 600W

Electrical energy used in one day =

Q44. 60 W power is obtained when a bulb is connected to 240 v. if the supply voltage is lowered to 180 v what
power will be obtained?

Q45. If 0.01A current flows through a bulb working at 250V, how many hours are required to consume one unit

BL

of electricity?

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Ans v=230V, I=0.01 A,

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P=V x I=250 x 0.01= 25 W

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Time taken by the 25 W bulb to consume one unit of energy in hours= 1000/25 =40 hr

IS

Q46. Find out the reason for the following.

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a. Neutral line is earthed at different places?

b. The earth pin in a three pin plug is longer and thicker than other pins?
Ans . a, The neutral line will be maintained at zero potential by earthling at different points along its length

4. SOUND
Main Points

Sound
Transmission of sound
Characteristics of sound
Doppler effect
Resonance
Beats
Limit if audibility
Reflection of sound
Acoustics of building
Sound pollution
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CAPSULE PHYSICS

Sound
Sound is a form of energy which makes as hear. Sound is produced by the vibration of the objects.Objects that
produce sound are called sources of sound.
Frequency of sound
It is the number of vibrations per second, and its unit is Hertz. [Sound changes according to change in
frequency. The frequency of sound waves is the same as that of the vibrating body which produecs sound.
The reason for the sound variation from different sources is due to the difference in their frequency.]
Natural frequency
Every vibrating objects has its own frequency, this frequency is called natural frequency. This natural frequency
does not change if it is allowed to vibrate freely.
Factors on which the frequency depends

Nature of the material

Thickness
Length tension

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Transmission of sound

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Sound needs a material medium like solid, liquid or gas to travel; the substance through which sound travels is
called a medium.

Dou you know!

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Velocity of sound

IS

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The moon has no air or atmosphere at all. It is all vaccum on the surface of moon. Sound cannot be heard
directly on the surface of moon because there is no air on the moon to carry the sound waves.

Sound travels faster in solids than in liquids, because the molecules inside solid substance are packed tightly.
The speed of sound in liquids is comparatively slow. As the molecules in gases are loosely packed speed of
sound through gases is much slower.
Medium
Aluminum
Iron
Steel
Water
Air

Remember this

Velocity of sound m/s

6420
5950
5960
1498
340

sped =

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CAPSULE PHYSICS

 Sound waves are longitudinal waves

The distance between two nearest points in a wave which are in the same phase of vibration is called
the wavelength.
The distance travelled by the wave in one second is called velocity of the wave or the speed of the
wave
The maximum displacement from its mean position is called amplitude of the wave

The relation between wavelength, frequency, and velocity of a wave is

BL

Velocity =frequency x wavelength, V =f x

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1.Intensity of sound

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Loudness
Intensity of sound
Pitch
Timber or quality

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Characteristics of sound

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Intensity of sound is the quantity of sound energy passed vertically through a unit surface in unit time.
According to the increase in the amplitude of vibrating object the intensity also increases.

The intensity of sound is proportional to the square of the amplitude of the sound. The intensity of
sound is the amount of energy passing through unit area per second perpendicular to the direction of
2
propagation. Its unit is W/m

2. Loudness
The intensity of sound produced in the ear is called loudness.

Loudness is the measure of audibility produced by sound in a person. This is also called sound
pressure level. Its unit is decibel (db).it can be measured by an instrument called the decibel
meter
This depends on Intensity of sound, Frequency and Efficiency of the ear

29
CAPSULE PHYSICS

Q 47. Define forced vibration?]

It is the phenomenon in which one object vibrates under the influence of another vibrating body with the
frequency as that of the influencing body.
Q 48 . Note down the factors that affect loudness?
Amplitude ( loudness [amplitude]2 )
Surface area (loudness surface area)
Distance between source and receiver. ( loudness

Distance between source and receiver )

Density of the medium (( loudness Density of the medium )

Q 49. If two tuning forks have equal frequency and different size, which one produces louder sound?
Ans: The big one produces louder sound as it has more surface area (loudness surface area)

3. Pitch

Shrillness of a sound felt by the ear is its pitch. The pitch of sound depends on the frequency of vibration.

EO

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Pitch

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High pitch

(Sound of low frequency)

(Sound of higher frequency)

Low pitch

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Bass and Treble

4. Timber or Quality

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A group of sound waves of low pitch is Bass & A group of sound waves of high pitch is treble

Timber or quality of sound is that characteristic which enables us to distinguish one sound from another having
the same pitch and loudness.
Doppler Effect
The change in frequency experienced by the receiver either because of the relative motion of the source or the
receiver or both is Doppler Effect.

When the sound source moves towards the receiver at rest, the frequency of the sound that is heard
increases.
When the sound source moves away from the receiver at rest, the frequency of the sound that is heard
decreases.
The reason for this that the number of cycles received by the receiver in a second decreases.

30
CAPSULE PHYSICS

Resonance
When the natural frequency of the body undergoing forced vibration becomes equal to the frequency of the
impressed vibration, the body undergoing forced vibration will vibrate with greater amplitude, in this state the
two objects are said to be in resonance.

Beats

BL

If two sound sources of slightly different frequencies are sounded together, a periodic rise and fall in intensity
will be heard, this phenomenon is known as beats

EO

Limit of Audibility

IS

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Intensity of sound
Frequency of sound
Normally a person can hear frequencies from 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz
Sound of frequency less than 20Hz are called infrasonic sounds.
Sound of frequency greater than 20 kHz are called ultrasonic sounds.
Dogs ,bats , dolphins can hear sounds above 20Hz
Rhinoceroses can hear sounds of frequencies 5Hz and above
Whales and elephants can produce and hear infrasonic sounds
Bats produce ultrasonic sounds having high frequency when they travel at night
Certain types of rats and butterflies also have the capacity of identifying the ultra sonic sound .Using
this capacity they escape from bats
Certain animals and birds have the capacity to identify the infrasonic sound produced before
earthquake.

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Limit of Audibility depends on two factors

Supersonic waves: waves whose speeds exceed the speed of sound in air
Subsonic waves: waves having speeds below the speed of sound in air

31
CAPSULE PHYSICS

A supersonic aircraft is an aircraft able to fly faster than the speed of sound (Mach 1). Supersonic aircrafs were
developed in the second half of the twentieth century and have been used almost entirely for research and
military purposes. Only two, Concorde and the Tupolev Tu-144, were ever designed for civil use as airliners.
The aerodynamics of supersonic flight is called compressible flow because of the compression associated with the
shock waves or "sonic boom" created by any object travelling faster than sound.

Uses of Ultrasonic sounds

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To record the function of the heart (echocardiograph)

To study the functioning of internal organs like liver kidney ,uterus ( Ultrasonography )
To crush small stones formed in the kidney
To measure of depth of oceans (SONAR Sound Navigation and Ranging)
For detecting flaws
For emulsification in industry
Persistence of hearing:
Reflection of sound
The sensation of hearing sound
Sound can also be made to change its direction and bounce back when
produced by sound is retained for a
period of 1/10 second; this peculiarity
It falls on hard surface.
of the ear is persistence of hearing.

Multiple Reflections
Multiple reflection of sound is the process in which sound waves bounces off obstacles and reflects many
times before reaching the destination. This is the phenomena that occur in a stethoscope. Sound waves reflect
through the tube many times before reaching the ears of the doctor.

32
CAPSULE PHYSICS

Application of multiple reflection of sound

Used in stethoscope
Megaphone and horns
Echo
Sound or sounds caused by the reflection of sound
waves from a surface back to the listener or Echo is the same sound heard again after sound is heard
Acoustics of buildings
Architectural acoustics is the science and engineering of achieving a good sound within a building and is a
branch of Acoustical engineering.
The factors to be taken into account while constructing an auditorium

BL

Heavy curtains are put on the doors and windows to absorb sound and reduce reverberations
Carpets are put on the floor
Avoid curved walls
Panels made of sound absorbing materials are put on the walls and ceiling of big halls

EO

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Cannot hear the sound properly

The sound is heard repeatedly
The sweetness of music is lost
Loudness is insufficient
Sound cannot be heard uniformly at all places in the hall

IS

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Q .50. What are the possible effects of reflection of sound in a big hall?

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Q.51. what can be done to minimize the disadvantages due to these phenomena?
A large number of ventilators and windows are provided
Curtains having many folds are used
Walls are made rough
Presence of large number of audience increase the sound absorbing space

Q52. Write the ways to minimize sound pollution in town and note down your suggestions?
Plant trees on the road side
Obey the laws to control noise pollution
Avoid air horns and loudspeakers
Maintain automobiles in good condition

Q53 A small bomb explodes just below the water surface at a distance of 1500 m from a ship .Suppose a person
on the ship hears the sound of explosion
a. Which are the media through which the sound travels to reach the ship?
b. If the speed of sound in water is 1500m/s , how long will it take for this sound to reach the ship through
water?
33
CAPSULE PHYSICS

c. calculate the time the sound takes to travel the same distance through air ( speed of sound in air is 340 m/s)?
ans : a, air and water
b. speed

= 1500m/s

Distance =1500 m
Time

=?

Distance = Speed x time

Time

=distance / speed
= 1500/1500= 1 s

c. speed = 340 m/s

Distance = 1500m

t = 1500/340 = 4.4 s

EO

BL

To estimate the speed of submarine , aero plane , automobile, etc

To track the artificial satellite
To estimate velocity of rotation of star
This principle also used by the police to measure the speed of vehicles

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Q.54. Write the application of Doppler Effect?

v = 340m/s

=?

IS

Ans : f = 170 Hz

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Q.55 . A tuning fork produces sound waves of frequency 170Hz. If the speed of sound waves is 340 m/s , what
will be the wave length?

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V=fx
=

=2 m

Q 56. What is the speed of a wave with frequency 256 Hz and wave length 2m?
f= 256 Hz

= 2 m V =?

V=fx

, V =256 x 2 = 512 m/s

Tips

LOUDNESS is directly proportional to Square of amplitude.

LOUDNESS is directly proportional to surface area.

LOOUDNESS increases with increase in density of medium.
LOUDNESS is inversely proportional to square of distance.
LOUDNESS is the measure of audibility produced by sound in a person
It is also called sound pressure level
Repeated reflection of sound is called reverberation

34
CAPSULE PHYSICS

Q 57 Ultra sonic sound: sonar

Ans stethoscope, horn

multiple reflection: -------------------&..............................

Q 58 The frequency of a given sound is 1.5K Hz. How many vibrations does it complete in one second?

F=
Number of vibration = frequency x time
= 1.5 x 1000 x 1
= 1500 vibrations
Q 59 Write any two differences between sound wave and light wave?
Ans
Light
Medium not required
Velocity does not depend on
temperature

Sound
Medium required
Velocity depends on temperature

m/s

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Velocity
Wavelength

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Q 60 Fill the box

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Hz
w/m2

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Q 61 What are the effects of noise pollution?

Intensity of sound
Period

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Q 62 How can the noise pollution, be controlled in residential area?

Q63 Give some suggestion by which we can keep our ears healthy?
Q 64 Why dont we hear echoes in our ordinary surroundings?
Ans : Because the distance to hear echo should be more than 17 m
Q 65 Can we hear sound when we are on the surface of moon?
Q a tuning fork of frequency 512 Hz is excited and its stem is pressed on a table
a. Now what will be the frequency of vibration of the table?
Ans 512 Hz
b. What is the reason for increase in loudness?
Ans : surface area of the table is large
c. what is the phenomenon called ?
ans: Forced vibrations

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CAPSULE PHYSICS

5. OPTICAL PHENOMENA
MAIN CONTENT

Composite light
Dispersion of light
Rainbow
Opaque and transparent objects
Newtons colure disc
Primary and secondary colours
Complementary colours
Scattering of light
The rising /setting sun and the sky
Colure of the sky
U-V and I-R rays

Composite light

BL

Any light, which is composed of two or more colours . Eg: Sun light, torch light, candle light
Dispersion of light

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The phenomenon of the splitting up of composite light into its components coloure is known as dispersion of
light.

Relation between wavelength and deviation of the

Colours ?

The colour which has lowest wavelength deviates most and with highest wavelength deviates least
An array of constituent colours formed as a result of dispersion is the spectrum
The component colours in the white light deviate at different rates according to their wavelength this is
the reason for dispersion
Dispersion of light can occur in water also
Rainbow is formed as result of dispersion of light

Electromagnetic spectrum
Visible light is a part of the electromagnetic spectrum .There is other electromagnetic waves on both side of it.
They are: radio waves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X ray & gamma rays

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CAPSULE PHYSICS

Electromagnetic spectrum
Rainbow

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It is formed by the dispersion of sunlight when it passes through rain drops. Rainbow is formed on the opposite
side of the sun.

Refraction of light in the water drop two times and due to total internal reflection, it splits into
component colours.
Violet undergoes maximum deviation and red undergoes minimum deviation. It is this spectrum that
we see as a rainbow
Rainbow is seen in the form of an arc: The line joining the centre of rainbow and the observer is the
line of vision. Each coloured ray makes a definite angle with the line of vision (violet-40.80 andred42.70). These angles cause rainbow to be seen in the form of an arc.

Colour of opaque objects

An opaque object reflects its colour, if it does not reflect any colour ,it appears as black
Black is not a colour , it is the absence of colour
If an opaque object reflects all colours it appears as white

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CAPSULE PHYSICS

Colour of Transparent object

Objects which allows light to pass through it is known as transparent objects

A transparent object absorbs all colours except its own colour
The colour of transparent object depends on the colour which it passes through it

Recombination of component colours using two

prisms

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BL

In the first prism the light undergoes dispersion

and splits into constituent colours. When these
constituent colours enter into the second prism
they get refracted and again change into white by
the recombination of colours.

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Newtons colour disc

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A Newton disc is a disc with segments in rainbow colours. When the disc is rotated, the colors fade to white; in
this way Isaac Newton demonstrated that white light is a combination of seven different colours found in a
rainbow.

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A Newton Disc can be created by painting a disc with the seven different colours. A
combination of red, green and blue in the circular disc will yield the same result. This is due to the phenomenon
called persistence of vision.. It was an important discovery as it proves that light is not colourless, but has colour
in it which together converge to give a faded white colour which we consider colourless It was made by Isaac
Newton. This property is based on the concept of dispersion of light.

Persistence of vision: When a person sees an object its image remains in the retina of the eye for
a time interval of 1/16 second.
In TV and theatre screen the pictures are seemed to be moving and Newtons colour disc word on the basis of
persistence of vision.
Primary and secondary colours
Any colour, which cannot be obtained by mixing other colours of light, is called a primary colour. Eg: Red,
Blue, and Green. Any colour, which can be produced by mixing any two primary colours of light, is called a
secondary colour. Eg: Magenta, Cyan, and Yellow

38
CAPSULE PHYSICS

Secondary colour
yellow
Cyan
Magenta

Component Primary colours

Green +Red
Green + Blue
Blue +Red

Complementary Colours
The pair of colours combined with a primary colour to get white light.
Green + Magenta
Red + cyan

White light

Blue + yellow
Scattering of light
Irregular and partial reflection of light during its passage through a medium .

EO

The size of the particle increases, the rate of scattering increases.

If the size of particle is greater than the wavelength of light then scattering is same for all colours.
Red colour (higher wavelength) occurs minimum scattering while Violet (lower wavelength) occurs
maximum scattering.
Colour of the sky-Blue, Deep sea appear blue, Colour of rising/ setting sun-Orange red, Colour of
accident signal-Red Smog season headlight colour-Yellow etc are explained on the basis of scattering

BL

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Q66 write down the reason for seeing the sun in red during sunrise and sunset?
Q67 why does deep sea appear blue?

Q68 The sky appears dark in the moon, what might be the reason?

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Q69 Why does the sky appear blue?

Ultraviolet rays and Infrared rays

I-R rays which has more wavelenght than visible Light

U V rays which has least wavelength than visible light

39
CAPSULE PHYSICS

Uses of infrared radiation

Used for taking photograph of distant objects
Used for controlling instruments from a distance
To control satellite
To control toy car
To operate TV

Used in traffic signals and advertisement boards.

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Q 70 Complete the figure?

EO

BL

Fluorescence: Substances which absorb light of shorter wavelength and convert them to light of longer
wavelength are fluorescent substances and this property is called fluorescence.

laser beam

Q71 complete the figure?

Q72

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Sun light

I B

G Y O

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CAPSULE PHYSICS

1.Name the rays that represent A and B ?

2. Write any uses of the radiation B

Q 73 The figure shows a laser beam passing through a glass prism.

1. Which one is the correct figure?

Q74 Havent you made artificial rainbows?
1. Which is the colour seen on the inner edge?
2.What is meant by line of vision?

BL

3. What is the reason for a rainbow appearing as an arc?

EO

6. ELECTRONICS

Introduction

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IS

Electronic devices
Semiconductors
Diode
Rectification
Transistors
Amplification
Integrated circuit

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MAIN CONTENT

By combining the two words, electrons and mechanics we get the word electronics. It is that field of science and
engineering, which deals with electron devices and their utilization.
Basic electronic functions
Resistor
Function: Regulating the current supply and necessary potential difference to the components. It causes energy
loss. The value is recorded directly and on it or using colour code. Unit: Ohm ()

Symbols:

41
CAPSULE PHYSICS

 Inductor
Function: inductors are coils of conducting wire. The ability to resist the variation of electric current without
energy loss is the function of inductor. Unit: Henry (H)

Inductor

Symbol

Capacitors
Function: Store electric charges and release them when necessary. Two parallel metallic plates and an
insulator (called dielectric) between the plates are major parts.

EO

BL

Eg: Paper, Ceramic, Polyester, Mica Capacitors (these are dielectrics used) Unit: Farad (F). Microfarad (f), &
Picofarad (Pf) are practical units

SEMICONDUCTORS

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Capacitor opposes DC and passes AC

In paper capacitors paper is used as dielectric
Capacitors which an electrolyte is used as a dielectric are electrolytic capacitors
Two type of electrolytic capacitors 1. Aluminum electrolytic capacitor & Tantallam electrolytic
capacitor

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Symbols:

Substance can be classified as conductors, semiconductors& insulators based on their electrical conductivity
Substance

Conductor is an object or type

of material that permits the flow
of electric charges in one or more
directions

A semiconductor is a material
which has electrical
conductivity between that of a
conductor and insulator

An electrical insulator is a
material whose internal electric
charges do not flow freely

Semiconductors: The conductivity of semiconductors is higher than that of insulators, but lower than that of
conductors.
Semiconductors are classified in to two types
Intrinsic: Pure form, these are Insulator because the electron hole pairs are equal.
Extrinsic: Conductivity increases by doping with impurities.
42
CAPSULE PHYSICS

Extrinsic semiconductor is again classified in to two types.

n- type: Doped by donor impurity (Arsenic or Antimony) Majority: electrons.
p- type: Doped by acceptor impurity (Boron/Gallium/Indium) Majority: holes

Q75 .What is doping?

The process of adding some external substance into the semiconductor material to increase its conductivity is
called doping.

Q76 what is hole?

The vacancy of an electron which can behave as a positive charge is called a hole.
Diode

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P n junction diode is a semiconductor crystal in which one end is doped with p-type semiconductor and other
end with an n- type semiconductor

Diode on circuit
A Diode can be connected in two ways to an external voltage
Forward biasing
Reverse biasing

43
CAPSULE PHYSICS

Forward biasing
P end of the diode is connected to the +ve pole and n-end to the negative pole of the a cell then the diode said
to be in Forward biasing

In forward biasing electric current flow through the diode

fig (a)
Reverse biasing

Forward biasing

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Reverse biasing

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When p-end of the diode is connected to the negative pole and n-end is connected to the positive pole of the cell
the diode is said to be reverse biased
{Forward and reverse biasing of a diode shown in fig (a}

IO

L.E.D [Light emitting diode]

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IS

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source that resembles a basic pn-junction diode,
except that an LED also emits light. The LED consists of a chip of semiconducting material doped with
impurities to create a p-n junction. As in other diodes, current flows easily from the p-side, or anode, to the nside, or cathode, but not in the reverse direction. Charge-carrierselectrons and holesflow into the junction
from electrodes with different voltages. When an electron meets a hole, it falls into a lower energy level and
releases energy in the form of a photon.

Symbol of L.E.D

L.E.D
We have learned about more details of a diode, then one question. What are the uses of a Diode?

Rectification
What is rectification?
Rectification is the process of converting AC in to DC, a p-n junction diode acts as a rectifier.
44
CAPSULE PHYSICS

Rectification is of two types

Half wave rectification

Full wave rectification

Half wave rectification

BL

If only one half of a a-c is rectified, it is called half wave rectification .The circuit diagram is as shown in figure
below.

EO

Working

IO

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When ac input voltage applied to the primary, a voltage is induced across the secondary. During the first half
cycle of ac input, first end of the secondary coil is positive and below end becomes negative ,then the diode
becomes forward biased. Current flows through the diode .During the negative half of the ac input the diode
become reverse biased, and no current flow through it.

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Full wave rectifier

In full wave rectifier, we get out put dc during the positive half and negative half of ac.
These are of two types

Centre-tap rectifier
Bridge rectifier

Centre-tap rectifier
The circuit diagram is as shown in fig. there are two diodes. Centre tap transformer is used

45
CAPSULE PHYSICS

Bridge rectifier
The circuit diagram is as shown in fig. there are four diodes in it.

Transistors

BL

A semiconductor device with three connections, capable of amplification in addition to rectification .

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A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic signals and electrical
power. It is composed of semiconductor material with at least three terminals for connection to an external
circuit.

IO

pnp
npn

IS

Transistor are classified in to two types

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A transistor has three terminals namely emitter (E), base (B), collector (C)
Note : emitter- base junction is forward biased and collector base junction is reverse biased
p-n-p and n-p-n Transistor

Transistor

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CAPSULE PHYSICS

G
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Amplification

BL

One more question for you! What is the function of a transistor?

Before amplification

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Amplification is the process of increasing the strength of electrical signal. pnp or npn transistor act as a
amplifier

amplifier

After amplification

Q77.Figure below shows a diode connected to the output of a transformer

a. Draw the graph of the emf obtained across the output?

b. Which function of diodeis utilized here ?
Q78 Observe the fig and answer the given questions?
a. Draw the graph of the emf obtained across A-B?
b. Write the principle used in this process?

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CAPSULE PHYSICS

Q79 a. What are the electric components indicated by the symbols given below?.

b. What is the difference between them regarding electric conductivity?

Q80. Identify the symbols given below?

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Q81. Which of the following diagrams represents a diode in forward biasing?

Q82 a , What is the function of an amplifier ?

IS

Q83 Draw a symbol of p-n-p transistor?

IO

b., Which is the component that performs this function in an amplifier?

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Q84 Characteristics of a device are given below.

it can store electric charges
which consist of a dielectric

1. Name the device?

2. Write down its practical units?
Q85 The diode shown in the circuit has a resistance of 5 when forward biased. If the maximum current that
can be passed through the diode is 200Ma, what is the value of resistance R?

Ans : 200MA = 0.2A

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CAPSULE PHYSICS

I=

0.2=
R+5 =6/0.2
R+5 =30
R=30-5=25
Q86 1.What is forward biasing?
2. Draw the circuit diagram of forward biasing of a p-n junction diode?
3. Mention its characteristics?
Q87. What happens to the conductivity of the following with increase in temperature?

1. Conductor, 2.Semiconductor, 3. Insulator

BL

Q88 Draw the circuit diagram of full wave rectification?

EO

Q89 What is meant by reverse biasing of diode? Mention its characteristics?

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Q90 Observe the device given below.

IS

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1. Name the device?

2. Write the application of the given device?

3. Draw the symbol of the device?

Q91 .what is the electronic component depicted in the figure below?

Q92 what is the electric component depicted in the figure?

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CAPSULE PHYSICS

7. OUR UNIVERSE
Main contents

Birth star
Constellation and ecliptic
Njattuvela
Sun
Stars
Galaxies
Big bang theory
Satellites

Birth star

The word birth staris related to the moon. The moon takes approximately 27 days to revolve round the earth

BL

once. The moons orbit can be divided in to 27 segments, each of 13 degrees. These 27 segments are named on

EO

the basis of the names of stars seen in each segment

of its orbit is called an asterism or birth star

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The time taken by the moon to describe

Constellation and ecliptic

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The collections of stars are called constellations. There are 88 constellations.

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ECLIPTIC is the orbit, along which the sun appears to move among the stars, the ecliptic is
divided into 12 equal parts. These are the 12 solar constellations.
Earth

Constellation

ecliptic
Celestial equator

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CAPSULE PHYSICS

Each of the constellations is known by the shape of the stellar distribution in it. Every Malayalam month
corresponds to a particular rassi. There is a constellation for each rassi.
Malayalam Month: Explained on the basis of sun.
The sun takes nearly 30 days (365) to cross a constellation. This time is called Malayalam month. Every month
is named corresponds to the particular rassi. [Moon takes 2.25 days (27) to cross a constellation].

Njattuvela
It is the period of time (13-14 days) for which the sun appears together with an asterism (naal)

Sun
Energy production method Nuclear Fusion,
Energy distribution method convection and radiation.
Layers: Core, Radiative zone, Convective zone, Photosphere (layer of light), Chromospheres (layer of
colour) and Corona (layer of heat).

Stars:

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Colour of star depends on the temperature.

Colour of stars (Blue, White, Yellow, Orange, and Red)
According to descending order of temperature

Evolution of stars:

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Galaxy
A galaxy is a massive, gravitationally bound system consisting of stars, stellar remnants, an
interstellar medium of gas and dust, and dark matter, an important but poorly understood component.
It is a cluster of billions of stars and interstellar matter, bound by gravitational force.
According to its shape galaxies are Spiral, Elliptical and Irregular galaxy.
Milky Way (our galaxy) is a spiral type. Andromeda is the adjacent galaxy to Milky Way.
Big Bang theory
The Big Bang theory is the prevailing cosmological model for the early development of the universe.
According to the theory, the Big Bang occurred approximately 13.798 0.037 billion years ago,
which is thus considered as the age of the universe.

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At this time, the universe was in an extremely hot and dense state and began expanding rapidly. After
the initial expansion, the universe cooled sufficiently to allow energy to be converted into
various subatomic particles, including protons, neutrons, and electrons. Though simple atomic
nuclei formed within the first three minutes after the Big Bang, thousands of years passed before the
first electrically neutral atoms formed. The majority of atoms that were produced by the Big Bang
are hydrogen, along with helium and traces of lithium. Giant clouds of these primordial elements later
coalesced through gravity to form stars and galaxies, and the heavier elements were synthesized
either within stars or during supernovae.

INSTRUCTIONS:

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Time: 1 hrs

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S.S.L.C MODEL QUESTION

PHYSICS

Total Score: 40

Fifteen minutes is given as cool off time.

This time is given to read and understand the questions well
For choice questions only one of them need to be answered
The score of each of question is given along with it.

1. Find the relation and fill the blanks

Control current without energy loss: .
Control current through energy loss: Resistor

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2. Observe the figure

a) Which type of transformer is this?

b) Whether in primary or secondary of this transformer, thick copper wire is used and why?

3. Observe the figure

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a) Which instrument is given in the figure

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b) Draw the output current graph. Note the features of the graph.
c) Compare the currents in the external circuit and in the armature.
d) Which element helps DC to available in the output?
e) What type of current is generated if field magnet is rotated instead of the armature?
4.

a. Name the device?

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b. Write the application of the given device?

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c. Draw the symbol of the device?

5. Havent you made artificial rainbows?

a. Which is the colour seen on the inner edge?

b. What is mean by line of vision?
c. What is the reason for a rainbow appearing as an arc?

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2

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6. A

.
a.. Draw the graph of the emf obtained across A-B?

b. write the principle used in this process?

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B .Write any uses of the radiation B

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7. Find out the reason for the following.

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6B A .Name the rays represent A and B?

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a. Neutral line is earthed at different places?

b. The earth pin in a three pin plug is longer and thicker than other pins?

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8. When a bicycle dynamo is examined by opening it, the following factors were found out.

It has a magnet and coil

There are no slip rings in it

a. What type of electricity, we get from this dynamo?

b. Why slip rings were not used?

c. In which part emf is induced?

d. How can you increase the amount of emf obtained from this dynamo without changing its structure?
9
A
B
25 W, 230v

30W, 230v

. A and B are two blubs

a. Which bulb has more resistance?

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CAPSULE PHYSICS

b. If the bulb A works on 125v, calculate the heat produced in 10 minutes?

10. .Some material and there resistivity are given below

Silver-1.53, copper-1.68, iron-10, mercury-94
a. Which among iron and mercury is a better conductor?

B .Which material is the best conductor? Why?

11. If a current of Y ampere is passed through a conductor of X ohm resistance for a period of Z second,
a. Find the heat developed in the conductor?

b. When the current through a conductor is doubled, the heat developed in it will be increased
by?
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Solved Problems & more questions

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1. Calculte the heat developed when a potential difference of 230v is maintained across a
conductor of resistance 92 ohm for 14 minutes. What is the current in the circuit?

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Ans

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R =92 , t=14x60= 840 s, v = 230v

=483000J

I=

=2.5A

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H = V2 t/R

2. What is the heat produced in 10 min in an electric heater connected to a 240v supply if 4A
current flows through it?
V= 240v, I= 4 A, t = 10x60= 600s
H=IVt= 240x4x600= 576000J
3. What is the time taken to produce 320000 J heat in a resistor of 200 ohm , if the current
passed is 2A?
I=2A, R=200 ohm, H=320000J
H=I2Rt, t =H/I2R

t=

=400s
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4. The area of cross section of a conductor is 2mm2 and its resistance is 20.what will its
resistance be when its length is doubled?
Ans :
=

A = 2mm2, R=20 , l=l

=

2 20

(1)

When its length is doubled,

l=2l, then A=1 mm

Then the resistance is R

(2)

2 20

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Compare the two equations

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R= 2x2x20 =80

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The length is doubled then its new resistance is 80

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5.In a transformer Ns:Np =3:5 , if Vs= 300 V then what will be the value of Vp?
6.what is the difference between a generator and electric motor with respect to energy transformation?
7.You are given a long insulated copper wire , a galvanometer ,a bar magnet
a. how can you produce electromagnetic induction by using these ? Explain ?
b. How can you increase the strength of the induced current?
8.240 v ac is given to charge a battery
a. Which type of transformer is used to reduce 240v ac to 12 v supply?
b. if 4800 turns are in the primary of the transformer , then what is the number of turns in the
secondary ?
9.A wire of given material having length L and area of cross section A has a resistance of 4.
What would be the resistsnce of another wire of the same materials having length

cross section 2A?

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CAPSULE PHYSICS

and area of

10 When the current through a conductor is doubled , then the heat developed in it will be
increased by.
Ans : h= I2xRx t
I=2I
Then H= (2I)2xRxt
= 4I2Rt
= 4 times of H
11.A negligilby small current is paassed through a wire of length 15m and uniform cross
section 6m2, and its resistance is measured to be 5. Find the resistivity of the material?
=

= 30m

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A= 6 m2, R=5, L=15m

13. Find out the reason for the following?

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12. What is the resistance of 2m length of a nichrome wire, which has a radius of 0.33 mm.
Resistivity of nichrome is 1.5 m?

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1. Neutral line is earthed at different places?

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Ans. The neutral line will be maintained at zero potential by earthing it at different points
along its length
2. The earth pin in a three pin plug is longer and thicker than the other pins?
Ans: the earth pin has low resistance because of its thickness. It gives perfect earthing.
Therefore the earth pin in a three pin plug is longer and thicker than the other pins.
14. In a long hall sound produced at one end is heard after one second again.
a. What is this phenomenon called?
b. what is the length of the hall if the velocity of sound is 345m/s?
ans a) Echo
b) 2d= v/t =345/1
d= 345/2=172.5m

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15. What is meant by energy crisis?

Increased need for energy and the decrease in the availability is the energy crisis
16. What is meant by calorific value?
The heat energy obtained when one kilogram of fuel is burn completely is its calorific value
and its unit is j/kg
17. Caloric value of hydrogen is 150j/kg and the calorific value of LPG is 55j/kg
a. Which one is a better fuel ? Why?
b. Which one will you select as a domestic fuel? Why?
Ans a. Hydrogen , its calorific value is greater than LPG

b. LPG, the rate of burning of His high. So there is a chance of explosion, it is difficult to
store. Because of these reasons LPG is chosen as domestic fuel.

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18.A heater is labeled as 800W, 400v ?

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a. What does this labeling mean?

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b.What is the power of the device when it is given a potential difference of 200v ? What
is the current flowing through it?

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C .If a potential difference of 100v is given to the heater, what will the power of the
instrument be?

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Ans : a,. When the potential difference of the given device is 400v and its power is 800w
400 400

P=V2/R, R=V2/P=
When V=200V
200200

P=

200

800

= 200

= 200

200

I= =200 = 1
C.V=100V
100100

P=V2/R=

200

50.

100

I= =200 = 0.5

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19. A small bomb explodes just below the water surface at a distance of 1500m from a ship. Suppose
a person on the ship hears the sound of the explosion
a.Which are the media through which the sound travels to reach the ship?
Ans : water and air
b.Iif the speed of sound in water is 1500 m/s , how long will it for this sound to reach the ship
through water?

Ans: speed =
Time=

1500

= 1500 = 1

c. Calculate the time the sound takes to travel the same distance through air ,speed of sound in air is
340m/s

1500
340

= 4

ans: Time=

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Equations

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1. H = I2Rt
2. H = V2t /R

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3. H = VIt

4. t=H/I2R
5. R = H/I2t
6. I2 = H/Rt or I=

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unit of heat =Joule (j)

7. P = VI
8. P= I2R
9. P = V2 /R

10. =

,Its unit is ohmmeter ( m)

11. Effective resistance in series R=R1+R2+R3+

12. Effective resistance in parallel = + +.
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13.

14. Energy consumed in kilowatt hour =

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Physics Quiz

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Test how much you know about physics by trying our fun physics quiz. Theres a range of questions
about topics such as energy, motion, friction, magnets, force, gravity and light.

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Take the challenge and pick up some interesting physics facts and trivia along the way. Once youve
finished with the questions, check your answers to see how much you got right.

1. When light bends as it enters a different medium .This e process is known as what?
2. A magnifying glass is what type of lens?
3. Electric resistance is typically measured in what units?
4. A person who studies physics is known as a?
5. Metals expand when heated and what happens when cooled?
6. What is the first name of the famous scientist who gave us Newtons three laws of motion?
7. Which computer technology is used to train pilots when wanting to copy the experience of flying an aircraft?
8. Electric power is typically measured in what units?
9. The most recognized model of how the universe begun is known as ----------10. The Hubble Space Telescope is named after whom?
11. The wire inside an electric bulb is known as ----------12. Theoretical physicist James Maxwell was born in what country?
13. Infrared light has a wavelength that is too long or short to be visible for humans?
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CAPSULE PHYSICS

14. What kind of eclipse do we have when the moon is between the sun and the earth?
15. True or false? Iron is attracted by magnets.
16. What is the earths primary source of energy?
17. Conductors have a high or low resistance?
18. Electric current is typically measured in what units?
19. What scientist is well known for his theory of relativity?

20. Earth is located in which galaxy?

2. Convex

5. Contract

6. Isaac

9. Big bang

17. Low

4. Physicist

7. A flight simulator

8. Watts

10. Edwin Hubble

11. Filament

12. Scotland

14. A solar eclipse

15. True

16. The sun

18. Amperes

19. Albert Einstein

20. The Milky Way galaxy

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13. Long

3. Ohms

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1. Refraction

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Physics Quiz Answers

Thank you

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CAPSULE PHYSICS

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