CIP in 1995

The International Potato Center

Annual Report

G. CHANG

We dedicate this report to the loved ones of

Rosa Rodriguez and Martin and Collette Bicamumpaka.

International Potato Center

Apartado 1558
Lima 100, Peru

CIP. 1996.
CIP in 7995.
The Internation al Potato Center Annual
Report.
Lima, Peru .
ISSN 0256-6311
Press run : 2,500
Printed in Lima, Peru
April 1996

Writing/Editing:
Jack Keyser, Edward Sulzberge r,
Bill Hard y, Janet Keyser, Lisa W i ng

Bright Future for Potato Production, page 6.

Production Coordinator:
Ceci li a Lafosse

Editorial Assistance:
Emma Martinez

Design and Layout:

Ruben D. Gutierrez

Cover Design :
Irma Ferna ndez-Concha

Photomechanics:
Cecosami

Printing:
Asociac i6 n Editori al Stella

Inside matte r pri nted o n recycled paper

IPM in the Sacred Valley, page 23 .

Table of Contents
CIP: 25 Years of Research for Development

Bright Future for Potato Production

Research Needed to Halt Rapidly Spreading Late Blight Strains

10

True Potato Seed: A Piece of the Late Blight Puzzle?

14

New Rice and Wheat Varieties Ignite Asian Potato Production

18

IPM Studies Show Promise at Grass Roots

21

IPM in the Sacred Valley of the Incas

23

Florence Wambugu: A Vision for Africa

25

CON DESAN: An Ecoregional Approach to Research for the High Andes

27

Board of Trustees

31

Finance and Administration

32

Donor Contributions in 1995

34

Staff in 1995

35

Selected Scientific Publications 1995

40

Core Research in 1995

43

Training in 1995

48

Research Partners

51

CIP's Global Contact Points

54

CGIAR and CIP: 25 Years of Research Partnership

56

".,,

CIP: 25 Years of Research for Development

A comprehensive study published by FAO and CIP economists in 1995 underscores the
notion that production figures for root and tuber crops have been historically
underestimated . In its report-Potatoes in the 7990s-the FAO-CIP team notes that potato
production in the developing world increased at a faster rate over the past 30 yea rs than any
other food crop except wheat. The authors go on to say that developing countr ies will
produce more than a third of the world 's potatoes by the end of the century.
Interestingly, growth in potato production was made possible by the availability of new
crop technologies such as high-yielding cereal crops that provide farmers with a small
production niche in which to grow potatoes. Throughout Asia, large amounts of potatoes
are being grown between the harvest and planting of early maturing rice and wheat
varieties developed at IRRI and CIMMYT.
Even so, the potatoes grown in developing countries still yield far below their genetic
potential. Experts estimate that the upper limit for potato production now approaches 120 tons
per hectare. This means that there is considerable room to expand production without resorting
to high-cost research aimed at increasing yields. With a comparatively small investment in
research , science should be able to raise average potato yields from their current level of 15 tons
per hectare to at least 30 tons across the developing world. Similar increases are also possible for
sweetpotato. Thus, research aimed at scaling back losses from pests and diseases-rather than
increasing yields per se-should produce significant across-the-board production increases at a
relatively modest cost.
To achieve that goal, CIP has assigned its highest priority to late blight, the disease
responsible for the Irish potato famine . In the 1980s and 1990s, more aggressive forms of
the late blight fungus spread to virtually all important potato-producing countries, causing
great concern among farmers, scientists, and politicians . As CIP enters its 25th year, the
Center will respond to this dilemma in much the same manner as it has always addressed
the problems of resource-poor farmers.
CIP is currently organizing a consortium of researchers to develop potato cultivars with
durable resistance to all forms of the late blight fungus. At the urging of national programs
and the research community at large, we have agreed to act as the convenor of a global late
blight initiative. We hope that our participation will help to link scientists working in
advanced laboratories and their colleagues in national systems.
Within five years, the initiative should help farmers to begin controlling late blight within
integrated pest management systems in which resistant varieties-rather than c hemical
fungicides-play the pivotal role. We further expect that the knowledge and technologies
developed as part of this initiative will be made available via research partnerships being

--4

Iii-

developed through the ecoregional and systemwide initiatives organized by CGIAR centers.
Among these are the CIP-convened Andean Highland lnitiative-CONDESAN-as well as
ICRAF's East African Highlands Initiative and the Hindu Kush-Himalayan Initiative led by
ICIMOD. We also hope to play a useful role in the CGIAR's Rice-Wheat Initiative by virtue
of the important role of potato in this unique food production system.
As we have seen over the past 25 years, potatoes are not only a major food crop, but an
efficient income generator and an effective too'1 for crop diversification and sustainability.
The growth of potato production over the past quarter century is a tribute to the hundreds of
CIP scientists who have labored to make potatoes available in developing countries and to
our founders who had the foresight to know that the world's food requirements could not be
met by cereals alone.

Hubert Zandstra
Director General

CIP founding Director

General, Richard L.
Sawyer (second from
left), and Center staff in
the first photograph
published in a CIP annual
report, 1972.

--8

The study notes that in the near ly 100

deve lop in g cou ntries where potatoes are grow n,
production rose from 30 million to ns in the early
1960s to 85 milli on to ns in the ear ly 1990s, an
alm ost threefo ld in crease that is second on ly to
growth in w heat o utput. Production in the
developing wor ld is proj ected to rise anothe r 2.8
percent ann ually by the yea r 2000, compared
w ith 0.3 pe rcent in industrialized countries. Th e
report rep resents th e first comp rehensive stud y by
FAO's Commod ity and Trade Division to detail
the situatio n and prospects of the wo rld potato
eco nom y.
Europe and the area of the fo rm er Soviet
Un ion, the report sai d , still accou nt for the b ulk of
potato production wo rld w id e, b ut slow growth
w i ll res ult in a con tinuin g dec line in the
ind ustria li zed wo rld 's share of prod uction. In
contrast, a rap id expansio n of 30 mi 11 ion tons by
the end of the 1990s is projected for developing
cou ntri es, res ulting in a harvest of 105 million
tons, a 40 perce nt in c rease sin ce 1988 alon e.

Large Increases Projected for Asia

Gregory Scott, a CIP eco nomist who
col labo rated with FAO o n the stud y, says that if
this transit ion co ntinues, " most of the wor ld's
potatoes wi ll be harvested in Asia, Afr ica, and
Latin Ame rica in less than a ge neration. " As ia, he
says, acco un ts fo r almost 80 pe rcent of potato
production in developing countr ies, with harv ests
growing at an ave rage rate of 4 percent a year

from 1962 to 1992 . The region shou ld acco unt for

two-third s of all projected in c re ases in developing
countries by 2000 .
China , t he wor ld' s second- largest potato
prod uce r afte r the Ru ssian Fede rat ion , and Indi a,
th e sixth-ranked globa l prod ucer, are expected to
continue to acco unt for abo ut half of this in crease
in the years just ahead . Pakistan, Indones ia, and
Vietnam are also projected to show stro ng ga in s as
potatoes conti nu e to expa nd as a seco nd or third
crop in that region's rice- and w heat-based
cropping syste ms and as co nsumers d ive rsify diets.
Accord in g to t he repo rt, in creases in potato
prod uctio n in developing co untri es were second
only to those of wheat ove r the 30-year span
studied . The area planted to potatoes outstr ip ped
cassava, wheat, rice, pulses, and coa rse grain s, the
report said. In addition , a dec lin e in potato prices
compa red w ith prices of other staple foods has
quickened demand and sp urred in creased supp li es.
Africa also ex perienced extensive growth in
potato o utp ut. Production in sub-Saharan Africa
has in c reased nea rl y 150 percent si nce 1962,
alth ough begi nnin g from a low base. Production is
currently grow in g faster fo r potato than for any
other major food c rop in the reg ion, except for rice
and yams.
In Latin America, expa nsio n was due to an
increase in prod uctivity as we ll as growth in area
planted . Andean cou ntr ies, the report said, are
expected to recover from sharp cutbacks of the
prev ious decade, w hereas prod uct ion in the
re gion ' s Southern Co ne is forecast to benefit from

World Potato Production in Selected Regions

Region

Developi ng world
Asia
Africa
LAC*
Industrialized world
Total

1961 -63 average

199 1-93 average

Production
(000 t)

Area
(000 ha)

Production
(000 t)

Area
(000 ha)

29,066
20,280
1,826
6,959
236,048
265, 114

3,562
2,327
238
998
18,592
22, 154

84,957
66,037
6,693
12,226
190,398
275,355

6,677
4,9 95
700
981
11 ,456
18, 133

*Latin America and the Caribbean.

Sou rce: FAO/C IP. 1995. Potatoes in the 1990s: Situation and prospects for the world potato economy. Rome. 39 p.

Average annual
growth in
production
(%)

3.6
4.0
4.1
1.9
-0.7
0.1

P. MALAGAM BA

greater commercial ization. Potato production in

Latin America increased roughly three-quarters
over the past three decades.

Processing and Trade

The study noted that worldwide use of potatoes
is shifting away from the fresh market and
livestock feed toward processed products such as
fren c h fries, c hips, and frozen and dehydrated
potatoes. Processin g, the report says, is the fastest
growing sector within the world potato economy,
a trend that can be seen in co untri es such as
Argentina, China, Co lombi a, and Egypt.
Although potatoes are bulky and perishable,
world trade in table potatoes and seed rose from 3
million tons in 1962 to 7 .5 million tons in 1992,
most of it among the 12 member countries of the
European Union. FAQ stat ist ics do not in c lud e
trade information on processed potatoes. If they
did, Scott says, world potato trade could be
running at 10 million tons a year_, or about 4
percent of annual g lobal production.
Th e study underscores CIP's contention that
statistical data o n potatoes have lon g been

underestimated . CIP Director General Hubert

Zandstra notes that.th e report ca lls attention to
some of the inconsistencies in previous global
potato data for supply and demand. This has led
to some underestimations in future med ium-term
projections and created an air of doubt in the
minds of scientists and donors abou t the health
and direction of the global root and tuber
eco nomy, he says.
For example, one important forecast in 1994
esti mated that potato production in developing
countries would gmw from 75.7 million tons in
1988 to o nly 89.8 million tons by 2000, an increase
of just 18 percent. For many developing countries,
including China, those projections had already been
exceeded, Scott noted. When FAQ and CIP
reexamined the data, the developing-country
projections increased to 105.4 million tons.
Scott believes that potential payoffs from future
investments in potato will be favorable as
production growth rates are hi gh and the outlook
for continuing dem and is good . "The most
dynamic factor in the sector," he says, "is the
potato processing industry, which will affect both
supply and demand."

Egypt produces more

than 1.7 million tons of
potatoes annually; since
1961-63, production has
grown at an average
annual rate of 4.8
percent.

9--

Research Needed to Halt

Rapidly Spreading Late Blight
Strains

For a ce ntury and a half, late blight disease has

been the potato fa rm er' s c hi ef nemes is. Since the
Iri sh fam in e of the 1840s, in w hi ch a million
people died and another million and a half
em igrated , farmers have spent bi II ions of dollars
attempt in g to co ntro l th e fungus responsible for
wh at became known in Ireland as the Great
Hun ger. Even so, late blig ht remains the wor ld 's
most devastating food crop disease.
Late blight, caused by the fungus Phytophthora
infestans, began as a loca l disease of wi ld
relatives of potato and tomato in Mexico's To lu ca
Valley . In the ea rl y 1950s, John N iederhause r, a
World Food Prize laureate, pinpointed the va ll ey
as the place now wide ly accepted as late blight's
ce nter of ge netic diversity . Th ere he d iscovered
two mating types, ca ll ed A 1 and A2 , that
reproduce both asex uall y and sexua ll y. Until then,
sexua l reproductio n of the fungus was unknown.
The A 1 strain , a si ngle genetic individual ,
broke out of its Mexican enc lave in t he 1840s and
spread quickly, res ul tin g in crop fai lures not onl"y
in Ireland but also on the European mainland.
Until that time, late bli ght was fore ign to Europe,
Canada, and the United States. Eventually, the
potato rebounded, following the development of
simp le fungicides and the integrat ion of a wi ld
Mexican potato species, So/anum demissum , into
breeding programs ear ly in t he 20th centu ry.

A Second Wave
Today, the fungus is staging a resurgence . CIP
scient ists are monitoring its sp read and now
co nsid er the li kel ih ood of major crop losses in
developing co untries to be large ly a matter of
time. In the mid-1970s, a new migration of late
blight, including both the Al and A2 mating
types, is be ! ieved to have trave led out of Mexico
to Europe on a commercia l shipment of potatoes.
From Europe, the disease spread rapidly to other
parts of the world. By the late 1980s, potato
resea rchers in Europe co nfirm ed their worst fears:
evidence of sex ual reproduction of t he fungus
outs ide of Mexico. In 1992, a signifi ca nt in crease
in th e A2 and new genes of the A 1 were found in
Ca nada and the United States . In Canada's
western province of Br itish Columbia, the fungus
appeared to be reproducing sexua ll y, and by 1994
A2 strains we re discovered in the Andes, the

10

potato's genetic center of origin.

Scientists say that the new migrant A 1 and A2
mating types are far more aggress ive t han the
o ri gina l A 1 and cause more severe outbreaks of
the disease ea rli er in the grow in g seaso n . Worst of
all , some strain s are res ista nt to one of the most
effect ive late blight fungicides, metalaxyl .
Furth erm ore, the new migrants are more
genet ica ll y diverse and are aggressive ly displacing
o lder late b li ght popu lat io ns in many areas. Th e
spores resu lt in g from sexua l, as opposed to those
from asexual, recombinat ion can su rv ive for
extended periods. Th e poss ibi li ty of catastrophic
crop fa ilures, not unli ke those in the 19th century,
grows w ith each report that th e new late blight
stra in s have expa nd ed their range.

Research Priorities
Late b li ght is now poised to str ike hardest at
the millions of poor people in developing
countries who rely on the nutritious potato, but
ca n least afford to purchase expens ive

Late blight can destroy a

potato field in just three
days. Here, late-blightsusceptible plants
(foreground) compared
with a resistant cultivar.

G. CH AN G

agroc hemi ca ls to keep th e fungus in check. M o re

insecticides and fungicides are app lied to potato
than to any other foo d crop: Some sc ienti sts
believe that the success of fungicides such as
metalaxyl in contro lling late b li ght may have
lull ed the researc h establi shm ent into a fa lse
se nse of sec urity and caused a loss of urgency in
the development of bli ght-res ista nt potato
var iet ies .
"That mi ght be true in some co untri es in
Eu rope and North America where market forces
and a depe nd ence on agrochemicals have
v irtu all y locked o ld er va ri eties with narrow
ge neti c bases into place," says Peter Gregory, CIP
Deputy Director Ge neral for Research. " But it' s
not true for CIP, wh ere even before the spread of
t he new str ains we accorded the hi ghest priority
to late bli ght research." H owever, Gregory says,
ca ll s for add iti o nal resea rc h are becoming l oude ~
from developin g-co untry potato growers, who are
alarmed abou t t he spread of t he more diverse
fungal strains and th e apparent grow ing im munity
of P. infestans to fungicides .

Populations A and B
Three yea rs after its founding in 1971 , CIP
began distributing se lected clones developed by
nat io nal potato programs as a first Ii ne of defe nse
aga in st late bli ght. By 1990, the Ce nter had
deve loped breed in g material, known as
population A, comb ining major, or " R," ge nes and
horizo ntal resista nce. But R genes can be a
problem to breeders in nation al programs who
want to use th e materials to develop late bli ght
res istance in crosses with local var iet ies. R ge nes
are major immunity genes, eac h of which ca n
react stro ngly to a particular ra ce of P. infestans
and mask durab le o r ho ri zo ntal resistance.
H orizo ntal resistance is the res u It of m any genes
acting in co ncert so t hat the plant ca n withstand
attack from all races of the fungus. Despite these
limitations, population A clones have had
substantial value and co ntinue to show promise in
several location s.
In the 1980s, CIP built upon the success of
population A and deve loped a second generatio n

J. NIEDERH AUSER

late blight lesions.

of clo nes, population B, w hich have horizonta l

resista nce witho ut t he p rese nce of R genes.
A nalyses have also show n t hat po pul at ion B has a
h ig h leve l of heritabi lity of durab le res ista nce,
thu s indicating the poss ibi lity of breed in g fo r
ho ri zo ntal res ista nce .in th e abse nce of R genes.
CI P scie nt ists have raised the poss ibility, however,
that R genes may in fact be prese nt in popu latio n
B but co ul d be in act ive beca use of the prese nce of
so-ca ll ed suppresso r ge nes.
Ove r the next several years, the Center wi ll
seek to expa nd the ge net ic base for lo ng- lasti ng
res istance thro ugh t he t ransfe r of res ista nce ge nes

Canchan Wards off Late

Blight with Good
Investment Returns

GfNiA .

12

from wi ld species and pri m itive cultivars to

cul t ivated potatoes. Thi s wo rk w ill both b roade n
and st re ngth en res ista nce to late b li ght, G regory
says . Rap id progress is expected because CIP
scie ntists and co lleagues have already overco me
most of t he in compatib i I ity roadb loc ks .betwee n
w ild spec ies and cul t ivated potatoes.
Fo r t he im med iate fut u re, CIP wil l also attem pt
to co m b in e broade r-based d urab le res ista nce w ith
loca ll y adapted potato varieti es and advanced
breed ing lin es. Sc ientists hope fo deve lop res ista nt
popul ations th ro ugh a b lend of mo lecula r ma rkerass isted se lect io n and li mited ch romosome
t ransfer. Additio nal ly, genet ic maps w il l be used
to locate res istance genes w it hi n the potato
geno me. Th e c lo ned ge nes w il l th en be in serted
into ex isting potato cul t iva rs.
Gregory says that emp hasis w il l eve ntual ly be
d irected to promoting widesp read use of new,
late-b light-resistant va riet ies. Th ese mate ri als, he
says , sho u Id provide t he cata lyst needed to al low
fa rm ers to co ntro l late b li ght t hro ugh integ rated
pest ma nage ment systems in w hi c h resista nt
va ri eties- rather tha n che m ical fu ngicides- p lay
t he key ro le.

Will Farmers Accept Resistant Varieties?

Th ere is eve ry reaso n to be li eve that
deve lop ing-co untry fa rmers wi ll accept potato
variet ies with broad res istance if t hey are
accessib le. Expe rien ce has show n that fa rmers are
eager to grow potatoes t hat are less depe nd ent o n
chem ica l sp rays fo r insect pests and d iseases . CIP
econo m ists have doc um ente d that the potato
va ri eties released in th e deve lo pin g w orl d in th e

Potato cul tiva r Ca nchan-INIAA p rov id es an

exam p le of th e va lu e of pop ul ati o n A j n
co mbat in g late p li ght, as we ll as an exampl e of
good return s on resea rch investment.
Released in Peru in 1990, Ca ncha n has hi gh
levels of late bl ight res istance and is gai ning
acceptance amo ng both t raditi onal Andea n potato
growers and co mmerc ial produ ce.rs in co astal
areas.
Devel o ped at CIP in the late 1970s, Ca nchan' s
geneti c base includ es ge nes fro m a w il d potato

1970s and ea rl y 1980s came alm ost exc lusively

from clones b red in North Ame ri ca and Europe
and , to a lesse r exte nt, from nat io nal breed in g
progra ms. By the mid - l 980s, howeve r, c lones
bred by nati ona l ag ri c ultural resea rch systems and
ide ntifi ed and d istributed by CIP acco unted for
alm os t half of all deve lopin g-co un t ry vari eta l
re leases.
Currently, mate ri a ls se lected from CIP-bred
popu lati o ns acco unt for about 40 percent of all
suc h rele ases, a fi gure th at Ce nte r economi sts
be li eve will ri se signifi ca nt ly as t he superi o r
qua liti es of CIP-bred parents- pa rticul arl y t hose
w it h disease and pest res istance-becom e mo re
w idely known.
Grego ry says th at the new late bli ght threat
b rin gs into quest ion the ab ili ty of the potato cro p
to co ntinu e its unprecedented growth , espec iall y
in developin g cou ntries, where product ion has
soa red by nea rl y 200 perce nt in the past 30 yea rs
and is expected to ri se another 2.8 percent a yea r
unt il the turn of t he ce nt ury. Th e spread of new
mig rant strain s of A 1 and A2, co mbined w ith
more rea li sti c estimates for the cro p 's expans io n
in th e deve lop in g wo rld , supports CIP' s dec isio n
to in c rea se fundin g to its late b li ght program next
yea r by 25 -pe rce nt to $1.5 million.

di sease pressure and because fa rm ers often lac k

t he mon ey to buy fun gic id es . As sumin g that a
t hird of th e global outp ut, or 13.75 million ton s
pr iced at $2 00 per ton , occu rs in deve lop in g
co untri es, th e annua l eco nomi c va lue of crop
losses from late b li ght wo uld be $2.75 b illi o n.
Ce nte r sc ienti sts also note th at late b light losses
are grow in g desp ite in c reases in t he use of
fun gic id es. Current fun gicide costs are estimated
at appro x imately $ 100 mi 11 ion , or $ 1 5 a hecta re,
in deve loping countries . Thus, th e va lu e of th e
crop los t, plu s in c reased costs for late blight
co nt ro l, ap proac hes $3 billion a year . " Losses are
likel y to r ise," G regory says, "as late bl ight
estab li shes itse lf in new locat ions and as its
d ive rsity in creases because of sex ual
reco mbination of the d ifferent m atin g _types."

The Cost of Late Blight

CIP has conse rva ti ve ly est im ated that g loba l
c rop losses from late blight are eq ui va lent to 10
perce nt of th e annual potato prod uct ion in
temperate zo nes and 15 perce nt in the tropi cs.
Losses in th e tropi cs are greate r beca use of hi gher
te m pe ratures and humidi ty and yea r- round
I. NIEDE RHAUSE R

species and a tr aditional And ea n fa rmers' var iety.

Survey re sults indicate that its late blight
res istance has res ulted in sign ifi cant reduct io ns in
fungicide use in Peru. Durin g th e 1993 -94
grow ing season, Peru's hi ghl and potato farm ers
suffe red 40 percent losses, v alu ed at more th an
$ 100 million , because heavy rain s created
favo rab le co ndi t ions for late bli ght. Only Ca nc han
w ithstood th e fun ga l outbrea k without signi fica nt
eco nomic losses.
A survey by CIP eco nomi sts showed that

fa rm ers w ho grow Ca nc han have c ut back

sprayin g by 40 percent. Interna l rates of return
we re ca lc.ul ated at 28 percent on the
assumpt io n that coverage w ill eve ntua lly reach
15 percent of Peru' s potato produ ct io n.
Rece nt f igures from th e co untry ' s nat iona l
potato program , howeve r, indi cate that
Canc han c urrentl y co nstitutes a f ift h of the
potatoes grow n in Peru's highly productive
riv er bas in areas along the Pacifi c coast.

Microscopic oospores
produced by sexual
recombination of
different late blight
mating types are
genetically more diverse
than older strains of the
disease. Their ability to
survive in th e soil over
longer periods of time
poses new threats to
developing-country
potato farmers.

13- -111

True Potato Seed:

A Piece of the Late Blight
Puzzle?

True potato seed , the small botanical seeds

produced by the fl ower of the potato plant, may
one day prove to be an important weapo n in the
battle aga in st late blight.
Using co nvention al seed tubers, it co uld take
ye ars to move late-b li ght-resistant c ulti vars from
the resea rch station to reso urce-poor fa rm ers in
developing countries. Expe ri ence has show n that
at least 1 0 years are needed to produce enough
tuber seed to have even a modest impact in
farmers' fiel ds . With TPS, large quantities of
disease-resistant planting materials ca n be ready
in on e season.
To meet the late blight c hall enge, national
programs will need to move hu ge quantities of
resistant va rieties into farmers' hand s w ithin the
space of just a few years, says Mahesh Upadhya,
CIP's program leader for propagat io n and crop
managem ent. " Any fa rmer acc usto med to wo rkin g
wi th sm all seeds shou Id be ab le to use TPS to
produ ce large amo unts of top -qu ality pl anti ng
mate r ial in a short period of time," Upadhya says.
Th e acceptan ce of TPS tec hnol ogy in
deve lop in g countries is growing rapidly,
es peci all y in southern and Southeast Asia, w he re
potato production has increased dramatically in
recent yea rs. Many Asian farmers are using TPS
planting m ater ials, Upadhya says, beca use they
are cheaper than tr ad ition al tub er seed and
because they prod uce better yield s. " Over the
lon g term ," he expla ined , " it wi ll be difficult for
Asian co untries to produce the huge quantities of
ce rtifi ed tuber seeds needed to meet the grow in g
demand for pl ant ing materi al. It will also be
hugely expensive. Co nvention al tub er seed and
propagatio n via tis sue culture require large
investm ents in land , sto ra ge and transportation
infrastru cture, and management."
Once researchers reso lved the production
problems that had plagued the new seed
technology, TPS began to c hange the mec hani cs
and eco no mics of potato production in the early
1990s. Farmers w ho norm all y planted a hectare
of potatoes using 2 tons of seed tub ers cou ld
ac hieve the same res ult-at less cost-by planting
as little as 50 grams of tru e potato seed from new,
stable-yielding hyb rids . TPS is not usuall y sown
d i rectl y in the fie ld like maize or wheat seed , but
is pl anted into a seedbed, like to matoes, or
transplanted into the field as seed lin gs . Th e small

tubers produced from TPS seedlin gs are then used

as seed for planting the next potato crop. Fifty
grams of TPS co st abo ut $100 , as opposed to
$1 ,200 to $ 1 ,5 00 for two tons of seed tubers .
Producing sma ll tub ers from TPS ca n be labo r
intensive-a decided plus in ru ral areas that are
sho rt of jobs.

True-Seed Research
The TPS te c hnologies now coming on lin e are
the product of more th an 20 yea rs of research.
" We had many false starts," Upad hya reca ll s, "a nd
many setbacks. With eve ry step forwa rd , we
encountered new roadblocks and new scientific
c hall enges." Th e basic problem was to produ ce
true-seed hyb rids that wo u Id meet mark et
stand ards .
Work began by se lect ing parenta l lin es with
desired c haracte risti cs, suc h as tuber shape and
co lor, and adapta bili ty to day len gths found in two
tropical growing seasons.
What was needed , says Upadhya, we re
cu lti va rs that produce a crop in the au tumn
seaso n w hen potatoes are planted under lo ng days
and tuberize under short days, as we ll as c ul t iva rs
su itabl e for the spri ng seaso n whe n potatoes are
planted un der short days and tub er ize during lon g
days. Today, CIP TPS pop ulation s are sufficiently
homoge neo us to meet t he dem and s of the
marketplace , but contain a mi xture of genes that
protect th em from a var iety of v iru ses and plant
diseases. An add ition al adva ntage of TPS ,
Upadhya expla ined , is that it provides farmers
with a potato crop made up of num erous ge ne
co mbinati ons, rather than a mon oc ulture of
genet icall y identical potato clones, as is the case
for crops grow n from traditional tuber seed. This
mixture of genes could eve ntu all y provide farmers
w ith an important too l fo r fighting diseases suc h
as late blight.
Even with the deve lop ment of th e new hyb rid s
that ex hibited good uni for mity, howeve r, scientists
st ill faced the pro bl em of seed dormancy. Tru e
potato seeds ge rmin ate at different times, a
defense mec han ism that plants use to protect
th emse lves in the w i Id. The so l.ut ion to t he
prob lem was worked out by CIP's Noe l Pallais, a
plant physiologist, w ho lea rned how to foo l the
plant into believing it had go ne through a full

N. PALLAIS

--14

POTATO PRODUCTION FROM HYBRID

ns

ON FARM TRIAL \S95-t996

LOCATION ,TrP11g Quan.T!ta1 &n!t.Ytet Nam

season of dorm ancy so it wo uld ger minate

uniforml y durin g the followin g produ ction seaso n.
" In retrosp ect, th e so lution was fai rl y simp le,"
Pall ais says. " What we did was redu ce seed
moi sture leve ls to 4 percent and stored the seed
for four mo nth s at 40 degrees Cels ius. After that,
all TPS germin ates uniforml y ."
T PS also gives farmers plantin g fl ex ibility,
Pall ais says . In tropical reg ion s, whe re li ttle or no
co ld storage is ava ilable to fa rmers, tub er seed
deteriorates rapidl y. One adva ntage of TPS is th at
it all ows farmers to plant a crop acco rdin g to their
sc hed ul e. Growe rs w ho rely on c lo nal seed ha ve
little choice but to plant when the tub ers arri ve
from abroad or from a local seed program . With
TPS , farmers have more contro l over t imin g. For
exa mpl e, in hi ghland zo nes arou nd Lake Titi caca
bo rderin g Bol ivia and Peru , farmers are p lant in g
seedbeds of TPS to co in c id e with the onset of th e
rain y season. Minitubers grown from TPS in t he
seedbeds are equ al in quality and v igo r to what is
referred to as bas ic seed , the highest quality seed
national programs produce and distribute to
ce rtified seed growers. Thus, even the poorest
farmers who use TPS can produ ce t he hi ghes t
qua lity seed acco rding to their own schedule.

1995 Field Reports

India: In Indi a, the world's sixth-largest potato
producer, fa rm ers are growin g more than 10,000
hectares of potatoes deri ved from TPS pl antin g
material , a fiv efo ld increase ove r 199 3. C IP
eco nomists project that the area pl anted w ith th e
new hyb rids should reac h 250,000 hectares by th e

year 2015. Ind ia produced nea rl y 500 kilo grams

of tru e seed in 1995 , enou gh to plant 20 ,000
hectares. With TPS presentl y wholesaling fo r $800
a kilo gram, Indi an producers are se llin g a portion
of their seed to potato programs in Vietnam ,
Egypt, the Philippines , and ne ighborin g Sri Lanka
and Banglades h. A ll six TPS hybrid s now be in g
produ ce d in India were bred by a CIP team of
sc ienti sts and we re extensi ve ly eva lu ated by
Indi a's Central Potato Research In st itute and
resea rc h ce nters of the A ll In dia Coordinated
Potato Improvement Project . In rece nt yea rs,
Indi a's Ministry of Agr icultu re has provi ded
money to state gove rnments to build ad diti ona l
TPS produ ctio n faci lit ies. Th e state of Tripura, a

16

lead er in TPS production , hopes to produ ce 200

kilo grams in 1996. Th e object ive of th e
go ve rnm ent' s in ves tm ent is to all eviate th e
country's c hroni c sho rt age of quality seed.
Vietnam: In Vietnam , the rapid inc rea se in the
use of TPS techno logy in the rice-b ased crop pin g

system near H ano i ha s surprised m any

re sea rche rs. Th e in crease is largel y the res ult of
TPS's ability to fit a hi ghl y profitabl e potato crop
between tw o crops of ri ce. In 1996 , V ietnam pl ans
to import about 30 ki log rams of hyb rid TPS from
Indi a-a ll of it dest in ed as a third cro p in the
country's ri ce bowl , th e Red Ri ve r D elta.
Vietn amese ag ri cu ltural offic ials expect that by
the year 2000, 7,000 hectares of potatoes wi 11 be
grow n in the Red Ri ver Delta . Of this tota l, 2,000
hectares w ill probably be grow n from TPS
transpl ants and 5,000 hectares from f irst- o r
second-generat ion TPS-der ived tub ers. Th e
governm ent expects th at farmers will grow more
than 100,000 tons of hi gh-quality potatoes eac h
yea r thereafter from TPS-deri ved m ate ri als. By th e
R. FALCON

turn of the century, Vietn am will require 300

kilo grams of TPS valued in excess of a quarter of a
million doll ars at 1995 prices. By then, Vietnam
plan s to be self-sufficient in tru e-seed produ c tion.
Currently, all of th e TPS used in Vietnam are CIP
hybrid s purchased from Indi a. Vi etn amese
scientists, however, are ex perim entin g with their
own hybrid seed varieties and co ntinuing to
scree n hybrids introduced by CIP.
Nicaragua: Despite heavy outbreaks of late blight
in 19 95 , potatoes grown from TPS hybrids
continue to meet grower expectations. TPS
varieties currently represent about 40 percent of
th e 21 ,000 tons of potatoe s eate n in the country
each year. Nicaragua's TPS varieties, which were
deriv ed from (IP-Indian hybrids, were first
intro du ced into the country in 1987. Nicaragua
now purchases TPS from the Chil ean national
potato program, but continues to diversify its true
potato seed selections to fit produ ct ion and
m ark et ni c hes by growin g th e white-skinned
variety Ni ca ra guan consumers prefer, or by

producing a late-maturin g potato to take

advantage of hi gher prices when potatoes are in
short supply.
Cuba: After 30 years of spe ndin g an estimated
$15 mil I ion a year on imported seed tubers, m any
of which carried diseases, Cuba is investing in the
co nstruction of three fac iliti es to produce hybrid
TPS seedling tub ers. Like Nicaragua, Cuba
c urrently imports TPS seed from Chile, includin g
three (IP-Indian va ri eties that resist late bli ght.

Egypt: Seed farms in Egypt have turned to

producing seedling tub ers following " direct
seeding" of TPS usin g mec hani zed planters. This
is beli eved to be the firs t instanc e in which TPS is
sown directly into the soil. In 1995, four hecta re s
of TPS were planted on newly reclaimed desert
land. CIP-developed hybrids performed extremely
well under these conditions. Res ulting minitubers
will go directl y to farmers to plant next year's
cro p. Egyptian farmers expect to plant 300
hectares of TPS-derived potatoes in 1996 usin g
domesti ca lly produ ce d minitubers and
commercial quantiti es of TPS imported from
Indi a.
China: In 1994-1995, abou t 9,000 hectares were
planted from hybrid TPS supplied by CIP and the
Wumeng Agricultural In stitute in Inner Mongolia.
Researchers in Chin a are c urrently testing CIP
hybrids and report good res ults in Sichuan and
Yunn an provinces. TPS-d erived potato produ ction
fell dramatically in th e 1980s because of viroid
and seed germination probl ems arising from the
use of locally produced, ope n-pol I inated
va ri etie s. China, th e largest producer of potatoes
in th e deve lopin g world, started producing hyb rid
TPS in 1988 with tec hni ca l backstopping from

In Peru, farmers who

normally plant 2 tons of
seed tubers are achieving
comparable and
frequently better results
by sowing as little as 50
grams of true seed.

CIP.
Bangladesh: Res ea rch ers co nsider Banglad es h to
be an outstanding ca ndid ate for TPS technolo gy.
In 199 5, the governm ent imported 16 kilo grams
of TPS from Indi a and sold it to gro we rs in the
co untry 's six prin c ipal potato-growing distri cts.
Bangladeshi farmers expect to harves t about a
thousand hectares from TPS-derived plantin g
material in 1996, a 10-fo ld increase over th e
previous year.

17

New Rice and Wheat Varieties

Ignite Asian Potato
Production
Unwittingly, it was the development and success
of early maturing, high-yielding rice and wheat
varieties that accelerated the growth of potato
production in South Asia.
Because of their short cropping cycle,
potatoes fit well into the wheat and rice farming
systems that make up much of Asia's agriculture.
"The beauty of the new rice and wheat
varieties," says CIP economist Gregory Scott, "is
that they've opened up a niche in the cropping
calendar that allows farmers not only to plant
more rice and wheat but also sandwich in a
planting of potatoes."
Today, virtually all potatoes grown on the

Cropping patterns:
Shown below (page
18) is the traditional
cropping pattern that
existed in South Asia
prior to the
introduction of high
yielding rice and
wheat varieties in the
1960s. The current
"Rice-Potato-Rice"
pattern and the
"Rice-Potato-Wheat
Summer Pulses"
pattern are shown on
pages 19 and 20,
respectively.

Indian subcontinent are produced in this manner .

In Bangladesh, farmers grow upwards of 1 7
million tons of potatoes on 1.2 million hectares
during a three-month production window
opened by technologies that lessen the time
required to plant and harvest rice. Potatoes are
planted in October and November and harvested
during a four- to six-week interval from late
January to early March, well before the arrival of
the southwest monsoons in June and in time to
accommodate a wheat crop. This extra supply of
potatoes provides food at a time when cereal
bins begin to run low and farm families must
stretch remaining supplies until the next harvest.
The development of the new rice and wheat
varieties made it economically attractive to
invest in tube wells and fertilizer to extract
maximum yields from cereals. As a result,
farmers can usually coax a potato crop th rough
the dry season with residual soil moisture or a
N. PALLA IS

TRADITIONAL ASIAN CROPPING PATTERN-1965

M111M Ml!IM WJlllM KjiM Mel4M M1elW MtllM Mt;lM Mjj:M Mt)f41;M W+llM Ef;1'4M

Rainy season begins .

r-Fallow or summer crop--1

... . _ .. ..

... .

small amount of irrigation water. Recent farm

surveys have found that even farmers who crop
less than a hectare can obtain both irri gation and
fertili ze r.
" What happens as a result of growing potatoes
after cereals is that th e net incom e of small
farm ers goes up," Scott exp lain ed. "Farme rs are
then in a better position to se lf-fin ance rice and
wheat crops by turning that money arou nd for
fertili ze r and other inputs. Potatoes upgrade and
diversify t he entire food system . They not only
increase cas h in come but also provide farmers
with a natural mea ns to break up pest cyc les
caused by the sequential cropp in g of cerea ls."

Harvesting potatoes in
Vietnam's Red River
Delta: since 1961-63,
potato production in
Vietnam has grown at an
average annual rate of 6
percent.

Storage, Trade, and Foreign Exchange

The introduction of potatoes in Asia's cerealbased cropp in g systems is also havin g an impact
on trade and foreign exchange. By substa nti all y
increas in g food production with potatoes,
countries such as Bangladesh are conserv in g
foreign excha nge by not havin g to import cereals
at the volumes and va lu es previously requ ired.
In creased potato. production on the
subcont in ent has also led to dramatic c han ges in
the w ay the crop is handled after harvest, when in
the space of a month nearly 18 million tons of
potatoes come out of the ground. " Farmers need
some alternative mec hanism to manage the supply
of potatoes released onto the market," says Sco tt,
noting that this hi ghly skewed seasonal supply
pattern puts tremendous pressure on the marketing
cha in .

RICE-POT A TO-RICE

MldM MlllM *+lllM i*M Mtl4M Mi1JYW MtllM MMM Mll:M i31.1M WilltM MiMW
Rainy season begins

Potatoes - - - - - - - - - 1
1---------Rice---------1

Fallow

...

'

..

1--------Rice--------1

Indi an and Bangladeshi farme rs, Scott says,

wou ld be nef it from in ex pensi ve tec hnology to
extend cro p stor age to take ad va ntage of risin g
pr ices from Februar y thro ugh May, the per iod
before co ld-storage po tatoes come o nto the
market.
O ve r th e past 10 to 15 yea rs, C IP has
experimented w ith tr adit iona l ru st ic fa rm storage
methods that are c heap, simpl e, an d effective in
maintai n ing potato stoc ks for sa le i n a ri sin g
market . In 1994-i 995, research ers from the
Indi an Co un c i l of Agri c ultural Resea rc h and CIP
conducted on-farm tes ts w ith potato stores that
use eva porati ve coo lin g system s d ur ing the
warm , dry months. Temperatures in sid e the
stores we re 12 to 19 deg rees Cels i us coo ler th an
outsid e temperature s. Farmers w ho used the
stores ex peri ence d tuber we ight losses of on ly
13-14 perce nt in stor age pe ri ods of up to 84
days. In 1994 , prices at the t i me th e stored
G. SCOTT

India has the ca pacity to

conserve about ha lf of its
15.7-million-ton a nnual
potato harvest in cold
sto res; th e remainder
must be eaten at ha rvest,
processed, or sto red in
the countryside.

In Indi a and Bangladesh, a portion of the c rop

goes to m ark et imm edi ately, usuall y at low
pr ices . A large part of th e harves t is then pi led in
the f ield fo r 60 days until th e initi al gl ut of
potatoes passes an d pr ices recover . Th e pract ice
is risk y beca use unexpected we t wea ther ca n ruin
a yea r' s p rod uct ion. About half of the harves t
goes i nto co mm erc ial co ld-storage fac ili ti es to be
held unt i l sup p li es dw indle and pri ce s ris e.
Indi a, th e wor ld 's sixth-l argest potato
producer, now has a co ld -storage ca pac ity for
more than 8 mi lli on tons. But co ld stores are o nly
a part ial so lution to potato m ark eting prob lem s.

potatoes we re so ld we re 30-60 perce nt higher

than whe n th e c rop went into sto rage; in 199 5,
pr ices rose 90 percent.
Farm sto res are not a risk -free tec hn ology,
Scott says. In some yea rs , potato p rices fa i I to
ris e as the mark etin g season prog resses. " It's sort
of like the hi gh- y ieldin g ri ce and w hea t varieti es
in th e se nse that fa rm ers have a co nsid erable
in vestment in inputs," he contends. " If there's
bad wea th er o r a severe pest att ack, the return
on t he investm ent will be small , o r none at all .
But, in four out of five yea rs, farme rs are go in g
to see more rup ees and takas in th eir pocket s
than if the y sold th ei r c rop ri ght after harvest. "

RICE-POTATO-WHEAT-SUMMER PULSES
MM - . . . . . . . ., . . . 1W . . . . . . +wMM Mll:W Mtjgw:w . , , :

.,. . . .

Rainy season begins

Potatoes----1 - - - - - - - - R ice - - - - - - - - - 1

I- Summer pu lses -:-i

...._______ Wheat - - - - - - - - 1

IPM Studies Show Promise at Grass Roots

Component Technologies
Undergo Testing in Africa
and the Caribbean

pop ul ati o ns, pro ved to be effect ive in red uc ing

pest numbers by lurin g adult males into trapping
o r killin g dev ices. In 1995, app rox im ately 40,000
suc h traps we re tested successfull y in fa rm ers'
fi eld s.

Sweetpotato for the Hungry Months

In v irtuall y all of th e 82 deve lopin g co un t ri es that
grow swe etpotato, weevil pests are a major so urce
of eco no mic loss . A lthou gh th e crop ca n be
prod uce d und er diffi c ult growin g con di t ion s w ith
minim um inpu ts, weevil s co ntinu e to plagu e
produ ction despite the use- and m isuse-of
insecti c ides.
In 199 5, CIP researc hers in Afri ca and th e
Caribbea n rep o rted signifi ca nt progress in th e
test i ng of co mpo nent tec hn o logies that fa rm ers
c an use in integrated pest m anage ment (IPM)
program s. In th e Ca ribb ea n, where the
predo min ant weev il spec ies is Cy /as fo rmica riu s,
CIP-recommended IPM practi ces in c lud e th e use
of natur al en emi es such as p re dato ry ants, th e
fun gus Beauveria bassiana-whi c h ca n be ap p li ed
as a bi o log ica ll y sa fe in sectic id e- and mass
trappin g of adult male weev il s usin g sex
phero mo nes .
After two yea rs of large-sca le test in g spo nsored
by th e O PEC Fund, stor age-root damage dropped
from 25 percent to 5 perce nt in th e D o mini ca n
Repu b li c and fro m 44 perce nt to 8
perce nt in Cuba. In Cuba's case,
this is abo ut th e sa me leve l of
dam age that farm ers experi ence d
w hen t hey appli ed Sov ietsuppli ed insecti ci des 8 to 12
tim es pe r seaso n. When Sov iet
insectic id es beca me un avai lab le,
Cuba was forced to seek
altern at ive s and turn ed to IPM.
Large-scal e tri als in th e
Cienfu egos area show th at
sw eetpotato grow n w ith
integrated we evil managem ent
practi ces produ ce d average yield s
of 18.2 t/ha- ro ughl y twi ce th at of
crop s produced w ithout IPMwith da mage limi ted to ju st 8
perce nt of th e c ro p . Se x
ph erom o nes, w h'ic h w ere initi all y
used to attract and monito r pest

Encourag ing results w ere also reported in 1995

fro m East Afri ca, w here sweetpotato is an
impo rtant seco nd ary c rop and pl ays a c ritica l rol e
in rural di ets durin g th e " hun gry months. " Ugand a
alo ne prod uces 1.7 million ton s, makin g it the
fo urth-l argest sweetpotato produ ce r in th e w orld .
Sweetp otato produ ction in the re gion is
p redomin antl y rainfed and th e c ro p is pl anted and
harvested pi ecemea l throu gho ut th e yea r. East
Afr ica n sweetpotato growers are usuall y smal 1sca le, resource -poor femal e fa rm ers. Produ ction
practic es co ntra st w ith those used in th e
Ca ribb ea n as t he predo minant weev il spec ies are
d iffe rent. In addition , East Afri ca n farmin g
t radition s and the soc ioeconomi cs of produ ction
di ffe r fro m thos e of oth er regi on s. In o ne distri ct in
ce nt ral Uga nd a, for exa mpl e, sw eetpotato has
repl aced cassa va as t he predo min ant food staple
beca use of seve re losses from cassa va mosa ic
v i rus . A lth o ugh sw eetp otato is fa r more nu tr itious
th an cass ava, cass ava ca n be left in th e gro und

The Caribbean
sweetpotato weevil,
Cy/as formicarius.
R. HADDAD

J. ALCAZ AR

A weevil-infested
sweetpotato root: weevil
damage renders most
crops unusable even for
animal feed.

and harvested as needed. Sweetpotato roots are

extremely vulnerable to weevils if left
unharvested.
CIP's resea rch agenda for sweetpotato in East
Africa includes biological studies of the
predominant weevil pests in the region, plus field
experiments to test the effectiveness of the

B. bassiana pathogenic fungus as an IPM

component technology . In addition, work is und er
way with Uganda's N ational Agricultural Research
Organization (NARO) and the Natural Resources
Institute (NR I) of the United Kingdom to identify
female sex pheromones for two African weevil
species (C. brunneus and C. puncticollis). Sample
lures developed at NRI were field tested
su_ccessfully in Uganda using various trap designs
to determine the most attractive pheromone
blends for the two species and the most effective
slow-release pheromone dispensers. "Sex
pheromones may be the key to introdu ci ng IPM to
East African sweetpotato producers," says
Cisneros. " The technology has a noticeab le
impact on farme rs and makes the entire package
of practices more acceptable. Our ex peri ence in
Cuba is that sweetpotato growers who know about
the technology won't even plant unless sex
pheromon es are available. We expect that the
same will be true in East Africa as well ."

Host-Plant Resistance

G. CHANG

22

After many years of study, Cl P scientists

have concluded that no known cultivated or
wild relative of sweetpotato contains a useful
form of weevil resistance. Accordingly, Center
plant breeders are exploring the possibility of
inserting genes from the bacterium Bacillus
thuringiensis, a natural insecticide, into the
sweetpotato genome. This work, which is
exceedingly complex, and needs a ca refully
pJanned deployment strategy, is still in its
infancy. As an alternative, CIP researchers are
also evaluating a molecular approach based
on a relatively simple concept. Because
weevils digest their food with the hel p of
certain proteinases, it may be possible to
interrupt their feeding process by incorporating
proteinase inhibitor genes into the sweetpotato
genome. Such inhibitors have been identified
for other Coleoptera insects in Canada and
could be inco rporated into sweetpotato using
the transformation and regeneration protocols
developed in the 1980s by Peru's National
Agrarian University in La Molina and CIP.

IPM in the Sacred Valley of the Incas

In Urquillos, a sma ll farming village in Peru's
Sacred Valley of the Incas, crop losses from potato
tub er moth have dropped over th e past two years
from 72 percent to almost zero. Today, increasing
numbers of farmers in Urquillos, and in
surrounding villages, are using biologically
fri endly, integrated pest management (IPM)
methods rather than chemical insecticides. The
switch from hazardo us pesticides is the resu It of
technologies developed at CIP and the work of
community leader Maritza Marcav illaca.
"In past years," Marcav illaca said recently, "we
tried to control th e moth with insecti c ides,
including parathion, but the results were poor and
we noticed th at many of our people became sick
from the chemicals." Insectic ides, she noted, were
not only expensive, but some Urquillos resid ents
thou ght they were responsible for a rash of
miscarriages and illness in the village.
Through the University of Cusco, Marcavillaca
contacted CIP to inquire abo ut alternative pest
control practices. "CI P rece ives many such
requ ests, but we refer most to local authorities,"
says CIP IPM leader Fausto Cisneros . " In
Urquillos, we found a dynamic grass-roots
organization willing to invest its own resourc es in
a new technology, and willing to work hard to
make the technology work." Marcavillaca is the
leader of the Urquillos Women's Club, an
organization of some 25 women, all of whom are
directly involved in potato and maize production.
Starting in 1994, club m embers, working with
CIP IPM specialists and econo mists, began
experimenting with a series of practices th at can
be used to control tuber moth in seed stores,
including the use of native repell ent plants, sex
pheromones, and a baculovirus. The baculovirus,
which ca n be m anufactured within the
community, kills tuber moth larvae but is harml ess
to hum ans and animals. It is produced by
selecting and grinding virus-infected larvae from
damaged potato tubers and then mixing them with
ordinary talc.
The Urquillos program offered a uniqu e
opportunity for participatory rese arc h in which the
members of a: grass-roots organization and
scientists could work together and learn from one
another . Its success has led several neighborin g
villages to follow suit. Today, Marcavillaca and
her co ll eag ues give seminars to nei ghboring

A.SOUMANO

farmers using educational materials provided by

ARARIWA (a local nongovernmental organizatiqn),
!NIA-Peru' s Nation al Institute for Agricultural
Research, and Cl P. H er long-term goal is to get al I
farmers in the area to use IPM . Urquillos residents,
she says, have formed an informal association to
teach the new techniques in neighboring villages .
But the task has not been easy.

Community IPM leader,

Maritza Marcavillaca.

23

" It was rea ll y hard to convince people to

c hange their ways. I would talk and talk but no
one wo uld listen or bel ieve me, " M arcav ilfaca
notes. " What happens is th at people are used to
usin g pesticides because it' s a lot eas ier-but it's
also more dangerous, an d mos t peop le don ' t know
that. "
According to CIP ag ricu ltural extension
specialist Oscar O rti z, so me of th e most important
thin gs far mers have lea rn ed through the Urquillos
program are a general knowl edge of the pest's life
cycle and the dangers of insecti c ides, which
to gether enabl e th em to make use of IPM
component technologies. Man y farmers, he notes,
have begun using IPM methods on maize as w ell .
" Our philosophy is not to impose on or pressure
fa rm ers to use IPM," ex plain ed Ortiz. " In this
case, the farmers of Urquillos tried o ut and
accepted the new method s, and chose to share
their experience with others."
" Pesti c id e use was always a ve ry bi g worry for
me, " Marcavi ll aca said recently . " So , as a woman
and a mother of this village, I knew I had to do
so methin g-and I did ."

Demonstrating the use of

a pheromone trap at a
community meeting.

Tecia Threatens Native Potato Species

A pest of Guatemalan origin, Tecia
so/anivora, th e Central American potato tuber
moth , is headed for Ecuador. If it succeeds, it
will almost certainly also reach other Andean
countries and become a threat to native potato
species in the crop's center of origin. The life
cycle of the pest is similar to that of the betterknown and more widely spread potato tub er
moth , Phthorimaea operculel/a, but its
potential for damage is far greater. Tec ia's
rapid geographic expansion through
mountainous areas is beli eved to be ca used by
the transport of infected seed. In Colombia, its
appearance is provoking wide-scale use of
pesticid es. At present, there are no
government-approved c hemicals for the pest,
and farmers are turning to hazardous c hemical
cocktails. In respons e to the problem, CIP and
the Colombian national program have
established a pilot program to introdu ce

24

sex pheromones from the Institute for Plant

Disease Research in the N etherland s. Th e
program will also assess the possibil ity of using
CIP-developed biocontrol agents su c h as the
granulosis virus currently used to control the
Phthorimaea tuber moths.

Florence Wambugu: A Vision for Africa

Bea trice Lacoste*
In their vision of Afri ca in t he twe nty-f irst ce ntury,
Chinu a Ac hebe, th e Ni ge ri an author, and hi s
scie nti f ic co -w riters in Beyo nd Hunger in A frica :
A frica- 2057 see deve lop m ent as co min g fro m
w it hin-Afr ica n ex perts t rained and wo rkin g
abroad wi ll return to t hei r nati ve land, impl ement
hi gh-tec hn o logy projects, an.d chann el Afri ca's
energy potenti al to her peo pl e.
Today, w ith more t han half of all profess ionall y
tra in ed Afr ica ns work ing o uts ide t he co ntin ent,
Fl o rence Wam bu gu appears as a p io neer in thi s
v isio n of th e future. In 199 4, W ambu gu return ed
fro m th e Uni te d States to be th e Di rector in
N ai rob i of th e Intern ati o nal Se rvice for th e
Ac qu is itio n of A gri-b iotec h A ppli cat io ns (ISAAA) ,
w hi ch pro motes th e transfer of tec hn o logy to
deve lop ing countri es and acts as a broke r for
transgen ic and no ntransge ni c p lants. The prog ram
is ho used at Cl P' s reg io nal offi ce fo r sub-Saharan
Afr ica , located on the ca m pus of th e In te rn at io nal
Livestoc k Resea rch In stitute in N airo bi .
" From my ea rli est childh ood, I w as interested in
p lants/' W ambu gu reca ll s. " I grew up in
postco loni al tim es wh en most men w orked on
large fa rm s o r we nt to look fo r empl oy ment in th e
c iti es. M y fa the r and un c les we re all away ."
Wa m bugu goes on to ex pl ain th at her m other
str ugg led to feed and ed ucate he r six child re n, her
li fe an end less rou nd of back-b reak ing cho res.
" My mother rea ll y beli eved in educat io n as a
passpo rt for li fe and she neve r com pl ain ed abo ut
my fat her be in g aw ay/' she sa id. En co uraged by
her determin ed moth er, she we nt to boa rdin g
sc hoo l at Kaba re G irl s Seco ndary Sc hoo l, a 65 -km
bu s r id e from home. In itsel f, go in g to sc hoo l was
a sm all revo luti on in a cou ntry like Kenya w here
all too ofte n girl s are kept home to he lp wi th
househol d c ho res.

"Our small farm was the best

research laboratory"
W ambu gu deve loped a stro ng interest in
b io logy an d chemi stry in seco nd ary sc hoo l. Wh en
she j o ined the U ni ve rsity of N ai rob i in 1975, she
chose to study botany and zoo logy : " I have to say
th at o ur small farm was the best resea rch
labo ratory/' enthu ses Wa m bugu . " Agro nomy,
Beatri ce Laco ste is a sc ien ce wr iter currentl y on assi gnm ent
w ith the World Food Programm e in Kenya .

path o logy, breed ing, ca ll it w hat you w ill .. . we

pract iced all of th em growin g c rops.... "
Afte r leav in g th e uni ve rsity, she w as offered a
job in Mu guga, 23 km from Nairob i, at the Kenya
Agr ic ul tura l Resea rch In st itu te, KA RI , wh ere she
wo rked at th e Pl ant Q uarantin e Stati o n. " Thi s was
a turnin g po int in my ca ree r/' she refl ects. "We
we re re leas ing fr uits and vegeta bl es ... and thi s is
how I f irst ca me in to co ntact w ith CIP. Th e CIP
prog ram was one of o ur most important act iv iti es;
at th e t im e, th e Ce nte r was ju st beg innin g to
import potatoes fro m Peru and th e new strai ns
arrivin g fro m CIP promi sed new v igo r and ge neti c

Researcher Florence

Wambugu .

d iversity.
" Ti ss ue c ul t ure mate ri als ca me from Peru in
small test tubes /' she adds. " M y respo nsib il ity was
to check the materia l fo r d iseases , a p rocess that
took up to six mo nths. Dur ing m y ti me, between
1978 an d 1982 , 250 potato access ions arrived at
KA RI. "

25

Wambugu recalls that Sylvester Nganga, CIP's

regional representative in Nairobi at th e time, and
plant breeder Haile Kidanemariam , were closely .
involved in the effort. " The CIP scientists were
very dedicated and really motivated me," she
says. In 1981 , the Center sponsored her
participation in a tissue culture training program
at llTA in Nigeria.

"Not only seed money but moral_ and

professional support."
A year later, Wambugu went to North Dakota
State University to do a master's degree in plant
pathology, specializing in potato viruses . Both
KARI and CIP agreed that her studies would have
regional applications and were supportive . " I felt
driven, and th is opportunity to study was a great
boost to my career. When I came back to KARI , I
was given a job in plant pathology, doing research
on root and tuber crops."
From 1984 to 1988, KARI and CIP interacted
on both potatoes and sweetpotatoes, and
Wambugu worked closely with CIP germplasm
specialist Carlo Carli and Kidanemariam . " CIP
provided not only seed money, but th e
professional and moral support that played a
crucial part in my career development, " she says .
From 1988 to 1991, she conducted thesis
research on the epidemiology of sweetpotato virus
diseases in a joint Ph.D . program conducted at the
University of Bath in cooperation with KARI. " The
research involved traveling throughout Kenya to
visit farmers and would not have been possible
without my previous experience in field res earch
with CIP," Wambugu says .
" CIP had money and an outstanding team of
very supportive scientists," she adds. " It was a
mutually beneficial association for me, for CIP, for
KARI , and , really, for Kenya as a whole."
Wambugu is widely credited by her colleagues
with having stimulated Kenya's and Uganda's
current research programs on sweetpotato
virology.

The Promise of Biotechnology

To keep pace with new developm ents,
Wambugu left KARI in late 1991 to do
postdoctoral work at Monsanto's biotechnology

26

research center in the United States . "This time, I

did not need financial help, but CIP's expertise
and moral support were invaluable," sh e says . "I
had an excellent working relationship with CIP's
Regional Representative, Peter Ewell , with whom I
exchanged a lot of information . Cyrus Ndiritu,
Director of KARI , provided all the help he could
.and Peter Gregory, Cl P's Deputy Director General
for Research , was also very support ~ v e. I really felt
we were a team .
"Wh en I was at Monsanto, I requested help,
and Daniel Maingi, a well-trained and dedicated
KARI sci entist, arrived , later joined by Charity
Macharia, anoth er excellent KARI researcher . We
worked together on finding a solution to feathery
mottle virus, whi c h cau ses sweetpotatoes to
degenerate and dramatically cuts production .
Sweetpotato yields in Kenya are about 4-5 tons
per hectare, a mere fraction of their potential."
At Monsanto, Wambugu and her colleagues
managed to transform African sweetpotato
varieties by introducing the viral coat protein (CP)
gene that triggers resistance to feathery mottle
virus. The CP gene had previously been
sequenced by Jorge Abad , a CIP sci entist working
with James Moyer at North Carolina State
University in th e United States.
This pioneering work sets an example for
future collaboration between developed and
developing countries, says Gregory. The scientists
involved developed a virus-resistant sweetpotato
that stands an excellent chance of becoming a
commercial product. Furthermore, Kenya, the first
count~y to obtain ownership of the new cultivar,
will not have to pay royalties. Once Kenya has
developed its biosafety guidelines, Wambugu
adds, importation of the transgenic sweetpotato
can proceed.
In the meantime, Wambugu , in addition to her
ISAAA responsibilities, is helping CIP researchers
in Nairobi conduct training courses. "We have no
biotechnology expert or virologist in Nairobi,"
says Ewe I I. "Florence provides us with a muchneeded resource person on plant pathology and
biotechnology, and she recently participated as
an instructor in on e of our training courses for
national scientists from Kenya and Uganda .
I guess you could say there is a certain synergy at
work here."

CON DESAN: An Ecoregional Approach

to Research for the High Andes

N. YAMAMOTO

[CONOESAN provides a] novel

approach to mountain development ...
by looking at ecoregional issues in a
comprehensive way, and by being
open to a variety of partners.

Boutros Boutros-Ghali
U.N. Secretary-General

In dozens of isol ated Andean communities,

ge neti c co nservation experts spent much of 1995
conducting field research and exam ining histori ca l
data on the region's lesser-known root and tuber
crops. This rese arch, which was cond ucted as part
of CON DESAN-the Consortium for the
Sustainable Development of the Andean
Eco region-i s helpin g to link genetic resources
programs in .Bolivia, Ecuador, and Peru.
"The CONDESAN approach ," notes the
Consortium's biodiversity coordinator Miguel
Holl e, " is helpin g to remove the barriers that

27 -

Bofedales: A traditional
land use system in the
area surrounding Lake
Titicaca in southern Peru
and western Bolivia.

prev ious ly preve nted the exc hange of resea rc h

res ul ts across nati o nal bo rd ers." It is also
provid ing m uc h-needed in fo rmat io n o n viro logy,
sto rage, process in g, and spec ies variatio n. " We
sta rt in w hat is ca ll ed a mi crocenter of d iversi ty,"
he says. " Thi s is an area w here c rop var iati o n is
pa rt ic u la rly co ncen trated. Th e obj ect ive is to
eventuall y exte nd the stud ies up to the
ecoreg io nal level and draw broade r concl usions
usefu l to both sc ient ists and po li cymakers. "
N ow in its third yea r, CONDESAN ' s program
for the co nservat io n and use of biod ivers ity
suppo rts th e ge net ic reso urces prog rams of 22
orga nizations. Amo ng t hem is an unus ual
gro up of p ri vate-secto r, un ive rsity, and fa rm
o rga n izatio ns wi th a commo n in terest in
deve lopi ng an export ma rke t fo r m aca (Lep idi um
meye ni1). Fo rmed in 1995 , the group supports
pharm ace utical interests in secu ri ng adeq uate
supp lies of a cro p that is be li eved to act as a
natural re laxa nt.

A Unified Approach
Biodive rsity resea rch is o ne element i n a broad ,
t hree-yea r-o ld eco reg ional in it iat ive to rescue one
of th e wo rl d' s grea t mo u nta in systems . Unab le to
so lve t he big prob lems of th e A nd es p iecemea l, a
group of sc ientists , pol icymakers, an d deve lopment
specia li sts from seven Andea n co u ntr ies met at CIP
in Ma y 1992 to c reate COND ESAN. The researc h
alli ance is now open to all pu b l ic and private
inst itut ions wi lli ng to co ll abo rate and share costs.
CON DESAN brings together a vast array of
resea rc h expe rt ise and reso urces t hat crosses
d iscip li nes in environmenta l, agr icu ltural, and
socia l sc iences. It act ively promotes resea rch
pa rt ners hips ai med at ach iev in g susta in ab le
deve lopment. Co ll abo ration w ith natio nal
agr ic ul tura l researc h and deve lop m ent prog rams
con t inues to be I.inked to o ngo in g researc h
proj ects fu nded by ma j or do no rs and local
gove rn ments .

CONDESAN Research
in 1995
Bofedales: In sout hern Peru, alpaca produ ce rs
graz e th ei r an imals o n natural pastures arr anged
in co nce ntri c ci rcles, a tradition al land use
system kn ow n as bofedales. Rece nt studi es
show th at th e anim al ca rryi ng ca pac ity of
bofedales ca n be do ubl ed by co nstru ct in g _? mall
irrigati o n c hann els th at d ive rt small amo unts of
water to nearby unirr.i gated areas. CO N DE SA N
system s analysts, wo rkin g w ith ex perts fro m
CIRN M A, a loca l NGO, repo rt th at the c hann els
ca n also be used to estab l is h sm all tro ut po nd s,
a practice that im proves fa mil y protein in ta ke
an d in c reases income by more th an 30%. T he
c hann els have the add ed be nefi t of not
interrupti ng th e fl ow of wate r need ed by fa rm ers
dow nstrea m.
Rustic greenhouses: In th e hi gh-p latea u reg io n
aroun d Lake Titicaca, o n th e Bo li v ian- Peru v ian
bo rder, CON D ESA N coope rato rs are co nd ucti ng
stu d ies aim ed at deve lop in g food prod uction
E. MUJICA

28

. I

Although participation varies, more th an 100

institutions from 20 countries are currently
members of CON DESAN. Th ese are m ain ly
national agr icultural researc h institutes,
universiti es, internat ion al and nongovernmental
organizations, and private groups , but individual
farmers and comm unities from the various Andean
subregions also part icipate. Research cove rs
priority topics in four approved themes:
biodiversity, land and water management, policy,
and production systems.
The Consortium operates und er the guid ance of
a seven-member board of directors, currently
headed by Jaime Tola, director genera l of
Ecuador's national agricultural research in stitu teINIAP. Day-to-day operations are coord in ated by
Jose Luis Ru eda and a multidi sc iplin ary team of
sc ientists who also provid e research support to
CONDESAN field projects .
Tola believes that th e partnership has been
instrumental in bringing abo ut a co nsensus on the

CONOESAN's goal is to translate

research into policies that provide
alternatives for watersheds, communities, and the ecoregion.
type of agriculture that sho uld be cond ucted and
the policies needed to ac hieve susta inabl e
improvements in productivity, income, equity,
and environm ental quality. One goa l, he says, is
to translate isolated research res ults into co herent
policies that provide alternat ive production
opt ions for watersheds , comm uniti es, and th e
ecoreg ion as a whole.
"To chart a cou rs e for the future, CON DESAN
must remain respo nsive and must bring into
harmony different sets of knowledge, different
in sti tut io nal interests, and different demands on
the region's resource base," Tola says. "We

CONDEsAN

alternatives for animal producers with small

tracts of land . One such technology is a low-cost
rustic greenhouse fitted with drip irrigation for
year-round production of potato, vegetables, and
small fruits . The greenhouses, which are filled
with barley straw and animal manure, eliminate
the risk of crop failures caused by frost and
drought. Resea rch has shown that by using the
barley straw-manure mixture iri conjunction with
the greenhouses, farmers can produce up to 350
kg per year of potatoes per SO-square-meter plot,
a 500% in c rease over field-grown potatoes .
Because of the program's success, researchers
from Peru and Bolivia's national research
systems are jointly studying the potenti al of
small-scale gre enhouse production of medicinal
plants for the international market.

Salt-tolerant pastures: Kauchi, a salt-tolerant

plant native to the Altiplano, was evaluated as a
possible solution to salinity problems in Bolivia's

600,000-hectare Desaguadero River

watershed. The research sites selected for
eva luation trials were located using satellite
maps developed by the Bolivian Remote
Sensing Association for Environmental Studies
(A BTEMA), a member of CON DESAN. To
date, governmental organizations and NGOs
have established more than 50 hectares of
experimental kauchi pasture for sheep grazing.
Kauchi forage contains up to 16% protein, is
70% digestible, and produces annual dry
matter yields exceeding 2 t/ha. Researchers
have determined that kauchi yields are
comparable to those obtained with alfalfa in
nonsaline soils. Future expansion of this
technology will depend on resolving kauchi's
low rate of seed ge rmination , a problem
currently being addressed by scientists working
at the Bolivian Institute of Agricultural
Tec hnology, another CONDESAN member.

29

believe that th ese effo rts will benefit not only

th.ose current ly c harged with m ai ntaining natural
reso urces but also those whose job it wi 11 be to do
so for future generations."
Fieldwork is c urrentl y being ca rri ed out at six
benchmark sites: La Miel in Co lo mbia ; Carchi ,
Ec uado r; Cajam arca and Puno, Peru ; and
Coc habamba and the Aroma Provin ce in Bolivi a.
At these sites, resea rc h is parti c ipato ry and longterm, and covers studies t hat range from th e
com munity level up to the watershed. New
produ ction technologies are bein g proposed to
in c rease agricu ltural p roductivity and promote
environmental protection . Res ults from
benchmark sites w i 11 eve ntu all y be analyzed so .
that thei r impact ca n be meas ured over larger
areas.
To link the system's different projects and
work sites and provide an in expe nsive way to
share information and research res ults, a
comm unication s netwo rk, INFOAN DINA, was
established. Accessib le to everyone interested in
susta in ab le man ageme nt of Andean natural
resources, it prov id es on-line access to global
databases and electro ni c m ail serv ices, and will
eve ntu all y furn ish subscribers with inform at io n o n
potato researc h, co mmodity prices, wa ter
manage ment, indi ge nous knowl edge systems,
ge nd er studies, and Andean came lids .
In addit ion to CIP, three other CGIAR ce nters
are involved. The Internation al Center for
Tropica l Agr ic ulture in Co lombia is he lpin g with
agroeco logical c haracterization work,
particularly on lowe r hillsid es; the Internation al

Opinions -.
and Beliefs:
Facts and
Analysis

30

Plant Ge netic Resources Institute in Rome

parti c ipates in th e biodi ve rsity effort; and the
Intern at io nal Centre fo r Research in Agroforestry
in Nairobi is in volved in ag roforestry resea rch .
CON D ESAN also anti c ipates th at the CG IA R' s
systemwide li vestock in itiative will respo nd to
rese arch _needs in the Andes by supporting a
proposed program of livestoc k res earc h.
CONDESAN is c urrent ly strengthening its
capability in land and wate r man age ment, and,
throu gh the applicatio n of sim ul ation models, is
condu ct in g researc h o n land use systems. These
activities inc lud e agroeco logical
characterization of a var iety of bi op hys ica l
env iro nments-, po li cy and soc ioeconomic
studies, as we ll as lon g-te rm monitorin g of
biodi vers ity and soi l and water resources . The
objective of this researc h is to ana lyze the
constraints th at threaten product iv ity in Andean
ag ri c ultura l syste ms . When completed, this
research is expected to prov ide options for
altern ati ve land use systems that promote
sustai nab le man age ment of natural reso urce s,
Ru eda notes. This wo rk is close ly lin ked to
CONDESAN ' s smal l network of exper ienced
poli cy analysts who are stud y in g how
government pol icies influ ence sustainability.
Their goa l is to provid e re li able informati o n that
politi cal leaders can use to formulate policies
that c reate jobs, increase incomes, and st imulate
econo mi c deve lopment.

How can scientists resrond to the needs of hills ide fa rm ers for more
produ ct ive, environmentally friendly tec hnologi es? How can hillsid e
residents make their voices heard amo ng the competing claims in th e
politi ca l processes that determine government policies? These q uestions
moti vated the deve lopment of a new CONDESAN project th at wil l link
Ecu ador's nation al elect.r ical authority with internationa l centers an d
NGOs, foreign and local universities, and the co untry's nation al
agr icu ltural researc h system. The proj ect will finance the development of
a dec ision support system that can sc ree n polici es and technologies
and id entify trade-offs between the environment and agriculture.
A combinatio n of expert systems and simulation models, the project
should throw li ght on what is most frequently a debate distingu ished by
opinions and beliefs rather then facts and analysis.

Board

of
Trustees

Mrs. Martha ter Kuile (Chairperson)

Strategic Planning Division, Policy Branch
CIDA
Quebec, Ca nada

Dr. Alfonso Cerrate*

Executive Director
ln stituto Nacional de lnvestigaci6n Agraria
Lima, Peru

Dr. Hubert Zandstra

Director General
Intern ationa l Potato Center
Lima, Peru

Dr. K. L. Chadha (Vice Chair)

Deputy Director General (Horti cu lture)
Indi an Council of Agricultural Research
New Delhi, Indi a

Dr. Klaus Raven

Facultad de Agronomfa
Universidad Nacional Agraria
Lima, Peru

Dr. Moise Mensah

Cotonou, Benin

Dr. Setijati Sastrapradja

Indonesian Institute of Sciences
N at ion al Centre for Research in Biotech nology
Bogor, Indonesi a
Dr. Toshihiro Kajiwara
Director, Japan Plant Protection Association
Tokyo, Japan

Dr. Durward Bateman (Chair, Prog. Committee)

Dean, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
North Carolina State University
Raleigh, North Caro lin a, USA
Dr. Lieselotte Schilde
Professor, University of Tubingen
Tubin gen, Germany
Dr. Koenraad Verhoeff
Wageningen , The Nether lands
*Unti l Apr il 30, 1995

31

Finance
and Administration
Cl P's CG IAR -approved research budget for 1995
was $2 1 .3 m ill ion. A lthoug h purchasing power
decreased by an estimated $0.6 million because
of persistent inflat ion in US dollar terms, the
Center increased its co m m itments to research by
$0.4 millio n and supp lemented its operating fund
by $0.5 mil lio n . These investments were made
possib le by pa ral lel reduct io ns in adm inistrat ive
costs and by efforts to stream li ne severa l
admin istrative departments. Neve rthe less, many of
the Center's internat io nal posit ions rema in vaca nt
and the downs izing of loca ll y recru ited staff
co ntinues .
D onor commitments for 1995 were $21 .3
m ill ion, approximate ly 5% above or igina l
est imates. A total of $ 1.0 mi llio n was recovered
from over head c harged to restricted and
comp lementary proj ects; $0.3 m ill ion was ea rn ed
from interest o n t ime deposi ts and other assets.
Ea rn ed income was 30% above or igina l
est imates. Contr ib ut ions fo r comp lementa ry

BALANCE SHEET (US$000)

Operational expenses by activity for 1995

and 1996 ( %) .

Resea rc h
Researc h Support
Trai ning
Info rmation
Admi ni stratio n
Operat io ns*
Accruals & Provisio ns
Extern al Rev iew
Subtota l
Dep rec iation
Ope rat ing Fund
Subtota l
Tota l

Actu al

Est i mated

1995
54
7
6
4
12
10
1
1
95
3
2
5
100

1996
58
6
4
4
14
9
0
0
95
4
1
5
100

* Includes motor poo l, ma i ntenance, security, and genera l

serv ices at La Molina.

1995

1994
Year ended 31 December

Current A sset s
Cash and sho rt-term depos its

4 ,347

3, 150

89

52

3,873

3,834

Emp loyees

404

434

Other

219

267

Inventor ies

845

740

1,350

L.122

11 , 127

9,632

Investments

572

670

Loa ns to em p loyees

335

508

Prope rty, p lant, and eq u ipment

20,674

19 ,944

Less accumulated depreciation

(10,976)

(1 0,485)

9,698

9,459

21,732

20,269

Securities
Acco unts rece iva bl e:
Dono rs

Prepa id expenses
Total cu rrent assets

Fi xed A sset s

Tota l fixed assets (net)

Total Assets

32

The table below

summarizes CIP's
finances in 1995.

A complete, audited
activ iti es totaled $ 3 .5 mi 11 ion , 91 % of the amou nt
earmarked for the year. In vestment in new capita l
items was $ 1 01 ,000; rep lacements totaled

$862 ,000.

Information Technology
Cl P sta rted 1995 with a new compute r systems
architecture im p lemented in accordance with
both sound commercia l business princip les and
the special requirements of a research and
development organization. The objective of the
new architecture is to elim in ate the Ce nter's
dependence on an older, inflexible, and more
cost ly ce ntrali zed syste m . The shift to more costeffective modular systems is designed to meet t he
requirements of sc ienti sts working at headquarters
and at regional locat io ns.
During the year, the Center's"fin ancia l
information system-connected through the
CGNET II electron ic mail system-became

operationa l in most reg ional offices. In addit ion , a

network and telecommunications se rver was
installed in the CIP-PROINPA office in
Cochabamba, Bolivia. The server is a prototype
that extends headquarters-based sc ientifi c and
adm ini strat ive systems to regional locat ions.
Sim i lar servers will be in sta ll ed in Huancayo,
Quito, Bogor, and Nairobi in 1996.
Taking adva ntage of the CG in teg rated vo ice
and data network (IVON ), the Center 's germplasm
and assoc iated seed databases we re also upgraded
to meet the goa ls of the CG IAR' s Systemw id e
In fo rm ation Network for Genet ic Resources, also
known as the SINGER project. When the CIP
compo nent of SINGER is comp leted, CIP wil l
become o ne of the first international centers to
offer access via Internet and the Wo rld Wide Web
to a systemw ide integrated germplasm database.
The database will in c lud e both images and
geograph ic information systems fu nct ions.

1995

BALANCE SHEET (US$000)

1994
Year end ed 31 December

Current Liabilities

393

225

5,049

5,35 1

1,317

905

972

865

__M

-1__1

7, 795

7,390

Long-term Loan

686

511

Accruals and Provisions

443

180

Cap ital invested in fixed assets

9,698

9,459

Cap ital fund

2,332

2,448

778

281

12,808

12, 188

21,732

20,269

Short-term loa ns
Advances from donors
Accounts payable:
Research contracts and organizations
Sup pli ers and taxes
Provisions for severance
indemnities
Total current li ab ili t ies

Net Assets

Unexpended fund balance

Total net assets

Total Liabilities and Net Assets

financial statement is
published separately,
and can be requested
from the Controller's
Office, CIP
headquarters, Lima,
Peru.

..

Donor
Contributions
in 1995

: CIP has had broad,

DONOR (ranked by levels of core contribution in US$000) CORE

Swiss Development Cooperation

and Humanitarian Aid
World Bank
Japan
Commission of the European Community
Netherlands
United Nations Development Programme
Danish International Development Agency
United Kingdom Overseas
Development Administration
United States Agency for International
Development
Inter-American Development Bank
Swedish Agency for Research Cooperation
German y
Canadian Internat ional Development Agenc y
Australia
Austria
International Dev elopm ent Research Centre
Belgium
France
Luxembourg
Italy
Norway
Finland
China
Asian D evelopment Bank
Korea
Spain
Mexico
OPEC Fund for International Development
India
Weizmann Institute of Sc ience
Ministerio de Economfa y Finanzas (Peru)
Natural Resource Institute
International Centre for Research in Agroforestry
CARE Peru
Rockefeller Foundation
Scottish Crop Research Institute
British Embassy (in Peru)
Sociedad Qufmica y Minera de Chil e
FAO/IPGRI
Calbee Potato Inc.

Total Contribution

34

COMPLEMENT ARY

2,496
1,580
1,491
1,470
1,3 29
1,3 29
1,279

1,986

1,258

1, 100
1,013
961
930
817
583
425
284
229
223
200
166
154
115
90
73
60
50
45
41
37
2

504
53

19,830

strong support from

its 40 donors .
Eleven funders
provided
contributions wo rth
one million dollars
or more each.

Another three gave

99

more than half a

..

million dollars each .

86

166

24

187
50
39
22
14
11
10

8
8
2

3,728

Staff
1n 1995
DIRECTORS
Hubert Zand stra, PhD, Director General
Jose Vall e- Ri estra, PhD , Deputy Director General
for Fin ance and Administration
Peter Gregory, PhD , Deputy Director General for
Research
Roger Cortbaoui , PhD, Director for Intern ation al
Cooperati o n
George M ac kay, MS, Director of Geneti c
Resources 1
PROGRAM LEADERS
Production Systems
Thom as S. W alker, PhD

Germplasm Management and Enhancement

Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC)

Fern ando Ezeta, PhD, Regional Representative
(Peru)

liaison Office - Ecuador

Charl es Crissm an, PhD

Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)

Peter Ewell , PhD, Reg ional Representative (Kenya)

liaison Office - Nigeria

Humberto Mendoza , Ph0 4

Middle East and North Africa (MENA)

Carlo s M artin , PhD , Reg ional Representative
(Tunisia ) (unti I June)
Aziz Lag naoui , PhD , Reg ional Representative
( Tunisia) (from Jun e)

liaison Office - Egypt

Ali Golmirzaie, PhD

Ramz y El-Bed ewy, PhD

Disease Management
Edward R. Frenc h, PhD

South and West Asia (SWA)

Integrated Pest Management

Sarath chandra ll anga ntileke, PhD , Reg ional

Representative (India)

Fausto Cisn eros, PhD

East and Southeast Asia and the Pacific (ESEAP)

Propagation, Crop Management
M ahesh Upadhya, PhD

Peter Schmiedi che, PhD, Regional Representative

(Indon esia)

liaison Office - People's Republic of China

Postharvest Management, Marketing

Son g Bo Fu , PhD

liaison Office - Philippines

Gregory J. Sco tt, PhD

Tissue culture expert
(and current CIP board
member) Lieselotte
Schilde with Vietnamese
collaborator Nguyen Van
Uyen circa 1980.

Gordon Prain , PhD

INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION
(co untry) = post location, but activity regional in

scope
co untry = post location

INTERNATIONALLY RECRUITED STAFF

Departments

Breeding and Genetics

Juan Landeo, PhD , Actin g Head of Department
(from Sept.) , Breeder
Humberto Mendoz a, PhD, Geneti cist (Nigeria) 4
Primo Acca tino, PhD, Breeder, Chile2
Edward Carey, PhD , Breeder (Kenya )4
Enriqu e Chujoy, PhD , Geneticist (Philippines)
II Gin Mok, PhD , Breeder (Indonesia)
Hail e M. Kidanemari am, PhD, Breeder (Kenya)

Staff w ho j o ined durin g th e year

Staff w ho left durin g th e yea r
3
Staff fund ed by spec ial projects
' Pro ject leader
' D eceased
2

35

Genetic Resources
Ali Golmirzaie, PhD, Geneticist, Head of
Department 4
Carlos Arbizu , PhD , ARTC Consultant 3
Fermin de la Puente, PhD , Germplasm Collector 2
Marc Ghislain , PhD , Molecular Biologist
Michael Herm ann , PhD , Andean Crop Speciali st
(Ecuador)4
Z6simo Hu aman , PhD, Germplasm Curator 4
Koshun lshiki , PhD , Associate Expe rt, Ecuador3
Car los Ochoa, MS, Taxo nomi st, Co nsu ltan t
Peter Schmiedich e, PhD , Breeder
Bodo Trognitz, PhD , Geneticist
Kaz uo Watanabe, PhD , Cytogeneticist (USA )4
Dapeng Zhang, PhD , Breeder
Nematology and Entomology
Fausto Cisneros , PhD , Entomologist, Head of
Depa rtm ent 4
Ann Braun, PhD , Entomologist (lndonesia) 4
Manuel Canto , PhD , Nemato logist 3 4
Aziz Lag naoui , PhD, Entomologist (Tunisia)
Ni co le Smit, MS, Associate Expe rt, Uganda 3
Pathology
Lui s Salazar, PhD , Virologist, Head of
Department 4
John Elphinston e, PhD, Adjun ct Sc ientist, UK
Gregory A. Forb es, PhD , Pl ant Pathologist
(Ec uador)4
Edward R. French, PhD , Bacter io log ist 4
Teresa lcoch ea, PhD, Pathologist, Cons u ltant 4
Upali Jayas ingh e, PhD , Virolo gist (Philippin es)
Pedro Oyarzt'.in , PhD , Mycologist (Ecuador) 3
Sylvie Priou , PhD , Bacteriologist
(Tunisia )3
Maddalena Qu erci , PhD , Molecular
Virologist 4
Lod J. Turkensteen , PhD , Adjunct Scientist,
Netherlands
Physiology
Mahesh Upadh ya , PhD , Ph ys iologist, Head of
Department 4
Yos hihiro Eguchi, MS, Associate Expert
(lndonesia )3
Ramzy El-B edewy, PhD , Breeder, Egypt
Vital Hagenim ana, PhD , Ph ysio log ist (Ken ya) 3
Osca r Hidal go, PhD , Senior Seed Specialist 4
Sarathchandra 1langanti Ieke, PhD , Posth arvest
Specialist (lndia )4

36

Ju kka Korva, MS, Fell ows hip Agro nomi st,

Ecuador23
Noel Pallais, PhD , Physiologist
Christoph er Wheatle y, PhD, Posth arvest
Specialist (lndonesia )4
Social Science
Th omas S. Walker, PhD , Economist, Head of
Departme nt 4
Alwyn Chil ve r, MS, Associate Expert, lndonesia3
Charles Cr iss man, PhD , Eco nomi st (Ecuado r)4
Peter Ewe ll , PhD , Eco no mist (Kenya) 4
Robert Jan Hijman s, MS, Assoc iate Expe rt 3
Jan Low, PhD , Eco nom ist (Ken ya )3
Gordon Prain , PhD, Anthropo logist (Philippines) 4
JUrg Sc hn eider, PhD , Assoc iate Expert, lndon es ia2 3
Grego ry J. Scott, PhD , Economist
Jul ia Wright, MS, Associate Expert 1
Research Support Unit
Victor Otazt'.i , PhD , Superintendent
Training
Patri c io Malagamba, PhD , Head of Depa rtm ent
Information
Michael L. Smith , Jo urn alist, Head of Depa rtment
(until Sept.)
Bill Hardy, PhD , En gli sh and Spanish Wr iter/
Editor, Actin g Head of Communicati o ns Unit
(from Sept. )
Directors' Offices
Office of the Director General
Ed ward Sul zbe rge r, MS, Se nior Adv ise r
Office of the Deputy Director General for
Finance and Administration
Willi am A. Ham ann , BS , Assistant to the
DDGF&A2
Office of the Deputy Director General for
Research
Jose Lui s Rueda, PhD , Coo rdin ato r, A ndea n
Natural Resources
Special Country Projects
FORTIPAPA, Ecuador
Alberic Hibon, PhD , Eco nomist, Team Leader 3

PROINPA, Bolivia
A ndre Devaux, PhD , Seed Spec iali st, Tea m
Leade r3
Enri qu e Fe rn andez-N ort hcote, PhD, Viro logist 3
Javier Fra nco, PhD, Nemato logist 3
G raham P. Thi ele, PhD , Tec hn o logy Transfer
Spec ial ist 3

Lui s Diaz, Agronom ist

Jo rge Esp in oza, MS, Ag ro nomi st
H ugo Go nza lez, Ing. Agr., Agro nom ist, Chi le
Pa mela Jea n Lopez, MS, Breeder, Philipp i nes
Eli sa Mi hov il ov ic h, Bio log ist
Da ni el Reynoso, MS, Ag rono m ist
K.C Thakur, PhD, Breeder, In d ia

Uganda
Ni co le Sm it, MS, Asso c iate Expert 3

Ge netic Resources
Cesar A. Agu il ar, Ag rono mist, Hu ancayo
V icto r H . Asm at, Bio log ist
Mil c iades A . Ba ltaza r, Agronomi st, San Ramon 2
Jorge Benav ides, Bio log ist
Fausto Bui t ron, Agro nom ist 2
Patrici a G. Cipri ani , Bio log ist 3
Wa lberto M. Eslava, Agro no m ist
Re ne A. Gomez, Agronom ist
Marfa de l Rosa rio Herre ra, Bi o logist
A na M . H urtado , Bio logist 3
Lu is H . Nopo, Bio log ist 3
Ma rfa G ise ll a Orjeda, PhD , Bio logist
M atil de O rrill o, Bio log ist
An a Luz Panta, Bio log ist

Consortium
CON DESAN
Rube n Dario Estrada, MS, Natural Reso urces
Econom ics ( Co lomb ia) 3
Robert Jan Hij ma ns, Ir, Assoc iate Expe rt 3
M igue l Ho ll e, PhD , Biodi ve rsity of Andea n Crops 3 4
Car los Leo n-Ve larde, PhD , A nim al Prod uct io n
Systems3
Elias Mu ji ca, MS, A nt hro po log ist, Adju nct
Sc ient ist 3
Osva ldo Pa ladin es, PhD , A nd ea n Pastures
3

(Ec uador)
Robe rto Q ui roz, PhD, Syste ms Spec iali st (Bo li via) 3
M ar io Tap ia, PhD , Ag ro eco logist 3

Networks
SAPP RAD
Eufemia T. Rasco Jr., PhD , Coo rdin ato r
(Philipp in es) 3

UPWARD
Go rdo n Prain , PhD , Coo rdin ator
(Philipp in es)
Controller's Office
Car lo s Ni no-Ne ira, CPA, Co ntro ll er
Office of the Executive Officer
Cesar Vittore ll i, In g. Ag r., Ac t ing Exec ut ive Office r
NATIONALLY RECRUITED STAFF

Departments
Breeding and Genetics
W alte r Amoros , MS, Ag ro nom ist
Rau l A ngui z, MS, Agron o m ist
M iguel Ato, Food Indu stri es Spec iali st 2
Lui s Ca lua, MS, Ag ron o mi st
T .R. Daya l, PhD, Assoc iate Expert (Ind ia)

Cl P plant explore r Ca rlo s

Ochoa circa 1976 .

Flor de Marfa Rodrig uez, Biologist 3

Alberto Salas, Agronomist
Roxa na Salinas, Agronomist 2
Jo rge Tenor io, Biologist
Fann y Vargas, Ag ro nomist
Nematology and Entomology
Jesus Alcazar, MS, Assoc. Agronomist 4
Veronica Canedo, Biologist
Javier Carhuamaca, In g. Agr. 3
W ilfredo Catalan , In g. Agr .3
Victor Cerna , In g. Agr .3
Roberto Del gado de la Flor, Agronomist 2
Oder Fabian , In g. Agr.
Erwin Guevara, In g. Agr. , Ag ron om ist4
Rossio Haddad, B iol og ist 2
Angela Matos, In g. Agr. 4
No rm a Mujica, Agronomist
Marfa Palacios, Assoc. Biologist 4
Wilberto Vi llano, Agronomist 3
Pathology
Ped ro A ley, MS, Pl ant Pathologist4
Ciro Barrera, MS, Pl ant Path o log ist
Ida Bartolini , MS, Bi oc hemi st
Carlos Chuquil lanqui , MS, Pl ant Pathologist
Christi an Delgado, MS, Bioc hemi st 4
Vio leta Flores, Biologist
Segundo Fuentes, MS, Plant Pathologist4
Liliam Gutar ra, MS, Plant Patho logist
Charlotte Lizarraga, MS, Pl ant Pathologist
Hans Pin edo, Agronomist 2
Hebe rt Torres, MS, Plant Path o log ist4
Jose Luis Zapata, MS, Pl ant Patho logist, Colombia
Physiology
Ro lando Cabello, MS, Assoc . Agronomist
Nelly Espinol a de Fon g, MS, Nutritionist
Rosario Falcon , Biologist
M .S. Kad ian, PhD , Agronomist, India
John Kimani , MS, Agronomist, Kenya
Joseph Koi , MS, Agro nomi st, Ca meroon
Jose Luis Marca, In g. Agr.
Jorge Roca, Biol ogist
Social Science
Cherry Bangalanon , MS, Philippines
Rosa rio Basay, Eco nomist
Patri c io Espinoz a, Econom ist, Ecuador3
Hu go Fano, MS, Econom ist
Cristin a Fonseca , MS, Ag ro nomist 4

38

V.S . Khatana, PhD , Socioeconomist, India

M arfa Loza no, Computer Assistant
Lui s Maldonado, Economist
Margaret Ngunjiri , MS, Soc iologist, Kenya
Osc ar Orti z, MS, Agronom ist 3
Mar ice l Piniero, Ecologist, Philippines
Victor Suarez, BS , Statistician
In ge Verdonk, Ir. , Nutritionist, Philippines
Research Support
Lombardo Cetraro, Biologist, Field & Greenhouse
Supervisor, San Ramon
Roberto Du arte , In g. Ag r., Greenhouse Supervisor,
La Molina
Lauro Gomez, Supervisor, Huan cayo 2
Hu go Goyas, In g. Agr. , Field Supervisor,
Hu ancayo
U li ses Moreno, PhD, Physiologist
Vfctor Otazu, PhD , Superin tende nt, Support
Department
M ario Pozo, In g. Ag r., Supervisor, La Molina
Experiment Station
Mi guel Quevedo, In g. Agr. , Off-Station Fi eld
Supervisor, Cajamarca 2
Statistics Unit
Alfredo Garcia, MS, Experimental Statistics
Feli pe de M endiburu , Stat ist ics Eng .
Consortium
CON DESAN
Blanca Arce, MS, A nim al Husbandry, Quito,
Ecuador
Ana Marfa Ponc e, PhD , INFOANDINA
Adm ini strator
Jorge Reinoso, MS, Agr icu ltural Economi cs, Puna,
Peru 3
Roberto Valdivia, MS, Ag ro nomi st, Puna, Peru
Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Office
Sven Vi ll aga rcfa, PhD 4
Training
Nelson Esp inoza, Biologist, Trainin g Specialist
Martha Huanes, Trai nin g Logistics
Am eri co Valdez, MS, Trainin g Materi al Specialist
Information
Communications Unit
Gigi Chang, MS, Audi ov isual Section
Coord in ator

Cecilia Lafosse, Chief D esig ner

Godofredo Lagos, Produ ction Chief
Emm a Martin ez, MS, Supervisor Media
Production
Information Technology Unit
Anthony Collin s, Coordinator 3
Edit h Aguilar, Telecommunicati ons Officer
Jorge Arbulu, Telecommunications Systems
Supervisor 2
M o ni ca Arias, Systems Analyst 1
Pablo Bermudez, Systems Analyst 1
Oscar Bravo, Microvax Systems Supervisor 2
Roberto Castro, Systems D eve lopment
Edu ardo M anchego, Systems Analyst
Pfa M arfa Oliden, Systems Analyst
Eri c Romero, Systems Analyst 1
Ed gardo Torres, Systems Developm en t
Alb erto Vel ez, Systems Analyst
Information Unit
Cecilia Ferrey ra, Head Librarian
Controller's Office
' Migu el Saavedra, CPA, General Accountant
Edgard o de los Rios, CPA, Senior Accountant
Vilm a Escud ero, Accountant
Accounting Unit
Rosario Pastor, CPA, Senior-Accountant
Jorge Bautista, Accountant
Bl anca Joo, CPA, Accountant
Eduardo Peral ta, Accountant
Budget Unit
Denise Gia coma, CPA, Accountant
Alberto Monteb lanco, CPA, Senior Accountant
Treasury Unit
Luz Cor rea, CPA, Ac co untant (Supervisor) 2
Sonnia Solari , Chief Cashier
Office of the Executive Officer
Foreign Affairs Liaison
Marce la Checa, Li aison Officer
General Services
Aldo Tang, Comdr. (ret.), General Services
M anage r
Equipment and Maintenance
Antonio Morill o, Head
Security
Jorge Locatelli , Capt. (ret.), Supervisor

Transportation
Hugo Dav is Paredes, Vehi cle Maintenan ce
Offi cer
Jacqu es Vandernotte, Pi lot
Percy Zuzunaga, Co-Pilot
Human Resources
Ju an Pab lo Del gado, Human Reso urces
Manager
Compensation
Estan islao Perez Aguilar, Supervisor
Social Work
Marth a Pierola, Supervisor
Labor Relations
Luis Caycho, Acting Supervisor
Medical Office
David Halfin, MD
Lucero Schmidt, Nurse
Auxiliary Services
Moni ca Ferreyros, Supervisor
Logistics
Lu ca s Reano, CPC, Logistics M anager
Purchasing Supervisors
Arturo Alvarez
Roxana Morales Bermudez
Jose Piz arro
Warehouse
Jorge Luqu e, MBA, Supervisor
Visitors and Travel
Rosa Rodriguez, M anage r5
Travel
Ana M arfa Secada, Supervisor
Visitors' Office
Mariell a Co rvetto, Supervisor

Staff photo 1978.

Selected Scientific
Pub I ications
1995

Abad, Z.G. , J.A . Abad , and C. Ochoa. 1995. H istorica l

Castillo, R. and M. Hermann .1995 . Col lectin g Andea n

and sc ientific evidence th at supports the modern

root and tube r cro ps (exc l udin g pota toes) in Ec uador.

theory of the Peruv ian Andes as the centre of orig in

In: Gua rin o, L. , V . Rama nath a Rao, and R. Re id

of Ph ytop hthora infestans. In: Dow ley, L.J. , E.

(e d s. ). Co ll ecting pl ant genetic diversi ty: Tec hn ical

Bannon, L.R . Cooke, T. Keane, and E. O ' Sulli va n

guidelin es. IPGRl/FAO/ IUCN/UNE P. CA B

(eds. ). Phytophthora infestans 150: Pro ceedings EAPR

Path o logy Section , Septemb er 199 5, Dub l in , Ireland.

Interna tion a l, Wa llin gfo rd , UK. p. 639- 646.

Europea n Assoc iati o n of Potato Researc h/ Boo le

Press, Dublin , Ire land. p. 239-245 .

Chujoy, E. 1995. Root crops germp lasm research in

V ietnam . CIP/ Na tion a l Inst itute of Agr ic ultural
Sc iences (INSA)/l ntern ationa l D eve lop ment Researc h

Anguiz, R.J . and H.A. Mendoza . 1995. Co rrelation

between seedli ng and adu lt potato pl ants for
res istance to ear ly b li ght (A ltern aria so lan i).
Fitopato logfa 30(2 ) :100-1 06.

Cen tre (IDR C), Man il a, Phi li ppin es. 62 p.

CIP (International Potato Ce nter) . 1995. Vines to roots,

sweetpotato b reedin g fo r impa ct: Recommendat ions
and abstrac ts. In te rn at io nal workshop held 1-3 June

Arbizu , C. 1995. Ag roeco logfa d e la achira en el Peru.

1994, Lim a, Pe ru. CIP, Lima, Peru. 46 p.

Ag roe nfoque 70:4-5.

ASPADERUC/CONDESAN-CIP/Fondo Peru-Canada .

CIP/COTESU (Ce ntro Internacional de la Papa/

Cooperaci6n Tecnica Suiza). 1995. Programa

1995. La Enc afiada: Cam in os hac ia la sostenibilid ad .

Co laborati vo Biod ive rsidad de Rafces y Tuberc ulos

Pro yec to PID AE/Asoc iaci6n para el D esa rrollo Rural

And i nos. M emorias 1993 -1994 . C l P/CO TE SU, Lima,

de Cajamarca/ Consorcio para el Desa rro llo

Peru. 322 p .

Sostenib le de la Ecorregi6n A nd i na -Centro

Intern ac io na l de la Papa/ Fondo Contravalo r PeruCan ada, Lima, Peru. 112 p.

CON DESAN (Conso rtium fo r th e Susta i nab le

D eve lopm ent o f th e A ndean Eco reg io n). 1995. A
post-UNCED prog ress report on And ean natura l

Bamberg, J.B. , Z. Huaman , and R. Hoekstra. 1995.

resource resea rc h. CIP, Lima , Peru . 16 p.

Intern ational coope ration in potato germp las m. In:

Intern ation al germplasm transfe r: Past and prese nt .

Cottrell, J.E., C.M. Duffus, L. Patterson, and G.R .

Mackay. 1995. Prop erti es of potato sta rc h : Effec ts of

Crop. Sc i. Soc . of A meri ca Spec ial Publi cation No.

ge notype and growing co ndition s. Phytochem ist ry

23. p. 177-182.

4 0(4 ):105 7- 1064.

R.R. Dun ca n, D.M. Kra l, and M.K. Viney (ed s.).

Bradshaw, J.E., R.L. Wastie, H.E. Stewart, and G.R.

Mackay. 1995. Breedi ng fo r res ista nce to late b l ight

Enge ls, C., J. Schwenke!, R. El Bedew y, and B.

Sattelmacher. 1995. Effect of th e d eve lo pment stage

in Scot land. In: L.J . Daw ley, E. Bannon , L.R. Cook e,

of potato seed lin gs on recove ry afte r transp lanting to

T. Kea ne, and E. O ' Su lli va n (eds. ). Ph ytophthora

infestans 150. Boo le Press , Dublin , Ire land .

the fie ld and on tuber yie ld . J. Ag ri c. Sc i.

124 (2):2 13-218.

p. 246-254.

FAO/CIP (Food and Ag ri c ulture Orga ni za ti on/

Bouma, J., A. Ku yve nhoven, B.A .M. Bouman, J.C.
Luyten, and H.G . Zandstra (eds.). 1995. Eco-

Potatoes in the 1990s

Internat ion a l Pota to Cente r). 1995 . Potatoes in the

1990s : Situ ati o n and prospects of t he wo rld potato

reg iona l ap pro aches for susta in able land use and
food pro duction . Proceedin gs of a sympos ium held

eco nomy ./ La papa en la decada de 1990: Situ ac i6n

12-16 Dec. 1994, ISNAR, Th e Hague, Netherl ands.

Klu we r Academ ic Pub li shers i n coo peration w ith th e

mun d ia l./La pom m e de terre dan s les ann ees 90 :

Situation actu e ll e et perspect ives de l ' econom ie

In tern ationa l Potato Cen ter, D ordrecht, Nether lands .

mondia le de la pomm e de terre. Rome, Ita ly. 39 p. ,

50 p. , 44 p.

596 p.

y perspecti vas de la eco no mfa d e la pa pa a ni ve l

SituationandprospectsoftheWOfldpol1toeconomy

40

Canizares, C.A. and G.A . Forbes. 1995 . Fo l iag e

resi stance to Ph ytop hthora i nfesta ns (Mont.) de Bary
in th e Ec uadorian nati o nal co l lect ion of So lanum
phureja ssp . phureja Ju z. & Bu k. Potato Res.
38( 1):3-10.

FAO (Oficina Regional para America Lat ina y el

Caribe). 1995. Manua l tecnico de prod ucc i6n de
papa a partir de se mill a sex ual : Curs o audi ov isual.
FAQ/ Centro Internac io nal de la Papa/ ln st ituto de
lnv est igacio nes Ag ropecuar ias (IN IA), Sa nti ago,
Chi le. 72 p.

This list includes

selected journal
articles, book
Gu t arra, L., T. l coc hea, and E.R. French . 1995.
Etio logfa de pudr ic io nes bac teri a11as de tuberc u los
de ull uco (U /l ucus tuberosus Ca ldas). Fitopato logfa

30(2):9 2-95 .
Hardy, B. and E.R. French (e ds.). 1995. Integ rated
ma nagement of bac te ri al wi lt: Proceed i ngs of an
i nte rn at iona l works hop held i n N ew De lhi , Ind ia,
1 1- 16 Oct. 199 3 . Internationa l Potato Center (C IP)/
Ind ian Co unc il of Agricu ltural Resea rch , Lima, Pe ru.
196 p.
H ardy, B., P. Malagamba, and C. Martin (ed s.). 1995 .
Tru e potato seed in the midd le east and Afr ica:
Proceedings of an internation al wo rkshop held in
Ca iro, Egypt, 9-15 Ap r. 1994. In ternat io nal Potato
Center (C IP), Li ma, Peru. 97 p.

Landeo, J.A., M. Gast elo, H. Pin edo, and F. Flores.

1995. Breedin g for hor izonta l res ista nce to late bli ght
in potato free of R genes. In: Dow ley, L.J ., E. Bannon ,
L.R . Cooke, T. Kea ne, an d E. O 'S ul l iva n (eds. ).
Phytophthora infes tans 150: Proceedi ngs EA PR
Pathol ogy Sect ion , September 1995, Dub li n, Ireland.
Europea n Asso c iation of Potato Re sea rc h/ Boo le
Press/Teagasc, Dub li n, Ire land . p. 268-274 .
Martin, C., P. Demo, T. Gass, V. Fondon g, and J. Ko i.
1995 . Deve lopm ent of a seed produ ction system
from in vitro in Cameroon: Exp eri ences from th e first
two yea rs . Am. Potato J. 72(5) :299 -3 02.

chapters, and CIP

publications. CIP
staff made many
other contributions
such as invited
papers presented at
meetings and
published in

Martin, C., P. Demo, D. Njual em, T. Gass, and C.

Ntonifo r . 1995. Late b light res istant va rieties fo r
Cameroon . Am. Potato J. 72(9):5 13-522.

proceedings. CIP's
Library can provide

Hoekstra, R. and Z. Huaman. 199 5 . CIP promotes w ider

use of root and tube r crop s. PROPHYTA Annu al
1995 . p . 102- 103.
Huaman, Z. 1995 . Tecnicas c itol6gicas pa ra determinar
el numero c romo s6 mi co y la ferti li dad de las papas .
Gu fa de l nvestigac i6 n CIP no . 10. CIP, Li ma, Peru.
18 p.

M artin ez, C.A., C. Guerrero, and U. Moreno. 1995.

D iurn al fl uctuation s of ca rbo n exchange rate , pra l ine
co ntent, and osmotic potentia l i n two water-stressed
potato hybrids. Rev . Bras . Fi sio l. Veg. 7( 1 ):27-33 .

Tec hni ca l gui del ines. IPGR l/ FAO/ IUCN/ UNEP. CAB
Intern atio nal, W all i ngford, UK. p. 4 57-466 .
lnstituto Bolivi ano de Tecn o logfa Agrop ecuaria (IBTA).
1995. Prim era reun ion nac io nal de recursos
geneti cos de papa,. ra fces y tuberc u los and i nos:
Memorias . Cochabamba, Bo l iv ia, 7-10 Feb. 19 9 4.
IPGRl/C IP/ ll CA/PROC ISUR/COTESU/ PNUD ,
Coc habamba, Bolivia. 34 1 p.
Korva, J.T. and G.A . Forbes. 1995 . A simp le non destru ctive tec hni que for hea lthy and d iseased leaf
area assessment of potato p lants. Potato Res .

38( 1):3 1-37.

Kr eul , W. and B. Trognitz. 1995.
Forschun gssc hwerpunkte des l ntern ationa len
Kartoffe l-Forschungszentrums - CIP - in Peru.
Entw ick lun g + Land i ic her Raum (Ge rmany)

29(5):30-32.

publications
generated by CIP in

Pallai s, N. 1995. Hi gh temperat ure and low mo istu re

redu ce the storage requirement of fres hl y ha rvested
tru e potato seed. J. Am . Soc. Hort. Sc ience

120 (4 ):699-702.
Huaman, Z., F. de l a Puente, and C. Ar bizu. 1995 .
Co ll ect ing vegetative ly prop aga ted c rops (espe c ial ly
roots and tubers). In : Guari no, L., V. Raman ath a Rao,
and R. Reid (eds.). Co ll ecting pl ant genet ic d ive rsity:

a complete list of

Pall ai s, N . 1995. Storage factors contro l germ in ation

and seed lin g estab li shment of fres hly harvested true
potato seed. Am. Potato J. 72 (7):427 -4 36.
Prain, G. D ., l.G . Mok, T. Sawor, P. Chadikun, E.
Atm odjo, and E. Relwat y Sitmorang. 1995.
Interdi sc ip lin ary co ll ec ti ng of lpomoea batatas
germp las m and assoc iated in d ige nou s know led ge in
l rian Jaya. In : Guar ino, L., V. Ram anatha Rao , and R.
Reid (eds.). Coll ec tin g plant genetic d ive rsity:
Tec hn ica l guide li nes. IPGRl/FAO/ IUCN/ UNEP, CAB
Internat ional , W al lingfo rd , UK. p. 695-71 1.
Qu erci, M ., D .C. Baulcombe, R.W. Goldbach , and L. F.
Salazar. 1995. A nal ys is of the res istance- break i ng
determinants of potato vi rus X (PVX ) strai n H B on
d ifferent potato genotypes expressing ex treme
res istance to PVX . Phyto pathology 85(9) :1003- 10 10.
Quiroga, ) ., G. W atson, H . Cardoz o, 0 . N avia, R.
Casso, and R. Andrew. 1995. Di agn6stico
i nterdisc iplin ari o del c ulti vo de la papa en la zona
de lscayach i, Tar ija (ca mpafia 1991 - 1992).
Do cumento de Trabajo no. 1/ 95. ln st ituto Bo li v iano
de Tec no logfa Agropecuari a (IBTA)/ Pro gra ma de
l nves ti gac i6n de la Papa (PRO INPA), Coc habamba,
Bol ivia. 35 p.

1995.

Quiroz, R.A ., R.D. Estrada, C. Leon Velarde, and H.G.

Zand stra. 1995. Fac ing th e c hall enge of the Andea n
zo ne: The ro le of modeli ng in deve lo pi ng susta in ab le
ma nagement of natu ral reso urces. In : Bouma, J., A.
Kuyve nh oven, B.A.M. Boum an, J.C. Lu yte n, and H .G.
Za ndstra. Eco- reg io nal app roaches fo r susta in ab le
land use and food productio n: Proceedings of a
symposiu m held 12-16 Dec. 1994, ISNA R, Th e
Hague, Netherlan ds. Kluwer Academic Pu bl is hers in
coope ration wit h the Intern atio nal Potato Center,
Dord rec ht, Netherl ands. p . 13-3 1.
Rousselle-Bourgeois, F. and S. Priou . 1995. Sc reening
tuber- bea rin g 5o lanum spp. for res ista nce to soft rot
ca used by Erwi nia carotovora ssp. atrosep tica (van
Hall ) D ye. Potato Res . 38(2): 11 1-118.
Salazar, L.F. 1995. Los v irus de la papa y su control.
CIP, Lima, Peru . 226 p.
Salazar, L.F., M. Querci, I. Bartolini, and V. Lazarte.
1995. Ap hi d transm iss ion of potato sp ind le tube r
vi roid assisted by potato leafro ll vi ru s. Fi topato logfa
30(1 ):56 -58.
Sanchez, I., M. Milian , A. Morales, and F. de la
Puente. 1995. Prospecc i6 n de rec ursos g~ n eticos de
rafces y tuberculos trop icales en Cuba en 199 1.
Culti vos Tropica les 16(1 ): 84-87.
Sanchez, I., M. Milian, A. Morales, and F. de la
Puente. 1995 . Prospecc i6n de rec ursos geneticos de
ra fces y tubercu los tro p ica les en Cuba en 1992 .
Cul t ivos Tro pi cales 16(1 ):88-95.
Scott, G.J. (ed.) . 1995. Pri ces, p rod ucts, and peopl e:
Analyz ing agric ultural markets in deve lop in g
count ri es. Lynne Rienn er Pu b lishers in coope ration
with the Inte rn ati o nal Potato Center (CIP), Bou lder,
Co lo rado, USA. 493 p .
Seminario Cunya, J. and A. Seminario Cun ya . 1995.
Co lecc i6 n reg iona l de germ oplasm a de rafces
and inas. Un ive rsidad Nacio nal de Caj amarca (UNC)/
Programa Bi od ive rsid ad de Rafces y Tubercu los
A nd in os Co nve nio CIP-COTE SU, Caj amarca, Peru.
32 p.
Smit, N. E.J.M. and L.O. Matengo . 1995. Farmers'
cul tural practices and the ir effects o n pest con tro l in
sweetpotato in Sou th Nyanza, Ke nya. Int. J. Pest
Manage . 41( 1):2-7.

Torres, H., M.A. Pacheco, and E.R. French . 1995.

Res istance of potato to powd ery scab (5po ngospora
subterranea) und er A ndea n f ield co nditio ns. Am.
Potato J. 72 (6) :355-363.
Trognitz, B.R. 1995. Ana lysis of po ll en tube growth in
situ to investigate se lf-i ncompatib il ity in the wi ld
pota to 5o lanum comm ersonii. Euph yt ica
86(2): 149- 156.
Trognitz, B.R. 1995. Fema le fe rt i li ty of potato (5o lanum
tuberosum ssp. tuberos um ) d i hapl o id s. Eup hyti ca
8 1 (1):27-33 .
Valkonen, J.P .T. , M. Orrillo, S.A. Slack, R.L. Plaisted,
and K.N. Watanabe . 1995. Res istance to v iruses in F,
hybr ids produced by d irec t cross ing between dip lo id
5olan um ser ies Tuberosa and dip loid 5. brevidens
(series Etuberosa) using 5. p hurej a fo r rescue
po llination. Plant Breed. 114:42 1-426.
Watanabe, K., M. Orrillo, and A.M. Go lmirzaie. 1995.
Potato germ p lasm enhancemen t fo r resistance to
b ioti c stresses at CIP : Co nve ntio nal and
b iotec hn o logy-ass isted approaches using a wide
range of 5o lanum spec ies . Eup hytica 85:457 -464 .
Watanabe, K.N. , M. Orrillo, S. Vega, M. lwanaga, R.
Ortiz , R. Freyre, G. Yerk, S.J. Peloquin, and K.
lshiki. 1995. Se lection of di p lo id potato c lo nes fro m
dip lo id (hap lo id X w il d species) F1 hybrid fa mili es for
short day co nd it io ns. Breed. Sci. 45 :34 1-347.
Watanabe, K.N. , M. Orrillo, S. Vega, J.P.T. Valkonen ,
E. Pehu , A. Hurtado, and S.D. Tanksley. 1995.
Overcoming cross ing ba rri ers be twee n no ntuberbea rin g ahd tuber- beari ng 5o l anum spec ies: Towards
potato germp lasm enhancement w ith a broad
spectrum of so lanaceous gen et ic resources. Genome
38:27 -35 .
Wheatley, C., G.J . Scott, R. Best, and S. Wiersema.
1995. Add ing va lue to root and tube r crops: A
ma nu al on product deve lopment. Ce ntro
Inte rn acio nal de Ag ri cul tura Trop ica l (CIAT), Cali ,
Co lo mb ia. 166 p.
Zhang, 0. , W.W . Collins, and M. Andrade. 1995.
Est imati o n of genetic var iance of starch d igest ibi l ity
in sweetpotato. Ho rtScie nce 30(2) :348-349.

Core Research

1n 1995
Program, Project, and Activity

Locations and Partner Networks

PROGRAM 1: PRODUCTION SYSTEMS

Characterization of constraints and opportunities for potato production

Yield-gap ana lysis
Farmer part icipation in c lona l evaluation
Character ization of potato production systems

Ecuado r
B o li via
PRAPACE

Characterization of sweetpotato constraints and opportunities

Sweetpotato characterization
Users' Perspective with Agr icu ltural
Research and Development (UPWARD)

Afri ca Indi a Southeast Asia

Asia China Netherl ands

Adaptation and integration of potato production technologies

Varietal adaptation to diverse agroeco log ies
Adaptation of cul t ivate d diploid potato species
I ntercroppi ng
Expanding production to new regions

Bo li via Chil e. Cameroon China Peru

Phili ppi nes
USA
Tuni sia
Burundi Dominican Republic USA

Adaptation and integration of sweetpotato production technologies

Varietal adaptation to diverse regions

Afri ca As ia Cameroon China Egypt India

Peru

Evaluation of the impact and sustainability of potato production technologies

Imp act assessment

Pesticides and sustainabi lity

Principal scientist Luis

Salazar and research
assistant Ernesto Velit
circa 1980.

Argentina Bangladesh Bolivia Ch il e China

Co lomb ia Dominican Republic Ecuador
Egypt Ethiopi a Indi a Indon es ia Kenya
M adagascar Nepal Peru PRAPACE Sri Lanka
Taiwan Vi etnam
Canada Ecuador USA

Program, Project, and Activity

Locations and Partner Networks

PROGRAM;2: GERMPLASM MANAGEMENT AND ENHANCEMENT

Potato collection and characterization
Co ll ect io n, c haracter izati o n, co nse rvat io n,
and d istr ibut io n
In v itro co nse rvat io n

Chil e Pe ru USA
Ec uador Pe ru

Potato germplasm enhancement, application of molecular technology

Ge rm p lasm enh ance ment
App li catio n of mo lecul ar marker tec hn o logy
Potato genet ic enginee rin g fo r pest and d isease
res ista nce

Chil e Italy Peru U SA

A rge nt in a Chil e Germ any Nether lands
Philip pi nes UK USA
A ustri a Be lgi um Per u UK USA

Sweetpotato collection and characterization

Co l lect io n, c haracte r izat ion, conservat ion,
documentation, distr ibu t ion, and eva luat ion
In v itro conservat io n and v i rus eradication
Co ll ect ion and eva lu ation of in d ige nous
know ledge

Argent ina Bang ladesh Braz i l Ch in a

Ind o nesia Ph ili pp in es - U PWARD,
A ustr ia Peru USA Ve nezue la
Ind o nes ia - UPWARD

Sweetpotato germplasm enhancement and molecular techniques

Co mbini ng tra its usi ng co nve ntiona l tec hn iques
in diverse agroeco logies
U t i l ization of w i ld relat ives of sweetpotato
Mo lecular techniq ues fo r sweetpotato improvement

Chin a East Afr ica (Ke nya, Ta nzan ia, Uganda)

Indo nesia Peru USA
G erm any Peru U K
J apan Peru

Andean root and tuber crop collection and characterization

Ge rm p lasm ma nage ment in farmers ' f ields
Deve lop ment of a netwo rk fo r ex situ conse rvati o n
In v itro co nse rva ti o n and d istri butio n
Pathoge n erad icatio n and seed product io n
Commodity systems analysis

Boli v ia Pe ru
Boli v ia Brazi l Ec uado r Peru
Bo/ iv ia Ec uado r Pe ru
B o li v ia Ecuado r Pe ru
B o li via Ecuador Pe ru

PROGRAM 3: DISEASE MANAGEMENT

Control of potato late blight (Ph ytophthora infestans)

Breed in g and sc ree nin g fo r res ista nce
In teg rated co ntro l
Fun da menta l host- patho ge n resea rch

A rgent in a Boliv ia Chin a Colom bi a Ec uador

Kenya Mex ico Peru
Boli v ia
Ec uado r Kenya N eth erl and s Peru
Phili ppi nes . Scotland USA

Integrated control of potato bacterial wilt

Fu ndamental researc h for co ntro l strategies
Deve lopme nt of res istance

44

Chin a Co lomb ia Eng land Per u

Braz il Ch in a In do nes ia Ma uri t ius N ige ri a
Peru Philip p ines

CIP's extensive
research
collaboration
Program, Project, and Activity

Locations and Partner Networks

Integ rated co ntro l

Burun d i Kenya Pe ru

brings together
many partners

Combining resistances to potato viruses and fungi

Develop ment of v iru s- and vi ro id- res ista nt
mate ri als
Interacti on of potato v iruses and f un gi
Se lecti o n of com b ined res ista nce to v iruses
and fun gi

Peru Po land Tu n isia

Peru
Tuni si a
Pe ru

Detection and control of potato viruses

Res ista nce to PL RV
Detecti o n of v iru ses and v iro ids
Ep idem io logy of PVY
Transmi ss ion of potato v iru ses and v iro ids

Peru Scotl and

Bo li v ia Co lomb ia Ind ia Peru
Tuni sia
Peru Philippin es

Identification and control of sweetpotato viruses

Detecti o n, ident if icat ion, and eradi cati o n
of v iruses
In tegrated co ntro l

Peru Chin a
Ke nya Madagasca r Rwa nd a Tanza ni a
Uga nda

Control of bacterial and fungal diseases of sweetpotato

Res ista nce to d iseases

South east As ia UK

Molecular approaches for detection and control of pathogens

Ge neti c res istance and probe deve lopm ent

Peru Eng land

Virology of Andean roots and tubers

Detect ion and c haracteri zat io n of v iru ses
Elimin ati on of pathoge ns
Pro d ucti on loss by v iru ses

Bo li v ia Ecuado r Peru
Peru
Bo liv ia Ec uador Pe ru

PROGRAM 4: INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT

Potatoes with resistance to major insect and mite pests

Deve lopment of res istant ge notypes fo r potato
t ube r moth and leafmin er fli es
Potatoes w ith gl.andular t ri c ho mes
Transge ni c potatoes w it h insect res istance

table summarizes
CIP's core research

Pe ru Ph il ip pin es
A rge nt in a Braz il Ca meroo n
Ce nt ral A meri ca and the Car ibbea n Co lomb ia
East Afri ca Ec uador Egypt Ni ge ri a Parag uay
Peru Philip pi nes PROC IPA Ur ug uay USA
Venezue la

Control of field and storage diseases of Andean root and tuber crops, including potato
Deve lo pm ent of res istance to soft rot and b lack leg
Integrate d co ntro l of Erwin ia d iseases
D iseases of AR TC

worldwide. This

Peru USA
Peru USA
Belgium Peru

activities in 1995,
and the principal
places and
networks involved.

Program, Project, and Activity

Locations and Partner Networks

Field eva luation of resistant plants

Peru

Integrated methods for control of potato tuber moth and leafminer fly
Generation of technologies
Use of sex pheromones and granu los is v irus
Appl ied field management

Bo livia Colombia Dominican Republic Peru

B o li via Colombia & Peru - PRACIPA
Dominican Republic Tunisia
B anglades h Bolivia Colombia
Domi nican Republic Egypt Kenya Morocco
Tuni sia Venezuela Yemen

Integrated methods for control of sweetpotato weevil

Development of resistance
Use of sex pheromones
Biological co ntrol
Applied f ield management

Asi a Kenya Peru USA

Cuba D.omini ca n Republic
Cuba Peru Bangladesh
Cuba Dom in ican Republic Ind ones ia Kenya
Philippines Uganda

Integrated methods for control of sweetpotato nematodes

Development of resistance
Applied field management

Peru
Peru

Integrated methods for control of Andean potato weevil

Development of res istance
Cu ltural and biological control methods
Applied field management

Peru
B oli via Peru
B oli v ia Colombia Ecuador. Peru

Integrated methods for control of potato cyst nematode and false root-knot nematode
Crop rotation schemes
Applied field management

Peru
B oli via Ecuador Peru

PROGRAM 5: PROPAGATION, CROP MANAGEMENT

Propagation of healthy clonal potato planting materials in diverse agricultural systems

Research support to in-country basic seed programs B angladesh Bolivia Burundi Came ro on
Co lombia Ecuador Paraguay Peru
Philippines Uga nd a Venezuela West Afr ica

Sexual potato propagation

Breeding for improved TPS fami lies
TPS ag ro nomic adaptat ion to diverse
agroeco logi es

Studies on TPS production

Arge ntina Chi le China Indi a Italy Kenya

B angladesh China Egypt India
In dones ia Italy Morocco Nepal Nicaragua
Parag uay Peru Phili ppines Sri La nka Tunisi a
Vi etna m
B anglades h Chile Indi a Ind ones ia Nepal
Peru Turkey

Sweetpotato production through improved management techniques

Crop management practices

46

Burundi Cameroon Chi na Peru Philipp ines

Program, Project, and Activity

Locations and Partner Networks

Studies on tolerance of ab ioti c stresses

Management of forage-type sweetpotatoes

China Egypt Peru Philippines

Peru

Maintenance, international distribution, and monitoring of performance of advanced potato germplasm

Ongoing activities (seed units)

Kenya Peru Philippines

Maintenance, international distribution, and monitoring of performance of advanced sweetpotato

germplasm
Ongoing activities (seed units)

Kenya Peru Philippines

Abiotic stresses and potato crop management

Breeding for improved tolerance of abiotic stresses

Bolivia Chile Peru Philippines

Southeast Asia
Agronomic resea rch for potatoes grown und er stress Egypt Peru Philippines Uganda USA

Propagation of Andean root and tuber crops and management of Andean natural resources
Seed production, Andean root and tuber crops
Management of Andean natural resources

Ecuador Peru
Peru

PROGRAM 6: POSTHARVEST MANAGEMENT, MARKETING

Expanding utilization of potato in developing countries
Low-cost storage of table and seed potatoes
Potato breeding for processing
Marketing and demand for potatoes
Potato processing

China Egypt India Kenya Pakistan

Philippin es Thailand - SAPPRAD
India Peru Philippines Tunisia
Bolivi a Colombia England India Indonesi a
Kenya Morocco Neth erlands Tunisia USA
Bolivi a China Indon esia Peru

Product development for sweetpotato in developing countries

Evaluation and distribution of elite sweetpotato
materials for processing
Marketing and demand for sweetpotatoes

Processing of sweetpotato

China Indon es ia Kenya Peru Philippines

Uganda USA Vietnam
Argentin a Bangladesh China Indon es ia
Kenya Netherlands Peru Philippines
SAPPRAD USA
China - UPWARD Indi a Indon es ia Kenya
Netherl ands Philippines SAPPRAD Tanzan ia
Uganda UK Vietnam

Postharvest management of Andean food commodities

Bolivi a Brazil Colombia Ecuador Peru

Training
.
1n
1995

Program and Title

---------------

Countries Represented
-

---

- - - - - - - - - - --

Partner Institution
-- - - - - - - - -

PROGRAM 1: PRODUCTION SYSTEMS

In-country course on standardization of
research methodologies for root and tuber crops

Tanzania

CIP/ SARRNET/ NRI

Workshop o n impact assessment for agricultura l

econom ists in NARS of East and Central Africa

Burundi , Kenya, Uga nd a, Zaire

USAID/ PRAPACE

PROGRAM 2: GERMPLASM MANAGEMENT AND ENHANCEMENT

Indi geno us knowledge in conservat ion of crop
genetic resources

Ind ones ia, Philippines , Singapore

Internat ion al works hop o n biotechnologyassisted breedin g to reduce pest ic ide use in

Argent in a, Bolivia, C hil e, Uruguay

potatoes
II i nternational course on biotechnology for
biodiversity cons ervation

Argentina, Brazil , Chile, Co lombia,

Ecuador, El Salvador, Mexico,
Panama , Peru, Uruguay

CIP/ CIAT/ OAS

National wo rkshop on pop ul at ion B breeding

and late blight contro l

Philipp ines

SAPPRAD/ U N DP

Course on diagnosis, detection , and survey of

potato vi ru ses in North Sumatra

Ind o nes ia

CIP/WE

Regional workshop o n bacterial w ilt control in

Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala,

IDB Special

H onduras, Nicaragua, Panama,

St. Kitts & Nevis, Venezuela

Project

PROGRAM 3: DISEASE MANAGEMENT

potatoes for extension agents of Central

America and the Car ibbea n
Germplasm conservation
course in Colombia
circa 1985.

An important role of
Cl P's staff members
posted at our regional
Program and Title

Countries Represented

Partner Institution

W o rkshop on late bli ght and potato tuber moth

m anage ment in Afr ica and Middl e East

Burundi , Egy pt, Ethi op ia, Kenya,

Morocco, Syri a, Tuni sia, Turkey,
U ga nd a, Yemen, Za ire

UNDP/S APPRAD/
CIP

offices is to develop
technical capabilities

Potato seed p ro du cti o n tec hn o logy and v iro logy

Reg ion al w orkshop on evalu ati o n of po tato

ge rmpl as m fo r fi e ld resi stance to late bli ght

program needs. Some

of this is carried out

Burundi , Came roo n, Egypt, Eri tre a,

Ethi op ia, Kenya, M adagasca r,
Mal awi , M orocco, Rwa nd a,
Tan za ni a, U ga nd a, Za ire
Burundi , Eritrea, Ethi opia,
Ken ya, U ga nd a, Rwa nd a, Za ire

to support national

through the courses

and workshops in this
PR A PACE

list. In addition, in
1995, 41 national

scientists received

PROGRAM 4: INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT

individual training in

W o rkshop on integ rated pest m anagem ent fo r

potato bli ght

Banglades h, Philippi nes

N ati o nal w orksh op on instituti o nal impact of

integ rated pest man agem ent prog ram s

Peru

II intern ati o nal co urse on potato in teg rated pest

managem ent

Boli v ia, Co lombi a, Peru ,

Venez uela

I BT A/Cl P/ U N DP/
COTESU

Ad va nced course on potato pest managem ent

and ge neral ento mology

Peru

SE NASA

Intern ati onal w o rkshop on integ rated pest

m anagement in potato

Costa Ri ca, D o mini ca n Republic,

Gu atemala, Peru , USA

CIP/ PRECO DEPA

I nati o nal course on integrated pest

m anage ment in potato

Domini ca n Republi c

JAD/ CIP/ MIP/

PRECO DEPA

In -co untry course on biologica l co ntro l of

potato tuber moth

Egy pt

specialized subjects.
An increasing
proportion of this
training (40 % in
1995) is taking place

PROGRAM 5: PROPAGATION, CROP MANAGEMENT

Intern ati onal course on potato seed produ ction

Arge ntin a, Bo livi a, Co lombi a,

Cuba, Gu atemala, M ex ico,
Pan ama, Parag uay, Peru ,
Venez uela

IDB Spec ial

Proj ec t

General potato produ ction course w ith

emph as is o n soil m anage m ent practi ces

Peru

UN A/CIP

in CIP 's regions.

Partner Institution

Program and Title

Countries Represented

Information systems for seed potato production

Bolivia, Chil e, Cuba, Ecuador,

Mexico, Panama, Uruguay,
Venezuela

Regional workshop on true potato seed (TPS)

Chile, Cuba, El Salvador,

Guatemala, Haiti , H ond uras,
Nicaragua, Panama, Peru

ID B Special
Project/
PRECODEPA

Diagnosis and recommendations on soil

management and crop fe rti I izatio n with
emphas is on potato

Bolivia

PROINPA/ FAO/
CIP

National course on potato seed production

Peru, Ecuador

ID B Special
Project

Course on potato basic seed production

Peru

Chacasina Project

Course on potato production from true

potato seed

Peru

Chacasina Proj ect

In-country course on true potato seed

Egypt

Workshop on production and distribution

of ce rtified potato seed

Kenya, Uganda

CIP/ NARO/
PRAPACE

In-co untry potato seed production

Rwanda

Seeds of Hope
Project

Interregional workshop on TPS production

and uti l ization: Transfer of technology

Bangladesh, China, Indi a,

Indon esia, Nepal, Philippines,
Sri Lanka, Vietnam

CIP/ CPRI

PROGRAM 6: POSTHARVEST MANAGEMENT, MARKETING

Workshop on sweetpotato processing

Indon esia, Philippines, Vietnam

CIP/ UPWARD

Workshop and study tour on sweetpotato

processing

China, H ong Kong, Ind ones ia,

Kenya, Malawi, Malaysia,
Papua New Guinea, Philippines,
Sri Lanka, Tanzania, Th ai land ,
Uganda

CIP/ PRAPACE

Regional workshop on baseline studies,

monitoring, and impact assessment

Angola, Lesotho, Malawi ,

Mozambique, Namibia,
Swaziland , Tanzania , Zambia ,
Zimbabwe

SARRNET

Research
Partners
AAR I
ACIAR
ADB
AGCD
AIT
ARC
ARCS
AREA
BAR I
BMZ

Aegean Agricu ltu ral Research In sti tute, Turkey

Austra li an Centre for International Agricultura l Resea rch
Asian Devel opmen t Bank
Adm in istrat io n Generale de la Cooperation au Developpement, Be lgium
Asian In stitute of Techn o logy
Agr ic ulture Resea rch Center, Egypt
Austrian Research Centre at Seidersdorf
Agric ultural Research and Extension Authority, Yemen
Bang ladesh Agricultura l Resea rch In stitute
Benguet State Un iversity, Philippin es
Germ an Ministry for Economic Deve lopmen t an d Cooperation

CE MOR
CG IAR

Bogo r Ag ri cu ltural Un ivers ity, Indonesia

Biotechno logy Resea rch Center, Vietnam
Chinese Academy of Agr icu ltura l Sc iences
Ca ribbea n Ag ri cu ltu ral Resea rch and Deve lop ment In stitute, Tr in idad
Ce ntral de Cooperativas Ag raria s de Canete y Mala, Peru
Cemo r Editores & Promoto res S.R.L ., Pe ru
Co nsu ltat ive Gro up on Internationa l Agricu ltural Resea rch, USA

CIAAB
CIAT
CICA
CIDA
CIED
CIRAD
CIRNMA

Chi ang M ai University, Th ail and

Centro de ln vest igac ion es Agrfcolas A . Boerger, Uruguay
Centro Internaciona l de Agricultura Trop ica l, Co lombia
Centro de lnvestigaci6n en Culti vos And i nos, Peru
Ca nadi an Internationa l Deve lopment Agency
Centro de lnvestigac i6n, Educaci6n y Desarrollo, Peru
Centre de Cooperation In ternat iona le en Rec herc he Agronomique pour le Deve loppe ment, France
Centro de ln vesti gaci6n de Recursos Natura les y Med io Amb iente, Peru

BRC
CAAS
CA RDI
C ECOACAM

CLAD ES
C NCQS
CNP H
CO N DESAN
CO RPO ICA
COTESU
CPRA

Co nso rcio Latinoameri cano de Agroeco log fa y Desarrol lo

Chinese Nat ion al Centre for Q uality Supervis ion and Test of Feed
Ce ntro N acional de Pesquisa de Hortali <;:as, Braz il
Consortium for the Su sta inab le Development of the A ndea n Eco reg io n
Corne ll Univers ity, USA
Corporaci6n del lnstituto Co lombiano Agropecuario
Cooperac i6 n Tec ni ca Suiza, Sw itzerland
Centre de Perfect ionnement et de Recyc lage Agrico le de Sa"ida,Tuni sia

C RIFC
CTCRI
EMATER
EMBRAPA
ENEA

Central Potato Resea rch Institute, India

Centre for Plant Breeding and Reprodu cti o n Researc h-Agri culture Researc h Dep artm ent,
N etherlands
Centra l Research Institute fo r Food Crops, Indonesia
Centra l Tu be r Crops Resea rch In st itute, India
Empresa de Ass istenc ia Tec nica e Exte nsao Rura l do Estado de Min as Gerais, Braz il
Empresa Brasi leira de Pesquisa Agropecua ri a, Braz il
Comitato N az io nale per la Ricerca e pe r lo Sviluppo de ll ' Energ ia N uc leare e del le Ene rgie

EPAM IG
ESH
FAQ
FONA IAP
FORTI PAPA
FUN DAG RO
GAAS
GTZ
IAN
IAO
IAR
IAV
IBTA

A ltern ati ve, Italy

Emp resa de Pesquisa Agropecuar ia de Minas Gera is, Braz il
Ecole Superieure .d' Horticu lture, Tuni sia
Food and Agricu ltu re Organization of the United Nations, Italy
Fondo Nac io nal de ln vestigac iones Agropecua ri as, Vene zuela
Forta leci mi ento de la ln vest igaci6n y Producc i6 n de Semi Il a de Papa, Ec uador
Fund ac i6n para el Desarroll o Agropecu ario, Ecuador
Guandong Academy of Agr icultural Sc iences, Chin a
German Agency fo r Tec hni ca l Cooperation
ln stituto Agron6m ico Nac ional , Paraguay
lsti tuto Ag ro no mico per l'O ltremare, Italy
In st itute of Ag ri c ultural Resea rch , Ethiopia
ln stitut Agronomique et Veteri naire, Morocc o
ln stituto Bo li viano de Tecno logfa Agropec uari a

C PRI
C PRO-DLO

ICAR
ICIPE
IDB
IDEA
IDRC
IESR/INTA
IFPRI
llN
INIA
INIA
INIA
INIAP
INIFAP
INI V IT
INRA
INRAT
INSA
INTA
IPGR I
IPO-D LO
IPR
IRA
ISABU
IZ
JAAS
KARI
LAC
LEHRI
LSU
MARS
M IP
MMSU
MPI
MSIR I
NAAR I
NARO
NCSU
NOMIA RC
NPRCRTC
NPRP
NRI
OAS
ODA
OPEC
PCA RRD
PDP
PGS
PICA
PRACIPA

-52

Indian Counci l of Ag ri cu ltura l Research

Intern ationa l Centre for In sect Physiology and Eco logy, Kenya
Inter-Amer ica n D eve lopment Bank
I nstituto In ternaciona l de Estud ios Ava nzad os
International Deve lopment Resea rch Centre, Ca nada
ln stitu to de Econo mfa y Sociologfa Rural del INTA, Argentina
International Food Policy Research Insti tute, USA
ln stituto de lnvestigaci6n Nutri c ion al, Peru
ln stituto Nacional de ln vesti gac i6 n Agraria, Peru
ln stituto Nacional de ln vest igac iones Agropecuarias, Chile
ln stituto Nac ional de ln vesti gac ion es Agropecuarias, U ruguay
ln st ituto N ac io nal de ln vest igac iones Agropecuarias, Ecuador
ln st ituto N ac io nal de ln vest igac iones Foresta les y Agropecuari as, Mex ico
ln st ituto Nac io nal de Viand as Tropicales, Cuba
ln stitut Nationa l de la Rec herc he Agronomique, France
ln stitut National de la Rec herc he Agronomique de Tuni sie
National Root and Tub er Crop Imp rovement In stitute, Vietnam
ln stitu to Nac io nal de Tecnologfa Agropecuaria , Arge ntin a
Internatio nal Pl ant Geneti c Resources Institute, Italy
In sti tute for Pl ant Protection-Agric ulture Research Department, Nether lands
In stitute for Potato Researc h, Po land
ln stitut de Re c herc he Agronom iqu e, Ca meroo n
lnstitut des Sc iences Agron om iques d u Burundi
ln stytut Ziemniaka, Poland
Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sc iences, Chin a
Ken ya n Ag ri cu ltural Research In stitute
Latin America and the Caribbean, CIP regio n
Lemban g H orti c ultural Resea rc h Institute, Indones ia
Louisiana State Uni versity, US A
Makerere Un iversity, Ugand a
Mwara ag ri c ultural Researc h In stitute, Indonesia
McMaster University, Canada
Programa de Manej o lntegrado de Pl agas, Dom i ni ca n Republi c
M iss issipp i State Un ive rsity, USA
Mar iano M arcos State Uni vers ity, Philippin es
Montana State Uni ve rsity, USA
Max Plan c k In stitute, Germ any
Mauritiu s Sugar Industry Resea rch In sti tute
Nam ul onge Ag ri cultural and A nimal Researc h In stitute, Uganda
Nagoya University, Japan
National Ag ri cultural Res ea rc h O rganization , U ga nda
North Ca ro li na State University, USA
N ijm egen University, Netherl and s
Northern M i ndanao Agricultu ral Resea rc h Center, Philippines
Northern Philippin e Root Crops Res earch and Trainin g Center
Nationa l Potato Researc h Program, Nepal
Natural Resou rces Institute, UK
O rga ni zation of American States
Overseas Deve lopme nt Admin istratio n, UK
O rga nization of Petroleum Exporting Countri es
Ph ilip pi ne Counc il fo r Agr ic ulture & Resources, Research & De ve lopment, Philippines
Potato Development Program, Nepa l
Plant Geneti c Systems, Bel gium
Program a de ln vestiga ci6n de Cu lti vos Andi nos, Peru
Programa And ino Cooperativo de ln vest igac i6n en Papa, CIP netwo rk

PRAPACE

Programme Reg ion al de I' A meli o ration de l a Cu lture de la Pomme de Terre et de la Patate Douce
en Afriqu e Ce ntrale et de l' Est, Cl P network

PRECODEPA
PROC IPA
PRO INPA
PS PDP

Progra ma Regio nal Coopera ti vo de Papa, CIP netwo rk in Ce ntral America and the Caribbean
Programa Cooperativo de lnvestigac io nes en Papa, CIP network in Southern Co ne
Pro yecto de lnvesti gac io n de la Papa, Boli v ia
Pakistan-Swi ss Potato Deve lopment Program
Rothamsted Experim ent Station, UK
Sic hu an Acade my of Agr icultural Sc iences, China
Southeast Asian Program fo r Potato Resea rch and Deve lopment, CIP network
Sukamandi Resea rc h In stitute fo r Food Crops, Indon es ia

SAAS
SAPPRAD
SAR IF
SARRNET
SCR I
SDC
SEAG
SEA RCA
SEMTA
SE NASA
SPG
SP I
SPPC
TALPUY
TARI
TCRC
TFNC

So uthern Afr ica Root Crop Resea rch Network

Scottish Crop Researc h In stitute
Sw iss Deve lopment Cooperati on
Serv icio de Extensio n Agrico la y Ga nadera, Parag uay
Southeast Asian Regiona l Ce nter for Gradu ate Studie s and Resea rch in Agri c ul ture, Philippin es
Serv ic ios Mu ltip les de Tecnologfas Aprop iadas, Boli v ia
Serv ic io Nac iona l de San id ad Agraria, Peru
Sociedad Peru ana de Genetica
Smart Pl ant Interna ti ona l, USA
Seed Potato Produc ti o n Center, Yemen
Stanfo rd University, USA
Grupo de lnvesti gac ion y Desarro ll o de Ciencias y Tecnolog fa Andina
Taiwa n Agr ic ultural Research In stitute
Trop ical Crops Research Ce nter, Banglades h
Tanza ni a Food an d Nutrition Centre
Universidad de Ambato, Ecuador
Universid ad Aus tral , Chi le
Univers idad Jo rge Basad re Grohm ann de Tacna, Peru
Uni ve rsid ad M ayor de Sa n Simon , Bo livia
Un ive rsid ad Nac ion al Ag raria, Peru
Universid ad Nac ion al de Caj amarca, Peru
Universid ad Nac ion al de l Centro del Peru
Universidad Nac io nal Dan iel A lc ides Carrion, Pe ru
Universidad N ac io nal Mayo r de Sa n Marcos, Peru
Universidad Nacio nal Sa n Antonio Abad de Cusco, Peru
Uni ve rsid ad N ac ion al San Cri stoba l de Hu amanga de Ayacucho, Peru
Un ive rsid ad Ricardo Palm a, Peru
Uni ve rsid ad San Luis Go nzaga d e lea, Peru
Universidad Tec ni ca de Cajamarca, Peru
U ni ve rsity of Birmin gha m, Engl and
Uni ve rsity of Georgia, USA
Un ive rsity of Na irobi , Kenya

UCR I
UNDP
UPWARD
USA ID
USDA
USV L
Vi SCA
WE
XS PR C
YG PPP

University of N aples, Ita ly

Un ive rsity of Oxfo rd , UK
Uni ve rsity of th e Phili pp ines, Los Banos
Un ive rsity of TU bin ge n, Germany
Upl and Crops Research In stitute, Chin a
United Nations Deve lopm ent Progra mme, USA
Users' Perspective w ith Agricultu ral Researc h and Deve lopm ent, CIP netwo rk
United States Age ncy for Intern ation al Development
United States Departm ent of Agri culture
U nited States Vegetab le Laboratory
Visayas Col l ege of Agr iculture, Ph ilipp ines
W agenin gen Unive rsity, Nether lands
World Edu catio n
Xuz hou Sweet Potato Resea rch Center, Chin a
Yeme ni/Ge rm an Plant Protection Project

CIP's Global
Contact
Points

LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN

REGIONAL OFFICE/HEADQUARTERS

(as of April 1996)

Peru
International Potato Center
Apartado 1558
Lima 100, Peru
Phone: (5 1-1) 436-6920/435-4354
Fax : (51- 1) 435-1570
Telex: 25672 PE
Cable: CIPAPA, Lima
E-mail : c ip@ cgnet.co m or cip@cipa.org.pe
Research Stations
Ecuador
Estacion Expe rimental INIAP Santa Catalina
Km 14 Panamericana Sur
Apartado 17-21-1977
Quito, Ecuador
Phone: (593 -2 ) 690-362/63

(593 -2 ) 690-990
Fax: (593 -2) 692-604
E-mail: cip-quito@cgnet.com or for group
messages to all staff: irs @c ip.org.ec
Special Projects
Ecuador
FORTIPAPA (at Santa Catalina Station,
same as above)
Phone: (593-2) 690-695/3 64
Fax : (593-2) 692-604
E-mail: cip-quito@cgnet.com or fpapa@c ip .o rg .ec
Bolivia
PROINPA (IBTA-CIP)
Man Cespedes 0293 (Zona de Cala Cala)
Casilla Postal 4285
Cochabamba, Bolivia
Phone : (591 -4 2) 49506/ 49013
Fax: (59 1-42) 45708
E-mai I: proinpa@papa.bo
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
REGIONAL OFFICE
Ken ya
P. 0. Box 25 171
Nairobi, Kenya
Phone : (254-2) 632-054/632-151
Fax: (254-2) 630-005/631-499
Tele x: 22040 ILRAD
E-mail: c ip-nbo@cg net.com

Liaison Office
Cameroon
c/o Delegation of Agriculture
North West Province
P. 0 . Box 279
Bamenda , Cameroon
Phone: (237-36) 2289 (public booth)
Fa x: (237-36) 3893 or 3921 (p ublic booth)
(237 -36) 3284 (Skyline Hotel)
Tel ex: 58442 (NW DA)
Nigeri a
c/o llTA
PMB 5320, Ibadan, Nigeria
Phon e: (234-22) 400300-318
Fa x: 874-1772276 via INMARSAT Satellite or
(234-2) 241221
Tele x: TROPIB NG (905) 3 1417, 3 1159
Cable: TROPFOUND, IKEJA
E-mai I: i ita@cg net.com
Uganda
P.O. Box 6247
Kampal a, Uganda
Phon e: (256-41) 567670
Fa x: (256-41) 241242
E-mai I: ciat- uganda@cgnet.com
i ita-u ganda@cg net.com
Network
PRAPACE
PRAPACE/Uga nda
P.O. Box 22274
Kampala, Uganda
Phone : (256-4 1) 235306
Fax: (256-41) 241242
E-mail: nbluta@imul .com
MIDDLE EAST

&

NORTH AFRICA

REGIONAL OFFICE

Tunisi a
8 Rue lbn Khaldoun
1004 El Menzah I
Tunis, Tunisia
Phon e: (216-1) 767-829
Fa x: (216-1) 7 18-431
Messages could also be directed via !CARDA-'
lines:
Phone: (216-1) 232-207
Fax: (216-1) 751-666
E-mail: cip-tunis@cgnet.com

. This list indicates

CIP's principal
contact points
Liaison Office
Egypt
P. 0. Box 17
Kafr El-Zayat, Egypt
Phone: (20-40) 58-6720
Fax: (20-40) 58-0800
Telex : 23605 PBTNA UN
(messages may be directed v ia Tunis Reg. Office)
SOUTH AND WEST ASIA

Liaison Offices
Philippin es
Los Banos Office
c/o IRRI
P.O. Box 933
Manila, Philippines
Phone: (63-9 4) 50235, 50015-19 ; ext. 248/274
Fax : (63-2) 891- 1292 or 818-2087
E-mai I: ci p-man i Ia@cgnet.com
g.p rain @cgnet.com

REGIONAL OFFICE

Indi a
IARI Campus
New Delhi 110012, India
Phone: (91- 11 ) 574-8055/574-1481
Telex: 3173140 Fl IN
3173168 EiC IN
Cable: CIPAPA, New Delhi
E-mail : cip -d elhi@cgnet.com
EAST AND SOUTHEAST ASIA AND THE PACIFIC
REGIONAL OFFICE
Ind ones ia
c/o CR IF C
P.O. Box 929
Bogor 16309, West Java , Indon es ia
Phone : (62-251) 317951/313687
Fax : (62-251) 3 16264
E-mail: cip-bogor@cg net.com
Lembang Annex
P.O. Box 1586
Bandung 40391, Indonesi a
For courier mail/packages to CIP:
c/o Balai Panelitian Tanaman Sayuran , JI.
Tangkuban Perahu 517
Cikole, Lembang, Bandung 40391 , In donesia
Phone : (62-22) 278-8155
Fax: (62-22) 278-6025
E-mai I: cip-indonesia@cgnet.com

Baguio Office
c/o NPRCRTC
P.O . Box 1054
2600 Baguio City, Philippines
Phone : (63 -91 7) 506-0042
Fax : (63 -74) 443 -88 11
E-mail : cip-baguio@cgnet.com

worldwide, by
region. A more
detailed list,
including current
staff contacts, can
be obtained from
the office of the
Director for
International
Cooperation.

Chin a
c/o The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences
Bai Shi Qiao Rd . No. 30
West Suburbs of Beijing
Beijing, People's Republic of China
Phone: (86-10) 2 1 7-9 141
Fax : (86-10) 217-9135
Telex: 22233 or 222720 CAAS CN
Cab le: AGRIACA
E-mail: c ip-china@cg net.com

Networks
SAPPRAD
(same as Philippines-Los Banos Liaison Office)
E-mail : e.rasco@cgnet.com
UPWARD
(same as Philippines-Los Banos Liaison Office)

CIP Country Liaison Office CIP Regional Office

CGIAR -and CIP: 25 Years of Research Partnership

For the past quarter century, the CGIAR-the Consultative Group on
International Agricultural Research-has been one of the most
effective means for advancing sustainable agriculture and food
security in developing countries. A voluntary consortium of some 45
public- and private-sector donors, the CGIAR provides funding for
16 international agricultural research centers, including the
International Potato Center.
The CGIAR began its work in 1971 by supporting a nucleus of
four centers working on the basic food crops and production systems
. found in tropical areas. Today's CGIAR, under the leadership of
Chairman Ismail Serageldin, is a diverse network of independent
centers that work collectively, and with national systems, on priority
research topics for the developing world. Following a recent process
of renewal, the CGIAR has improved its governance, broadened the
participation of developing countries, and restructured its finances.
Its research agenda now includes work on priority topics involving
livestoc k, forestry, fisheries, irrigation , policy, and institution
building.

CIP's Role in the CGIAR

CIP's entry into the CGIAR was based on the belief that potatoes
and other root and tuber crops would provide new food alternatives
to a world dependent on cereal crops. Bec ause they are naturall y
high-yielding and genetically diverse, root and tuber crops can be
grown successfully in vastly different ecologies and cropping
systems. According to the task required , they can be produced for
food, for fiber, as animal feed, or for a variety of industrial purposes .
Increasingly, this potential is being recognized as one of the last
remaining options for meeting food requirements over the quarter
century ahead . Many countries, with centuries-old farming traditions
based on cereals, are looking to root and tuber crops to increase
food production and m aintain economic growth. Many are
achieving this goal by tapping into the rese arch and technological
options made available from the CGIAR's quarter century of
investment in the International Potato Center.