Basic Tutorial 6

Basic Tutorial 6
2 Dimensional Analysis of Open-cut Tunnel
GTS Basic Tutorial 6.

- 2 Dimensional Analysis of Open-cut Tunnel
Contents
Starting GTS
Preview
Ground Reaction Coefficients
2
3
Create Analysis Data

Attribute
Create 2D Geometry
Create 2D Element Mesh
Alignment of Element Coordinates
4
4
6
8
10
Analysis
Boundary Condition
Load
Load Combination
Analysis Case
Solve
12
12
14
18
20
22
Post Processing, Result Display and Control

Displacement
Reaction
Axial Force
Moment
23
23
25
27
28
GTS Basic Tutorial 6

In this tutorial, the analysis of two dimensional open-cut tunnel is introduced from modeling
to result display.
The open-cut analysis model is to define the tunnel structure, and its Attribute definition,
ground spring specification, and load combination are very important in this analysis. In this
example, useful load and boundary definition functions such as Line Beam Load, Surface
Spring Supports, and Create Load Set with Combined Load Set are explained. In addition,
compression-only elastic link, we model ground spring and perform the boundary nonlinear
analysis.
Starting GTS
Start the program.
1.
Run GTS.
2.
Start a new project by clicking
3.
Project Setting dialog box will appear.
4.
Enter Basic Tutorial 6 in Project Title.
5.
Select 2D in Model Type.
6.
Select X-Y Plane in Analysis Constraint.
7.
Make sure that Y option is selected in Gravity Direction.
8.
Use default value for rest of the inputs.
9.
Click
File > New button.
button.
10. In the Main Menu, select View > Display Option....

11. In General Tab, change Mesh > Node Display to True.
12. Click
13. Click
button.
button to close the Display Option dialog box.
Preview
This tutorial has been simplified for training purpose only, and its detail process may be
different from actual practice. The followings are the basic parameters used in this tutorial.
Tunnel type :
Open-cut Tunnel
Soil height :
3m
Soil parameters : Unit weight, s = 2.0 tonf/m3

Friction angle, = 30
Coefficient of Soil Pressure, K0 = 1sin = 0.5
Material property: Characteristic strength of concrete, fck = 270 kgf/cm2
Unit Weight, = 2.5 tonf/m3
Modulus of Elasticity, Ec = 2.77x106 tonf/m3
Tunnel shape :
3 Point Tunnel (R1 = 4.665m,
R2 = 3.0m, A1 = 60, A2 = 60)
The tunnel section and static soil pressure is shown in the following figure. On the tunnel
structure, self-weight, vertical soil pressure, and horizontal soil pressure are applied.
structure receives static
pressure or active
pressure. However, for
excavating tunnel, the
structure receives
relaxation soil pressure.
3.000
For open-cut tunnel, the
(0,0,5.3325)
P1=3.0 tonf/
P1=3.0 tonf/
m
00
0.4
(-4.040009,0,3)
(4.040009,0,3)
R1=4.665m
60
120
P2=8.3325 tonf/
R2=3.000m
(-4.040009,0,0)
P2=8.3325 tonf/
(0,0,0)
GTS Basic Tutorial 6 - 1
(4.040009,0,0)
Generate the model by assigning Beam Element to the Tunnel Wall and Compression-only
Elastic Link to the Ground Springs.
Tunnel Wall : Beam Element
Ground Springs:
Comp.-only Elastic Link
Ground Reaction Coefficients

Ground reaction coefficient is determined using Korean Road Traffic Safety Authoritys
design code as follows.
kv 0
1
1
Eo 1140046.667 kgf/cm3
30
30
Bv Av 8001400 1058.3 cm
An open-cut tunnel
required ground spring
only at the bottom.
E0 28N = 2850 = 1400 kgf/cm2
3
3
Bv 4
1058.3 4
3
3
kv kv 0 46.667
= 3.224 kgf/cm = 3224 tonf/m
30
30
Create Analysis Data

Attribute
Generate Attributes.
Beam or Truss
Elements is a Line-type
Attribute.
1.
Select Model > Property > Attribute in the Main Menu.
2.
Click
to the right of
button in the Attribute dialog box.
3.
Select Line.
4.
Make sure that Attribute ID is 1 in the Add/Modify Plane Attribute dialog box.
5.
Enter Lining in Name.
6.
Select Beam in Element Type.
7.
In order to create Material, click
button to the right of Material.
Define material and section properties of the Beam Type Attribute.
8.
Make sure that Material ID is 1 in the Add/Modify Structural Material dialog box.
9.
Enter C270 in Name.
10. Click
Color button to define the Material with an appropriate color.

11. Enter 2.77e6 in Modulus of Elasticity (E) in Material Parameters.
12. Enter 0.18 in Poissons Ratio () in Material Parameters.
13. Enter 2.5 in Unit Weight () in Material Parameters.
14. Enter 1e-5 in Thermal Coefficient() in Thermal Parameter.
15. Click
button.
GTS Basic Tutorial 6 3
16. Make sure that Material is set to C270 in the Add/Modify Line Attribute dialog box.
17. In order to create Property, click
button to the right of Property.
18. Make sure that Property ID is 1 in the Add/Modify Property dialog box.
19. Enter Lining in Name.
20. Click
Color button to define the Property with an appropriate color.

21. Select Beam in Type.
4

Sectional Library
provides various types
of sections such as
Solid Rectangle, Solid
Round, and Pipe.
22. Check on Sectional Library to generate a quadrangular section in the mountain.
23. Select Solid Rectangle to define the section.

24. Enter 0.4 in H.
25. Enter 1 in B.
26. Click
button.
27. Click
button in the Add/Modify Property dialog box.
28. Click
button Add/Modify Line Attribute dialog box.
29. Make sure that Lining has been generated as Attribute in the Attribute dialog box.
30. Click
button.
Create 2D Geometry
We will generate the Tunnel shape for analysis, using the Tunnel Section in GTS.
GTS provides various

tunnel section in a
template dialog box.
1.
Select Geometry > Curve > Create on WP > Tunnel (Wire) in the Main Menu.
2.
Make sure that 3 Center Circle is selected in Tunnel Type.
3.
Make sure that Full is selected in Section Type.
4.
Input 4.665 in R1 and press Enter on the keyboard.
5.
Similarly, input 60 in A1, 3 in R2 and 60 in A2.
6.
Check off Make Wire option.
7.
Click
8.
Select
button.
Zoom All in the View Point toolbar.
9.
Make sure that 4 tunnel curves are added as Tunnel Section in Geometry > Curve in
the Pre-Works Tree.
Create 2D Element Mesh

Using Auto-Mesh Edge function, create 2D Beam elements on previously created 2D Curve
Geometry.
We will first create the Beam Elements of the tunnel side walls.
1.
Select Mesh > Auto-Mesh > Edge in the Main Menu.
2.
In
button, select the edges defining the tunnel sides,
Edge A and C, as shown in the figure GTS Basic Tutorial 6-10.

Refer to Online Manual
for other seeding
method.
3.
Select Number of Divisions in the Seeding Method.
4.
Enter 8 in Number of Divisions.
5.
Select 1:Lining in Attribute ID.
6.
Delete Auto-Mesh (Edge)in Mesh Set and enter Wall.
7.
Click
8.
Click
Preview button to confirm that the number of divisions in the Edges have
been correctly generated.
button.
C
D
Similarly, we will create Beam Elements for the tunnel crown and bottom slab.
9.
In
button, select the edge defining the tunnel crown,
Edge B, as shown in the figure GTS Basic Tutorial 6-10.

10. Select Number of Divisions in the Seeding Method.
11. Enter 20 in Number of Divisions.
In order to increase
numerical accuracy, it is
recommend to keep
each neighboring
elements within 15
degrees.
12. Select 1:Lining in Attribute ID.

13. Delete Wall in Mesh Set and enter Crown
14. Click
Preview button to confirm that the number of divisions in the Edge have

15. Click
16. In
button.
button, select the edge defining the tunnel bottom
slab, Edge D, as shown in the figure GTS Basic Tutorial 6-10.

17. Select Number of Divisions in the Seeding Method.
8
18. Enter 16 in Number of Divisions.

19. Select 1:Lining in Attribute ID.
20. Delete Crown in Mesh Set and enter Slab
21. Click
Preview button to confirm that the number of divisions in the Edge have
22. Click
button.
23. To confirm that the Mesh Elements have been correctly generated, select Properties >
Property > Line in the Pre-Works Tree, and invoke the Context Menu by right-clicking
the mouse.
Defined section
property is shown in
three dimensional.
24. Select Show All.

25. Select Properties > Property > Line in the Pre-Works Tree once again, and invoke the
Context Menu by right-clicking the mouse.
26. Select Hide All.
Alignment of Element Coordinates

Member force of beam elements is outputted based on the element local axis. Since the
element local axis is given by its generating sequence and direction, it may not aligned
uniformly. Lets check the element local axis of generated elements.
1.
Select Wall, Crown, and Slab in Mesh > Mesh Set in the Works Tree and invoke
the Context Menu by right-clicking the mouse. All the Mesh Sets can be selected
together by using the Shift key
In View > Display

Option, user can
specify its size and
color.
2.
Select Display > Element CSys in the Context Menu.
3.
Select the Wall, Crown, and Slab Mesh Sets, similar to Step 1, and invoke the
Context Menu by right-clicking the mouse.
4.
Select Display > Display Element ID in the Context Menu.
As shown in the above figure, some elements (EL. 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12) are not aligned
together. Modify those elements.
5.
Select Model > Element > Change Parameter in the Main Menu.
6.
Check on Orientation.
7.
Select 1D Element (O) in the Selection Filter.
8.
In
button, select Elements 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12
in Work Window.
9.
Check on Beta Angle and select 180 Deg.
10. Click
11. Select
button.
Isometric in the View Point toolbar to confirm the alignment of the

element coordinates.
10
12. Repeat Steps 1~3 to hide all the Element IDs and the Element Coordinate System.
13. Select
Front in the View Point toolbar.
11
Analysis
Boundary Condition
Surface Spring is applied to the analysis model as its boundary condition. By entering the
ground reaction coefficient on selected nodes, it computes the distance between selected
nodes and applies the spring coefficient automatically. Since the bottom support of tunnel
cannot take any tensile force, the ground spring is modeled with Compression-only
elements. In addition a boundary condition at the crown to restrain any movement along
the X-axis.
Since it is 2D model,
unit length, 1m, is
entered
1.
Select Model > Element > Create Surface Spring in the Main Menu.
2.
Select Frame option in Type in Object.
3.
Enter 1 in Element Width in Object.
4.
Click
button and drag the mouse in the Work Window and
select the 16 Elements defining the bottom slab of the tunnel, as shown in the figure
GTS Basic Tutorial 6 - 14.
Elastic Link is used to

consider nonlinear
boundary elements
such as Compressiononly or Tension-only.
Length of Elastic Link

does not affect on
analysis result.
5.
Select Elastic Link option.
6.
Click on
7.
Enter Ground Spring in Name in BC Set dialog box, and click
8.
Click
9.
Select GCS-z(-) in Direction.
button to the right of BC Set to create a Boundary Set.

button.
10. Enter 3224 in Modulus of Subgrade Reaction.

11. Enter 1 in Length of Elastic Link.
Enter the number of
spring coefficient to
calculate. If 1 is
entered, it inputs a
single value for all
nodes although the
distances are varied.
12. Check on Comp.-only option.

13. Enter 100 in Max. Number of Attribute.
14. Click
button.
15. Select Model > Boundary > Supports.

16. Select one node at the top of the crown.
17. Restrain Ux and Apply. See Figure below.
12
button.
13
Load
We will define the loading conditions for the model. 3 loading cases are defined self
weight, horizontal soil pressure, and vertical soil pressure. We will first input the self weight.
1.
Select Model > Load > Self Weight in the Main Menu.
2.
Enter Self Weight in Load Set.
3.
Enter -1 in Y in Self Weight Factor.
4.
Click
button.
We will next input the horizontal soil pressure.
The horizontal pressure diagram and
values are shown in the figure GTS Basic Tutorial 6 1. The Line Beam Load function is
used to input the trapezoidal horizontal soil pressure.
5.
Select Model > Load > Line Beam Load in the Main Menu.
6.
Enter Horizontal Soil Pressure in Load Set.
7.
Make sure that Add option is selected in Mode.
8.
Select Selected Element option in Element Selection.
9.
In
button, select the point defined by Point 1, as
shown in the figure GTS Basic Tutorial 6 - 16.

10. In
button, select Point 2.

2
11. Click
button.
12. In
button, select the 18 Elements defined in Area A, as
shown in the figure, GTS Basic Tutorial 6 - 16.

13. Make sure that Force and Distributed options are checked on.
14. Select Global X in Direction.
15. Make sure that Yes option is checked on in Projection.
14
16. Make sure that Fraction option is checked on in Value.

17. Enter 0, 8.3325, 1, and 3 in x1, w1, x2, and w2, respectively.
18. Click
Preview button to confirm that the horizontal soil pressure has been
correctly generated.
19. Click
button.
Similarly, we will apply the horizontal soil pressure on the right side of the tunnel walls.
20. In

21. In
22. Click
button.
23. In
button, select the 18 Elements defined in Area B, as

w1 is the load value at
the first node, and w2
is the load value at the
second node. Length
between two nodes is
applied using linear
interpolation.
24. Enter 0, -8.3325, 1, and -3 in x1, w1, x2, and w2, respectively.
25. Click
Preview button to confirm that the horizontal soil pressure has been
correctly generated.
26. Click
button.
15
We will input the vertical soil pressure using Line Beam Load.
It changes its value by height.
Soil cover height = 3m
Depth to the far end = 6.8325 m
Unit weight = 2.0 tonf/m3
Applying Load = 13.665 tonf/ m3 to 6.0 tonf/ m3.
1 ; Node 5
3 ; Node 14
27. Select Model > Load > Line Beam Load in the Main Menu.
28. Enter Vertical Soil Pressure in Load Set.
29. Select Selected Element option in Element Selection.
30. In

31. In
32. Click
button.
33. In
button, select the 14 Elements defined in Area A, as

34. Make sure that Force and Distributed options are checked on.
35. Select Global Y in Direction.
36. Make sure that Yes option is checked on in Projection.
37. Make sure that Fraction option is checked on in Value.
39. Click
Preview button to confirm that the vertical soil pressure has been correctly
generated.
40. Click
16
button.
Similarly, we will apply the vertical soil pressure on the right side of the tunnel walls.
41. In

42. In
43. Click
button.
44. In
button, select the 14 Elements defined in Area B, as

46. Click
Preview button to confirm that the vertical soil pressure has been correctly
generated.
47. Click
button.
17
Load Combination
Linear static load combination cannot yield correct result in a model which is solved for the
boundary nonlinear analysis using elastic Links with compression-only function. Therefore,
each load set must be combined before analysis to obtain correct combination result. Create
Load Set with Combined Load Set function treats the combination of load sets as a static
load set. Note:
The following combinations will be used to design sections.
LCB 1 : 1.54 Self Weight + 1.8 Horizontal Soil Pressure + 1.4 Vertical Soil Pressure
LCB 2 : 1.54 Self Weight + 0.9 Horizontal Soil Pressure + 1.4 Vertical Soil Pressure
We will create the first load combination.
1.
Select Model > Load > Create Load Set with Combined Load Set in the Main Menu.
2.
Enter LCB 1 in Name.
3.
Select Self Weight in Load Set in Combined Load Set.
4.
Enter 1.54 in Factor in Combined Load Set.
5.
Select Horizontal Soil Pressure in Load Set in Combined Load Set.
6.
7.
Select Vertical Soil Pressure in Load Set in Combined Load Set.
8.
9.
Click
button.
10. Confirm that Load Set [ LCB 1 ] is generated in Load in the Pre-Works Tree.
18
We will create the second load combination.
11. Select Model > Load > Create Load Set with Combined Load Set in the Main Menu.
12. Enter LCB 2 in Name.
13. Select Self Weight in Load Set in Combined Load Set.
14. Enter 1.54 in Factor in Combined Load Set.
15. Select Horizontal Soil Pressure in Load Set in Combined Load Set.
17. Select Vertical Soil Pressure in Load Set in Combined Load Set.
19. Click
button.
20. Confirm that Load Set [ LCB 2 ] is generated in Load in the Pre-Works Tree.
21. Select Load Set [ LCB 1 ] and Load Set [ LCB 2 ] in Load in the Pre-Works Tree,
by right-clicking the mouse.
22. Select Hide All.
19
Analysis Case
We will generate an Analysis Case for performing analysis.
1.
Select Analysis > Analysis Case in the Main Menu.
2.
Click
button.
Since single Load Set

may cause convergence
problem in the boundary
nonlinear analysis, we
will activate combined
load sets only
20
3.
Enter Basic Tutorial 6 in Name.
4.
Enter 2D Tunnel Analysis in Description.
5.
Select Linear Static in Analysis Type.
6.
Select Element > Wall, Crown, Slab, and Surface Spring in the Set Tree in
7.
Add or Modify Initial Model.

Drag-and drop the selected Mesh Sets into Activated.
8.
Select Load > LCB 1 & LCB 2 and Boundary > Ground Spring in the Set Tree
in Add or Modify Initial Model.
9.
Drag-and drop the selected Load Sets and Boundary Set into Activated.
10. Check on Solve Each load Set Independently.

11. Click
button.
12. Click
button in the Analysis Case dialog box.
21
Solve
We will perform analysis.
1.
Select Analysis > Solve in the Main Menu.
2.
Click
in the Solver Manager dialog box
All the messages during the analysis will be shown in the Output Window. Especially, one
needs to be very cautious about warning messages, because these messages indicate that the
analysis results may not be correct. The model is automatically saved before the analysis.
The result is saved as binary file(*.TA*) in the same folder as the model. The detail analysis
information is also saved in a text file(*.OUT).
22
Post Processing, Result Display and Control

Most of the Post-Processing work in GTS can be accomplished by using the various
toolbars, for instance the Post Data Toolbar as shown below. The Property Window can be
used for selecting and defining the corresponding items required for detailed PostProcessing.
Data Filter
Output Set
Mesh Shape
Contour Data
Plot Type
Deformation Data
- Post Data Toolbar -
Displacement
Check the Displacements for each load combination.
1.
Select the Post-Works tab in the Works Tree.
2.
Double-click ST : Basic Tutorial 6 > LCB 1 > Displacement > DY(V) in the Works
Tree.
Sensitive option enables

to display modified
output result data
immediately after Output
data control on the
screen.
3.
Select Post Data tab in the Tabbed Toolbar.
4.
Make sure that LCB 1 is selected in the Output Set in the Post Data toolbar.
5.
Click
6.
Click
7.
Select Deformed + Undeformed.
8.
Make sure that DY(V) is selected in the Deformation Data in the Post Data toolbar.
9.
Confirm the variation in deformation and its direction.
Sensitive button in the Post Data toolbar.
Mesh Shape button.
10. Select Deformation in the Property Window.

11. Make sure that Real Displacement is defined as False. In case of selecting True
this option generates a display output that shows the actual variation of displacement
values.
12. Click
button in the Property Window.
13. Check the displacements for load combination LCB 2 by selecting LCB 2
Output Set in lieu of LCB 1. Click
display the displacement DY(V) for LCB 2.
in
button to
23
TS Basic Tutorial 6 25
24
Reaction
We will display the Reactions for each load combination.
1.
Double-click ST : Basic Tutorial 6 > LCB 1 > Reaction > FY in the Works Tree.
2.
3.
Make sure that LCB 1 is selected in the Output Set in the Post Data toolbar.
4.
Click
5.
Select Undeformed.
6.
Make sure that FY is selected in the Contour Data.
7.
Check the reactions for load combination LCB 2 by selecting LCB 2
Mesh Shape button.

display the reaction FY for LCB 2.
in
button to
25
Check the Forces in the Elastic Links for each load combination, by generating the results
in a Table format.
8.
Select Result > Result Tables > Elastic Link Force in the Main Menu.
9.
Select LCB 1 and LCB 2 in Stage/Step.
10. Select i and j in Part Number.

11. Click
button.
26
Axial Force
Check the Axial Force for each load combination.
1.
Double-click ST : Basic Tutorial 6 > LCB 1 > 1D Element Forces > LO-Beam Fx
in the Works Tree.
2.
3.
Make sure that LCB 1 is selected in
4.
Post Data toolbar.

Make sure that LO-Beam Fx is selected in the Contour Data.
5.
Select Diagram in the Property Window.
6.
Enter 3 in Scale Factor.
7.
Select Solid Fill in Fill Type.
8.
Click
9.
Display the axial force diagram.
Output Set in the
button.
10. Check the axial forces for load combination LCB 2 by selecting LCB 2 in
button to
display the axial force LO-Beam Fx for LCB 2.
27
Moment
Check the Bending Moments for each load combination.
1.
Double-click ST : Basic Tutorial 6 > LCB 1 > 1D Element Forces > LO-Beam My
in the Works Tree.
2.
3.
Make sure that LCB 1 is selected in
4.
Post Data toolbar.

Make sure that LO-Beam My is selected in the Contour Data.
5.
Display the bending moment diagram.
6.
Check the bending moments for load combination LCB 2 by selecting LCB 2 in
button to
display the bending moment LO-Beam My for LCB 2.
28
Output Set in the
Check the Forces in the link elements for each load combination, by generating the results
in a Table format.
12. Select from 1D Element Forces Link Fx and call the context menu by right clicking on
the Link Fx label.
13. Click
button.
29

Basic Tutorial 6 - 2D Open Cut Tunnel

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Basic Tutorial 6 - 2D Open Cut Tunnel

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2 Dimensional Analysis of Open-cut Tunnel

2 Dimensional Analysis of Open-cut Tunnel

GTS Basic Tutorial 6.

Create Analysis Data

Post Processing, Result Display and Control

GTS Basic Tutorial 6

GTS Basic Tutorial 6

Start a new project by clicking

Project Setting dialog box will appear.

Enter Basic Tutorial 6 in Project Title.

Select 2D in Model Type.

Select X-Y Plane in Analysis Constraint.

Make sure that Y option is selected in Gravity Direction.

Use default value for rest of the inputs.

File > New button.

10. In the Main Menu, select View > Display Option....

2 Dimensional Analysis of Open-cut Tunnel

Soil parameters : Unit weight, s = 2.0 tonf/m3

3 Point Tunnel (R1 = 4.665m,

R2 = 3.0m, A1 = 60, A2 = 60)

For open-cut tunnel, the

GTS Basic Tutorial 6 - 1

GTS Basic Tutorial 6

Tunnel Wall : Beam Element

Ground Reaction Coefficients

E0 28N = 2850 = 1400 kgf/cm2

2 Dimensional Analysis of Open-cut Tunnel

Create Analysis Data

Select Model > Property > Attribute in the Main Menu.

button in the Attribute dialog box.

Enter Lining in Name.

Select Beam in Element Type.

In order to create Material, click

button to the right of Material.

Define material and section properties of the Beam Type Attribute.

Enter C270 in Name.

Color button to define the Material with an appropriate color.

GTS Basic Tutorial 6 3

button to the right of Property.

Color button to define the Property with an appropriate color.

GTS Basic Tutorial 6

GTS Basic Tutorial 6 - 4

22. Check on Sectional Library to generate a quadrangular section in the mountain.

23. Select Solid Rectangle to define the section.

button in the Add/Modify Property dialog box.

button Add/Modify Line Attribute dialog box.

GTS Basic Tutorial 6 5

GTS Basic Tutorial 6 6

2 Dimensional Analysis of Open-cut Tunnel

GTS provides various

Make sure that 3 Center Circle is selected in Tunnel Type.

Make sure that Full is selected in Section Type.

Input 4.665 in R1 and press Enter on the keyboard.

Similarly, input 60 in A1, 3 in R2 and 60 in A2.

Check off Make Wire option.

GTS Basic Tutorial 6 7

GTS Basic Tutorial 6 8

GTS Basic Tutorial 6

GTS Basic Tutorial 6 9

2 Dimensional Analysis of Open-cut Tunnel

Create 2D Element Mesh