APPROVAL SHEET

Complete report of genetics observation with the title is Genetics Population

arranged by :
Name

: Yusnira.

ID

: 1214441011

Class

: International Class Programme (ICP A)

Group

: II (Second)

Had been checked correctly by assistant and coordinator of assistant, so it has

accepted.

Makassar, January 05th , 2015

Assistant coordinator,

Assistant,

(Moh Padri )

(Junaedi)

To know
Responsibility lecturer,

(A.Faridah Arsal,S.Si,M.Si)
NIP : 19611231 198603 1 015

Genetics Population
Yusnira1)*
1)

Jurusan Biologi Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam

Universitas Negeri Makassar
Received 6th January 2015 / Accepted 13th January 2015
ABSTRAK
Tujuan dari praktikum ini adalah untuk mengetahui cara menghitung frekuensi gen,

sifat morfologi, dan sifat tingkah laku dengan menggunakan metode Hardy Wenberg.
Pengamatan ini menggunakan sampel golongan darah untuk mengetahui frekuensi gen
golongan darah. Menentukan frekuensi dengan prinsip Hardy Wenberg p + q + r = 1.
Didapatkan frekuensi golongan darah terbanyak yaitu golongan darah O sebesar 0,68.
Kata kunci: Frekuensi Gen, Hardy Wenberg, Golongan Darah
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this lab is to know how to calculate the frequency of genes,
morphology, and the nature of the behavior by using the method of Hardy - Wenberg.
These observations using a sample of blood type to determine the frequency of blood type
gene. Determine the frequency with the principle of Hardy - Wenberg p + q + r = 1. It was
found that the highest frequency of blood type O blood group by 0.68.
Key Word: Frecuency of Genes, Hardy Wenberg, Blood Type
INTRODUCTION
The

constant from generation to generation if

Hardy-Weinberg

Law

no evolutionary processes like migration,

provides a basic algebraic formula for

mutation,

describing the expected frequencies of

operating. Thus if matings are random,

various genotypes in a population. The

and

similarity

however,

reproductive abilities of any genotype,

remained unnoticed until Stern (1943)

the equilibrium genotypic frequencies are

drew attention to both papers and

given by the square of the allelic

recommended

both

frequencies. If there are only two alleles

discoverers be attached to the population

A and a with frequencies p and q

formula. The Law states that gene

respectively, the frequencies of the three

frequencies in a population remain

possible genotypes are

of

their

that

work

names

of

no

selection
other

and

factors

drift
disturb

are
the

(p + q)2 = p2 + 2pq + q2

different in the two sexes, then they will

If there are 3 alleles say A1, A2

become the same in one generation in the

and A3 with frequencies p, q and r, the

case of alleles on autosomes, and

genotypic frequencies would be

genotypic

(p + q + r)2 = p2 + q2 + r2 + 2pq + 2pr +

equilibrium in two generations. In general

2qr

equilibrium is arrived at within one or at

frequencies

will

reach

This square expansion can be

the most a few generations. Once

used to obtain the equilibrium genotypic

equilibrium is attained it will be repeated

frequencies for any number of alleles. It

in each subsequent generation with the

must also be noted that the sum of all the

same frequencies of alleles and of

allelic

genotypes (Ahluwalia, 2009).

frequencies,

and

of all

the

genotypic frequencies must always be 1.

The

Hardy-Weinberg

law

is

If there are only two alleles p and q, then

applicable when there is random mating.

p + q = 1, and therefore p2 + 2pq + q2 =

Random mating occurs in a population

(p + q)2 = 1. If there are 3 alleles with

when the probability of mating between

frequencies p, q, and r, then p + q + r = 1,

individuals is independent of their genetic

as well as (p + q + r)2 = 1 (Ahluwalia,

constitution. Such a population is said to

2009).

be panmictic or to undergo panmixis. The

The time required for attaining

equilibrium

frequencies

been

according to the proportions in which the

determined. If a certain population of

genotypes are present. The probability of

individuals

allele

a given type of mating can be found out

frequencies mixes with another set and

by multiplying the frequencies of the two

complete

is,

genotypes that are involved in the mating.

random mating), then the genotypes of

Matings are not random for instance

the next generation will be found in the

when a population consists of different

proportion p2 + 2pq + q2 where p and q

races such as blacks and whites in the

are allele frequencies in the new mixed

U.S., or different communities as in India

populations. Thus it takes only one

as there are preferred matings between

generation to reach Hardy-Weinberg

members of the same racial or communal

equilibrium

group (Ahluwalia, 2009).

with

one

panmixis

has

matings between the genotypes occur

set

occurs

provided

the

of

(that

allelic

frequencies are the same in males and

The population must meet several

females. If the allelic frequencies are

requirements in order to be in a state of

balance

and

can

fulfill

the

law

"Equilibrum Hardy-Weinberg". Some of

Place

: Microbiology laboratory

B Materials of Observation

the conditions include: a) There was no

This observation used the

mutation. If it happens then the frequency

data from multiple allele about the

of gene mutations or genetic changes that

blood type.

appear to occur. b) There was no

C Work Procedure

migration, because migration can causes

the

migration

of

genes

among

The

procedure

this

observation are the result of blood

population with other populations. c) The

type observation result is prepared .

number of large populations. Large

The A, B, AB, and 0 blood type

population can make it easier to see the

frequency is analyzed and counted.

comparison of each gene or genetic

Made the discus and the conclusion.

frequencies appear. d) Random genetic

D Data Analysis

drift. Changes in gene frequency in a

Equilibrium

population. e) There was no natural

Wenberg is p + q + r = 1

selection. f) The existence of random

Appreantice total is 23 person

mating. Random Mating can reproduce

Which:

the genetic variation (Campbell, 2010).

IA IA and IA IO = 3

The population is a group of

principal

Hardy

IB IB and IB IO = 7

similar individuals living in a certain

IO IO

= 11

areas. Genetic population genetics is the

IAIO

= 11

branch of science that studied genes in

Frequency type A is p2 and 2pr

the

Frequency type B is q2 and 2qr

population

and

put

them

in

mathematical result of heredity on the

Frequency type O is r2

population level. A population is said to

Frequency type AB is 2pq

balanced if the frequency of genes and

1) Frequency of blood type A is p2 =

gene frequencies are in a state of remains

of any generation (Suryo, 1994).

3
23

= 0,13

METHOD
A Time and place
Day / date : Friday / January 5th 2015
Time

: 16.00-17.30

0,16

= 0,36

2) Frequency of blood type B is q2 =

7
23

= 0,30

0,30

= 0,54

11
23

= 0,147

0,47

= 0,68

= 0,68

so, p + q + r = 1 is 0,226 +

0,23+ 0,68= 1
b. Frequency of Heterozigot

3) Frequency of blood type O is R

=

allele
q

A +O = 1+

= 1+

0,24+0,47 = 1+
0,71

4) Frequency of blood type AB is

= 1-0,84

= 0,16

2pq = 1(0,36)(0,54) = 0,39

p
IA IA = p2 = (0,36)2 = 0,13

0,32+ 0,16 = 1+

IB IB = q2 = (0,54)2 = 0,30
Io Io = r2 = (0,68)2 = 0,47
A B

I I

0,83 = 1- 0,91 = 0,9

= 2pq = 0,39

IA Io = 2pr = 0,24
B O

I I

B+O = 1+

= 1+

= 0,68

= 2qr = 0,36
so, p + q + r = 1 is 0,16 +
0,9 + 0,9 = 1

a. Frequency of homozygot allele

q

= 1+

RESULT

A +O = 1+

Table. Blood Type

0,13+0,47 = 1+
0,60 = 1- 0,774 = 0,226
p

= 1+

B+O = 1+

0,30+0,47 = 1+
0,77 = 1- 0,77 = 0,23

No.

Probandus Name

1.

Ferry Irawan

2.

Amanulia Sadikin

3.

Yustin Sriserang

4.

Yenni Pagiu

5.

Yusnira

6.

Febrianti

7.

Mutmainnah Halik

type B is 0,23 , and blood type O is 0,68.

8.

M. Rizal Kurniawan

And the frequency of heterozigot allele of

9.

Cici Ima Delima

10.

Rakhmat Abdillah Dany

11.

Andriani Nasrullah

12.

Khalisha Azis

13.

Tri Lestari

Suryo (1990) that thepopulation is a

14.

Nurul Mujahidah

group of similar individuals living in a

15.

Paewa Panennungi

16.

Dwiyaa Ar.

17.

Nurfitrah Aulia Ayub

mathematical result of heredity on the

18

Satria Aly

population level. A population is said to

19

Andi Alfina Ulandari

balanced if the frequency of genes and

20

Ulva Nilawaty

21

Husnaeni

22

Nurfajri Hasan

From result of experiment can be taken

23

Faezal Tanjung

conclusion

blood type A is 0,16 , blood type B is

0,9 , and blood type O is 0,68. So the
dominant blood type in population is
blood type O.
According to the theory by

certain areas. Genetic population genetic

is the branch of science that studied genes
is the population and put them in

gene frequency are in a state of remains

of any generation.
CONCLUSION
that

homozygote

allele

frequency result is q value = 0,23 ; p

DISCUSSION

value = 0,226 ; and r value = 0,68. so, p

Based on the observation at

+ q + r = 1 is 0,226 + 0,23+ 0,68= 1.

blood type in population of genetics, we

For the heterozygote allele frequency we

observed type blood A, B, AB, and O.

get the value for q = 0,9; p value =

The person with blood type A is

0,16; whether r value = 0,68. So, p + q

symbolized by the letter P, blood type B

+ r = 1 is 0,9 + 0,16 + 0,68 = 1.

is symbolized by the letter q, blood type

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

AB is symbolized by the letter 2pq, and

This research was made possible through

blood type O is symbolized by the letter r.

the assistance and cooperation of the

and has homozigot and heterozigot

various parties. On this occasion we

genotype. The frenquency of homozigot

would like to thank God for giving health

allele of blood type A is 0,226 , blood

and opportunity to carry out this practice.

Thanks

to

the

supervisor

for

BIBLIOGRAPHY

the

Ahluwalia, Karvita B. 2009. Genetics

opportunity and the material provided. A

Second Edition. New Delhi, India:

big thank you also to the brother sister

New Age International (P) Ltd.,

assistant who has guiding and accompany

Publishers

us during this time, as well as all those

who have provided assistance. Hopefully
the results of this study presented can be
useful.

Campbell, N.A, dkk. 2010. Biologi Edisi

Kedelapan
Jilid
1.
Jakarta:Erlangga.
Suryo. 1990. Genetika. Yogyakarta :
UGM Press.