The Structure of

The Atom
Chapter 2

Matter and Substance

Matter is anything that has mass and

occupies space.
Made up of tiny and discrete
particles (atoms, molecules and
ions)
The smallest particle, which can participate in a
Atoms

chemical reaction

Molecules Group of two or more atoms which are chemically

bonded together

Ions

Positively or negatively charged particles

Kinetic theory of matter

Explain

the energy and forces between

particles in matter

Three

basic assumptions:

Matter is made up of _____

tiny particles.
The tiny particles are in constant ______.
speed
When the temperature is _______, the
higher

particles gain more kinetic energy and move

in greater speeds.

Diffusion
A process in which the particles of

occupy the
substance move and _________
spaces in between the particles of
another substance.

Occurs in gases, _______

liquids and solids.

Diffusion Brownian Motion

The movement of particles in all

direction caused by the _______

collision among
_______
the particles or between particles and
the container wall.

Diffusion Brownian Motion

Examples:
Movement of smoke particles in air
Movement of pollen grains in water
Pouring concentrated sugar solution

in water

Diffusion

Diffusion in solid, liquid and gas

Diffusion in solid, liquid and gas

SOLID
Arrangement
of particles

Description
Particles are held together
by very strong _______
forces of
attraction

Property
Cannot be
compressed

Closely packed together in Has a fixed

an orderly ________
shape and
manner
volume
The kinetic energy of the
particles is _____.
low
Particle can vibrate and
rotate in their fixed
position.

LIQUID
Arrangement
of particles

Description

Property

The forces of attraction

between particles are
_______
weaker than in ________
solid
but stronger than in gas
state

Cannot be
compressed
easily

Packed closely but not in

an orderly ________
manner

Has a fixed
volume and
takes the shape
of its container

The kinetic energy of the

particles is greater than in
______
solid state.
Particle can vibrate, rotate
and move.

GAS
Arrangement
of particles

Description

Property

Weak forces of attraction Can be

______
between particles
compressed
easily
far
Particles are very _____
apart from each other.

The particles have very

high
________
kinetic energy.
Particles can move freely
in ________
random motion.

Has no fixed
volume and
takes the shape
of its container
-

Inter-conversion of matter
Heating

Gas
F

Solid

Cooling

B
A
D

Liquid

Changes in the state of matter

Inter-conversion
process

Melting

Boiling

Sublimation

Freezing

Condensation

Sublimation

Inter-conversion Processes
Process
Melting
Evaporation /
Boiling
Sublimation
Freezing
Condensation

Description
Solid to liquid, heat is absorbed, particles gain energy
and vibrate vigorously to break away from their fixed
position.
Liquid to vapour, heat is absorbed, particles gain
enough energy to break away completely from the
liquid to form steam.
Solid to vapour, heat is absorbed, particles get enough
energy to break away completely from the solid and
form a gas.
Liquid to solid, heat is liberated, particles slow down
their vibration and stop moving.
Vapour to liquid, heat is liberated, particles lose energy
and move more and more slowly to form liquid.

The heating curve of a substance

Temperature (C)

F
Boiling point

Melting point

A
Time (Min)

The cooling curve of a substance

Temperature (C)

P
Boiling point

Freezing point

R
S

T
U

Time (Min)

THANK YOU

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The Atomic Structure

Chapter 2 (2)

ATOMS

The historical development of

atomic model
Scientist have done investigations to show

that atoms are not solid

Atoms are made up of even smaller
particles

The history begins with

discovery.

John Daltons

The historical development of

atomic model
Imagined the
atom as a
small,
indivisible ball
similar to a
very tiny ball.
John Dalton

The historical development of

atomic model

J. J. Thomson

Described the
atom as a
sphere of
positive charge,
which contains
a few
negativelycharged
particles called
electron.

The historical development of

atomic model
Discovered proton,
a positive charge
in an atom.

Ernest Rutherford

Most of the mass

of the atom are
concentrated in a
small, central
region called the
nucleus.

The historical development of

atomic model
Discovered that
electrons in an
atom move in
shells (orbits)
around the
nucleus

Neils Bohr

The historical development of

atomic model

James Chadwick

Prove the
existence of
neutrons, the
neutral
particles in the
nucleus,
contribute to half
the mass of an
atom.

Difference between 2 atoms

Subatomic particle

(a)
(b)
(c)

3 types of subatomic particles:

Proton
__________
In the centre of an atom
Neutron
__________
(nucleus)
Electron
Orbiting the shells outside the
__________
nucleus

The mass of an atom is concentrated

in its nucleus

Comparison between subatomic

particles
Subatomi Symbo Position Relative Relative
c
l
in atom charge
mass
particles

Proton
Neutro
n
Electro
n

Nucleus

+1

Nucleus

Move
around
nucleus

-1

1/1840

Proton Number &

Nucleon number
Proton number of an element is the

number of protons in its atom

Nucleon number

of an element is the total

number of protons and neutrons in its atom

Nucleon
number

Proton
number

Number of
neutron

Symbol of Elements
Each element is given

a name and a symbol.

Example:

Element

Symbol

Hydrogen
H
Each symbol consists of one or two letters.
Helium
He
Sodium
Na

The standard representation for

an atom

Nucleon
number

Proton
number

A
Z

Symbol of
elements

Example

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The Electronic Structure of an

Atom
Chapter 2 (4)

Modern Atom Model

Nucleus } proton + neutron

Shell

Electron

An atom contains:
Proton
Neutron and
Electron

The Solar System

Orbit

A planet moving around

the sun.
b) Solar system contains:
The sun
The planets
a)

Planet

Sun

What Is The
Similarities and
Differences?
Nucleus
Sun
Shell
Orbit
Electron
Planet
Difference:
The orbit in solar system contain only 1 planet,
but the shell may contain more than 1 electron.

Electron Arrangement
The electron arrangement

is:

How the electrons of an atom are

located around the nucleus.

How Electrons Are

Arranged?
Number of electron = Number of
proton
The first shell will be filled with
electrons
till
the
maximum
numbers followed by the second
shell, third shell, etc.

The standard representation for

an atom

Nucleon
number

Proton
number

A
Z

Symbol of
elements

Example

24

Mg

12

How many
electrons does a
magnesium atom
have?

12

Example

197

79

How many
electrons does a
magnesium atom
have?

Au 79

Electronic Shells
Shell no 3
Shell no 2
Shell no 1

Electron Arrangement

40
18

Ar

An example: Argon
2.8.8

The first shell can be filled with

maximum of 2 electrons.
The second shell can be filled
with maximum of 8 electrons.
The third shell can be filled with
maximum of 18 electrons, but
for elements 1-20 the maximum
electrons can be filled is 8
electrons.
The remains electron is filled in
the fourth shell.

Electron arrangement
27
13

Al

Aluminum has 13 proton

number.
So, a neutral aluminum atom
has 13 electrons to be filled in
the shells.
An example: Aluminum
2.8.3

Electron
Arrangement
Exercise:
19
9

Fluorine has 9 proton number.

So, a neutral fluorine atom has
9 electrons to be filled in the
shells.
Fluorine
2.7

Electron
Arrangement
Exercise:
20
Ne
10

Neon has 10 proton number.

So, a neutral neon atom has
10 electrons to be filled in the
shells.
Neon
2.8

Electron
Arrangement
Exercise:
23

Na
11

Sodium has 11 proton number.

So, a neutral sodium atom has
11 electrons to be filled in the
shells.
Sodium
2.8.1

Electron
Arrangement
Exercise:
40
20

Ca

Calcium has 20 proton number.

So, a neutral calcium atom has
20 electrons to be filled in the
shells.

Calcium
2.8.8.2

Conclusion
The electron arrangement is how
the electrons of an atom are
located around the nucleus.

THANK YOU

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