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RadioFrequency IDentification
Contactless radio subject identification
Fast, efficient and reliable method of identification
Commonly used in:
- automotive industry (key transponders)
- access control systems
- public transport ticketing
- asset management
- ePassports etc.
Hardware architecture
of the RFID electronic lock
RFID reader
ARM7
microcontroller
LPC2148 (NXP)
RFID module
CLRC632
RFID chip (NXP)
Electric lock
RFID transponder
(Mifare 1k card)
Electrical schematic
RFID module
RFID operates on the following standard frequency carriers:
RFID module
Mediator between the microcontroller and the RFID user
cards
Provides the wireless communication link, (de)coding,
(de)modulation of the data being exchanged between the
microcontroller and the contactless RFID cards
Operating carrier frequency fC=13.56 MHz
Operating distance od 7cm achieved
Compliant to the ISO14443A standard
Why was 13.56 MHz chosen as the carrier frequency?
- RFID cards can be read at a maximum 10cm distance from the reader, which is ideal for an access
control system.
- The modules antenna requires much less loops compared to LF readers antennas
- Relatively fast data exhcange between the module and the card
- RFID cards/transponders intended for 13.56MHz operating frequency commonly have a larger
memory capacity which allows a larger user flexibility
RFID module
Printed Circuit Board Design
Drawn in Proteus
(ARES) v7.2
Manufactured in Hitech
Macedonia based on
the generated Gerber
files
Integrated PCB antenna
made up of 4 turns
CLRC632 RFID IC
Basic element of the RFID module
Made by NXP Semiconductors
Supports ISO14443A/B, ISO15693, ICODE
Completely integrated concept of (de)modulation,
(de)coding, parity and error control and data verification
Internal 512B EEPROM memory
64 internal 8-bit registers
Digital, analog and radiofrequency section
Allows integration of an antenna with a minimum number of
external passive components
SPI communication with the microcontroller LPC2148
SPI interface
(Microcontroller LPC2148)
LPC2148
SCK0
SCK
MOSI0
MOSI
MISO0
MISO
GPIO0.20
SSEL
SPI interface
(RFID module CLRC632 RFID IC)
A2
MOSI
A0
MISO
D0
SSEL
ALE
RFID cards
Physical layer
Coding and modulation (RFID module)
- Modified Miller coding
- 100% ASK modulation
Physical layer
Coding and modulation (RFID card)
- Manchester coding
- Load modulation (using a sub-carrier at 847.5 kHz)
Physical layer
Inductive coupling (K ~ 0.3)
POWER OFF
After 5 ms in the RFID readers field a card is
powered and ready to communicate
IDLE
Command: REQ (0x26)
Transition: IDLE - READY
SEL + NVB
- A command sent to the
detected RFID card in order
to read the full UID number
READY
Command: SEL (0x93) + NVB (0x20)
Transition: READY - ACTIVE
ACTIVE
The RFID reader shuts down the RF field after
reading the UID number
POWER OFF
RF wireless link
RFID card
REQ
REQ (0x26h)
(0x26h)
REQ
REQ (0x26h)
(0x26h)
REQ
REQ (0x26h)
(0x26h)
SEL
SEL (0x93h)
(0x93h)
NVB
NVB (0x20h)
(0x20h)
UID
UID Byte
Byte 0
0
UID
UID Byte
Byte 1
1
UID
UID Byte
Byte 2
2
UID
UID Byte
Byte 3
3
Software architecture
of the RFID electronic lock
The program code is written in embedded C, the IAR
Embedded Workbench 5.0 IDE was used
Main features:
- Periodical interrogation of cards in order to save energy
- Simple and easy to program new or delete existing cards
from the microcontroller flash database by presenting a
predefined PROG or DEL card to the reader accordingly
- Timestamp and logging of the complete activity of the
RFID lock in a .txt file placed in an SD card (1GB) in order to
retrieve vital access control information later on
- Flexible database management, can be stored in internal
flash of the microcontroller or based on a removable SD card
Software architecture
of the RFID electronic lock
An overview of the procedures in the code:
- void ScanCard()
- int CardType()
- void ProgrammingCard()
- void DeletingCard()
- void VerifyCard()
- void TimeStamp()
- void Signalize(int SignalType)
Basic flowchart
no
yes
Signalize(CARD_ACCEPTED)
Signalize(CARD_DENIED)
Lock the door
EXIT
EXIT
Procedure for reading the UID number from the RFID card
Possible upgrades
Introducing an ethernet link to a local or remote server which
would manage a whole system of interconnected RFID locks
Voice or visual notification of the access status (card
accepted/denied/programmed/deleted etc)
Storing lock-specific data into the users RFID card internal
EEPROM memory for greater flexibility and options
Increase the operating distance (?)
Visual C based software for managing the locks databases
and logs on a personal computer