1) Thermal calculation:

The given U-values were not in accordance with the TEK10 14, therefore it was necessary
to change the values before the thermal calculation has been made. The following U-values
are advisable following the standards of TEK10:

U-value exterior wall 0.18 W / (m K)

U-value roof 0.13 W / (m K)
U-value flooring 0.15 W / (m K)
U-value glass / window / door including frame / frame 1.2 W / (m K)

As a consequence of the standards the U-values of the windows and doors, roof and floor
(was not given!) have to be improved significantly. In other words, the materials of the roof
have to be changed to ones that have a smaller U-value. The higher the U-value is, the
higher the energy losses are through e.g. the roof.
The following U-values I finally used for the thermal calculations:

Exterior wall: U = 0,15 W/mK

Windows and doors: U = 1,2 W/mK
Roof: U = 0,13 W/mK
Floor: U = 0,15 W/mK

Calculations:
Transmission calculation:

Storage:
Area
East wall:
North wall:
West wall:
South wall:

length [m]
21,92
19,51
13,57
19,51

height [m]
3
3
3
3

minus

1,785

result [m]
65,76
58,53
40,71
56,745

Losses
Loss [W]

Object
Walls:

= 0,15 W/mK * (65,76+58,53+40,71+56,745)m * (21C-(-20C)) =

1363,73

Roof:

= 0,13 W/mK * (21,92*19,51m * (21C-(-20C)) =

2279,42

Doors:

= 1,2 W/mK * (8,35*3m+2,1*0,85m) * (21C-(-20C)) =

1320,28

Floor:

= 0,15W/mK * (21,92*19,51m * (21C-(-20C)) =

2630,1

Lobby:
Area
length 1 [m]
East wall:
Northwest:
North wall:
South wall:

3,91
5,091
9,4767
1,8977

length 1 [m]
2,321

Windows:

Floor:

Object
Part 1
Part 2
Part 3
Part 4
Part 5
Part 6
Sum

height [m]
3
3

3,59

3
3

length 2
[m]
9,312

length 3
[m]
1,741

0,85

Doors:
Roof:

length 2
[m]
1,265

Area [m]
27,355
6,241
52,901
12,158
33,602
4,541

minus

result [m]

1,785

15,525
13,488
28,4301
16,4631

height [m]

result [m]

40,122

2,1

1,785
result [m]

136,798
136,798

Losses
Loss [W]

Object
Walls:

454,53

= 0,15 W/mK * (13,49+28,43+15,525+16+463)m * (21C-(-20C)) =

Windows/D = 1,2 W/mK * (40,122+1,785)m * (21C-(-20C)) =

2061,82

Roof:

= 0,13 W/mK * (136,798m) * (21C-(-20C)) =

729,13

Floor

= 0,15 W/mK * (136,798m) * (21C-(-20C)) =

841,31

Offices
Area
Windows/Doors
length 1 [m]
North:
South:
West:

18,28
18,28
4,189+4,190

length 1 [m]
North wall:
South wall:
West wall:

23,1733
23,07
14,7
length 1 [m]

Roof:
Floor:

height 1
[m]
1,4
1,4
2,5

length 2
[m]
3,1988
3,19
2*0,91

height 2[m]

result [m]

2,5
2,5
1,1

33,589
33,567
22,95

length 2
[m]

height [m]

minus

result [m]

3
3
3

33,589
33,567
22,95

35,9309
36,879
21,15

length 2 breadth2[m]
[m]
3,8
0,412

result [m]

0,412

breadth
[m]
23,173 14,7-0,412

332,666
332,666

Losses
Windows/D = 0,12 W/mK * (33,589+33,567+22,95) * (21C-(-20C)) =

4433,22

Walls:

= 0,15 W/mK * (35,931+36,879+21,15) * (21C-(-20C)) =

577,85

Roof:

= 0,13 W/mK * (332,666) * (21C-(-20C)) =

1773,11

Floor:

= 0,15 W/mK * (332,666) * (21C-(-20C)) =

2045,9

20510,4

Q total

Ventilation calculation:

Volumes
Offices:
Storage:
Lobby:
Volume total

area [m] height [m] volume [m]

332,666
2,4
798,3984
427,66
2,4
1026,384
136,798
2,4
328,3152
2153,0976

Losses:
Vent total

Loss [W]
15448,42

= 0,35*2,5* (2153,09) *(1-0,8) * (21C-(-20C)) =

Infiltration calculation:

Volume
Offices:
Storage:
Lobby:

area [m]
height [m]
332,666
427,66
136,798

volume [m]
3
997,998
3
1282,98
3
410,394

Volume total

2691,372

Loss [W]

Losses
Infiltration

11586,35

= 0,35*0,3* (2691,37) * (21C-(-20C)) =

Total losses
Thermal Ventilation Infiltration
20510,4

15448,42

11586,35

Total
47545,17

2) Ventilation concept
Desired characteristics of the Ventilation System:

Maintains thermal climate and air quality

Thermal climate: Temperature and humidity
Air quality: clean air from the outside, keeping to guidelines for e.g. CO2
Specific guidelines to be maintained:
CO2 below 1000ppm -> 400-600ppm is appropriate for an office building to
have a good air quality at the work places
CO below 25mg/m and hour
Particles below 20mg/m
Volume of exchanged air: at least 7l/sec and person, 0,7-2l per m
Due to requirements for an class A building, ventilation has to be a variable air
volume system
Minimum flow of air, even when room is not occupied
Micro-zones are already established
Air quality control: rather than running exchange periodically -> sensor
Air exchange connected with temperature outside to avoid extreme temp gradients
Climate control according to occupancy/windows
Frost protection
Different comfort modes (Comfort, Pre-comfort, Economy or OFF)

From paper to practice:

1. All three areas
In my opinion the KNX bus in connection with a twisted pair network is the
most appropriate solution for the entire project. This has several reasons:
network is fast enough to handle the data of this range of a project
(heating, lighting, ventilation)
Not based on an IP network, because in my opinion for this project it
would be overdimensioned and considering the financial part, an IP
based network would be more expensive
several manufacturers are already given and KNX can handle them
all (Dali for Avion and Glamox, BACnet)
ease of extension of system
all-in-one solution and therefore it is easier to control every device
from one central point within the network, e.g. for maintenance
reasons
E.g. DALI does not work because of the limitation to 64 actors

 For the connection between each BACnet controller and the KNX
system a gateway will be needed, but there should be no problem to
find one, because both systems are common
Valve type should be a valve with two blades that are independently
controllable by the system

2. Ventilation for the offices

Given facts:
One BACnet controller controls airhandling units AHU1, AHU2 and
the heater CB1
Flow controlled by AHU1 and AHU2 based on measurements of
FID1 and FID2
CB1: summer 19C and winter 21C
Exhaust fan and supply fan
Heat exchanger
When outside temp exceeds 18C, by-pass should be turned on to
skip the heat exchanger
The air in the two main lines for supply and exhaust are already controlled and adjusted
based on the flow measurements. Therefore it is advisable to use units in each zone that
can just regulate the flow to a zone, not depending e.g. on pressure, but depending on the
need of the specific zone. In other words, if the sensor for CO2 measures a high value above
500ppm the valve opens to a certain range and the supply through the main line is
immediately adjusted, because of a greater air flow through the system.
In each exhaust duct should be placed one CO2 sensor to measure the air quality in the
specific room and as a consequence of the measurement the valve blades both in the supply
and the exhaust duct should be opened or closed. As a value for the CO2 I would propose
500ppm. There should be a hysteresis around this value about +/-30ppm, otherwise the
valve blades would be opening and closing all the time. To control it this way will also save
energy in comparison to a control that adjusts the blades periodically, e.g. every half hour
the ventilation turns on for ten minutes. To assure that the air quality is even within the
specified range when there is no person in the room it is advisable to keep one valve blade
open all the time for a constant flow of fresh air and only adjust the other blade based on
the CO2 measurement. This will help to fulfil one point of the above characteristics.
Furthermore I would recommend to switch between both valve blades e.g. every day at
night to increase the long lasting life of every motor and gear of the valves, otherwise one
valve will need maintenance within months. If there is a higher need of fresh air in the
room and the ventilation turns on, the temperature will probably drop a certain range,
therefore it would be recommendable to connect the heating with the ventilation in a way
that can assure that the temperature drop is almost not noticeable for the person in the

room. As soon as the CO2 sensor detects the need of fresh air, it would send a telegram to
the heating for turning on or higher and then with a short delay the valve blade opens for
more fresh air. And this leads us to the next point, the controlling of the heating.
The heating should be regulated, as well as the lighting, by a movement sensor, mounted at
a reasonable point to the ceiling. It has proved ones worth to regulate the heating with four
modes: frost protection, comfort, night and stand-by. Using a movement sensor for
regulating the heating assures that not only the heating but the entire microsystem in the
office stays in comfort mode as long as the sensor detects a person in the room, especially
in the evenings this can be important to people, who work longer. In addition to the
movement sensor I would recommend window contacts to save energy, when a window is
open. There should be a priority for the modes on the one hand to maintain a comfortable
indoor climate and on the other hand to save energy. In other words, a window is open and
the window contact has detected that, the heating should switch into frost protection mode
to save heating energy. The heating stays in this mode until the window is closed again. The
priorities should be the following with connected actions and time:

1
2
3
4

Frost protection: ON, when a window is open, on weekends

Comfort: ON, when the occupancy sensor detects a person in the room
Night: ON, during e.g. 18.30-7.30h
Stand-by: ON, when all other modes are off, e.g. 7.30-8.12h

The above chosen time schedule is of course depending on the working hours of the
specific company, they are just examples. In addition to that the following temperatures are
advisable for the different modes:

Frost protection: 7C
Comfort: summer 19C, winter 21C
Night: summer 15C, winter 17C
Stand-by: summer 17C, winter 19C

Furthermore it should be possible to change manually the temperature within a range of

e.g. 3C, 1,5C up and 1,5C down. To realise this need and include the measurement of the
temperature a good solution would be the solo 6128. For measurement and handling
reasons it is important to mount the device at a reasonable spot to the wall (see sketch). To
achieve the proposed temperature values above it is necessary to change the temperature
settings in the BACnet controller. The two setpoints for summer and winter time should be
always less or equal the lowest needed room temperature, to make sure that the needs of
one specific room can be always served. For example if there is a room, which needs an air
supply with the temperature of 17,5C, because the user has manually adjusted it, it would
be necessary to get air with this temperature to the room, but it is not possible to cool it
down. However, the frost protection mode should not be considered, because it would be
quite unusual that there are many rooms, which need this temperature. The different
modes should be also applied to the BACnet controller, because e.g. in the evening one
person likes to work longer and the temperature of the entire system would be hold up to

the needed temperature in this only room, if there is no mode setting in the controller. In
this case the main line would go down to Night mode and the air temperature, which is
needed in this only room could be provided by the local radiator this saves a lot of energy.
The proposed ideas can be applied to the normal offices as well as to the meeting rooms.

3. Ventilation for the corridor

Basically in the corridor there is no need for a comfort temperature as high as in the offices,
so that would be a good opportunity to save energy and lower the heating temperature
here. Therefore it would be recommendable to lower the temperature to e.g. 17C in
summer and 19C in winter time or even less. Controlling the heating in the corridor
should not rely on a movement sensor or at least not fully. A good solution could be to skip
the use of the Comfort mode and only use Stand-by for the working hours and the Night
mode for the night, like in the other offices. As a consequence the temperature in the
corridor could be only controlled by a time schedule, but as long as the temperature is set
low, it would not be a big loss, because through drafts out the offices when doors would be
opened the corridor is almost heated up by the air, which comes out of the offices.
As long as there is no radiator in the corridor, it could be just supplied by the air heated up
in the main line after the heat exchanger. This would be quite satisfactory, because in the
corridor there is no need for a comfort temperature and therefore it is a good opportunity
to save energy. The air in the corridor gets slightly also heated up by drafts out of the
offices. Considering the above mentioned point to set the main line always to the lowest
temperature needed in the building, it might be that this one is too high for the corridor
and so I would rather suggest to set some setpoints for the mainline, e.g. the stand-by
temperatures. The ventilation should be controlled the same way like in the offices with a
CO2 sensor that is the most efficient way.

4. Ventilation for the reception

In the reception area I would also handle the ventilation and heating system like in the
corridor, depending on people working there or not. In addition to the normal ventilation
valves there could be a longer one above the entrance door to especially in winter times
keep the indoor climate separated from the cold air that comes in. The blades in this
ventilation valve could be controlled by the detection of opening/closing the entrance door
with contacts.

10

5. Variables

Temperature
Frost protection mode
Comfort mode
Night mode
Stand-by mode
Actual setpoint
CO2
Valve blade 1 sup
Valve blade 2 sup
Valve blade 1 exh
Valve blade 2 exh
Emergency
Occupancy
Switch
Dimming
Light intensity
Window contacts

CB1
GT
SF1
EF1
FID 1:1
FID 1:2
AHU1-FD1:1
AHU1-FD1:2

3) Lighting concept
1. All three areas:
To achieve a system that integrates each part, it is reasonable to also chose the
KNX bus for the lighting system
The DALI dimming concepts are quite cheap so far and dimming is one of the
most expensive points in building automation, therefore it would be
recommendable to equip each light with a DALI ballast. As far as I know it works
for the Avion 3*49W as well as for the Glamox Zapp360 22W
As a consequence of very high prices for DALI gateways to the KNX bus (400) I
would propose to put several lights, e.g. all offices on the north side, on one
gateway wires are cheaper. This should work well, because one DALI gateway
can handle 64 actuators at the same time. Separation see different areas

11

2. Lighting for the offices

As already mentioned above it would be reasonable to put more than one light on a DALI
gateway. Therefore I would propose to split the office area in smaller sectors. This could be
a proposal:

North side of the building: office 121-128

South side of the building: office 110-117
Meeting room 129 and corridor
Meeting rooms 118 and 120 plus office 119

Each device connected to the gateway can still be controlled separately and all at the same
time, unconsidered the time delay caused by wires and a lot of telegrams. The light should
be controlled by the movement sensor, which is installed in each office and the meeting
rooms. A built in daylight sensor, not in the meeting room 129, will adjust the needed
artificial light and dim the lights up or down. There are several kinds of movement sensors
with built-in daylight sensor, but it is advisable to select one that either can differ between
artificial light and daylight or is oriented only to the area of the window to assure a real
control by daylight. In addition, a switch should provide manual adjustments of the
dimming percentage and an on/off control. This function would be integrated by one
rocker in the above mentioned room thermostat. To integrate the manual functions
properly into the automation functions it is necessary to think about how the system gets
back again into the automation mode. This could be realised by switching back to the
automation mode as soon as the person leaves the room. To turn on the manual mode
again, the light needs to be dimmed or turned on/off at the switch. Furthermore there
should be the possibility to check all the lights for their status, working hours and damage
from one point in the system (overall control unit).
For the meeting rooms it is reasonable to integrate different light scenes, which e.g. provide
the right light during a presentation. In the meeting room 129 could it be handled like that:
For a presentation only the light near to the door would be on and dimmed to e.g. 50%, the
other lights are in a different group and are turned off. Furthermore there could be a group
with only the two lights aligned to the long side of the room and the two others in another
group. Considering the limit of group numbers it would still work, because in the corridor
there would be only six groups, so ten are left. Another group should consist of all four
lights and turn on in case the movement sensor detects occupancy. The other light scenes
can only be controlled by a controlling panel, e.g. the Jung KNX Smart-Control.

12

3. Lighting for the corridor

In the corridor we should establish several zones for the different light. In my opinion there
should be following six zones:

Entrance of the corridor, six lights

South and North side, each four lights
South west side, three lights
North west side, three lights
Vestibule to the technical room, four lights

Considering the fact that there is no light coming in through windows, the lights in the
corridor could always be dimmed to 20-30% and only turn to 100% when somebody
enters. This can be handled dependent on the use of the corridor. As well as in the offices I
would also recommend here to only integrate one DALI gateway and save costs. For
controlling the lights I would select movement sensors, which are adjustable in a very
precise way that the establishing of the different zones can be done well. The lights are also
available with a built-in movement sensor, but in my opinion it is better to have six
different zones with one sensor, it is easier to control and to maintain. Besides that the
lights should be controllable by switches at e.g. four spots. There are already two switches
in the north and south side of the corridor, integrated in the room thermostat and there
should be two more in the east and west part and one in the vestibule to the technical
room. The switches can control the specific parts of the corridor and the one in the west
part of the corridor can control a new group consisting of the north west part and the south
west part. The limit of the groups is still not exceeded. In the corridor could also apply
different modes, e.g. like that:

Stand-by mode: working hours, e.g. 7.30-18.30, lights dimmed to 20-30%

Night mode: off, depending on movement
Comfort mode: on, 100%, time delay for turning off

The given lights are also available with an emergency battery, which could be a good
addition to the entire system for providing a safe environment in the corridor in an
emergency case. Another mode, same as for the ventilation, could be set to fully turn every
light on in this situation. To save some more electricity it would be reasonable to think
about controlling the lights in the entrance area of the corridor by a daylight sensor,
depending on how much light comes in through the glass wall.

4. Lighting for the reception

In the reception I would choose the same concept like in the corridor, one DALI gateway
and for each lamp a DALI ballast. The lights should be grouped for daylight control, see
drawing for layout. Therefore it is necessary to install several movement sensors with a
built-in daylight sensor. During time when there is not much daylight, the lights could be

13

dimmed down to 20-30% like in the corridor to at least provide a bit light. For the case,
that people are working in the reception the specific area could be controlled by a separate
switch integrated in the room thermostat, which is already mounted to the wall at a
reasonable spot to be controlled from a working place in the rear area of the reception. The
layout for the different light groups is already chosen in a way that provides a single area
with one movement sensor for a working place in the rear area of the reception. Assuming
that the most used way leads to the offices it is a compromise between nicely designed
daylight control and energy saving to take the one light at the corner of the three groups to
the upper group. The two lights next to the corridor entrance on the south side are not
really belonging to either group, but I would prefer to add them to the main group.
Furthermore there should be a switch to control the three other groups.

Automation control unit

For the general operation of the entire automation system, including heating, ventilation
and lighting, there should be one control unit, where a professional can adjust several
settings, e.g. setting the working hours. At this control unit it should also be possible to
connect the system with a computer and upload new control algorithms to the different
devices. This automation control unit could be installed e.g. in the technical room 132.

4) Energy efficiency classes for building automation and

control systems
The European Committee for Standardization issued the so-called EN 15232 for giving an
indication to classify buildings depending on the automation level. The classes are A-D and
make it easier to compare specific buildings with others. There are several points to be
fulfilled for a building to get a class. To classify the above described systems in the building
it would be reasonable to sum up which automation functions are included and afterwards
decide which energy efficiency class the building is entitled to.
Automation functions of the ventilation system:

Micro zones are established

Each office is controlled separately based on demand, controllers are
communicating with BACnet regarding main line temperature control
Separate control valves
Air quality control with CO2 sensor

14

Heat exchanger, one main heating in the main line

Heating is occupancy based
Window contacts
Manual control of temperature in each office
Motors and gear are prevented from damage
Heat loss through the main entrance is avoided in reception with valve
Emergency case

Automation functions of the lighting system:

Occupancy based light control (All three areas)

Real daylight control (All three areas)
Manual switch for dimming and on/off, return to auto mode (All three areas)
Checking the status of each lamp / maintenance
Providing a specific light level based on daylight (Reception)
Micro zones separately controlled (Corridor)
Emergency case

Next step will be to compare these functions with the automation functions needed e.g. in
class A or B. Starting with class B, we will explore how high the energy efficiency in this
project is. Note, there is no information given about blinds and cooling.

Integrated

Individual room
control with
communication
between controllers
Indoor temperature
control of
distribution air
temperature
Partial interlock
between heating
and cooling control
(dependent on
HVAC system)

Better integrated

Not integrated

Lighting

Time dependent air

flow control at room
level
Variable set point
with outdoor
temperature
compensation of
supply temperature
control
Room or exhaust or
supply air quality
control

Heating

Ventilation

Class B

Manual daylight
control
Automatic
occupancy detection
manual on / auto off
Automatic
occupancy detection
manual on /
dimmed
Automatic
occupancy detection
auto on / auto off
Automatic
occupancy detection
auto on / dimmed

Not considered

15

Integrated

Individual room
control with
communication
between controllers
Indoor temperature
control of
distribution air
temperature
Total interlock
between heating
and cooling control
Weather station for
blind control
Frost protection

Better integrated

Not integrated

Lighting

Demand or
presence dependent
air flow control at
room level
Variable set point
with load
dependant
compensation of
supply temperature
control
Room or exhaust or
supply air quality
control
Air exchange
scheduling

Heating

Ventilation

Class A

Automatic daylight
control
Automatic
occupancy detection
manual on / auto off
Automatic
occupancy detection
manual on /
dimmed
Automatic
occupancy detection
auto on / auto off
Automatic
occupancy detection
auto on / dimmed
Maintenance

Not considered

To sum up all these factors shown above, it is obvious that in the class B comparison there
are several functions that are better integrated than actually needed to fulfil the
requirements. Focussing on the comparison with functions needed to be entitled to class A
there are three points, which are not fulfilled or controversial. One point is the needed air
exchange scheduling. In the considered office building is only integrated a CO2 sensor, but
no scheduling based on outside temperature and the consequential temperature gradient.
Therefore it is depending on how exactly the standards need to be fulfilled and if there is a
tolerance. However, if an air exchange scheduling would be strictly needed it would be easy
to integrate that in the existing system. Furthermore the points total interlock between
heating and cooling control and weather station for blind control is not exactly defined in
the description of this office building. As a consequence, it is not possible to judge these
features for the considered project.
In conclusion, we explored that a lot of automation functions are integrated in the system
for this particular office building to be considered at least better than class B. To finally
decide which class would be appropriate for this project, it is necessary to know how the
tolerances are. Nevertheless, I would entitle the considered office building to the lower end
of class A.

16

Appendix
BAS3900-4_Office_lighting.jpg
BAS3900-4_Corridor_lighting.jpg
BAS3900-4_Reception_lighting.jpg
BAS3900_Office_ventilation.pdf
BAS3900_Corridor_ventilation.pdf
BAS3900_Reception_ventilation.pdf

17