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I. Chapter 1.

The Development of Neuropsychology


1) Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI): a wound to the brain that results
from a blow to the head
A. LDs Case study: TBI leading to memory and attention issues;
impaired executive functioning
2) Neuropsychology: the study of the relation between behavior and
brain function
Two main experimental loci:
A) Brain Hypothesis: idea that brain is the source
of behavior
B) Neuron Hypothesis: the idea that the neuron is
the unit of brain structure and function
3) Brain Structure
A. Brain: tissue found within the skull
B. Hemispheres: the almost symmetrical two halves of the
brain
C. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF): fluid that cushions the brain and
may play a role in removing waste
D. Cerebral Cortex: the outer layer of the brain; distinctive
crinkled tissue
i. Gyri: folds of the cortex
ii. Sulci: creases in the cortex
iii. Forebrain: most of the cerebral cortex
E. Longitudinal Fissure: That divides the two hemispheres
F. Lateral Fissure: that divides each hemisphere into halves
G. Brain stem: the tube underlying the cortex; which is
connected to the spinal cord
H. Spinal Cord: which descends back down into the vertebral
column
4) The Brain and Nervous System
A. Central Nervous system: The Brain and the Spinal Cord ;
connected to the rest of body through nerve fibers ; No
regeneration of tissue after damage
B. Peripheral nervous system: nerve fibers that carry
information to and from the CNS; PNS will regrow tissue;
i. Somatic Nervous System: sensory pathways carrying
information collected on one side of the body to the opposite
hemisphere
ii. Autonomic nervous system: pathways which control
your involuntary nervous system e.g. beating of heart ; lowering
of diaphragm

C. Sensory Pathways: collections of fibers carrying messages


for specific sensory systems, such as hearing, vision, and
touch.
D. Hand diagram:
i. Frontal Lobe:
ii.Parietal Lobe:
iii.Occipital Lobe:
iv. Temporal Lobe
E. Corpus Callosum: the largest commissure in the brain;
commissures connect the brain
F. Motor Pathways: groups of nerve fibers that connect the
brain and the spinal cord to the bodys muscles through the
SNS.
4) The History
I. Aristotle
a. Psyche: First to propose the nonmaterial psyche ; later
adopted as Mind and soul
b. Mentalism: The position a persons mind is responsible for
behavior.
II. Descartes
A. Thinks that people are essential machines
B. Pineal gland for him was the loci of action
C. Pineal gland: thought to take part in controlling
biorhythms
D. Dualism: the position that the mind and the body are
different from one another but can interact with each
other.
i. Mind-body problem: later Dualism became
referred to as the mind-body problem
ii. Monists: avoid this problem by saying mind and
body are one
E. Materialism: the idea rational behavior can be fully
explained by the working of the nervous system without
any need to refer to a nonmaterial mind.
5) Experimental Approaches to the Brain
I. Localization of Function: developed by Franz Josef Gall: general
theory of how the brain might produce different experiences in
individuals abilities ; laid conceptual groundwork for modern views of
localization
A. Phrenology: The relationship between the skulls surface
features and a persons faculties
B. Cranioscopy : Device placed around skull to measure bumps
and depressions

C. Jean Baptiste Bouillaud and Broca: Found the language center


of the brain!
D. Lateralization: Functions could be localized to a side of the
brain
E. Brocas Area: the anterior speech region of the brain
F. Brocas
E. Aphasia: When Brocas area is damaged and speech is
impaired.
5) Sequential Programming and Disconnection
A. Wernickes Aphasia: (a.k.a. Temporal-lobe aphasia or Fluent
Aphasia) speech comprehension is severely impaired and
production is fluent but meaning less.
B. Wernickes Area: the region of the temporal lobe associated
with Wernickes Aphasia
C. Conducting Aphasia: were the arcuate fasciculus between
Brocas area and Wernickes area is severed; person cannot
judge the sense of the word they had heard.
D. Alexia: loss of the ability to read Word blindness
E. Apraxia: inability to make sequences of movements.
6) Hierarchical Organization of the Brain
A. Hierarchical Organization: proposed by John-HughlingsJackson
The brain was organized as a functional hierarchy with each level
successively higher than the next
B. Distributed hierarchy: what unique contribution each part
of the cortex makes.
C. H.M. : huge case study for aphasia.
D. Binding problem: expresses the puzzle that, althought the
brain analyzes sensory events through multiple, parallel
channels, that do not converge; we perceive a unified
representation of our experience,
The Split Brain
A) each hemisphere has its own learning processes and separate
chains of memory
B) Left hemisphere : dominant for spoken language and for
analytic and sequential actions
C) Right Hemisphere: entailing spatial and synthetic acts
Conscious and Unconscious Neural Streams
A) Visual Form agnosia: Being able to see color and identify
objects by their color; however could not recognize objects by
their shapes.
B) Ataxia: patients can describe objects accurately, but make
errors in reaching for them.
C) Ventral stream: pathway from the visual cortex to the
temporal lobe ; conscious visual processes

D) Dorsal stream: pathway from the visual cortex to the


parietal lobe ; unconscious visual processes

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