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LD's Case study: TBI leading to memory and attention issues; impaired executive functioning. Neuropsychology: study of relation between behavior and brain function.
LD's Case study: TBI leading to memory and attention issues; impaired executive functioning. Neuropsychology: study of relation between behavior and brain function.
LD's Case study: TBI leading to memory and attention issues; impaired executive functioning. Neuropsychology: study of relation between behavior and brain function.
1) Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI): a wound to the brain that results from a blow to the head A. LDs Case study: TBI leading to memory and attention issues; impaired executive functioning 2) Neuropsychology: the study of the relation between behavior and brain function Two main experimental loci: A) Brain Hypothesis: idea that brain is the source of behavior B) Neuron Hypothesis: the idea that the neuron is the unit of brain structure and function 3) Brain Structure A. Brain: tissue found within the skull B. Hemispheres: the almost symmetrical two halves of the brain C. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF): fluid that cushions the brain and may play a role in removing waste D. Cerebral Cortex: the outer layer of the brain; distinctive crinkled tissue i. Gyri: folds of the cortex ii. Sulci: creases in the cortex iii. Forebrain: most of the cerebral cortex E. Longitudinal Fissure: That divides the two hemispheres F. Lateral Fissure: that divides each hemisphere into halves G. Brain stem: the tube underlying the cortex; which is connected to the spinal cord H. Spinal Cord: which descends back down into the vertebral column 4) The Brain and Nervous System A. Central Nervous system: The Brain and the Spinal Cord ; connected to the rest of body through nerve fibers ; No regeneration of tissue after damage B. Peripheral nervous system: nerve fibers that carry information to and from the CNS; PNS will regrow tissue; i. Somatic Nervous System: sensory pathways carrying information collected on one side of the body to the opposite hemisphere ii. Autonomic nervous system: pathways which control your involuntary nervous system e.g. beating of heart ; lowering of diaphragm
C. Sensory Pathways: collections of fibers carrying messages
for specific sensory systems, such as hearing, vision, and touch. D. Hand diagram: i. Frontal Lobe: ii.Parietal Lobe: iii.Occipital Lobe: iv. Temporal Lobe E. Corpus Callosum: the largest commissure in the brain; commissures connect the brain F. Motor Pathways: groups of nerve fibers that connect the brain and the spinal cord to the bodys muscles through the SNS. 4) The History I. Aristotle a. Psyche: First to propose the nonmaterial psyche ; later adopted as Mind and soul b. Mentalism: The position a persons mind is responsible for behavior. II. Descartes A. Thinks that people are essential machines B. Pineal gland for him was the loci of action C. Pineal gland: thought to take part in controlling biorhythms D. Dualism: the position that the mind and the body are different from one another but can interact with each other. i. Mind-body problem: later Dualism became referred to as the mind-body problem ii. Monists: avoid this problem by saying mind and body are one E. Materialism: the idea rational behavior can be fully explained by the working of the nervous system without any need to refer to a nonmaterial mind. 5) Experimental Approaches to the Brain I. Localization of Function: developed by Franz Josef Gall: general theory of how the brain might produce different experiences in individuals abilities ; laid conceptual groundwork for modern views of localization A. Phrenology: The relationship between the skulls surface features and a persons faculties B. Cranioscopy : Device placed around skull to measure bumps and depressions
C. Jean Baptiste Bouillaud and Broca: Found the language center
of the brain! D. Lateralization: Functions could be localized to a side of the brain E. Brocas Area: the anterior speech region of the brain F. Brocas E. Aphasia: When Brocas area is damaged and speech is impaired. 5) Sequential Programming and Disconnection A. Wernickes Aphasia: (a.k.a. Temporal-lobe aphasia or Fluent Aphasia) speech comprehension is severely impaired and production is fluent but meaning less. B. Wernickes Area: the region of the temporal lobe associated with Wernickes Aphasia C. Conducting Aphasia: were the arcuate fasciculus between Brocas area and Wernickes area is severed; person cannot judge the sense of the word they had heard. D. Alexia: loss of the ability to read Word blindness E. Apraxia: inability to make sequences of movements. 6) Hierarchical Organization of the Brain A. Hierarchical Organization: proposed by John-HughlingsJackson The brain was organized as a functional hierarchy with each level successively higher than the next B. Distributed hierarchy: what unique contribution each part of the cortex makes. C. H.M. : huge case study for aphasia. D. Binding problem: expresses the puzzle that, althought the brain analyzes sensory events through multiple, parallel channels, that do not converge; we perceive a unified representation of our experience, The Split Brain A) each hemisphere has its own learning processes and separate chains of memory B) Left hemisphere : dominant for spoken language and for analytic and sequential actions C) Right Hemisphere: entailing spatial and synthetic acts Conscious and Unconscious Neural Streams A) Visual Form agnosia: Being able to see color and identify objects by their color; however could not recognize objects by their shapes. B) Ataxia: patients can describe objects accurately, but make errors in reaching for them. C) Ventral stream: pathway from the visual cortex to the temporal lobe ; conscious visual processes
D) Dorsal stream: pathway from the visual cortex to the