SMK 3522 SHIP DESIGN I

Dr Koh Kho King 2013

CAPACITY ESTIMATES AND GENERAL ARRANGEMENT

This will verify that sufficient space is available for the amount of cargo to be carried. For
capacity ships, it is a primary factor and may be a starting point in the design. It also
determines the distribution of weight and hence the LCG and KG. Before detailed capacity
estimate can be performed, a preliminary general arrangement (G.A) must be prepared.

Preliminary Volume Coefficient

This coefficient could be used to check volume, given main dimensions of a dead weight
carrier, or as a starting point to estimate main dimensions on a capacity ship.
PVC

CARGO VOLUME
L x B x D x (C B 0.09)

Assumes similar basis ship and also same stowage factor. The coefficient will vary with size
and speed in a similar way to the DWT/ ratio.
A slightly improved estimate can be made if the gross volume of the basis is known, measured
between the peak bulkheads and from inner bottom to uppermost continuous deck. This can
be adjusted for differences in fullness, sheer, camber, double bottom depth, engine room
length.
Fullness should be compared at 0.8D to relate it to depth rather than draught. This can be
estimated from CB as will be described later, or a figure of (CB + 0.09) can be used.
Double bottom depth, sheer and camber are allowed for by calculating a mean cargo depth,
which is:
Moulded depth to upper deck, D
+
+

depth of double bottom, dDB

half maximum deck camber, camber/2
mean sheer

The mean sheer is given by:

1
Sa Sf x 4.5
6
5.0
Sa = sheer aft ;

Sf = sheer forward

and the last factor allows for sheer only between stations
Mean shear = 0.135 (Sa + Sf)

Week 7-1

1
1
and 9
2
2

SMK 3522 SHIP DESIGN I

Corrected depth, Dc = D dDB +

Dr Koh Kho King 2013

Camber
+ 0.135(Sa + Sf)
2

Length and breadth can be allowed for directly and a volume correction factor can be
calculated as:
L* x B* x Dc* x(CB* 0.09)
Vol vactor =
L x B x Dc x(CB 0.09)

This factor is applied to the basis ship gross volume to give an estimate of that for the
proposed. From this, deduct all spaces, not available for cargo,
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
vi)

Main machinery spaces

Shaft tunnel
Fuel tanks
Ballast only spaces
Machinery casings
Store rooms etc.

An approximation to the total volume of machinery spaces (engine room, tunnel,

casings, fuel tanks) is given by:Vm = CxSP 0.77
Where C is obtained from basis ship. From the total, about 70% will represent the
machinery space proper (between machinery bulkheads and under 2nd deck) so that
the distance between machinery bulkheads for midship machinery will be
approximately:
LER =

0.7 xCxSP 0.77

( m)
BD2 d DB

Example:
Basis ship: Carries 17920 m3 of general cargo storage factor 2.56
L
B
T
Du
CB

=
=
=
=
=

120.0m
17.50m
7.41m
10.50m
0.6800

and

Vm 0.7 = LER x Bx(D2 dDB)

Vm 0.7 = 0.7 x C x SP 0.77

Week 7-2

SMK 3522 SHIP DESIGN I

New ship:
L
B
Du
Cb

=
=
=
=

Dr Koh Kho King 2013

116.3m
17.02m
10.00m (depth to upper deck)
0.6913

Overall volume coeff. is given by :Vc = C x L x B x D x [CB + 0.09]

C = 17920/(120 x 17.5 x 10.5 x 0.77)
= 1.05545
*Vc = 1.05545 x 116.3 x 17.02 x 10.00 x (0.7813)
= 16323 m3
Additional information

Length between peaks, LBP

Shaft Power (kW)
Engine room length, LER
Depth of Double Bottom, dDB
Sheer aft
Sheer ford
Camber at upper deck

Basis
106.5
2165
12.35
1.05
1.26
2.52
0.58

New
103.5
1860
11.90
1.025
1.22
2.44
0.56

Second estimate:
Vc = K x L x B x Dc x (CB + 0.09)
Where:
L is length of cargo spaces
Dc is mean cargo depth
L = Length LBP between peaks - LER
Dc = D dDB + 0.135(Sa + Sf) + (camber/2)
For basis,
17920 = K x (106.5 12.35) x 17.5 x
(10.5 1.05 + 0.135(1.26 + 2.52) + 0.58 / 2) x 0.77
K = 1.378
For New Design,
*Vc
=
1.378 x (103.5 11.9) x 17.02 x (10 1.35(1.22 + 2.44) + 0.5612)x0.7813
=
16264 m3
Week 7-3

SMK 3522 SHIP DESIGN I

Dr Koh Kho King 2013

The Use of General Arrangement in Capacity Estimates

The method of estimating cargo volume has already been given. Now an estimation of
volume for each cargo compartment has to be found. To do so, an early GA has to be made
available.
The G.A. should show the following:Main bulkheads
Decks
Machinery space
Shear
Extent of superstructure
Etc.
The G.A is important for the following purposes:a)
First graphical description for discussion
b)
Allows estimates of all volumes to ensure they are adequate
c)
Allows estimated of KG
d)
Allows estimates of LCG can find LCB for powering
The estimates should include a number of conditions:a)
Full load departure
b)
Full load arrival
c)
Ballast departure
d)
Ballast arrival
e)
Special conditions [eg. At half load]
For each condition trim, stability and strength has to be estimated.
Considerations in determining the G.A:
a)

Position of machinery usually either aft or amidships.

Aft machinery allows efficient cargo stowage for cargo ships, containers
etc.

b)

Height of double bottom Determines by classification society regulations and

requirement of greater storage of water ballast and fuel.

c)

Cargo accesses Depends on type of ship

This is in terms of positioning hatches, cargo handling gears and hold
capacity or shape.

d)

Bulkhead location define by classification society.

damage stability which depends on ship length.

e)

No. of decks determine by variety of cargoes or types and freeboard

regulations.

Week 7-4

Consideration for

SMK 3522 SHIP DESIGN I

Dr Koh Kho King 2013

f)

Wing tanks for ballast and stability.

g)

Framing system transverse or longitudinal system of framing Affect

cargo stowage.

h)

Accommodation depending on number of officers and crew members

required.

Estimating Cargo Hold Capacities and Centres

If a basis ship G.A. is available, an estimate of cargo hold capacities and centres can be found
provided the G.A. is similar to basis ship G.A.
The following procedure can be adopted:
a)
b)

Identify the positions of bulkheads, cargo holds with respect to length

of the ship.
Relate the positions on curve of cross section area of cargo sections and
kg of cargo sections.

For G.A. of new ship:a)

Transform values read from curve to appropriate positions on new

ship.
The positions of bulkheads and cargo holds between basis and new ship is
found by graphical manner [Linear].

AP,AP*

Posn. Of
bulkhead

Basis Ship
x

FP

X*
New Ship

Relationship :

x* x.

L*
L

FP*

length from AP

Week 7-5

SMK 3522 SHIP DESIGN I

b)

Dr Koh Kho King 2013

Do numerical integrations

Ord.

Area

sm

f(v)

kg

f(Mt)

lever

f(Ma)

a
b
c
d

111.48
104.51
85.47
51.09

1
3
3
1

111.48

5.18
5.49
5.91
6.49

577.466

0
1
2
3

732.51

4149.70

Cargo space length = 15.40m

Volume*

=
=

kg*

LCG*

15.40 3
12.85x 7.86
x x 732.58x

3
8
13.70x8.35
124.5m3
4145.70
7.86
732.51 0.94 x 8.35 0.84 5.28m

979.62 15.40
x
6.87m
732.51
3

Week 7-6

979.62

SMK 3522 SHIP DESIGN I

Length
Breadth
Dc
dDB

Basis (m)
94.5
13.70
8.35

New (m)
85.3
12.85
7.86

0.94

0.84

Week 7-7

Dr Koh Kho King 2013