Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
= m
ii
(1.5)
id'
i c *
V,
(i)
(ii)
Fig.l
Basic horizontal-transmission-line configuration
-Q
u
-CD-
O-6
22
-CD-
Fig. 3
Equivalent-phase network for electromagnetic effects
^00
-CD-
If it is desired to work in terms of physical or phase quantities, the 3-phase 4-wire equivalent network shown in Fig. 3
may be employed, whereby
(Z bb - Z a a + Z bc - Zab) - 3(Z bb - Z aa )
( Z b b - Z a a + Z bc - Zab) + 3a(Zbc - Z ab ) di/3)
a (Zbb- z aa + Zbc - Zab) + 3a 2 (Z bc - Z ab )
a2
Fig. 2
Symmetrical-component networks for electromagnetic
effects
1622
J
Zn,
01 +
J
01
^21
+ a Z 21
(16)
21
In summary, a balanced current flowing along an untransposed line section will induce unbalanced voltage drops. This
can be simulated by injecting equivalent-voltage generators
in series with the line-section equivalent network, and the
voltages are evaluated on the basis of the positive-sequence
line current. Consequently, if a given line section carries no
positive-sequence current, there can be no equivalent-voltage
generators. However, this line section may yet carry negative- and zero-sequence current components because of the
influence of adjacent untransposed line sections forming a
ring or loop.
2
(24)
(25)
22
ELECTROSTATIC UNBALANCE
Fig.4
Transmission-line
capacitances
Fig. 5
Symmetrical-component networks for electrostatic effects
ia ~ ia'
=
(17)
ib - ib'
ic-ic1
A system of electrostatic voltage equations may be established, 5 similar to eqn. 1, and, after elimination of the earthwire equations, appears as
Va
vb
Vc
Xaa Xab
= - 3 Xab
x
bb
_ ab b c
Xab
Ais
(18)
Xbc
Xbb_
oo
L 2j
LX2 0
01
X 02
11
12
21
X 22_
Ai
o~
Ai x
(19)
Ai
_ 2
(20)
E 2 = - j X 2 1 A i 1 = (X 21 /X 11 )V 1
(21)
(22)
0 = X 2 0 Ai 0 + X 2 1 Ai 1 + X 2 2 Ai 2
(23)
Fig. 6
ir networks for combined
Symmetrical-component
magnetic and electrostatic effects
electro1623
In summary, a balanced line-to-earth voltage on an untransposed line section will cause unbalanced charging currents
to flow. This can be simulated by injecting voltage generators in series with the capacitances in the line-section equivalent networks, whose voltages are evaluated on the basis
of the positive-sequence line voltage. These charging currents must be added to the load current in the line in order
to obtain the total unbalanced current flowing in the line
section.
"1AC
Fig. 7
Elementary single-circuit e.h.v.-loop configuration
3
EQUIVALENT II NETWORKS .
When an appropriately unbalanced voltage source is applied
at the left-hand end of the equivalent networks shown in
Figs. 2 and 5, with a balanced-load termination on the righthand end, only positive-sequence currents will flow, thereby
rigorously reflecting the performance of the actual transmission line within this constraint. In practice, however,
1624
11
a-
c,
22
CD-
e,,n
2'2
oC
2V
22
"00
a-
-01
00
in'77777
o'o'
00
Fig. 8
Paralleled double-circuit configuration
(Clarke) transformation. On this basis, the combination of
Figs. 2 and 5 into the network shown in Fig. 6 appears to be
justified. On this same presumption, a w-network representation in terms of physical line-impedance and admittance
matrices was applied to an analysis of a double-circuit untransposed transmission line, 13 and comparison with field
tests showed excellent agreement.
4
SINGLE-CIRCUIT E.H.V. LOOPS
This method for simulating electromagnetic- and electrostatic-unbalance effects offers a relatively simple and effective means for predicting the performance of an e.h.v. loop
consisting of various sections of untransposed lines. Equally,
PROC.IEE, Vol. 119, No. 11, NOVEMBER 1972
Fig. 8 illustrates a configuration which is even more complex than that described in Section 4, yet the equivalent-network technique is equally applicable. An untransposed,
paralleled, double-circuit transmission-line section is subject to current unbalance due to voltages induced within each
circuit as well as between circuits. Therefore, two equivalent generators are shown in each circuit of the sequence
networks in Fig. 8.
To establish a benchmark for the validity of the equivalentgenerator technique, a numerical example has been included
in Appendix I. The results of a more sophisticated digitalcomputer solution, using a complete 77-network representation, are also given. In the numerical example, line charging
has been ignored, for the sake of simplicity and because this
influence was expected to be small when unbalanced currents
can flow in preferred lower-impedance loops. Also, the
through currents were not calculated and added to the circuit
currents, since these were also expected to be small owing to
the load termination at the end of the line. The good agreement between the computer solution and the simplified sliderule solution supports the validity of the simplified approach.
6
10
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
GROSS, E. T. B.: 'Unbalances of untransposed overhead
lines', J. Franklin Inst., 1952,254, pp. 487-497
GROSS, E . T . B . , and HESSE,M.H.: 'Electromagnetic
unbalance of untransposed transmission lines',Trans.
Am.Inst. Elec.Eng., 1953,PAS-72,pp. 1323-1336
11
12
13
(26)
AV0- * 0 - Z o - O i o + Z o V i o . + ZQ V ! +
(27)
ZQV
AV2 * 0 Z 2 2 i 2 + Zaiij. + Z 2 1 . i 1 .
(28)
AV2< 0 * Z 2 . 2 d 2 . + Z a - ^ + Zg
(29)
TABLE 1
SYMMETRICAL-COMPONENT IMPEDANCES
0
0-30912
2-13833
-0-02427
-0-01401
-0-04856
0-02804
0-02427
-0-01402
0-02321
0-59576
0-04856
0-02803
0'
0-28591
1-13258
-0-02391
0-05011
0-02392
0-05011
0-30912
2-13833
-0-03144
-0-04576
-0-00255
-0-00813
-0-00753
-0-00434
0-02427
-0-01401
0-.04856
0-02803
0-03144
-0-04577
0-00753
-0-00435
0-00255
-0-00814
-0-02427
-0-01400
0-02321
0-59576
2'
1'
-0-04856
0-02804
Then
e 2 1 = (0-01122 + j 0-00647)iL
2 ~ ~""Z22i2 ~ Z 2
2'
~Z2'2'i2'
2 l ' i l t = e 21
+ e
e 2 1 , = (0-00196 - j 0-00625)iL
2l'
e2V
(31)
(46)
(47)
oo z oo'
z
o'o z o V
Z
Z
01
Ol'
0'l
0'l'
(32)
, e 0 1 = (0-00171-j 0-0130)iL
e 0 1 . = (0-0450 - j 0-0465)iL
(48)
and
e 0 ( l = (0-00535 + j 0-01867)iL
Z
A ~ o'o
oo
o'i
oV
o'i'
(49)
(-0-0402 + j 0-01671)iL
with
= Z00Z0V-(Z00.)
(34)
Then
Z
00Z0'0'
lrj
l 1
01 1
2C
22 + Z 2'2'
(o
(50)
= 0-0694i L /-lll-3
(35)
z
0-775/90
oo oo'
Zo
-ZoVio.=
oo + Zo'o'
''ZoO'(Zoli1
3-91/80-9
o'o' z oo ( Z , i + Z , , i , )
o 1 1
o 1 1
= 0-03205iI/-130-2
(36)
(51)
(52)
(53)
m2 = W i i = l-3i2C/(0-3iL) = 30-0%
(54)
e0 =
(37)
e 0 . = (-k 33 Z
Z0 1
o^Hi + (-k 3 Z 0 1 .
1*2' = - 2 c / i
I =
(55)
- l - 3 i 2 C / i L = 9-02%
(38)
(39)
Z o V = 0-30912 + j 1-72130
(40)
TABLE 2
(41)
Then
z
oo o'o'
(42)
= Q.7575/-1O-740
0-3.
(43)
(44)
i
1-3
Simplified
method
11
(45)