Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Date :............
Apparatus:
U tube manometer connected across a pipe line, Stop Watch, Collecting tank, etc.
Observation :
l
Length of Pipe
= ______ m
Diameter of Pipes
Density of mercury
= 13600 kg/m3
Density of water
= 1000 kg/m3
Graph
Theory:
For the flow of water through a horizontal pipe of uniform size which have two pressure taps
located at desired locations, the total head of the fluid particle on a stream line at the cross section of first
tap is given by Bernoullis theorem as,
2
p1
V
1 Z 1 Constant
g
2g
At the second tap, the total head of the fluid particle is again given by Bernoullis theorem as,
2
p 2 V2
Z 2 Constant
g 2g
Equation (1) and (2) would be equal if there is no frictional loss in the pipe. Fluid friction results in loss of
energy of the fluid particle. By adding the term hf to equation (2) to account for loss of energy due to
friction, we get,
p1
V
p
V
1 Z1 2 2 Z2 h f
g
2g
g
2g
Where p1 and p2 are pressures; V1 and V2 are velocities; Z1 and Z2 are the elevation of fluid
particles at section (1) and (2) respectively.
For a horizontal pipe of uniform diameter,
hf
Hence,
Z1 = Z2 and
V1 = V2
p1 p2
g
hf
f l V2
2g d
p1 p 2
g
tube manometer.
hf
p1 p2
h m m 1
g
w
V2
.
2g
f l
is obtained. By substituting the values of l and d , f can be
d
determined.
Experimental rig:
The experimental set up consists of two pipes of different diameters. Each pipe has two pressure
taps at the desired locations. The pressure taps were connected to a U Tube mercury manometer. The
flow of water through a pipeline is regulated by operating a control valve which is provided in main
supply line, for measuring the head loss. The length of the pipe is considered as the distance between the
two pressure taps on it. Actual discharge through pipe line is calculated by collecting a desired volume of
water in a collecting tank at the desired duration of time.
Q A H / t
a
a
Where,
A
Area of tank.
Area of pipe.
Page 2
Procedure:
1. Note down the diameter of pipe (d).
2. Note the density of manometric liquid (m) and that of fluid (water) flowing through the pipe i.e.
(w).
3. Connect the U tube manometer to the corresponding pipe in between two pressure tappings.
4. Start the pump and adjust the control valve in pipe line for required discharge.
5. Measure the pressure difference at two points 1 & 2 of a pipe by means of a U tube manometer.
6. Note the time taken for H cm rise of water in the collecting tank.
7. Determine the velocity of flow (V) and frictional head loss (hf) by using appropriate equations.
8. Determine the friction factor (f) in pipe by using Darcy Weisbach formula.
9. Change the flow rate by adjusting the control valve & repeat the process for different flow rates.
V2
10. Find out the friction factor (f) the pipe by plotting the graph Hf Vs
.
2g
11. Find out the Reynolds number of flow and from Moodys chart find the Friction Factor.
12. Plot a graph Reynolds number (Re) Vs friction factor (f).
Page 3
Diameter
of Pipe
No:
Sl.
mm
h1
mm
h2
mm of Hg
hm= h2-h1
Manometer readings
t1
s
t2
s
Mean
t
hf
Frictional
Head Loss
V
m/s
m3/s
Velocity
of flow
Qact
Actual
Discharge
friction
factor
Re
Reynolds
Number
Friction factor
from Moodys
chart
Observation Table :
Page 4
.
d
V
d
Vd
=
=
=
=
Result :
Friction factor for the pipe,
Diameter of pipe
Friction factor from
experiment
Friction factor from
Moodys chart
The graphs Hf Vs
V2
and Re Vs f are plotted.
2g
Inference :
Page 5
Page 6