Tcltknotes

Building Applications with Tcl/Tk
Lee Bernhard
Scriptics Corporation
2593 Coast Ave., 2nd Floor
Mountain View, CA 94043
lfb@scriptics.com
A Brief Introduction to Tcl/Tk
Part of a 3-day Course:

Building Applications with Tcl/Tk
3-day Introductory Course
Other Courses
Effective Tcl/Tk Programming
2-day Advanced Topic
Object-Oriented Programming with [incr Tcl]
Automated Testing and System Administration with Expect
Schedule
Part 1:
Part 2:
What is Tcl/Tk?
Putting Widgets Together
Getting Started
Tapping into Events
The Tcl language
Canvas Widget
Extensions
What is Tcl/Tk?
What is Tcl/Tk?
Tk
(GUI toolkit)
Tcl
(scripting language)
button .b -text "Hello World!" -command exit

pack .b -padx 4 -pady 6
Developed by John Ousterhout at UC Berkeley, now at Scriptics Corporation

Can use, modify and distribute without royalties
More than 500,000 users worldwide
What is Tcl/Tk?
What Can You Build With Tcl/Tk?
Production-quality
graphical user interfaces
Web-based applications:
Servlets (active server pages)
Applets (client-side applications)
CGI scripts
Embedded command language

for controlling complex apps
What is Tcl/Tk?
Cross-Platform Support
UNIX
Windows 95/98/NT
Write one script runs anywhere

Native look and feel
Tcl/Tk version 8.0 and beyond
6
Macintosh
What is Tcl/Tk?
Add-On Packages
Tcl was designed to be extensible
[incr Tcl]
BLT
Tk
Tcl
...
wish
Popular Extensions:
BLT ........................................ plotting, tabnotebook, hierarchical list, and other widgets
[incr Tcl]................................. adds object-oriented support to the Tcl language
Expect ................................... controls command-based tools (legacy programs)
TclX ....................................... lots of extra commands for POSIX functions, looping, etc.
Togl ........................................ OpenGL widget for Tk (3D graphics)
OraTcl / SybTcl...................... interface with Oracle/Sybase databases
Scotty .................................... support for network management applications
Contributed Sources Archive: http://www.neosoft.com/tcl
7
What is Tcl/Tk?
Mission Critical Applications
Source-Navigator
from Cygnus Solutions
http://www.cygnus.com/sn
Mission planner for the

Hubble Space Telescope
Control software for an oil rig in the Gulf of Mexico
What is Tcl/Tk?
Commercial Support
Scriptics Corp. (www.scriptics.com)
TclPro Development Environment

Interactive, graphical debugger
Syntax Checker
Compiler (stores byte code)
Wrapper (builds executables that you can redistribute)
Support Contracts
Consulting
Training
NeoSoft (www.neosoft.com)
Consulting
Training
Many others listed at: www.scriptics.com/resource/commercial
What is Tcl/Tk?
Installing Tcl/Tk
TclPro from Scriptics Corp.
Platforms:
Windows 95/NT, Solaris, HPUX, Linux
SGI IRIX
Tcl Blast! CD-ROM from the Tcl/Tk Consortium
Platforms:
www.scriptics.com
www.linuxcentral.com
Windows 95/NT, Macintosh, Solaris, HPUX,

Linux, SGI IRIX, AIX, Alpha OSF, FreeBSD, SCO
OpenServer, SCO UnixWare7
Download the source code and compile
For details, see: www.scriptics.com/software/8.1.html
10
What is Tcl/Tk?
Other Resources
Scriptics Corp., www.scriptics.com
Start-up company commercializing Tcl/Tk
Web site has:
Tcl/Tk source code, pre-compiled binaries for Windows/Mac,

store for commercial products, resource center
The Tcl/Tk Consortium, www.tclconsortium.org

Non-profit organization supporting the Tcl/Tk development community
Web site has:
books, manual pages, downloads, installation instructions,

companies for consulting/training, etc.
Contributed Sources Archive
www.neosoft.com/tcl
Newsgroups
comp.lang.tcl
comp.lang.tcl.announce
Books
www.scriptics.com/resource/doc/books
11
Schedule
Part 1:
Part 2:
What is Tcl/Tk?
Getting Started
Tapping into Events
The Tcl language
Canvas Widget
Extensions
12
Getting Started
Programs:
tclsh .... Tcl language shell
wish....... Tcl language shell with Tk widgets
Start them up:

Unix Command Prompt
Tcl Command Prompt
Recognized Tcl commands
Leave tclsh
Recognized Tcl/Tk commands
Leave wish
13
$ tclsh
% info commands
tell open eof pwd glob list pid exec time
unknown eval lrange lsearch gets case lappend
proc break llength auto_execok return linsert
error catch info split array if auto_mkindex
...
% exit
$ wish
% info commands
tell open eof pwd glob list listbox pid exec
pack time unknown eval lrange checkbutton
lsearch gets canvas case lappend proc place
bind break llength return linsert error ...
% exit
Getting Started
Hello World
Main window named "."
created automatically by wish
button .b
Start up wish
$ wish
Make a button
% button .b -text "Hello World!" -command exit

.b
Make it visible on the screen

and pad around button
% pack .b -padx 4 -pady 4
Notes:
All widget names start with ".", e.g.: .b
.b2
.helloWorld
Widget names reflect hierarchy: .gparent.parent.child

All widgets are invisible until packed
14
Getting Started
Tcl Syntax
# comment
command arg arg...
command arg \
arg arg...
command arg arg... ; command arg arg...
command arg arg... ;# inline comment
Examples:
Quotes keep words together
as one argument
button .b -text "Hello World" -command exit

command arg
arg
arg
arg
arg
# -----------------------------# Simple example

# -----------------------------button .b -text "Hello World!" \
-command exit
pack .b
;# make it visible
15
Getting Started
Command Scripts
file: examples/hello.tcl
# --------------------------------------------# EXAMPLE: simple "Hello World!" application
# --------------------------------------------# COURSE: Building Applications with Tcl/Tk
# AUTHOR: Michael J. McLennan
# =============================================
$ wish
% source hello.tcl
% exit
EDIT hello.tcl to say
"Hello Universe!"
$ wish
% source hello.tcl
% button .q -text "Quit"
.q
% pack .q
%
16
Test out ideas

interactively
Getting Started
Widgets are Objects

Create a widget
button .b -text "Hello World!"
Widget name becomes a Tcl command
Access an existing widget

.b configure -command exit
.b flash
.b invoke
Make Button Blink

Push Button Programmatically
Other commands manipulate widgets:

pack .b -padx 4
destroy .b
command .b is destroyed along with widget
17
Getting Started
Configuration Options
% button .b -text "Hello World!"
.b
% pack .b
% .b configure
{-activebackground activeBackground Foreground #ececec #ececec} {-activeforeground
activeForeground Background Black Black} {-anchor anchor Anchor center center} {-background
background Background #d9d9d9 #d9d9d9} {-bd borderWidth} {-bg background} {-bitmap bitmap Bitmap
{} {}} {-borderwidth borderWidth BorderWidth 2 2} {-command command Command {} {}} {-cursor
cursor Cursor {} {}} {-disabledforeground disabledForeground DisabledForeground #a3a3a3
#a3a3a3} {-fg foreground} {-font font Font -Adobe-Helvetica-Bold-R-Normal--*-120-*-*-*-*-*-* Adobe-Helvetica-Bold-R-Normal--*-120-*-*-*-*-*-*} {-foreground foreground Foreground Black
Black} {-height height Height 0 0} {-highlightbackground highlightBackground
HighlightBackground #d9d9d9 #d9d9d9} {-highlightcolor highlightColor HighlightColor Black
Black} {-highlightthickness highlightThickness HighlightThickness 2 2} ...
% .b configure -background
-background background Background #d9d9d9 #d9d9d9
% .b cget -background
#d9d9d9
% .b configure -background green
% .b configure -background blue -foreground white
18
Get info for one option:

switch name
resource name
resource class
initial value
current value
Getting Started
Anatomy of a Tk Widget
file: examples/label.tcl
# ----------------------------------------------------------# EXAMPLE: explore common configuration options
# ----------------------------------------------------------# COURSE: Building Applications with Tcl/Tk
# ===========================================================
label .x -text "Red Alert" -width 12 -height 2 -anchor c \
-borderwidth 2 -relief groove -padx 2 -pady 2
pack .x -padx 10 -pady 10
Start up a wish and explore configuration options:

$ wish
% source label.tcl
% .x configure -background red -foreground white
19
Getting Started
Colors
HINT:
Use these to select
colors:
xcolors
xco
xcoloredit
showrgb
-foreground color
-background color
Color values:
color name........red, tomato, salmon, etc.
RGB value ........#RRGGBB
Try this:
.x configure -background red -foreground white
.x configure -background #00ff00
.x configure -bg tomato -fg black
20
Getting Started
Text
-text string
-justify left/center/right
-wraplength size
Screen Distances:
3 .............3 pixels
5p...........5 points (5 1/72")
4.2i ......4.2 inches
10m.........10 mm
3.1c ......3.1 cm
Try this:
.x
.x
.x
.x
21
configure
configure
configure
configure
-text "Red\nAlert" -justify center

-width 0 -height 0
-text "Really long message that might not fit on one line"
-wraplength 1i
Getting Started
Font
HINT:
Use these to select
fonts:
xfontsel
xlsfonts
-font xFontName
foundry
family
weight slant
set width
Point size (10)
-adobe-helvetica-bold-o-normal--*-140-*-*-*-*-*-*
Try this:
.x configure -font fixed
.x configure -font -*-courier-bold-o-normal--*-140-*
.x configure -font {Helvetica 16 bold}
22
Tcl/Tk 8.0 and beyond
Schedule
Part 1:
Part 2:
What is Tcl/Tk?
Getting Started
Tapping into Events
The Tcl language
Canvas Widget
Extensions
23
The Tcl Language
Variables
set x "some value"
Assign this value
Variable name
set x
Query the current value
unset x
Destroy this variable
puts "value = $x"
Print out a message:

$x "some value"
Parsing Variable Names:

set new_val0 "testing"
Variable is all alphanumeric or "_"
characters after $
puts "$new_val0!"
puts "$$x"
"$some value"
First $ is left alone, second is expanded
set middle "456"
24
puts "123$middle789"
Looks like variable named "middle789"
puts "123${middle}789"
Use braces to delimit variable name
The Tcl Language
Using "Pointers" in Tcl

set x "some value"
set var "x"
puts "$var = [set $var]"
x
unset $var
One variable contains the name of

another variable
x
some value
This is a common mistake:

set x "some value"
...
set $x "a new value"
"some value"
Creates a variable named "some value"
Other pathological cases:

set "" "this actually works!"
puts "value = ${}"
set set "this works too!"
puts "value = [set set]"
In theory, variable names can be anything!
set "funny variable name" "some value"

puts "value = ${funny variable name}"
25
The Tcl Language
Handling Math
Pythagorean Theorem:
$
%
3
%
4
%
tclsh
set a 3
set b 4
set c [expr sqrt($a*$a + $b*$b)]
c =
a +b
special command for

mathematical expressions
26
In C you might say...
In Tcl you say...
x = x + 1;
set x [expr $x + 1]
x += 2;
incr x 2
set x [expr $x + 2]
y = sin(2*x/(x-1))
set y [expr sin(2*$x/($x-1))]
The Tcl Language
Conditionals and Looping

if {condition} {
body
}
while {condition} {
body
}
if {condition} {
body
} elseif {condition} {
body
} else {
body
}
foreach varName list {

body
}
for {init} {condition} {next} {

body
}
switch value {
val1 { body }
val2 { body }
27
val3 val4 { body }
"-" is like "or"
default { body }
If present, must
be last switch value
break
Break out of loop
continue
Go back to top of loop
The Tcl Language
Printing a Table of Numbers

file: examples/math1.tcl
for {set x 0} {$x < 10} {incr x} {

puts "$x [expr sin($x)] [expr cos($x)]"
}
Try this:
$ cd /usr/local/tcl-tk/course/examples
$ tclsh math1.tcl
0 0.0 1.0
1 0.841471 0.540302
2 0.909297 -0.416147
3 0.14112 -0.989992
4 -0.756802 -0.653644
5 -0.958924 0.283662
6 -0.279415 0.96017
7 0.656987 0.753902
8 0.989358 -0.1455
9 0.412118 -0.91113
28
Loop through 0, 1, ..., 9

and print a table of
sine/cosine values
The Tcl Language
Formatted Output
file: examples/math2.tcl
puts "
x
puts "----------
sin(x)
----------
cos(x)"
----------"
for {set x 0} {$x < 10} {incr x} {

set s [expr sin($x)]
set c [expr cos($x)]
puts [format "%10.3f %10.3f %10.3f" $x $s $c]
fixed-point
number
Try this:
$ tclsh math2.tcl
x
sin(x)
---------- ---------0.000
0.000
1.000
0.841
2.000
0.909
3.000
0.141
4.000
-0.757
...
...
29
Format specifier:
%10.3f
3 digits after
decimal point
cos(x)
---------1.000
0.540
-0.416
-0.990
-0.654
...
10 spaces wide
The Tcl Language
Coding Style: Braces and Spaces

WRONG:
RIGHT:
if {$x > 0} puts "positive"
if {$x > 0} {puts "positive"}

condition
body
Missing space
if {$x > 0}{
puts "positive"
}
if {$x > 0} {
puts "positive"
}
Use braces!
if $x>0 {puts "positive"}
if {$x > 0} {puts "positive"}
if {$x > 0} {
puts "positive"
}
else {
puts "negative"
}
if {$x > 0} {
puts "positive"
} else {
puts "negative"
}
30
Two commands
Schedule
Part 1:
Part 2:
What is Tcl/Tk?
Getting Started
Tapping into Events
The Tcl language
Canvas Widget
Extensions
31
Widgets can Interact with Variables

file: examples/incr.tcl
Display the contents
of the "count" variable
set count 0
label .show -textvariable count
pack .show
button .inc -text "Increment" -command "incr count"
pack .inc
button .dec -text "Decrement" -command "incr count -1"
pack .dec
Increment the count variable

by +/- 1
Run this example:

$ wish incr.tcl
Name of script file
32
Quoting
Tcl also supports {} quote characters...
puts "Hello World!"
puts {Hello World!}
Both keep spaces together
puts "Hello
World!"
Both handle multi-line strings
puts {Hello
World!}
The difference is important when you have substitutions...

set count 0
puts "total = $count"
total = 0
puts {total = $count}
total = $count
33
Curly braces prevent substitutions
How wish Registers Widget Commands

file: examples/quoting.tcl
set i 0
button .braces -text "incr with {}" -command {incr i; puts "i = $i"}
pack .braces
button .quotes -text "incr with \"\"" -command "incr i; puts {i = $i}"
pack .quotes
Run this example:

$ wish quoting.tcl
i
i
i
i
34
=
=
=
=
1
2
0
0
Test out the buttons
How wish Executes Widget Commands

Event Loop
$ wish quoting.tcl
Click!
file: quoting.tcl
incr i; puts "i = $i"
set i 0
button .braces -text "incr with {}" \
-command {incr i; puts "i = $i"}
pack .braces
button .quotes -text "incr with \"\"" \
-command "incr i; puts {i = $i}"
pack .quotes
Click!
incr i; puts {i = 0}
button .braces ... -command {incr i; puts "i = $i"}

incr i; puts "i = $i"
button .quotes ... -command "incr i; puts {i = $i}"
incr i; puts {i = 0}
35
Quoting: Rule of Thumb

Q: When do I use " " and when do I need { } ?
Rule of Thumb:
Use " " for text strings
Use { } for code fragments
Example:
$ wish
% set count 0
{ } around code fragment
0
% button .b -text "Increase" -command {incr count; puts "count = $count"}
.b
" " for text strings
% pack .b
" " for text strings
36
Capturing Command Results

Some commands produce results that you need to capture:
% image create photo -file earth.gif
image1
% label .l -image "image1"

% pack .l
How do you use this in a program?

set imh [image create photo -file earth.gif]
image1
set imh image1
label .l -image $imh

pack .l
37
[...] execute
this string as a
command, and
put the result in
its place
Hello World, Revisited

file: examples/hello2.tcl
label .im -image [image create photo -file earth.gif]
pack .im
Try it out:
$ wish hello2.tcl
image1
label .im -image image1
38
Checkbuttons
file: examples/checkbutton.tcl
set im1 [image create photo -file loki2.gif]
set im2 [image create photo -file loki.gif]
label .im
pack .im
checkbutton .cb -text "Enlarge" \
-variable imageVal -onvalue $im1 -offvalue $im2 \
-command {.im configure -image $imageVal}
pack .cb -padx 4 -pady 4
.cb select
.cb invoke
39
"on" state:
"image1" imageVal
"off" state:
"image2" imageVal
When the checkbutton is invoked...

Event Loop
$ wish checkbutton.tcl
Click!
file: checkbutton.tcl
.im configure -image $imageVal
set im1 [image create photo -file loki2.gif]

label .im
pack .im
"image1"
or
"image2"
checkbutton .cb -text "Enlarge" \

-variable imageVal -onvalue $im1 -offvalue $im2 \
-command {.im configure -image $imageVal}
pack .cb -padx 4 -pady 4
.cb select
.cb invoke
checkbutton .cb ... -command {.im configure -image $imageVal}

substitute $imageVal later, when button is pressed
40
Radiobuttons
file: examples/radiobutton.tcl
set im1 [image create photo -file earth.gif]
set im2 [image create photo -file saturn.gif]
label .im
pack .im
radiobutton .earth -text "Earth" \
-variable imageVal -value $im1 \
-command {.im configure -image $im1}
pack .earth -padx 4
radiobutton .saturn -text "Saturn" \
pack .saturn -padx 4
radiobutton .loki -text "Loki" \
pack .loki -padx 4
.earth invoke
41
Text Entries
file: examples/entry.tcl
pack .im
entry .entry
pack .entry -padx 4 -pady 4
button .load -text "Load Image" -command {
set file [.entry get]
set im1 [image create photo -file $file]
.im configure -image $im1
}
pack .load -padx 4 -pady 4
Try it out:
type in one of: earth.gif, saturn.gif or loki.gif
click on "Load Image"
42
When the "Load Image" button is pressed...

Event Loop
$ wish entry.tcl
Click!
file: entry.tcl
pack .im
entry .entry
}

}
43
Procedures
Instead of writing code in-line like this:
}
You can define a procedure like this...
Procedure name
Argument list
proc load_image {fileName} {
set im1 [image create photo -file $fileName]
}
And use it like this...
load_image earth.gif
or
button .earth -command {load_image earth.gif}
44
Using a Procedure to Load Images

file: examples/proc.tcl
proc load_image {file} {
set imh [.im cget -image]
image delete $imh
set imh [image create photo -file $file]
.im configure -image $imh
}
pack .im
entry .entry
button .load -text "Load Image" -command {load_image [.entry get]}
45
Local Scope vs. Global scope

Each procedure has its own local scope for variables:
"global" command
provides access to
variables at the global
scope
set file "earth.gif"

set imh "image12"
set viewer ".im"
.
.
.
These variables are

independent of these
Global
Scope

global viewer
set imh [$viewer cget -image]
image delete $imh
$viewer configure -image $imh
}
Use global variables to:

share data between procedures
keep variables alive between calls
46
Local
Scope
Listboxes
file: examples/listbox.tcl
set imh [.im cget -image]
image delete $imh
.im configure -image $imh
}
pack .im
listbox .lbox -width 15 -height 5
pack .lbox -padx 4 -pady 4
.lbox insert 0 earth.gif saturn.gif loki.gif
.lbox selection set 0
set index [.lbox curselection]
load_image [.lbox get $index]
}
47
Schedule
Part 1:
Part 2:
What is Tcl/Tk?
Getting Started
Tapping into Events
The Tcl language
Canvas Widget
Extensions
48
Tapping Into Events
X Server
Network
...
X server
...
Window
Manager
Tcl/Tk
Application
button .b -text "Hello World!" \
-command exit
X server:
Window Manager:
Tcl/Tk Application:
performs drawing operations
adds border to toplevels
draws widgets
sends events to applications
handles iconify/deiconify
responds to events
handles move/resize
49
Tapping Into Events
Widgets Receive Events

click...
...click!
Events Delivered to Button .b:

...
<Enter>
<Motion>
<Motion>
<ButtonPress-1>
<B1-Motion>
<Leave>
<ButtonRelease-1>
...
Lots of Event Types:

ButtonPress / ButtonRelease ........ mouse button pressed/released
Motion ............................................ mouse pointer moved
Enter / Leave ................................. mouse pointer entered/left widget
FocusIn / FocusOut........................ window got/lost keyboard focus
KeyPress / KeyRelease ................. keyboard key was pressed/released
Configure ....................................... window changed size
Destroy .......................................... window was destroyed
Map / Unmap ................................. window appeared/disappeared
Visibility.......................................... window was covered up
50
Tapping Into Events
Requesting Events via the bind command

bind name eventSpec command
Bind to this thing
Tcl command executed

whenever event occurs
<Modifier-Modifier-Type-Detail>
Particular button or keysym
Modfiiers:
Double
Triple
Control
Shift
Lock
Alt
Meta
B1
B2
B3
B4
B5
Type of event:
M1
M2
M3
M4
M5
ButtonPress
KeyPress
Enter
Motion
etc.
Examples:
bind .b <Double-ButtonPress-1> {puts "double-click!"}
bind .b <Control-KeyPress-d> {puts "key: ^D"}
bind .b <B1-Motion> {puts "holding down B1 and moving!"}
51
Tapping Into Events
Example: Listbox
file: examples/listbox2.tcl
...
pack .im
listbox .lbox -width 15 -height 5
pack .lbox -padx 4 -pady 4
bind .lbox <Double-ButtonPress-1> {
.load flash
.load invoke
}
.lbox insert 0 earth.gif saturn.gif loki.gif
.lbox selection set 0
set index [.lbox curselection]
load_image [.lbox get $index]
}
52
Tapping Into Events
Accessing Event Details

bind name eventSpec command
Substitutions are made before command is executed:

%W ...................... name of widget receiving event
%x ...................... x-coordinate for event (relative to parent position)
%y ...................... y-coordinate for event (relative to parent position)
%X ...................... x-coordinate for event (on root window)
%Y ...................... y-coordinate for event (on root window)
%K ...................... keysym for keyboard events
%A ...................... ASCII character for keyboard events
%b ...................... button number for button events
%% ...................... replace with single %
Examples:
bind .b <ButtonPress> {puts "button: %b"}
bind .b <B1-Motion> {puts "drag: %x %y"}
53
Tapping Into Events
Event Details in Action
file: examples/bind.tcl
label .value -width 30 -height 3
pack .value
bind .value <Motion> {.value configure -text "Position = %x %y"}
bind .value <KeyPress> {.value configure -text "Key = %K"}
focus .value
focus .value
Assign focus so that

keyboard events are
delivered to this widget
Keyboard
Try this:
% wish bind.tcl
...move mouse around and press various keys...
54
Tapping Into Events
Class Bindings versus Widget Bindings

file: examples/entry2.tcl
bind Entry <FocusIn> {%W configure -background white}
bind Entry <FocusOut> {%W configure -background gray}

pack .im
entry .entry
bind .entry <KeyPress-Return> {
.load flash
.load invoke
}
}
55
Bind to class name "Entry"

and all entry widgets are
affected
Schedule
Part 1:
Part 2:
What is Tcl/Tk?
Getting Started
Tapping into Events
The Tcl language
Canvas Widget
Extensions
56
Canvas Widget
Interactive Displays
You can use the canvas widget to build interactive drawings and maps
57
Canvas Widget
Canvas Items
Add "items" to the canvas to create drawings
continued...
58
Canvas Widget
Canvas Items
continued...
Embed widgets into drawings
59
Canvas Widget
Display List Model

Each canvas keeps a list of the items added to it
Drawn Last
canvas .c
pack .c
Create Items:
set id [.c create oval \
5 5 10 20 -outline black \
-fill yellow]
Manipulate Items:
.c itemconfigure $id -fill red
.c raise $id
.c lower $id
.c move $id 5 -5
.c scale $id 0 0 2 2
.c delete $id
Drawn First
60
Canvas Widget
Searching the Display List

The canvas helps you locate the items within it
Drawn Last
canvas .c
pack .c
...
foreach id [.c find enclosed 20 20 80 110] {
.c itemconfigure $id -fill red
}
Drawn First
61
Other Search Operations:

.c find closest x y
.c find enclosed x0 y0 x1 y1
.c find overlapping x0 y0 x1 y1
Canvas Widget
Simple Sketch Pad

add_point 98 37
add_point 99 42
add_point 97 45
file: examples/canvas1.tcl
canvas .pad
pack .pad
bind .pad <ButtonPress-1> {add_point %x %y}
bind .pad <B1-Motion> {add_point %x %y}
proc add_point {x y} {
.pad create rectangle [expr $x-4] [expr $y-4] \
[expr $x+4] [expr $y+4] -fill blue -outline ""
}
canvas create rectangle x0 y0 x1 y1 options...
62
Canvas Widget
Rubberbanding
file: examples/canvas2.tcl
bind .pad <ButtonPress-3> {select_start %x %y}
bind .pad <B3-Motion> {select_move %x %y}
bind .pad <ButtonRelease-3> {select_end %x %y}
proc select_start {x y} {
global x0 y0
set x0 $x
set y0 $y
}
proc select_move {x y} {
global x0 y0
.pad delete rubberbox
.pad create rectangle $x0 $y0 $x $y -outline black -tags rubberbox
}
proc select_end {x y} {
global x0 y0
"rubberbox" is the
.pad delete rubberbox
symbolic name for the
foreach item [.pad find overlapping $x0 $y0 $x $y] {
selection rectangle
.pad itemconfigure $item -fill red
}
}
63
Schedule
Part 1:
Part 2:
What is Tcl/Tk?
Getting Started
Tapping into Events
The Tcl language
Canvas Widget
Extensions
64
Extensions
Extensions
Each extension adds new commands
$ tclsh
% info commands
tell subst open eof pwd glob list pid exec time
unknown eval lrange lsearch gets ...
Tcl
vanilla tclsh
$ wish
% info commands
button checkbutton radiobutton pack place ...
Tk
Tcl
vanilla wish
Tk
$ itkwish
% info commands
class namespace import delete ...
[incr Tcl]
Tcl
itkwish
Tk
[incr Tcl]
Tcl
bigwish
65
BLT
$ bigwish
% info commands
class namespace import delete ...
graph barchart table bgexec ...
Extensions
Popular Extensions: [incr Tcl]

Object-oriented extension to Tcl
Looks a lot like C++
Makes it easier to develop and maintain large Tcl programs
Supports mega-widgets (filebrowsers, combo boxes, etc.)
Data Structures in vanilla Tcl/Tk:
Data Structures in [incr Tcl]:
set
set
set
set
set
class Pile {
private variable
private variable
private variable
private variable
private variable
PileInfo($name-canvas) ""
PileInfo($name-x) 0
PileInfo($name-y) 0
PileInfo($name-drawcmd) $drawCmd
PileInfo($name-cards) $cardlist
canvas ""
x 0
y 0
drawcmd ""
cardlist {}
public method get {} {

return $cardlist
}
public method position {canvas x y}
public method accept {card}
protected method draw {}
}
66
Extensions
Popular Extensions: BLT

Toolkit of useful widgets and extensions
graph............................... graph widget for X-Y plotting
barchart ........................ graph widget for bar charts
table............................... table-based geometry manager
(more intuitive than the pack facility)
htext............................... displays text with embedded widgets
bgexec............................. exec jobs and get their output asynchronously
graph
busy................................. lock up windows with a busy watch cursor

bitmap............................. embed bitmap data in Tcl script files
drag&drop ...................... drag&drop data between applications
barchart
hierbox
67
table
Extensions
Popular Extensions: Expect

Automate tasks normally handled through a tty terminal
Instead of doing this...
ftp ftp.tcltk.com
220-Welcome
220Name: anonymous
Password: ****
ftp>
You can run an "expect" script like this...

script
ftp
expect
Created by Don Libes at NIST

Like Tcl/Tk, can use, modify, and distribute without royalties
Book: Exploring Expect, Don Libes, O'Reilly and Associates, 1995.
More info: http://expect.nist.gov
68
ftp
Extensions
Writing Your Own Extensions

Create a brand-new wish called "mywish" with your own custom extension
Custom extension
Write a command handler
procedure that exchanges string
data with the Tcl interpreter
Tk
Tcl
Register the new command using

Tcl_CreateCommand()
mywish
Other library procedures
Command handler
(C procedure)
Tcl_CreateCommand()
Tcl
strings
69
strings
More Information
John K. Ousterhout,
Tcl and the Tk Toolkit,
Addison-Wesley, 1994
(ISBN 0-201-63337-X)
Mark Harrison, ed.,

Tcl/Tk Tools,
OReilly, 1997
(ISBN 1-56592-218-2)
Brent B. Welch,
Practical Programming in
Tcl and Tk, 2d ed.,
Prentice-Hall, 1997
(ISBN 0-13-616830-2)
Don Libes,
Exploring Expect,
OReilly, 1994
(ISBN 1-56592-090-2)
Mark Harrison,
Michael McLennan,
Effective Tcl/Tk
Programming,
Addison-Wesley, 1997
Eric Johnson,
Graphical Applications
with Tcl and Tk
M&T Books
Training: http://www.scriptics.com/training
Resource Center: http://www.scriptics.com/resource
70

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Building Applications with Tcl/Tk

A Brief Introduction to Tcl/Tk

Part of a 3-day Course:

A Brief Introduction to Tcl/Tk

Putting Widgets Together

Tapping into Events

The Tcl language

A Brief Introduction to Tcl/Tk

button .b -text "Hello World!" -command exit

Developed by John Ousterhout at UC Berkeley, now at Scriptics Corporation

A Brief Introduction to Tcl/Tk

What Can You Build With Tcl/Tk?

Embedded command language

A Brief Introduction to Tcl/Tk

Write one script runs anywhere

A Brief Introduction to Tcl/Tk

A Brief Introduction to Tcl/Tk

Mission Critical Applications

Mission planner for the

Control software for an oil rig in the Gulf of Mexico

A Brief Introduction to Tcl/Tk

TclPro Development Environment

A Brief Introduction to Tcl/Tk

Tcl Blast! CD-ROM from the Tcl/Tk Consortium

Windows 95/NT, Macintosh, Solaris, HPUX,

Download the source code and compile

For details, see: www.scriptics.com/software/8.1.html

A Brief Introduction to Tcl/Tk

Tcl/Tk source code, pre-compiled binaries for Windows/Mac,

The Tcl/Tk Consortium, www.tclconsortium.org

books, manual pages, downloads, installation instructions,

Contributed Sources Archive

A Brief Introduction to Tcl/Tk

Putting Widgets Together

Tapping into Events

The Tcl language

A Brief Introduction to Tcl/Tk

Start them up:

Recognized Tcl/Tk commands

A Brief Introduction to Tcl/Tk

% button .b -text "Hello World!" -command exit

Make it visible on the screen

% pack .b -padx 4 -pady 4

Widget names reflect hierarchy: .gparent.parent.child

A Brief Introduction to Tcl/Tk

button .b -text "Hello World" -command exit

# -----------------------------# Simple example

A Brief Introduction to Tcl/Tk

Test out ideas

A Brief Introduction to Tcl/Tk

Widgets are Objects

Widget name becomes a Tcl command

Access an existing widget

Make Button Blink

Other commands manipulate widgets:

command .b is destroyed along with widget

A Brief Introduction to Tcl/Tk

A Brief Introduction to Tcl/Tk

Get info for one option:

Start up a wish and explore configuration options:

A Brief Introduction to Tcl/Tk

A Brief Introduction to Tcl/Tk

-text "Red\nAlert" -justify center

set c [expr sqrt($a$a + $b$b)]