Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
HISTORY
DISABILITY
OF
IN
COLOMBIA
Primera edicin
Enero de 2015
ISBN 978-958-46-5858-6
Diseo, Edicin y Publicacin: Luis Rubn Prez Pinzn
La reproduccin total o parcial slo se podr hacer con
autorizacin del autor.
Publicado en Colombia.
Contenido
Pg.
21
Rational Disabilities.
22
Corporal Disabilities.
36
Spiritual Disabilities.
57
Political Disabilities.
63
3. Administracin
contagiosos.
pblica
discapacitados
83
94
104
124
139
140
146
156
193
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
RATIONAL DISABILITIES.
Economic and political disabilities. From 1718 the viceroyalty
birthed ill to cause of poverty and vices of people as for the
physical and materials difficulties of viceroys to govern. The
president Antonio de Manso, who substituted to first viceroy of
New Grenade, Jorge de Villalonga, asked at 1727 to be
substituted because: everyday Im very ignorant, had failed
my health, for the inequalities of climate 2. Two years after a
certificate demonstrated that he suffered of tabardillo and
black tiricia acquired in the Magdalena river and had dropsy.
In 1750, the viceroy Jos Alfonso Pizarro cant continue
governing because fell ill to cause of an old ulcer, was helped
for professors of medicine though he cant heal because didnt
have a surgeon in the kingdom. His substitute, the viceroy Dr.
Don Jos Solis, demanded in 1758 to be excused of the
employment because suffered rheumatism pains too, and they
couldnt be healed for climate of Santaf.
Same occurred with viceroy Pedro Messa de la Cerda who in
1762 informed that his age, difficulties to see, substances
accumulated in the head (fluxiones) and the gout, announced his
next end for the ruin of my natural machine3. In the case of
viceroy Manuel Antonio Flrez, after of fight against english
navy and to defend the caribbean colonies from Cartagena,
when desired to return to Santaf to government, to pacify and
give pardon to the rebel commoners gravely became ill until
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25
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27
16
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29
30
24
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28
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36
CORPORAL DISABILITIES.
Physical and medical disabilities. Urban problems associated
with the illnesses of idlers and vicious men were temporally
cured with hospitals of charity for adults and asylums for beggar
children or abandoned elderly. They were public hospitals built,
according to the hearer Eslava, for common remedy of the ill
poor men and spiritual help in the extremities of the life41.
Viceroys selected religious orders for economic administration
and spiritual and physical attention of the hospitals, using part of
the ninth and half of tithes given to bishops and centralizing the
pious works to count with sufficient funds to build and to
maintain it. So same was necessary to guarantee presence of
those establishments of charity in the principal cities to healing
of the troops, of the principal neighbors, and passengers or
merchants that traveled through of bad ways of provinces.
For each viceregal government was necessary the physical
rehabilitation of the people that helped to the state in control and
protection of the provinces of the New Grenade of external and
internal enemies of Spain, especially along of rivers and seas.
They were who paid at each port a tax or contribution to secure
functioning of each hospital and free cure of patients of another
lands, specially who were affected for the cycles of tropical
illnesses or epidemics.
Asylums. In Santaf of Bogot, political and administrative
capital of viceroyalty, the asylums were organized where were
the buildings of Jesuits after of their expulsion, expatriation and
disowning for political and ecclesiastical authorities. The great
41
37
42
38
44
39
40
48
41
Lorenzo where were attended the ill poor men, militaries and
militiamen.
From 1780 to 1788 were used of the rents obtained for Royal
Administration of the custom house of Cartagena 1.24% of total
product for annual financing of the royal hospital of San
Lorenzo, equivalent to 19374 pesos with 3 reals in seven years,
and were delivered to its administrator D. Rafael Fatio. The
increment in annual inversions passed of 12.4 pesos in 1782 to
1889.7 pesos in 1783 (99.3%), being inverted finally in 1788 a
total 5502,6 pesos that represented a real increment of 99.7 % in
all period and a accumulated increment of 182.8% during nine
years.
At 1787 the rents were reduced in 16.7% compared with 1786,
though for 1788 were incremented in 34.7% compared with
178651. For 1796, the hospital of Cartagena was divided in a
military hospital and a general or charity hospital as
consequence of inattention, abandon and scarcity of rents to
assistance and to cure to the poor men that characterized all
hospitals of the viceroyalty52.
The experience and actions of Santaf and Cartagena were
imitated in other provincial capitals where had material and
economic resources for asylums and hospitals of charity. In
Guayaquil, for example, were employed like expenses from
1766 to 1775 a total of 271 pesos for hospital that represented
0.02% of total incomes recollected for royal boxes of Quito,
Guayaquil and Cuenca. In 1776, 1784 and 1785 were collected
51
42
43
Pamplona (4), Vlez (4), Leiva (3), Mariquita (4), Honda (3),
Cali (4), Santa Marta (4), Portobelo (3), Nata (3) and Mompox
(4). They were insufficient for number required in each convent
but was a community that didnt need reforms or remedies to
internal problems and fights between monks that characterized
to other orders because they didnt elect provincial
commissaries.
However each six years, when they renovated theirs
commissaries were spent around of nine or ten thousand pesos
of the convents to guarantee their return to Spain, so as they
seen with little love and zeal the businesses of the order and
prevent little to advance the rents of the poor men, being
consumed the incomes and alms for subsistence, cure, and aid of
the poor patients in the hospitals. The principal remedy
recommended by Archbishop Viceroy Caballero y Gngora was
to prohibit the return of the commissaries, to prohibit their
condition of pilgrims or passengers of the order, and specially,
dont spend the incomes of hospitals destined to cure and
aid in the portion more worthy of the people and more needed of
its protection56.
Doctors and hospitals of Santaf. Viceroy Jos de Ezpeleta
recommended moreover to move the matrix house from Panam
to Santaf, the election of commissaries for monks of each
province, permanent visits of the archbishop to hospitals
accompanied of a minister (dean hearer) in name of Real
Patronage, and in especial, the election of the monk P. Fr.
Miguel de la Isla (prior and physician of the hospital of Cali)
like doctor of the hospital of Santaf. He was recognized for his
medical knowledge, the assistance, zeal and care given to the
56
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48
62
49
50
RELACIN DEL GOBIERNO del Exmo. Sor. Dn. Josef de Ezpeleta, etc.
Op. cit. En: Ibd. Tomo II. Pg. 174 - 175
66
CUADROS ANEXOS a la relacin de mando Caballero y Gngora:
Cuadro E. En: Ibd. Tomo I.
51
52
69
53
RELACIN DEL GOBIERNO del Exmo. Sor. Dn. Josef de Ezpeleta, etc.
Op. cit. En: Ibd. Tomo II. Pg. 211
71
RELACIN DEL ESTADO DEL NUEVO REINO DE GRANADA,
presentado por el Excmo. Sr. Virrey D. Pedro Mendinueta. Op cit. En: Ibd.
Tomo III. Pg. 154
54
72
RELACION de D. Francisco Gil y Lemos (1789). En: Ibd. Tomo II. Pg.
22
55
RELACIN DEL GOBIERNO del Exmo. Sor. Dn. Josef de Ezpeleta, etc.
Op. cit. En: Ibd. Tomo II. Pg. 212 - 213
74
RELACIN DEL ESTADO DEL NUEVO REINO DE GRANADA,
presentado por el Excmo. Sr. Virrey D. Pedro Mendinueta a su sucesor el
Excmo. Sr. D. Antonio Amar y Borbn. Ao de 1803. En: Ibd. Tomo III.
Pg. 70 - 72
75
RELACIN DEL GOBIERNO del Exmo. Sor. Dn. Josef de Ezpeleta, etc.
Op. cit. En: Ibd. Tomo II. Pg. 214
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57
SPIRITUAL DISABILITIES.
Social and religious disabilities. The idleness, considered the
social disability and the political and economic plague more
important of New Grenade77, even a real physical and moral
illness78 very much difficult to rehabilitate by the viceregal state
in comparison with the drunkenness, vices and rebel behaviors
of indians (idolized or barbarians) and free people. To heal those
illnesses much people were hanged, theirs towns and idols were
burned and the survivors were carried to parishes in fields
controlled for the armies of God and King. Viceroys and
governors considered necessaries the salvation of their souls, to
rehabilitate their spiritual capacities with the doctrine of faith,
and specially to prevent that were induced of the suggestions of
the devil79 to the vices.
Social and economic problems caused for bad location of
whites cities and indians towns from times of conquest and the
illegal traditions and vicious habits of white, black and indian
people during colonization of kingdom, did necessary to
77
58
59
RELACIN DEL GOBIERNO del Exmo. Sor. Dn. Josef de Ezpeleta, etc.
Op. cit. En: Ibd. Tomo II. Pg. 207
82
APUNTES RESERVADOS PARTICULARES Y GENERALES DEL
ESTADO ACTUAL DEL VIRREINATO DE SANTAF DE BOGOT, Op
cit. En: Ibd. Tomo II. Pg. 116 - 117
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POLITIC DISABILITIES.
Military disabilities. The violent force of royal troops, the
death in the mayor place with public hangings or the moral
punishments in jails (a few counted with chapel, fonts and
rooms separated to men and women), etc., were the principal
forms to guarantee the asylum and guard of the monarchies89,
to maintenance in order and security the colonies to charge of
peninsular people, to cut down weeds and vicious habits and
to obligate the native people to change theirs traditional
practices, specially the idleness with that proceed even in the
most necessary or useful90.
The indians were obligated to stay in missions or in the indians
towns and lands of guard controlled for Christian men of fire
(royal convoys) and faith (missionaries and priest of doctrine)
who at name of royal patronage obligated them to pay the taxes,
personal services, alms, priest rights, etc., so as were authorized
severe works or violent punishments against the disobedient
natives that many times caused physical disability, temporal or
permanent91.
The spiritual disability of those infidels was censored and
prevented their escape to the forests to continue their savage life
of vices, heresy and infidelity like amoral barbarians, being so
justified the physical punishments, socio-political persecutions,
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66
67
charity when they became ill, all it paid in great part with an
annual situated sent from viceroyalty of the Per to secure the
continental coasts.
In the military hospitals they received diets too for their healing,
surgeries and physical or spiritual rehabilitation100 to charge of
chaplains (with knowledge in medicine, physical and spiritual
therapies and botanic), surgeons, hospital interns and barbers
(substitutes or auxiliaries of the surgeons).
In 1789, the troops of Santaf, conformed for 2866 places, had
two chaplains and surgeons for 1247 veterans on the auxiliary
regiment, two for 694 militiamen of regiment of infantry, and
two more for 606 militiamen of the regiment of
horsemanship101. The troops of Cartagena conformed for 4346
places (before 1789 for 10099 places) had two chaplains and
surgeons for 935 veterans (before 1789 for 1700) of the fixed
regiment, and four for 2730 militiamen (before 1789 for 7692)
of two regiments and one battalion of militias102. The troops of
Santa Marta, conformed for 1222 places, only had two chaplains
and surgeons for 1015 militiamen of the regiment of infantry103.
In the provinces of Caribbean, where the troops were attacked
permanently for external, internal, natural and epidemical
enemies, the chaplains and surgeons were helped for intern
doctors (hospital interns) and barbers who should prevent or
cure mortal illnesses consequents to foundation of new towns
100
68
104
RELACIN DEL GOBIERNO del Exmo. Sor. Dn. Josef de Ezpeleta, etc.
Op. cit. En: Ibd. Tomo II. Pg. 155
105
INSTRUCCIN SOBRE EL ESTADO EN QUE DEJA EL NUEVO
REINO DE GRANADA. Op. cit. En: Ibd. Tomo III. Pg. 215
106
RELACION de D. Francisco Gil y Lemos (1789). En: Ibd. Tomo II. Pg.
29
69
70
surgeons and 120 hospital interns and barbers and average each
467 men could be attended for one chaplain or surgeon and 152
men for each intern or barber.
Even so, in the practice 451 veterans were attended for the
chaplains and surgeons while each intern and barber helped to
300 veterans; in the case of militiamen, each chaplain or
surgeon could attend 477 men, so as 120 men were to charge of
each intern or barber. At 1818, the Spanish expeditionary army
counted with a total of 8577 men between effective troops,
veterans, militiamen and workers, of which only troops of
Cartagena, Santa Marta and Panam had chaplains and
surgeons, with an average of 425 militaries attended for each
surgeon111.
Veterans and militiamen had right to receive a pension for
disabilities or invalids in case to be hurt in service or combat
against the external (pirates) and internal (barbarian Indians,
rebels) enemies of the Spanish colonial dominion, especially
when the ramparts and fortresses were insufficient to restrain
them. At years 1808 and 1809 had been disposed 1% of total
amount of the branches of royal estate for invalids and 0.3% to
pay hospitalities. Of the common mass of the royal estate were
used 3% for general pensions and 1.4% for expenses of military
hospitals112.
So same, they could celebrate the party of anniversary of the
soldiers killed to the service of the royal majesty and the
111
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73
employees, is the mode more regular and single, and it has for
base the natural, rational and politic right, and contrary, would
maintenance constant the envy, the separation and rivalry and
would cause bad effects to the state, of that God dont permit
that the time would be witness117.
To prevent those conflicts in permanent increasing, in the
provincial cities and villages (to same that in Spain) the urban
control and order were exercised by municipal council,
especially for mayors of neighborhoods who should number the
houses, neighbors and the rest of residents of all social classes to
rehabilitate the moral and legal disabilities of people, to
conserve the calm obeying the viceregal rules, giving
occupation to the idlers, and to collect true poor men to the
asylums and to compel to the indians to return to the towns of
their nature118.
The Mayors (ordinaries, walkers and of neighborhoods) were
the local representatives of the viceregal government and the
administration of justice. They had like principal responsibilities
to heal the social disabilities of people, would act like judges to
secure to vassals the possession of their honor, life and property,
to purge the population of the criminals and malicious men, to
defend to the public of insults and bad examples that receive
with the crimes, and to keep the observance of the laws for
idlers, vicious men, unemployed, etc., who decayed like
drunkards, robbers and covetous players of games. Theirs
decisions were supported for governors, spaniard magistrates
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3. ADMINISTRACIN PBLICA Y
DISCAPACITADOS CONTAGIOSOS
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republicano
neogranadino
estuvieron
compuestos, legislaron y gobernaron slo para el beneficio de
los cuerpos sanos y normales.
Las gentes enfermas y anormales, de todas las clases y colores,
no fueron representadas ni sus necesidades consideradas como
importantes para el nuevo orden del Estado-Nacin, lo cual
propici durante las siguientes dcadas y siglos innumerables
problemas para la administracin pblica colombiana al tener
que destinar de manera creciente mltiples recursos pblicos por
concepto de caridad, beneficencia, higiene y salud pblica para
el pago de la burocracia administrativa, los cuerpos mdicos y
los subsidios de manutencin para lazaretos, hospitales de
caridad y casas de degredo epidmico.
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Ibd.
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ADMINISTRACIN
PBLICA
DE
LA
SALUD
Y
EMPRENDIMIENTO ESTATAL. APORTES Y REFLEXIONES
DESDE LA HISTORIADE LA SALUD PBLICA.
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cual significaba
productivas158.
el
aumento
de
las
fuerzas
Ibd., p. 53
Ibd. p. 54
130
Ibd. p. 128
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161
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Ibd. p. 59
Ibd. p. 79
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Resumen.
Este informe de investigacin demuestra que para asumir y
desarrollar procesos de inclusin de los establecimientos
escolares de Colombia, acorde a las necesidades especficas de
los educandos, es necesario un gremio docente dispuesto a
investigar, transformar sus prcticas curriculares, y
especialmente, comprometerse con una atencin permanente,
personalizada y respaldada en evidencias que demuestren los
cambios o las situaciones particulares de cada estudiante. Para
tal fin, se hace una descripcin de los tres modelos
internacionales de teorizacin y anlisis de la discapacidad y las
necesidades especiales, as como se propone un modelo de
atencin e inclusin caracterizado por seis etapas.
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Camargo, 2010).
Se pretende crear una cultura permanente de inclusin en el
contexto educativo, reconociendo la discapacidad como una
responsabilidad social compartida y no como un problema
individual. Sin embargo, existen algunos factores que actan
como barreras o facilitadores de la inclusin de los nios en
situacin de discapacidad en el contexto educativo, factores
tanto de orden personal como contextual. As, es importante el
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CULES
SON
LOS
MOMENTOS
QUE
DEBEN
CARACTERIZAR CADA PROCESO DE ENSEANZA Y
APRENDIZAJE CON ESTUDIANTES QUE PRESENTAN
NEE?
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para
establecer
una
mbito psicomotor
1. Choca frecuentemente con los objetos que se encuentran a
su paso.
2. Cae con frecuencia.
3. Tiene dificultad para alternar ambos pies al caminar o
correr.
4. No tiene movilidad en alguna parte del cuerpo.
5. Camina o corre con dificultad o presenta dolor.
6. Le cuesta trabajo estar erguido.
7. Tiene dificultad para tomar de manera adecuada un lpiz,
un vaso, un cuaderno, etctera.
8. No controla sus trazos al escribir, dibujar caminos, marcar
contornos, unir los dibujos, etctera.
mbito psicosocial
1. Se enoja o pelea mucho sin aparente.
2. Es tmido y triste, y no se relaciona con los otros nios.
3. Presenta conductas como morderse, golpearse o chuparse el
dedo o la mano entera; hace berrinches exagerados frecuentes.
4. Muestra un patrn repetitivo y persistente de conducta
rebelde, desobediencia y falta de respeto a la autoridad.
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acceder a nuevos
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Relaciones interpersonales
Manejo de problemas y conflictos
Pensamiento crtico
Manejo de tensiones y estrs (Mantilla y Chahn, 2012).
Apelando a la adaptacin curricular y al fomento de la
educacin centrada en el mejoramiento integral de las
condiciones y estilos de vida de sus estudiantes, algunas
docentes integrantes de grupos de apoyo psicopedaggico han
definido desde su comprensin y enseanza cotidiana cada una
de esas habilidades de la siguiente manera:
1. AUTOCONOCIMIENTO. Es la habilidad de
conocer nuestros propios pensamientos, reacciones,
sentimientos, qu nos gusta o disgusta, cules son
nuestros lmites, y nuestros puntos fuertes/dbiles.
2. EMPATA. Es la habilidad de ponerse en el lugar de
la otra persona en una situacin muy diferente de la
primera. Esta habilidad ayuda al alumno a comprender
mejor al otro y por tanto responder de forma consecuente
con las necesidades y circunstancias de la otra persona.
3. COMUNICACIN ASERTIVA. Es la habilidad para
expresar con claridad y de forma adecuada los
sentimientos, pensamientos o necesidades individuales.
4. RELACIONES INTERPERSONALES. Es la
habilidad de establecer, conservar e interactuar con otras
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activa),
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184
185
Procedimientos
interinstitucionales.
Las
actividades
formativas y acadmicas promovidas por los docentes y
directivas resultan insuficientes sino existen parmetros y
procedimientos comunes a cumplir de forma institucional a
travs de su Proyecto Educativo Institucional (PEI), e
inevitablemente procesos disciplinarios y sancionatorios
interinstitucionales para quienes se resisten a incluir y dar buen
trato a los estudiantes con necesidades especiales.
El modelo biopsicosocial (o contemporneo) que integra la
comprensin de las necesidades fsicas y la prevencin de la
exclusin o minusvala sociocultural en Colombia cuenta con el
respaldo de las instituciones estatales que han legislado y
reglamentado la educacin inclusiva y el manejo integral de las
necesidades educativas especiales de los estudiantes.
Ese ha sido el caso de la comprensin, adopcin y adaptacin a
los proyectos educativos institucionales de cada establecimiento
educativo de la Ley 115 de 1994, la Ley 1618 de 2013 y el
Decreto 366 expedido en 2009 por el Ministerio de Educacin
Nacional al promoverse la atencin de las necesidades
especiales como parte de un servicio pblico regulado por el
Estado a partir de los componentes, principios (derechos
humanos, igualdad, participacin y autodeterminacin) y
fundamentos (poltico, socio-antropolgico, pedaggico,
comunicativo y epistemolgico) que justifican toda accin
inclusiva.
El Decreto 366 ha tenido como propsito reglamentar la
organizacin del servicio de apoyo pedaggico para la atencin
de los estudiantes con discapacidad y con capacidades o con
talentos excepcionales en el marco de la educacin inclusiva, y
en particular lo dispuesto en la Ley 1098 de 2006 y la Ley 1145
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195
Necesidad especial:
1 MOTRIZ
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Necesidad especial:
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Necesidad especial:
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Necesidad especial:
3.1
COGNITIVA
COMUNICATIVA
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Necesidad especial:
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Necesidad especial:
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que
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En los aspectos por desarrollo personal y aprendizajes bsicos se tienen en cuenta las
sugerencias hechas por: Castaeda, A. (2014). Cmo trabajar y evaluar nios con necesidades
educativas
especiales,
integrados
al
sistema
escolar
regular?.
Disponible
en:http://www.escuelasqueaprenden.org/imagesup/C%F3mo%20trabajar%20y%20evaluar%20ni%F1os%20con%20necesidade
s%20educativas%20especiales,%20integrados%20al%20sistema%20escolar%20regular.pdf
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Primera seccin
Granada, M.; Poms, M. y Sanhueza, S. (2013, julio). Actitudes de
los profesores hacia la inclusin educativa, Papeles de
Trabajo. Chile, (25)
Romaach, J. y Lobato, M. (2005). Diversidad funcional, nuevo
trmino para la lucha por la dignidad en la diversidad del ser
humano. Espaa: Foro de vida independiente.
Vega, A. (2009). Integracin de alumnos con necesidades educativas
especiales: Existe coherencia entre el discurso y las prcticas
pedaggicas ejercidas por los profesores bsicos?, Estudios
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American Physical Therapy Association. Guide to physical therapist
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Banco Mundial. En breve: Serie especial sobre educacin para todos
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Holt L.
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Motora,
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Kam Pun D. Do contacts make a difference: The effects of
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del Nio. Programa de Promocin Integral de los Derechos
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ANEXO 1
NDICE DE DISCAPACIDAD para diagnosticar las condiciones de inclusin de los estudiantes y la caracterizacin del autocuidado
entre estudiantes con Necesidades Educativas Especiales (ndice de Barthel o de Maryland)