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Compare and contrast catabolic and anabolic pathways.


Catabolic pathways are breakdown pathways
Anabolic pathways build complicated molecules
Define the following terms: these terms and concepts are critical they
would be great quiz words.
a.
Energy
The capacity to cause a change
1 Kinetic energy
Energy of motion
a.
Heat/thermal energy
Kinetic energy associated with the random movement of atoms or molecules
a.
Chemical energy
Potential energy available for release through chemical reactions
a.
Thermodynamics
Study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter
a.
First Law of Thermodynamics
Energy can be transferred and transformed but it cannot be created or
destroyed
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Second Law of Thermodynamics
Energy transfer or transformations contribute to the overall entropy of the
universe
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Free Energy
The portion of a system energy that can perform work.
Contrast exergonic and endergonic reactions in terms of: free energy,
stability, capacity to do work.
Exergonic reactions release energy (Delta G is negative)
Endergonic reactions require energy, and absorb free energy (Delta G is positive)
How do you know if a reaction is spontaneous?
The system's free energy decreases, the system becomes more stable
Can a closed system at equilibrium do work? Why or why not?

No, because if the Gibbs free energy is unchanging within a closed system,
nothing will happen. In an open system where energy/resources enter and
exit, it can be at equilibrium if the amount entering is the same as the amount
leaving.

List and give an example of the three main kinds of cellular work done by
ATP.
Chemical- synthesizes polymers from monomers
Transport- moving substances across membranes
Mechanical- cilia movement, contraction of muscles, chromosome movement
during cell reproduction

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Label the diagram below and indicate how cellular work is done by ATP.

Define phosphorylated.
When the phosphate group of an ATP is transferred to another molecule to
couple reactions, that recipient molecule is called phosphorylated.

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In your own works, explained the concept of coupled reactions and ATP
doing work.
ATP hydrolysis reaction releases energy that other parts of the cell can
harness to perform work. Coupled reactions occur when exergonic reactions
are used to drive endergonic ones.

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What is the relationship between exergonic reactions, endergonic


reactions and the use and regeneration of ATP?
The reaction of ATP becoming ADP is very exergonic, and when coupled with
a lesser endergonic reaction (its deltaG is less than the absolute value of the
ATP reactions deltaG), the entire reaction becomes exergonic, releasing
energy.

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What is activation energy?


The amount of energy necessary to break the energy barrier in a reaction, or
the minimum amount of energy required for the reaction to take place.

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Label the diagrams below including the change in free energy.

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b.

Define the following terms:


Substrate The reactant for an enzyme
Enzyme substrate complex when the substrate joins the

enzyme and they are one


c.
Active site the area on the enzyme where the substrate goes
d.
Induced fit once the substrate is in the active site, the enzyme
slightly changes in shape to keep the substrate in place

Label the following diagram:

How do temperate and pH (specifically) affect enzyme activity?

Every protein has optimal conditions, including optimal temperature and pH


ranges. If they are not within those ranges, the proteins may denature and
unravel, rendering them useless.

Compare and contrast competitive and noncompetitive inhibitors.

Competitive inhibitors are similarly structured to the substrate and occupy the active
site, making the enzyme unable to work. Noncompetitive inhibitors work by binding
to a part of the enzyme other than the active site, thereby changing the enzymes
shape slightly, and making it less able to efficiently catalyze the reaction.

3 What is allosteric regulation and how does assist in the regulation of metabolism?
When a proteins function at one part is affected by the binding of another
molecule to another part of the protein. Noncompetitive inhibitors are a type

of these. Allosteric regulation can inhibit or stimulate. Keeps metabolism


going at a good pace, by inhibiting the metabolism when its going too fast
and stimulating it when it gets too slow.

4 What is cooperativity?

When an enzyme has more than one subunit, an dthe induced fit shape
change from one substrate facilitates the other subunits work (like making it
a more favorable shape)

How does feedback inhibition work?

After many reactions, the end product binds to the first enzyme inhibiting it
and keeping the chain from repeating any more.

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