International Conference on Recent Advances in Mechanical Engineering and Interdisciplinary Developments [ICRAMID - 2014]

Study on Performance & Emission

Characteristic of CI Engine Using Biodiesel
Narendranathan.S.

K.Sudhagar
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Agni College of Technology
Thalambur, Chennai, India
mechod@act.edu.in

Department of Mechanical Engineering,

Agni College of Technology
Thalambur, Chennai, India
naren.mec@act.edu.in

because of its potential to fulfill the energy demand,

reduce greenhouse gasses and global warming.
A number of investigations have been made, and the
test results have proved that vegetable oils are feasible
substitutes for diesel fuel. But there is still a lot of work
that needs to be done to make vegetable oil really apply
to diesel engines instead of the ordinary diesel fuel.
Vegetable oils possess almost the same heat values as that
of diesel fuel. But a major disadvantage of vegetable oils
is their inherent high viscosity. Modern diesel engines
have fuel-injection systems that are sensitive to viscosity
changes. High viscosity may lead to poor atomization of
the fuel, to incomplete combustion, to coking of the fuel
injectors, to ring carbonization, and to the accumulation
of fuel in the lubricating fuels [2,3]. A way to avoid these
problems is to reduce the viscosity of vegetable oil in
order to improve its performance. There are some
methods to reduce the viscosity of vegetable oil. Fuel
blending is one of the methods. It has the advantages of
improving the use of vegetable oil fuel with minimal fuel
processing and engine modification.
Heating, blending with diesel, transesterification are
some of the methods used to reduce the viscosity of
vegetable oils. Heating and blending of vegetable oils
may reduce the viscosity and improve the volatility of
oils, but its molecular structure remains unchanged. From
the literature it is found that converting vegetable oils
into simple esters is an effective way to overcome all the
problems associated with the vegetable oils. Methyl ester
of biodiesel was prepared by transesterification process.
Prepared biodiesel was blended with diesel and used as a
fuel to run the engine. Engine was run by using different
blend percentages ranging from 0 to 50% by volume
mixed diesel in a variable compression ratio engine from
no load to full load condition.

Abstract Biodiesel are extracted from transesterification

process of edible and non- edible oil of vegetable and
animal fat. It can be used in the diesel engine either in the
form of neat oil or as a mixture of diesel fuel in the form of
blend. The properties of oil are compared with the
characteristic required for the fuel of internal combustion
engine and the properties fuel are compared with
conventional diesel fuel. Use of bio-diesel in a conventional
diesel engine results in substantial reduction in unburned
hydrocarbon (UBHC), carbon monoxide (CO), particulate
matters (PM) emission and oxide of nitrogen. The blends of
biodiesel with small content in place of petroleum diesel
can help in controlling air pollution and easing the
pressure on scarce resources without significantly
sacrificing engine power and economy.
Keywords--Biodiesel,
Transesterification,
Performance, Emission.

Properties

I. INTRODUCTION
The internal combustion engine is one of the key
drivers in modern industrial society. Without the
transportation performed by the millions of vehicles, we
would not have reached the living standard of today. The
use of alternative fuels in engines has been the focus of
much attention because of increasing concerns about
environmental protection and the shortage of crude oil.
Vegetable oils have been extensively studied by many
researchers as an alternative fuel of Diesel Engine [1].
Using straight vegetable oils in diesel engines is not a
new idea. Rudolf Diesel first used peanut oil as a fuel for
demonstration of his newly developed compression
ignition (CI) engine in year 1910. Diesel fuel is essential
in agricultural, transportation and industrial sector. It
contributes to the prosperity of the worldwide economy
since it is widely used due to having adaptability, higher
combustion efficiency, reliability and handling facilities.
However, fossil fuels are limited and their reserves are
depleting day by day. On the other hand the emissions
from fossil fuel are considered as a major source to the
environment pollution. It is predicted, if no enormous
efforts are done, that the emissions of greenhouse gases
from fossil fuels will increase by 39% in 2030. Biodiesel
is considered as an important renewable energy source

II. PROPERTIES OF BIODIESEL

The biodiesel is compatible with petroleum diesel and
can be blended in any proportion with diesel to create
suitable biodiesel blend. The blending of biodiesel with
diesel is expressed as Bxx where xx indicates the
percentage of biodiesel in the blend For example B20

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blend is made by mixing 20% biodiesel with 80% diesel

which can be used in CI engine with no modification with
comparable power output.
Generally, the properties of biodiesel and especially its
viscosity and ignition properties are similar to the
properties of fossil diesel. Although the energy content
per liter of biodiesel is about 5 to 12 % lower than that of
diesel fuel, Biodiesel has several advantages. For
example the cetane number and lubricating effect of
biodiesel, important in avoiding wear to the engine, are
significantly higher. Therefore the fuel economy of
biodiesel approaches that of diesel. Additionally, the
alcohol component of biodiesel contains oxygen, which
helps to complete the combustion of the fuel. The effects
are reduced air pollutants such as particulates, carbon
monoxide, and hydrocarbons. Since biodiesel contains
practically no sulfur, it can help reducing emissions of
sulfur oxides. The properties of biodiesel are shown
below:

N.A

N.A

924.27

-15.0

234

925.87

-15.0

241

929.07

Olive oil

N.A N.A

N.A

N.A

N.A

N.A

918

Palm oil

42

N.A

N.A

N.A

N.A

910.1

Peanut oil 41.8 39782 39.6 (38 C) 12.8

Rapeseed
37.6 39709 37.0 (38 C) -3.9
oil
Sesame oil 40.2 39349 35.5 (38 C) -3.9

-6.7

271

914

-31.7

246

920

-9.4

260

922

Soybean oil 37.9 39623 32.6 (38C ) -3.9

Sunflower
37.1 39575 37.1 (38 C) 7.2
oil
Tallow oil N.A 40054 51.15 (40C ) N.A

-12.2

254

997.5

-15.0

274

920

N.A

201

820

Jatropha oil 51
Pongamia
51
oil
Diesel
47

N.A

39700 51 (300C)

16

N.A

242

932

46000 55.1(300C)

23

N.A

110

884

45343 2.7 (38 C)

-15.0 -33.0

52

870.20

TABLE II
COMPARISON OF FUEL PROPERTIES OF BIODIESEL WITH DIESEL.
Fuel properties

Diesel

Biodiesel

1 Fuel standard

ASTM D 975 ASTM D 6751

2 Fuel composition

C 10- 21 HC C12- 22 FAME

3 Lower heating value (MJ/kg)

42.52

37.12

4 Kinematic viscosity at 40C

1.3-4.1

1.9-6.0

878

6 Water, by wt.( ppm)

161

0.05% max.

7 Carbon, (wt %)

87

77

8 Hydrogen, (wt %)

13

12

9 Oxygen, (wt %)

11

10 Sulphur, (wt %)

0.05 max.

11 Boiling point,(C)

188 to 343

182 to 338

12 Flash point,( C)

60 to 80

100 to 170

13 Cloud point,( C)

-15 to 5

-3 to 12

14 Pour point,( C)

-35 to -15

-15 to 16

15 Cetane number

40 to 55

48 to 60

16 Auto ignition temperature, (C)

316

N.A

17 Stoichiometric air/ fuel ratio, (w/w)

15

13.8

The transesterification setup consists of a round

bottom flask. A heater with temperature control was used
for heating the oil in round bottom flask. A stirrer was
used for mixing the oil vigorously. Transesterification
involves making triglycerides of bio oil to react with
methyl alcohol in the presence of a catalyst (NaOH) to
produce glycerol and fatty acid ester. For this process, a
specified amount (1000gm) of extracted oil, (200ml)
methanol and sodium hydroxide (50gm) are taken in a
around bottom flask. The contents are heated up to 70C
and stirred vigorously till ester formation begins
(approximately for one hour) .The mixture is allowed to
cool over night without stirring. Two layers will be
formed. The bottom layer consists of glycerol and fatty
acids and top layer is the ester. Fatty acids and glycerol
are removed by using a separator vessel.

The biodiesel is highly oxygenated fuel which results

in better combustion performance and flame temperature
compared to diesel and lesser emit lower gaseous
emissions. Some of the properties indicate that the
biodiesel is a suitable substitute of diesel. The following
table shows the comparison of fuel properties of biodiesel
with diesel.
S.No.

848

III. PROCESS OF TRANSESTERIFICATION

The raw seed oil was extracted by mechanical expeller
in which small traces of organic matter, water and other
impurities were present. Transesterification is a most
common and well established chemical reaction in which
alcohol reacts with triglycerides of fatty acids (vegetable
oil) in the presence of catalyst to form glycerol and
esters. The reaction is shown in Figure[5].

TABLE I
COMPARISONS OF PROPERTIES OF VEGETABLE OILS AND THEIR ESTERS
WITH DIESEL
Type of
Viscosity
Cloud Pour Flash
HV
Density
vegetable CN
(mm2/s)
Point Point Point
(kJ/kg)
(kg/m3)
oil
Temp)
(C) (C)
( C)
Castor oil N.A 39500 297 (38C ) N.A -31.7 260
961
Coconut oil N.A N.A
N.A
N.A
Cottonseed
41.8 39468 33.5 (38 C) 1.7
oil
Linseed oil 34.6 39307 27.2 (38C ) 1.7

5 Density at 150C(kg/m3)

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The layout shows the process of production of

biodiesel from feedstock to esterified oil

gm/kWh.
Deposit and Clogging: Deposits and clogging problems
are widely reported and are generally attributed to
substandard quality of biodiesel is due to its less
oxidation stability and therefore engine wear is relatively
more when run on biodiesel.
Pollution from engine exhaust: Biodiesel results in much
less air pollution due to its higher oxygen content and
absence of aromatic compounds and sulphur. The NOx
tends to be slightly higher compared to biodiesel which
can be minimized by proper engine timing.
Cold-weather performance: Diesel engines operated in
cold weather experience the problems of clogging of the
filters and/or choking of the injectors. The use of flow
improving additives and winter blends of biodiesel and
kerosene has proved effective in the operating range of
climate temperatures B100 tends to operate well at
temperatures down to about 5C. Additives reduce the
range by about 5-8C, while the winter blends have
proved effective at temperatures as low as -20C or
below.

Collection of Seed

Extraction of oil

Pre-heating of oil

Oil+Sodium
Methoxide

Setting of mixture (8
hour)

Trans- esterification
Process

Stirring (1 hour) and

heating at 55C

Biodiesel

Gravity
Separation

Glycerin

Bubble Washing &

heating

V. PERFORMANCE OF DIESEL ENGINE WITH BIODIESEL

Pure Biodiesel

Quality
Test

The biodiesel performs satisfactorily during diesel

engine operation and B20 blend provides the fuel
economy almost similar to the diesel. Due to its high
lubricity, it causes less wear and tear to engine part.
Numerous studies have reported on the performance and
emission of CI engines, fuelled by B100 biodiesel as well
as its blends with diesel. It oxygenated nature leads to
more complete combustion, resulting in lower emission
due to higher combustion temperature. The biodiesel
blends with diesel give performance similar to diesel as
the fuel properties of biodiesel and diesel are almost
similar that the cetane number, flash point and lubricity
of biodiesel are higher while the calorific value is lower.
The following parameters are used to evaluate the
performance of diesel engine using biodiesel and its
blends:

Fig. 1. Layout of Production of Biodiesel Process

IV. USE OF BIODIESEL IN COMPRESSION IGNITION

ENGINE
Biodiesel has some characteristics that can cause
damages on conventional engines. Biodiesel has solvent
properties that break down deposits in the fuel supply
system and fuel filters may clog. Consequently,
compression ignition engines which are constructed for
the use of fossil diesel have to be refitted. The
appropriate measures depend on the blending ratio of
biodiesel with fossil diesel. Biodiesel can be used in
compression ignition engines either blended with fossil
diesel or unblended (B100). Biodiesel mixes easily and
completely with fossil diesel at any concentration.
Typical blends are B5, B20, and B30 with 5%, 20%, and
30% biodiesel content respectively. Nevertheless, most
diesel vehicles are able to run on blends of up to B20
with few or no modifications.
While the use of low blends requires no or only minor
technology modifications, the use of higher blends, such
as B100, need more efforts. It may require modification
of engine or fuel system components as well as some fine
tuning. Due to the high viscosity of B100, tank heaters
and anti-gel additives have to be applied in colder
climates.
Engine Performance: Biodiesel produces about 3-5%
less engine power and torque due to its lower energy
compared to diesel. It is expressed in terms of kWh/litre
of fuel or as Brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) in

A. Brake Mean Effective Pressure (BMEP)

It is an important parameter for comparing the
performance of different fuels are defined as the average
pressure the engine can exert on the piston through one
complete operating cycle. It is the average pressure of the
gas in the fuel mixture inside the engine cylinder based
on net power. BMEP is independent of the RPM and size
of the engine.
If N is the number of revolutions per second, and nc
the number of revolutions per cycle, the number of cycles
per second is just their ratio (W) which can be expressed

by By definition:

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(1)

International Conference on Recent Advances in Mechanical Engineering and Interdisciplinary Developments [ICRAMID - 2014]

greatly depends on the manner in which the energy is

converted as the efficiency is normalized respect to the
fuel heating value. It can be expressed by:

(2)
So that :
(3)

BTE (b ) = Pb / (mf x NCV)

Where,
Pb = brake power (kW)
mf = fuel consumption (kg/sec)
NCV = net calorific value (kJ/kg)

B. Brake Horsepower (BHP)

It is the measure of an engine's horsepower before the
loss in power caused by the gearbox, alternator, water
pump, and other auxiliary components like power
steering pump, muffled exhaust system, etc. Brake refers
to a device used to load an engine and hold it at a desired
RPM. During testing, the output torque and rotational
speed can be measured to determine the brake
horsepower which is the actual shaft horsepower and is
measured by the dynamometer by:
BHP = IHP-FP

(7)

BTE has also been determined by various researchers

using biodiesel as fuel and it is found that there is no
significant change in the thermal efficiency while using
biodiesel up to B20 but there is a slight decrease in
thermal efficiency when B100 is used which is due to the
lower energy content of biodiesel.

(4)

VI. EMISSION REDUCTION IN BIODIESEL

Since Biodiesel is made entirely from vegetable oil, it
does not contain any sulfur, aromatic hydrocarbons,
metals or crude oil residues. The absence of sulphur
means a reduction in the formation of acid rain by
sulphate emissions which generate sulfuric acid in our
atmosphere. The reduced sulphur in the blend will also
decrease the levels of corrosive sulfuric acid
accumulating in the engine crankcase oil over time.
The lack of toxic and carcinogenic aromatics (benzene,
toluene and xylene) in Biodiesel means that the fuel
mixture combustion gases will have reduced impact on
human health and the environment. The high cetane
rating of Biodiesel (ranges from 49 to 62) is another
measure of the additive's ability to improve combustion
efficiency.
An engine running on 100% Biodiesel would have no
aromatic emissions and the Biodiesel would be much
safer to store and handle. In addition, Biodiesel blends
have reduced emissions of hydrocarbons, another group
of potentially carcinogenic substances found in
petroleum.

Where BHP is brake horse power and IHP is indicated

horse power while FP is frictional power. The indicated
power is produced from the fuel inside the engine while
some power is lost due to friction the remaining power
available at the shaft of the engine is brake horse power.
C. Mechanical Efficiency
Part of the indicated work per cycle is used to expel
exhaust gases, induct fresh air, and also overcome the
friction of the bearings, pistons, and other mechanical
parts of the engine. The mechanical efficiency is the
measure of the ability of the engine to overcome the
frictional power loss and can be defined as
Mechanical Efficiency = (Work Output)/(Work Input)
The work output is also defined as brake horse power
and input is indicated horse power and the ratio of BHP
to IHP is defined as mechanical efficiency.
D. Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC)
The BSFC defined as the fuel flow rate per unit of
power output is a measure of the efficiency of the engine
in using the fuel supplied to produce work. It is desirable
to obtain a lower value of BSFC meaning that the engine
used less fuel to produce the same amount of work. It can
be calculated by

A. Lower Hydrocarbon Emissions

As an oxygenated vegetable hydrocarbon, Biodiesel
itself burns cleanly, but it also improves the efficiency of
combustion in blends with petroleum fuel. As a result of
cleaner emissions, there will be reduced air and water
pollution from vehicle operated on Biodiesel blends. At
20% Biodiesel blend, there will be a noticeable change in
the odor and smoke in the exhaust. Older engines should
also emit less soot under load and less carbon black
during startup.
Researches have shown that Biodiesel in a 20 percent
blend with petroleum diesel created a significant
reduction in visible smoke, odor and the reduction in
hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and particulate matter.
Biodiesel is comprised of vegetable oil methyl esters, that
is, they are hydrocarbon chains of the original vegetable

BSFC (g/kWh) =Wf /Pb

(5)
Where,
Wf = fuel consumed (g/h)
Pb = brake power (kW) which can be calculated by:
Pb = Pg/g
(6)
Where, Pg = load (kW) at generator and g =
efficiency of the generator
E. Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE)
It is the ratio of the thermal energy in the fuel to the
energy delivered by the engine at the crankshaft. It

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oil that have been chemically split off from the naturally
occurring "triglycerides". Biodiesel hydrocarbon chains
are generally 16 to 20 carbons in length, and they are all
oxygenated at one end, making the product an excellent
fuel. Several chemical properties of the Biodiesel allow it
to burn cleanly and actually improve the combustion of
petroleum diesel in blends.
Unburnt hydrocarbon emission occurs due to the
strong function of air-fuel ratio. With a fuel rich mixture
there is not enough oxygen to react with all carbon,
resulting in the high level of hydrocarbon in the exhaust
product.

the timing of ignition and slowing the burn rate of the

fuel in the combustion chamber. Improvements in NOx
emissions are usually offset by increases in hydrocarbon,
particulate material and carbon monoxide emissions
caused by the mechanical adjustments to the engine.
VII. CONCLUSION
Based on the study of biodiesel it is concluded that
addition of biodiesel with diesel improves the
performance of an engine and reduction of an emission.
There are more than 350 oil-bearing crops recognized
worldwide as potential sources for biodiesel production.
According to some researches, feedstock acquisition
currently accounts for over 75% of biodiesel production
expenses. Using biodiesel in diesel engines significantly
reduce PM, HC, CO emissions, due to higher cetane
number, higher oxygen contents compared with diesel
fuel. In addition advance injection timing and combustion
also FAVORED to lower the total hydrocarbon emissions.
NOx emissions increase when biodiesel is used in the
compression ignition engine. Biodiesel in diesel engines
slightly lowered brake power and brake thermal
efficiency but increases BSFC than diesel fuel. Higher
viscosity, density and lower heating value are the key
factors. Further research work has to be carried out for
blending proportion to improve the characteristics
performance of an engine.

B. Smoke and Soot Reductions

Smoke (particulate material) and soot (unburned fuel
and carbon residues) are of increasing concern to urban
air quality problems that are causing a wide range of
adverse health effects for their citizens, especially in
terms of respiratory impairment and related illnesses.
The lack of heavy petroleum oil residues in the
vegetable oil esters that are normally found in diesel fuel
means that an engine operating with Biodiesel will have
less smoke, and less soot produced from unburned fuel.
Further, since the Biodiesel contains oxygen, there is an
increased efficiency of combustion even for the
petroleum fraction of the blend. The improved
combustion efficiency lowers particulate material and
unburned fuel emissions especially in older engines with
direct fuel injection systems. Oxygen is shown to be the
driving mechanism for soot reduction in engines
operating on various blends of Biodiesel. The higher the
oxygen contents of the Biodiesel blend, the greater the
reduction in soot emissions. However, not all the
particulate emissions is fuel related.

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C. Carbon Monoxide Emissions

Carbon monoxide gas is a toxic byproduct of all
hydrocarbon combustion that is also reduced by
increasing the oxygen content of the fuel. More complete
oxidation of the fuel results in more complete combustion
to carbon dioxide rather than leading to the formation of
carbon monoxide.
D. Nitrogen Oxides
The nitrogen oxides result from the oxidation of
atmospheric nitrogen at the high temperatures inside the
combustion chamber of the engine, rather than resulting
from a contaminant present in the fuel. Although nitrogen
oxides (NOx) are considered as a major contributor to
ozone formation, they are also a reality of operating
internal combustion engines. There are consistent reports
of slight increases (several percent) in NOx emissions
with Biodiesel blends that are attributable, in part, to the
higher oxygen content of the fuel mixture. More oxygen
and better combustion of the fuel also means more
formation of NOx emissions with Biodiesel blends.Some
reductions in NOx emissions can be attained by retarding

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[11] Xiaohu Fan, Engine Performance Test of Cottonseed Oil

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