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NDE PROCEDURES
RADIOGRAPHIC TESTING
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION
DESCRIPTION
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
PURPOSE
SCOPE
REFERENCE
DEFINITION
PROCEDURE
PERSONAL QUALIFICATION
RADIATION SAFETY
IMAGE QUALITY INDICATOR (IQI)
FILM IDENTIFICATION
QUALITY OF RADIOGRAPH
FILM PROCESSING
RADIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE
INTERPRATION
ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA
7.1
SPECIAL REQUIREMENT
RECORD
REPORTING
6.0
7.0
APPENDICES
APPENDIX 1 - RADIOGRAPH INDENTIFICATION &
IQI PLACEMENT
APPENDIX
RADIOGRAPH
EXPOSURE
TECHNIQUE
APPENDIX 3 ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA
APPENDIX 4 - RADIOGRAPHIC TESTING FROM
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1.0
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PURPOSE
This procedure establishes the requirements, techniques and
SCOPE
This procedure is applicable to radiographic examination using Ir-
REFERENCE
ASME Section V
ANSI / ASME B31.3 (2007)
AWS D1.1 2006 Edition
PTS 50.014
4.0
- Nondestructive Examination
- Process Piping
- Structural Welding Code- Steel
- PTS Radiographic Inspection
DEFINITION
CSB
: Calidad Sdn Bhd
JPK
: Jabatan Pembangunan Kemahiran
MLVK : Majlis Latihan Vokasional Kebangsaan
ASNT : The American Society for Nondestructive Testing
AELB : Atomic Energy Licensing Board
ASME : The American Society of Mechanical Engineers
AWS
: American Welding Society
5.0
PROCEDURE
5.1 Qualification of Personnel
CSBs Quality Assurance Department (QAD) shall use qualified
NDT subcontractor to perform the gamma ray Radiographic
Testing (RT).
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They
shall
be
licensed
with
Atomic
Energy
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emergency
drill
shall
be
conducted
prior
to
work
commencement.
Radiation protection requirement set forth by the AELB. The
Contractor shall provide each radiographer with a film badge.
Each team shall have a Radiation Beeper. Each team, comprising
a radiographer and assistant radiographer shall be provided in
accordance with paragraph 5.3.
Radiographic testing personnel must be certified to AELB
requirements. The isotope projector shall store in the storage pit
built inside the CSB property and the transport to and from the
pit to work location shall be only by approved Radiographers. It
shall be transport in a suitable container by a vehicle with the
radiation warning sign. The removal and return of the isotope
shall be recorded in the registry at the safety room.
Safety checklist shall be exercised and be reported to CSB as per
following:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
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IQI Shall be selected as per following table:
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Client
Project Contract No
Spool No.- Indicate spool number as per requested
Weld Identification of repair -R1 or R2 for repair, RS for
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
requested.
Material thickness indicate thickness of material as per
requested.
Refer to Appendix 1 for radiography identification (layout and
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the
background,
protection
from
backscatter
is
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Ug Maximum in.(mm)
(mm)
Under 2 (50)
2 through 3 (50.75)
Over
3
through
0.200(0.51)
0.030(0.76)
0.040(1.02)
(75.100)
Greater than 4 (100)
0.070(1.78)
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5.5.5 Density
The density measured shall be HRD density. The
minimum and maximum transmitted film density at area
and interest for single wall viewing shall be between 2.0 and
4.0 either single or composite viewing. For composite
viewing of multiple film exposures, each film of the
composite set shall have a minimum density of 1.3. The
maximum density shall be 4.0 for either single or composite
viewing. A tolerance of 0.05 in density is allowed for
variations between densitometer readings. The density of
the radiography anywhere through the area of interest shall
not varies by more than 15% or + 30 % only applicable for
piping and vessel.
Densitometers shall be calibrated at least every 90 days
during using a national standard step tablet or a step wedge
calibration film, traceable to a national or international
standard step tablet and having at least 5 steps with natural
densities from at least 1.0 through 4.0, shall be used.
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5.6
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Film Processing
Manual processing shall be used. Films shall be processed to a
quality whereby they remain to be interpretable for at least 5
years under normal storage condition. Processing chemicals
(Developer, fixer and replenished) shall be at a standard type
from recognized manufacturer such as Kodak, Alfa Fuji or
equivalent.
5.6.1 Developing
Films will be placed in hangers and immersed in developer
solution with constant agitation for even development.
Time
should
be
adjusted
to
the
manufacturer
recommendation. Proper technical exposure should allow
the processing time for about 5 min at least at a
temperature of20c.
5.6.2 Stop Bath or Rinse
After development is completed, the films shall be
immersed in stop bath or rinsed in clean running water to
stop the activity of the developer.
5.6.3 Fixing
Fixing shall be done for at least twice the clearing time
but not more than 15 minutes in fresh fixer.
5.6.4 Washing
Washing shall be done with constant flow of clean water.
Rate of water flow shall be approximately 5 to 6 times the
volume of water tank per hour.
Washing time shall be minimum 10 minutes. Dilution or
mixture of chemicals shall be in accordance to that
recommended by the chemical manufacturer.
5.6.5 Wetting Agent
Dip the film approximately 30 second in a wetting agent.
This makes water drain evenly off film, which facilitates
quick even drying.
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the
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7.0 RECORDS
7.1 Reporting
Written reports for all radiographs shall include the following
information
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
ix.
x.
xi.
xii.
Project Identification.
Report Number.
Date of Radiography.
Weld Identification.
Welder Identification.
Applicable Code
Exposer technique for radiograph shall be reported.
Details of S F D film type, curie strength, source size,
material thickness and IQI used.
Date of interpretation of radiograph.
Radiographers and interpreter.
Sensitivity.
Density of each radiograph.
A report form that clearly identifies the work and the area of
inspection shall be completed by the technician at the time of
inspection. Written reports shall be maintained in the Quality
Records and shall be available for auditing of the data.
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX-1
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APPENDIX-2
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Figure 1: Double Wall Double Image (DWDI) Exposure Technique for pipes and tubes of 75 mm
and less
Figure 2: Double Wall Single Image (DWSI) Exposure Technique for pipes and tubes of a
diameter greater than 50 mm
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Figure 3: Single Wall Single Image (SWSI) Exposure Technique for plates.
Figure 4: Single Wall Single Image (SWSI). Panoramic Exposure Techniques for pipes and tubes
of 400mm (16 inches) diameter and greater.
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APPENDIX-3
ACCEPTANCE I REJECTION CRITERIA FOR STRUCTURAL (AS PER AWS Dl.l)
6.12.1 Acceptance
Connections
Criteria
for
Statically
Loaded
Nontubular
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Notes:
1. To determine the maximum size of discontinuity allowed in any joint or
weld size, project E horizontal to B
2. To determine the minimum clearance allowed between edges of
discontinuities of any size greater than or equal to 3-32 in [2.5 mm]
3. See Legend on page 225 for definitions.
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Notes:
1. To determine the maximum size of discontinuity allowed in any joint
or weld size, project E horizontal to B
2. To determine the minimum clearance allowed between edges of
discontinuities of any size greater than or equal to 3-32 in [2 mm]
project B vertically to C
3. See Legend on page 225 for definitions.
Figure 6.1 Weld Quality Requirements for Elongated Discontinuities
Determined by Rt for Statically Loaded Nontubular
Structures (see 6.12.3.1)
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OR
ELONGATED
DISCONTINUITY
OR
ELONGATED
DISCONTINUITY
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APPENDIX-4
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