Chapter 4 Intro1

CHAPTER 3

Topic Scopes:

Stoichiometry and
Solution Concentration

Molarity, molality, parts per million &

percentage (w/w, w/v and v/v)
Stoichiometry calculation
Limiting reactant
Theoretical yield, actual yield and
percentage yield
1

Mole Concept
No. of Moles =

Molarity (M)
Molarity (molar concentration) is the
number of moles of a solute that is
contained in 1 liter of solution

Mass (g)
molar mass (g/mol)

No. of Moles = Molarity (mol/L) volume (L)

Molarity (M) = Amount of solute (Mol)
Volume of solution (L)
1 mole contains 1 Avogadros number
(6.022 x 1023)

Example: Saline Water

Concentration
Typical seawaters contain sodium chloride,
NaCl, as much as 2.7 g per 100 mL.
(Molar mass of Na = 22.99 g/mol; Cl = 35.45
g/mol; Mg = 24.30 g/mol)
(a) What is the molarity of NaCl in the saline
water?
(b) The MgCl2 content of the saline water is
0.054 M. Determine the weight (grams)
of MgCl2 in 50 mL of the saline water? 5

Solution:
(a) Molar mass of NaCl = 22.99 +35.45
= 58.44 g mol-1
Moles of NaCl in 100 mL of saline water
= 2.7g /(58.44 g mol-1) = 0.046 mol
Molarity of saline water = Mol/L
= 0.046 mol /(100/1000)L = 0.46 M
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Chapter 4 Intro1

Solution:
(b) Molar mass of MgCl2
= 24.30 + 2(35.45) = 95.20 g mol-1

Molality (m)
Molality is the number of moles of solute
per kilogram (1000 g) of solvent

Moles of MgCl2 =
Molarity (M) x volume of solution (V)
Weight of MgCl2 in 50 mL of saline water
= (M x V) x MW
= 0.054 mol L-1 x (50/1000)L x 95.20 g mol-1
= 0.26 g

Molality (m) = Amount of solute (Mol)

Mass of solvent (kg)

Percent Composition
(Concentration In Percentage)

Example:
A solution contains 118.5 g KI per liter of
solution. Calculate the concentration in (a)
% w/v & (b) % w/w. Given the density of the
solution at 25C is 1.078 g mL-1

(g)
(g)

(ml)
(ml)

Solution:
(a) % w/v = 118.5 g x 100%
1000 mL
= 11.85 % w/v

(g)
(ml)

10

Units of Low Concentration

Solution:
(b) % w/w = 118.5 g x 1 mL x 100%
1000 mL 1.078 g
= 10.99 % w/w

Parts per million, (ppm) is grams of solute

per million grams of total solution/ mixture
ppm = mass of solute (g)
x 106
mass of sample(g)

11

Unit of ppm: w/w = g/g or mg/kg

w/v = g/mL or mg/L
v/v = nL/mL or L/L

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Chapter 4 Intro1

Conversion of ppm to molarity

Units of Low Concentration

An aqueous solution contains 56 ppm SO2. Calculate

the molarity of the solution. (Molar mass of S = 32.06
g/mol; O = 16.00 g/mol)

Parts per billion, (ppb) is grams of solute

per billion grams of total solution/ mixture
ppb = mass of solute (g)
x 109
mass of sample(g)

Solution:
Molar mass of SO2= 32.06 + 2(16.00) = 64.06 g/mol
56 ppm 56 mg/L

Unit of ppb: w/w = ng/g or g/kg

w/v = ng/mL or g/L
v/v = nL/L

M
13

56 mg
1g
1 mol

1L
1000 mg 64.06 g

8.74 10 4 M

14

Reaction of Phosphorus with Cl2

Stoichiometry

Cl2

The relationship
between the
quantities of
chemical reactants
and products
Depend on the
principle of the
conservation of
matter

PCl3

P4

Notice the stoichiometric coefficients and the

physical states of the reactants and products
15

Chemical Equations
Depict the kind of reactants and products and
their relative amounts in a reaction
reactants

products

4 Al(s) + 3 O2(g) 2 Al2O3(s)

stoichiometric coefficients
(s),(g),(l) physical states of compounds
(s) solid, (g) gas, (l) liquid
(aq) aqueous solution

17

16

Law of The
Conservation of Matter
States that matter can be
neither created nor
destroyed
An equation must be
balanced
It must have the same
number of atoms of the
same kind on both sides
of the equation

Lavoisier, 1788
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Chapter 4 Intro1

Balanced Chemical Equation

Law of The
Conservation of Matter
12 Cl atoms

P4(s) + 6 Cl2(g)
4 P atoms

Unbalanced equation:
NH3(g) + O2(g) NO(g) + H2O(g)

12 Cl atoms

Balanced equation:
2 NH3(g) + 5/2 O2(g) 2 NO(g) + 3 H2O(g)

4 PCl3(l)

Fraction

4 P atoms

OR

Total mass of reactants is 10g, must end

up with 10g of products if the reaction
completely converts reactants to products

x each coefficient on both sides by 2:

4 NH3(g) + 5 O2(g) 4 NO(g) + 6 H2O(g)

19

Theoretical Yield

20

? Actual Yield < Theoretical Yield

The calculated maximum quantity of

product can be obtained form a chemical
reaction / given quantities of reactants

Loss of product often occurs during

isolation & purification steps
Some reactions do not react completely to
products of central interest (side
reactions) but give > than 1 set of
products (unintended products / byproducts)
If a reverse reaction occurs, some of the
expected product may react to reform the
reactants

Actual Yield
The quantity of product that is actually
obtained in laboratory / a chemical plant
Actual yield < theoretical yield
21

Percentage (%) Yield

22

STEP 1:
Write the balanced chemical equation
NH4NO3 N2O + 2 H2O

Percentage =
actual yield
x 100%
Yield (%)
theoretical yield

454 g of NH4NO3 N2O + 2 H2O

PROBLEM:
If 454 g of NH4NO3 decomposes, how much N2O
and H2O are formed? What is the theoretical
yield of products?
Given molar mass:
NH4NO3 = 80.04 g/mol, H2O = 18.02 g/mol,
N2O = 44.02 g/mol

STEP 2:
Convert mass reactant of NH4NO3 (454 g)
moles
Moles of NH4NO3 :

23

454 g
5.68mol
80.04g/mol

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Chapter 4 Intro1

454 g of NH4NO3 N2O + 2 H2O

454 g of NH4NO3 N2O + 2 H2O

STEP 3:
Convert moles reactant moles product
1 mol NH4NO3 2 mol H2O
Express this relation as the
STOICHIOMETRIC FACTOR

STEP 4:
Convert moles reactant (5.68 mol) moles
product
Moles of H2O
2 mol H2O
=
Moles of NH4NO3 1 mol NH4NO3
Moles of H2O

2 mol H2 O produced
1 mol NH4NO 3 used

5.68 mol NH4NO 3

25

Theoretical Yield

How much N2O is formed?

Total mass of reactants = total mass of
products

Mass of H2O:
18.02 g
= 204 g H2O
1 mol

454 g NH4NO3 = ___ g N2O + 204 g H2O

Mass of N2O = 250 g (Theoretical Yield)
27

Percentage (%) Yield

454 g of NH4NO3 N2O + 2 H2O
If you isolated only 131 g of N2O, what is
the percent yield?
This compares the theoretical (250 g) and
actual (131 g) yields.
% yield =

actual yield
100%
theoretical yield

% yield =

131 g
100% = 52.4%
250. g

26

STEP 6:

Called the THEORETICAL YIELD

ALWAYS FOLLOW THESE STEPS IN

SOLVING STOICHIOMETRY PROBLEMS!

= 11.4 mol H2O produced

454 g of NH4NO3 N2O + 2 H2O

STEP 5:
Convert moles product (11.4 mol) mass
product

11.4 mol H2O

2 mol H2O produced

1 mol NH4NO 3 used

28

GENERAL PLAN FOR

STOICHIOMETRY
CALCULATIONS
Mass
Reactant (A)

Mass
Product (B)

x (1 mol A/g A)

Moles
reactant

Stoichiometric
factor

x (g B/mol B)

Moles
product

x (y mol product B)
29

(x mol reactant A)

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Chapter 4 Intro1

6
Reactions Involving a
LIMITING REACTANT

PROBLEM:
Using 5.00 g of H2O2, what mass of O2 and
of H2O can be obtained? (Molar mass of
H2O2 = 34.02 g/mol; H2O = 18.02 g/mol)

The reagent that is completely used up &

it LIMITS the quantity of products formed
in a reaction

2 H2O2(l) 2 H2O(g) + O2(g)

Reaction is catalyzed by MnO2
Step 1: moles of H2O2
Step 2: use STOICHIOMETRIC FACTOR
to calculate moles of O2
Step 3: mass of O2

31

Reactants

Products

32

PROBLEM:
Mix 5.40 g of Al with 8.10 g of Cl2.
What mass of Al2Cl6 can form?

Step 2: Calculate moles of each reactant

Moles calculation based on limiting reactant

Molar mass:
Al = 27.00 g/mol, Cl = 35.45 g/mol

Mole of Al =

We have 5.40 g of Al and 8.10 g of Cl2 ,

5.40 g

= 0.200 mol Al

27.00 g/mol

STEP 1:
Write the balanced chemical equation
2 Al + 3 Cl2 Al2Cl6

Mole of Cl2 =

8.10 g

= 0.114 mol Cl2

70.90 g/mol
33

Deciding on the Limiting Reactant

Step 3: Determine limiting reactant

Compare actual mole ratio of reactants to
theoretical mole ratio

2 Al + 3 Cl2 Al2Cl6
If

2 Al + 3 Cl2 Al2Cl6

mol Cl2
3
>
mol Al
2

There is not enough Al to use up all the Cl2

Limiting reactant = Al

Reactants must be in the mole ratio:

mol Cl2
3
=
mol Al
2

34

If

Theoretical
mole ratio
35

mol Cl2
3
<
mol Al
2

There is not enough Cl2 to use up all the Al

Limiting reactant = Cl2
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Chapter 4 Intro1

7
PROBLEM: Mix 5.40 g of Al with 8.10 g of Cl2.
What mass of Al2Cl6 can form?

Step 4: Find mole ratio of reactants

Actual mol Cl
0.114 mol
3
2
=
= 0.57
Mole
mol Al
0.200 mol
2
Ratio:
mol Cl2
3
=
mol Al
2

This
should be 3/2 or 1.5 if
reactants are present in the
exact stoichiometric ratio

Limiting reactant is

Cl2

Calculation of mass of Al2Cl6 expected

Mole of Cl2

mass
Al2Cl6
1 mol Al 2Cl6
3 mol Cl2

moles
Cl2

moles
Al2Cl6

38

Step 2: Calculate mass of Al2Cl6 expected

based on limiting reactant

Step 1: Calculate mole of Al2Cl6 expected

based on limiting reactant
=

Limiting reactant = Cl2

All calculations are based on Cl2
mass
Cl2

37

Mole of Al2Cl6

2 Al + 3 Cl2 Al2Cl6

Mass of Al2Cl6
= Mole of Al2Cl6 x molar mass of Al2Cl6

1 mol Al2Cl6
3 mol Cl2

Mass of Al2Cl6=

Mole of Al2Cl6=

39

Problem:
How much of which reactant will remain
when reaction is complete?

40

Calculating Excess Al
2 Al + 3 Cl2
0.200 mol

Cl2 was the limiting reactant.

Therefore, Al was present in
excess. But how much?

0.114 mol Cl 2

First find how much Al was required.

products

0.114 mol = LR
2 mol Al
= 0.0760 mol Al required
3 mol Cl 2

Excess Al = Al available - Al required

=

Then find how much Al is in excess.

= _____ mol Al in excess (convert to mass)

41

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Chapter 4 Intro1

Chemical Analysis

Chemical Analysis

An impure sample of the mineral

thenardite contains Na2SO4.
Mass of mineral sample = 0.123 g
The Na2SO4 in the sample is converted to
insoluble BaSO4
The mass of BaSO4 = 0.177 g
What is the mass percent of Na2SO4 in the
mineral?
Given molar mass:
43

Na2SO4(aq) + BaCl2(aq) 2 NaCl(aq) + BaSO4(s)

Mole of BaSO4
= 0.177 g BaSO4 /(233.4 g mol-1)
= 7.58 x 10-4 mol
Using stoichiometric factor,
Moles of Na2SO4
1 mol Na2SO4
=
-4
7.58 x 10 mol BaSO4
1 mol BaSO4
Moles of Na2SO4 = 7.58 x 10-4 mol

BaSO4 = 233.4 g/mol, Na2SO4 = 142.0 g/mol

Na2SO4(aq) + BaCl2(aq) 2 NaCl(aq) + BaSO4(s)

Mass of Na2SO4
= 7.58 x 10-4 mol Na2SO4 (142.0 g/mol)
= 0.108 g Na2SO4
Mass percent of Na2SO4 in the mineral,
= (0.108 g Na2SO4/0.123 g sample)100%
= 87.6% Na2SO4

45

Using Stoichiometry to
Determine a Formula

46

CxHy + O2 0.379 g CO2 + 0.1035 g H2O

Problem:
Burn 0.115 g of a hydrocarbon, CxHy and
produce 0.379 g of CO2 and 0.1035 g of
H2O.

First, recognize that all C in CO2 and all H in

H2O is from CxHy.
1. Calculate amount of C in CO2
8.61 x 10-3 mol CO2 8.61 x 10-3 mol C

CxHy + O2 0.379 g CO2 + 0.1035 g H2O

2. Calculate amount of H in H2O

What is the empirical formula of CxHy?

5.744 x 10-3 mol H2O 1.149 x 10-2 mol H

Given molar mass:

CO2 = 44.01 g/mol, H2O = 18.02 g/mol

44

47

48

Chapter 4 Intro1

Summary

CxHy + O2 0.379 g CO2 + 0.1035 g H2O

Now find ratio of [mol H : mol C] to find
values of x and y in CxHy.

Mole ratio [ mol H : mol C]

= 1.149 x 10 -2 mol H : 8.61 x 10-3 mol C
= 1.33 mol H : 1.00 mol C
= 4 mol H : 3 mol C

After this lecture, you should be able to

understand and calculate:
The mole concept
Molarity, parts per million & percentage
Stoichiometry factor
Theoretical yield, actual yield & % yield
Limiting reactant & excess reactant

Empirical formula = C3H4

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