Grammar Appendix

Grammar Review
Present SIMPLE
FORM
Affirmative Negative Interrogative

I / You work
He / She / It works
We / You / They work

I / You do not (dont) work

He / She / It does not (doesnt) work
We / You / They do not (dont) work

Uses

A regular habit or routine

Examples

Do I / you work?
Does he / she / it work?
Do we / you / they work?

Adverbs of frequency / Time expressions

Do you work on Sundays?

(Traballas os domingos?)

always, usually, generally, regularly, occasionally,

frequently, often, sometimes, rarely, seldom, never
Water
boils at 100 Celsius.
A general truth or scientific fact
(A auga ferve aos cen graos.)
at 1 oclock, at night, in the morning, on Fridays,
Mary doesnt think my boyfriend is every week, once a month, how often ...?
Stative verbs
attractive. (Mary non cre que o meu
noivo atractivo.)

present CONTINUOUS
FORM
Affirmative Negative Interrogative

I am reading
You are reading
He / She / It is reading
We / You / They are reading

I am (Im) not reading

You are not (arent) reading
He / She / It is not (isnt) reading
We / You / They are not (arent) reading

Uses

Examples

Am I reading?
Are you reading?
Is he / she / it reading?
Are we / you / they reading?
Time expressions

An action which is happening now

He is reading a magazine now.

(Est a ler unha revista agora.)

now, right now, at the moment

A temporary action

I am studying photography this year.

(Estou a estudar fotografa este ano.)

this year, at present

A definite plan for the near future

My friends are leaving for India tomorrow.

(Os meus amigos marchan ma India.)

this evening, tonight, tomorrow,

next Friday / week / year

Stative Verbs
Como indican un estado, mis ca unha accin, adoitan
empregarse en Present Simple. Estn relacionados con:
as emocins e os sentimentos (dislike, enjoy, hate, hope,
like, love, prefer, want)
o pensamento e a opinin (believe, forget, guess, know,
remember, think, understand)
a percepcin e os sentidos (feel, hear, see, smell, sound,
taste, touch)
os prezos e as medidas (cost, weigh, measure)

Algns indican tanto estado como actividade e poden empregarse

na forma simple e mais na continua.
Sarah thinks the film is boring.
(Sarah cre que a pelcula aborrecida.) [estado]
Sarah is thinking of selling her house.
(Sarah est a pensar en vender a sa casa.) [actividade]
Mentres que o verbo see en Present Continuous indica unha
accin futura fixada de antemn.
Were seeing Ann tonight.
(Veremos a Ann esta noite.) [Xa quedamos.]

a posesin (belong, have, own).

Bridges 2 Galician

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Grammar Appendix

past simple
FORM
Affirmative Negative Interrogative

I / You visited
He / She / It visited
We / You / They visited

I / You did not (didnt) visit

He / She / It did not (didnt) visit
We / You / They did not (didnt) visit

Uses

Examples

A completed action in the past

We visited the museum last week.

(Visitou o museo a pasada semana.)

A series of completed actions in the past

When I opened the door, the dog

barked at the postman. (Cando
abrn a porta, o can ladrou ao carteiro.)

Did I / you visit?

Did he / she / it visit?
Did we / you / they visit?
Time expressions

yesterday, last week / year, two days ago,

in 2007, in the 1980s, in the 18th century,
when, then

PAST CONTINUOUS
FORM
Affirmative Negative Interrogative
I was watching
I was not (wasnt) watching
Was I watching?
You were watching
You were not (werent) watching
Were you watching?
He / She / It was watching
He / She / It was not (wasnt) watching
Was he / she / it watching?
We / You / They were watching
We / You / They were not (werent) watching
Were we / you / they watching?
Uses

Examples

Time expressions

An incomplete action in progress

at a specific time in the past

At 9 oclock last night, they were watching the tennis match.

(s nove en punto da pasada noite, estaban a ver o partido de tenis.)

An incomplete action interrupted

by another action

She was doing her homework when her friends arrived.

(Estaba a facer os seus deberes cando os seus amigos chegaron.)

Two incomplete actions in progress

at the same time in the past

I was cooking dinner while he was setting the table.

(Eu estaba a preparar a cea mentres el estaba a poer a mesa.)

last night / week /

year, at 4 oclock,
when, while, as

FUTURE SIMPLE
FORM
Affirmative Negative Interrogative

I / You will start

He / She / It will start
We / You / They will start

I / You will not (wont) start

He / She / It will not (wont) start
We / You / They will not (wont) start

Uses

Examples

A prediction

Im sure Peter wont be at the party this evening.

(Estou certo de que Peter non estar na festa esta noite.)

A timetable

My parents will arrive on the 5 oclock train.

(Meus pais chegarn no tren das cinco.)

A spontaneous decision

Ill have a sandwich, please.

(Tomarei un sndwich, por favor.)

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Will I / you start?

Will he / she / it start?
Will we / you / they start?
Time expressions

this evening, in an hour, at 3 oclock,

later, tomorrow, next month / year,
soon, in a few weeks, in the future,
on 1st May

Grammar Appendix

BE GOING TO
FORM
Affirmative Negative

I am going to buy
I am (Im) not going to buy
You are going to buy
You are not (arent) going to buy
He / She / It is going to buy
He / She / It is not (isnt) going to buy
We / You / They are going to buy
We / You / They are not (arent) going to buy
Uses

Interrogative
Am I going to buy?
Are you going to buy?
Is he / she / it going to buy?
Are we / you / they going to buy?

Examples

A planned action for the future

An action that is about to happen

Time expressions

We are going to buy a new computer next month. this evening, later, in an hour,
(Imos mercar un novo ordenador o mes que vn.)
at 4 oclock, tomorrow, soon,
next month / year, in a few weeks,
Look at those clouds. Its going to rain soon.
on 8th May
(Repara nesas nubes. Vai chover axia.)

O
 Present Continuous con valor de
futuro
Anuncia accins fixadas de antemn que ocorrern no futuro
prximo. Aditase reservar para plans persoais xa concertados.
Theyre coming home tonight.
(Veen / Virn casa esta noite.)

Non expresa unha intencin, como be going to, senn algo que
foi programado con antelacin e que vai pasar con seguridade.
Distnguese do Present Continuous normal pois a expresin
temporal que vai na frase sinala un tempo futuro e non presente.
The train is arriving in twenty minutes.
(O tren chega / chegar en vinte minutos.)

FUTURE CONTINUOUS
FORM
Affirmative Negative

I / You will be shopping

He / She / It will be shopping
We / You / They will be shopping

Interrogative

I / You will not (wont) be shopping

Will I / you be shopping?
He / She / It will not (wont) be shopping Will he / she / it be shopping?
We / You / They will not (wont) be shopping Will we / you / they be shopping?

Uses

Examples

An action in progress at a
certain time in the future

Time expressions

At this time tomorrow, I will be shopping in town.

(Ma a estas horas, estarei de compras na cidade.)

Unit 1

at this time, at this time next ...,

on Thursday, in the next decade

Health
present perfect simple
FORM

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

I / You have talked

He / She / It has talked
We / You / They have talked

I / You have not (havent) talked

He / She / It has not (hasnt) talked
We / You / They have not (havent) talked

Uses

Have I / you talked?

Has he / she / it talked?
Have we / you / they talked?

Examples

An action that began in the past and continues

until the future

I havent talked to Jim for a week.

(Non falei con Jim desde hai unha semana.)

An action that took place at an undetermined

time in the past, but is connected to the present

Jack has stopped smoking.

(Jack deixou de fumar.)

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Time expressions

ever, never, yet, just, already,

recently, lately, how long ...?,
for, since, in recent years


Grammar Appendix
For sinala canto durou a accin e since cando comezou.
I havent seen Beth for two years.

Forma
Afirmativa: sase have / has + o participio do verbo principal.
Negativa: ponse have / has + not (nt) + o participio.
Interrogativa: poemos have / has + o suxeito + o participio.

(Non vin a Beth durante dous anos.)

Jim has played tennis since he was 13 years old.
(Tim xoga ao tenis desde que tia trece anos.)

Usos

C
 ontraste entre o Past Simple e o
Present Perfect Simple

Falarmos de accins que comezaron no pasado e anda

continan (por iso, s veces tradcese o verbo en presente).
Con accins pasadas cuxos efectos son visbeis arestora.
Expresarmos que unha accin vn de ocorrer. Daquela ponse
just entre have e o participio.
They have just arrived. (Acaban de chegar.)

A principal diferenza que o Past Simple indica o que ocorreu

nun intre concreto, mentres que o Present Perfect Simple sita a
accin nun perodo de tempo.
We put an advert in the newspaper to sell our car and
so far, six people have phoned.
(Puxemos un anuncio no xornal para vender o coche e
at agora chamaron seis persoas.)

Con how long ...? preguntamos canto tempo pasou desde que
a accin, que anda contina, comezou.
How long have you lived in London?
(Canto tempo hai que vives en Londres?)

present perfect continuous

FORM
Affirmative Negative Interrogative

I / You have been working

I / You have not (havent) been working
Have I / you been working?
He / She / It has been working
He / She / It has not (hasnt) been working
Has he / she / it been working?
We / You / They have been working We / You / They have not (havent) been working Have we / you / they been working?
Uses

Examples

Time expressions

An action that started in the past and

which still continues in the present

Dave has been going to the gym for a year.

(Dave leva indo ao ximnasio un ano.)
How long has Steve been walking?
(Cando tempo estivo Steve a camiar?)

for a year, since 2002, how long ...?

An action whose results are still apparent

Im tired. I have been studying all night.

(Estou canso. Levo estudando toda a noite.)

all night / morning / day / week

Forma

Usos

Afirmativa: o Present Perfect Continuous frmase con have /

has + been + o verbo na forma ing.

Expresar accins que comezaron no pasado e que anda

continan. Como o Present Perfect Continuous resalta o
tempo que est a durar a accin, adoitamos traducilo por
levar en presente + un verbo en xerundio.

Negativa: engdese not a have / has ou empregamos as

formas contradas havent / hasnt + been + o verbo con ing.
Interrogativa: ponse have / has + o suxeito + been + o verbo
na forma ing.

Expresar accins rematadas hai pouco cuxos efectos son

visbeis anda.
As expresins temporais empregadas con este tempo verbal
cmpre que indiquen un perodo, non un intre concreto.

past PERFECT SIMPLE

FORM
Affirmative Negative Interrogative

I / You had started

He / She / It had started
We / You / They had started
Uses

A completed action which took place

before another action in the past
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I / You had not (hadnt) started

He / She / It had not (hadnt) started
We / You / They had not (hadnt) started

Had I / you started?

Had he / she / it started?
Had we / you / they started?

Examples

By the time we arrived at the cinema, the film had

already started.
(Cando chegamos ao cinema, a pelcula xa comezara.)

Time expressions

already, by the time, after,

before, until, never, just


Grammar Appendix
Forma

Usos

Afirmativa: o Past Perfect Simple frmase con had + o

Indica que unha accin ocorreu antes ca outra (que vai en

Past Simple) ou antes dun intre concreto no pasado.

participio do verbo principal.

Negativa: engdese not ou nt a had + o participio.
Interrogativa: ponse had + o suxeito + o participio.

past perfect continuous

FORM
Affirmative Negative Interrogative

I / You had been travelling

I / You had not (hadnt) been travelling
Had I / you been travelling?
He / She / It had been travelling
He / She / It had not (hadnt) been travelling Had he / she / it been travelling?
We / You / They had been travelling We / You / They had not (hadnt) been travelling Had we / you / they been travelling?
Uses

An action which continued up to

another past action

Examples

We had been travelling for a few hours when it

started snowing. (Levabamos a viaxar unhas poucas
horas cando deu en nevar.)

Forma
Afirmativa: frmase con had + been + o verbo na forma ing.
Negativa: engadimos not a had (ou hadnt) + been + o
verbo rematado en ing.
Interrogativa: ponse had + o suxeito + o verbo con ing.
Usos

Falar dunha accin prolongada que ocorreu no pasado

antes ca outra accin ou intre tamn pasado. moi comn
traducilo como levar en pretrito imperfecto + xerundio
(ou a+infinitivo).

Time expressions

for hours, since last April,

all morning, when, until, before

 he had been writing short stories for years until she

S
decided to publish them. (Levaba anos a escribir contos
at que decidiu publicalos.)
O habitual que esas das accins vaian unidas por unha
conxuncin, que pode ser temporal como as do cadro (when,
until, before), concesiva (although) ou causal (because).
He put on weight because he hadnt been getting
enough exercise. (Engordou porque non estivera a facer
exercicio abondo.)

FUTURE PERFECT SIMPLE

FORM
Affirmative Negative

I / You will have finished

He / She / It will have finished
We / You / They will have finished

Interrogative

I / You will not (wont) have finished

Will I / you have finished?
He / She / It will not (wont) have finished Will he / she / it have finished?
We / You / They will not (wont) have finished Will we / you / they have finished?

Uses

Examples

Time expressions

A completed action at a By the end of June, we will have finished school. by this time next week, by 10 oclock, by the
(Contra fins de xuo, teremos rematado o colexio.)
certain future time
end of ..., by then, by August, in three months
Forma
Afirmativa: emprgase will have + o participio dun verbo.
Negativa: poemos will not (wont) + have + o participio.
Interrogativa: ponse will + o suxeito + have + o participio.
Usos

Indicarmos que unha accin concluir nun

momento concreto do futuro.

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Os prefixos
Os prefixos un, im, il, in e dis engdense a algns
adxectivos, substantivos e verbos para formaren os seus
opostos.
pleasant (agradbel)
unpleasant (desagradbel)
patient (paciente)
impatient (impaciente)
legal (legal)
illegal (ilegal)
correct (correcto/a)
incorrect (incorrecto/a)
satisfied (satisfeito/a)
dissatisfied (insatisfeito/a)
O prefixo mis engdese a algns substantivos e verbos para
indicar que algo se fai mal ou incorrectamente.
use (uso)
misuse (mal uso)
Con en frmanse verbos que describen o paso ao estado
sinalado pola palabra que se engade este prefixo.
close (pechar)
enclose (encerrar)


Grammar Appendix

Os prefixos under, over e non son doados de entender,

e no que se refire a co, re, inter, anti, bi, pre e multi,
significan o mesmo que na nosa lingua:
underline (subliar)
international (internacional)
overloaded (sobrecargado) anti-hero (antiheroe)
non-smoker (non fumador) bilingual (bilinge)
co-pilot (copiloto)
prehistoric (prehistrico)
rewrite (reescribir)
multiracial (multirracial)

Verbos seguidos de xerundio e de infinitivo

O xerundio e o infinitivo

forget + xerundio emprgase en frases negativas para

indicar a imposibilidade de esquecer algo ocorrido no pasado.
Ill never forget seeing the Eiffel Tower for the first
time. (Nunca esquecerei cando vin a Torre Eiffel por
primeira vez.)
forget + infinitivo significa esquecer facer algo.
I forgot to buy the newspaper.
(Esquecn mercar o xornal.)

O xerundio

a forma verbal rematada en ing que funciona como substantivo.

Por iso podemos atopalo:
Como suxeito, falando de feitos en xeral.
Eating healthy food helps you keep fit.
(Comer comida sa axdache a manterte en forma.)
Como obxecto directo dalgns verbos: continue, dislike,
enjoy, finish, hate, like, love, miss, prefer,
recommend, suggest, etc.
He likes running marathons.
(Gstalle correr maratns.)
Detrs das preposicins.
Shes interested in doing Pilates.
(Est interesada en facer Pilates.)
Detrs dalgunhas formas verbais: be / get used to, cant
help, cant stand, dont mind / wouldnt mind, feel
like, its no use, look forward to, spend (time), etc.
I feel like going to the concert tonight.
(Teo ganas de ir ao concerto esta noite.)
O infinitivo

a forma verbal precedida de to e emprgase nestes casos:

Como suxeito, falando dun feito concreto.
To apply for that job would be a good idea.
(Solicitar ese traballo sera unha boa idea.)
Detrs de verbos como: agree, appear, choose, decide,
expect, hope, learn, manage, plan, promise, refuse,
seem, want, wish, etc.
I promised to help him with his homework.
(Prometn axudarlle cos deberes.)

Verbos como begin, propose, forbid, intend ou start poden ir

con xerundio ou infinitivo e significan o mesmo.
 Ive started to go / going to the gym.
(Comecei a ir ao ximnasio.)
Mais stop, remember, regret e forget non significan o
mesmo se van seguidos dun xerundio ou dun infitivo.

regret + xerundio significa arrepentirse de ter feito algo

no pasado.
He regrets staying at home.
(Arrepntese de ter quedado na casa.)
regret + infinitivo significa lamentar o que se vai dicir a
continuacin.
I regret to tell you that we cant do anything.
(Lamento que saibas que non podemos facer nada.)
remember + xerundio significa lembrar algo que se fixo
no pasado.
I remember buying the tickets.
(Lembro ter comprado as entradas.)
remember + infinitivo significa lembrarse de facer algo.
Remember to take your passport.
(Lmbrate coller o pasaporte.)
stop + xerundio significa deixar un hbito.
She stopped training for a few weeks.
(Deixou de adestrar durante unhas semanas.)
stop + infinitivo significa deixar de facer algo para facer
outra cousa.
 We stopped to have lunch. (Paramos para xantar)

Detrs dalgns adxectivos (busy, happy, ready, tired, etc.) e

adverbios (fast, high, low, slowly, etc.)
I am happy to be here. (Estou leda de estar aqu.)
Detrs do obxecto indirecto de verbos como: advise, invite,
persuade, teach, tell ou warn.
They told him to eat three meals a day.
(Dixronlle que fixera tres comidas ao da.)
Algns verbos de percepcin (feel, hear, see, etc.), make e let
van seguidos de verbos na forma base (infinitivo sen to).
His parents let him participate in the race.
(Seus pais deixrono participar na carreira.)

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Grammar Appendix

Unit 2

Jobs
o estilo indirecto

Tense

Direct Speech

Reported Speech

Present Simple

He works in a restaurant.
(El traballa nun restaurante.)

She said that he worked in a restaurant.

(Ela dixo que el traballou nun restaurante.)

Past Simple

He worked in a restaurant.
(El traballou nun restaurante.)

She said that he had worked in a restaurant.

(Ela dixo que el traballara nun restaurante.)

Future Simple

He will work in a restaurant.

(El traballar nun restaurante.)

She said that he would work in a restaurant.

(Ela dixo que el traballara nun restaurante.)

Present Continuous

He is working in a restaurant.
(El est a traballar nun restaurante.)

She said that he was working in a restaurant.

(Ela dixo que el traballaba nun restaurante.)

Past Continuous

He was working in a restaurant.

(El estaba a traballar nun restaurante.)

She said that he had been working in a restaurant.

(Ela dixo que el estivera a traballar nun restaurante.)

Present Perfect Simple

He has worked in a restaurant.

(El ten traballado nun restaurante.)

She said that he had worked in a restaurant.

(Ela dixo que el tia traballado nun restaurante.)

Present Perfect Continuous

He has been working in a restaurant. She said that he had been working in a restaurant.
(El estivo traballando nun restaurante.)
(Ela dixo que el estivera a traballar nun restaurante.)

Past Perfect Simple

He had worked in a restaurant.

(El traballara nun restaurante.)

Past Perfect Continuous

He had been working in a restaurant. She said that he had been working in a restaurant.
(El estivera a traballar nun restaurante.)
(Ela dixo que el estivera a traballar nun restaurante.)

CAMBIOS NOUTRAS PALABRAS E EXPRESIONS

CAMBIOS NOS MODAIS

Direct Speech

Reported Speech

She said that he had worked in a restaurant.

(Ela dixo que el traballara nun restaurante.)

Direct Speech

Reported Speech

can

could

now

then

may

might

today

that day

must / have to

must / had to

tonight

that night

will

would

yesterday

the previous day / the day before

last week

the previous week / the week before

a month ago

the previous month / the month before

tomorrow

the following day / the day after / the next day

next week

the following week / the week after

here

there

this / these

that / those

O estilo indirecto emprgase para contarmos o que algun dixo

sen citar exactamente as sas palabras.

Reported statements
Podemos contar en presente o que algun vn de dicir, para o cal
abonda con suprimir as comias e cambiar o pronome suxeito e a
persoa do verbo.
I have got a part-time job.
He says that he has got a part-time job.
(Di que ten un traballo a tempo parcial.)
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Mais o normal contalo en pasado (He said...). Daquela o verbo

seguinte d un salto atrs: o Present Simple pasa a Past Simple,
will a would, etc. (s o Past Perfect permanece invaribel), e
ademais dos pronomes persoais, cambian os demostrativos, os
posesivos e as expresins de tempo e de lugar.
I graduated from university last year, she said.
She said that she had graduated from university the
year before. (Dixo que se licenciara na universidade o
ano anterior.)

Grammar Appendix

Se a frase enuncia un feito que segue a ter vixencia no presente,

non hai cambio nos tempos verbais.
London is the capital of Great Britain, he said.
He said that London is the capital of Great Britain.
(Dixo que Londres a capital de Gran Bretaa.)
Como xa coeces, os verbos mis comns para introducilo
son say e tell. Tell sempre leva un obxecto indirecto sen a
preposicin to. Say pode levar obxecto indirecto ou non, mais de
levalo cmpre que vaia con esa preposicin.
The film will start at 8 oclock, he said.
He said / said to us / told us (that) the film would start
at 8 oclock. (Dixo que a pelcula comezara s 8.)

Reported questions
As Yes / No questions (as que se poden contestar cun si
ou un non) psanse a estilo indirecto empregando o verbo
ask + if ou whether.
Daquela, como a pregunta deixa de selo e se converte nunha
oracin enunciativa, non hai inversin do suxeito e o verbo, sinal
de interrogacin nin comias.
Did you have an exam yesterday? Mum asked.
My mum asked me if I had had an exam the day before.
(Mia nai preguntoume se tivera un exame o da
anterior.)

Ou empregando unha oracin con that + suxeito + verbo na

forma base, indicando que a suxestin se refera a outra ou
outras persoas.
Try the new restaurant, Beth said.
Beth suggested that I try the new restaurant.
(Beth suxeriu que eu probase o novo restaurante.)

Reporting verbs
Say, tell e ask s introducen a mensaxe sen engadir mis

informacin, mentres que os seguintes verbos transmiten tamn

a intencin do falante ou o ton en que falou:
e n afirmacins: admit, agree, answer, apologise, boast,
claim, complain, declare, deny, explain, inform, insist,
mention, offer, promise, refuse, remind, reply
Ive had problems with my computer, he said.
He complained that he had had problems with his
computer. (Queixouse de que tivera problemas co seu
ordenador.)
en preguntas: enquire, request, want to know, wonder
Did you leave your previous job? John asked.
John wanted to know if I had left my previous job.
(John quera saber se deixara o meu traballo anterior.)
en ordes: demand, order, shout, warn
Stay here! she said.
She ordered me to stay there.
(Ordenoume que ficara al.)

A
 s Wh-questions (as que comezan con who, what, etc.,
e non se poden contestar cun si ou un non empregan
a partcula interrogativa no canto de if ou whether, mais
tampouco hai inversin suxeito-verbo, sinal de interrogacin
nin comias.
What are the job requirements? I asked.
I asked what the job requirements were.
(Preguntei cales eran os requisitos para o traballo.)
How many people work here? he asked.
He asked how many people worked there.
(Preguntou cantas persoas traballaban al.)

en suxestins: advise, invite, suggest, recommend

You should apply for that job, Lucy said.
Lucy advised him to apply for that job.
(Lucy aconselloulle que solicitase ese traballo.)

Reported orders

Os sufixos

Para pasarmos unha orde a estilo indirecto cmpre cambiar o

imperativo polo infinitivo. Mais antes empregamos un verbo que
exprese mandato, como order ou tell, seguido do obxecto indirecto.
Please be quiet.
The teacher told us to be quiet.
(A profesora dxonos que calaramos.)
Se a orde negativa, poemos not diante do infinitivo.
Dont park your car here.
The policeman ordered me not to park my car there.
(O polica ordenoume que non aparcara o meu coche al.)

Reported suggestions
Para expresarmos unha suxestin en estilo indirecto empregamos
os verbos suggest ou recommend en pasado. Logo, contamos
o que dixo esa persoa de das formas:
Cun verbo en xerundio, indicando que quen fixo a suxestin
se inclua nela.
Lets go to the cinema tomorrow, Jim said.
Jim suggested going to the cinema the following
day. (Jim suxeriu irmos ao cinema o da seguinte.)
Bridges 2 Galician

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en splicas e rogos: beg

Please wait for me, he said.
He begged me to wait for him.
(Rogoume que agardase por el.)

Son terminacins que engadimos a algunhas palabras para

formaren outras novas.
Sufixos para formaren substantivos

Para formaren substantivos a partir de verbos empregamos

os sufixos ment, tion / sion e er / or.
agree (acordar)
agreement (acordo)
invite (invitar)
invitation (invitacin)
conclude (conclur)
conclusion (conclusin)
drive (conducir)
driver (condutor)
act (actuar)
actor (actor)
T amn se forman substantivos engadindo os sufixos ity, ship,
ness e ence / ance a algns adxectivos, substantivos ou
verbos.
personal (persoal)
personality (personalidade)
friend (amigo)
friendship (amizade)
happy (feliz)
happiness (felicidade)
obedient (obediente)
obedience (obediencia)
annoy (molestar)
annoyance (molestia)


Grammar Appendix
Sufixos para formaren adxectivos

Os sufixos ful e less engdense a algns substantivos e

axudan a saber o significado dos adxectivos resultantes, pois
ful significa con e less sen.
care (coidado)
careful (coidadoso/a)

careless (descoidado/a)
Tamn se forman adxectivos engadindo os sufixos ous, al,
able / ible e ive a algns substantivos e verbos.
danger (perigo)
dangerous (perigoso/a)
nation (nacin)
national (nacional)
predict (predicir)
predictable (predicbel)
reverse (inverso)
reversible (reversbel)
attract (atraer)
attractive (atractivo/a)
Outros sufixos que engadimos a verbos son ed e ing.
bore (aborrecer)
bored ([estar] aborrecido/a)

boring ([ser] aborrecido/a)

Verbos seguidos de preposicin

Algns verbos adoitan ir seguidos sempre da mesma preposicin.

apply for (solicitar)
wait for (agardar)
listen to (escoitar (a))
Mais outros poden levar distintas preposicins:
arrive at (chegar a un lugar)
arrive in (chegar a unha cidade ou un pas)
hear about (saber de)
hear of (ouvir falar de)
talk about (falar de / sobre algo)
talk to / with (falar con unha persoa)
think about (opinar (sobre), parecer; coidar en)
think of (coidar en)
Repara na listaxe de verbos con preposicin que hai nas pxinas
finais.

Cando o adxectivo termina en ed significa que a persoa ou cousa

que se refire sofre o efecto do adxectivo e cando acaba en ing
significa que a persoa ou cousa produce ese efecto.

Unit 3

Shopping
A VOZ PASIVA

Tense
Present Simple

Active

Passive

Many people sell unwanted gifts.

Unwanted gifts are sold by many people.

Present Continuous Many people are selling unwanted gifts.

Unwanted gifts are being sold by many people.

Past Simple

Many people sold unwanted gifts.

Unwanted gifts were sold by many people.

Future Simple

Many people will sell unwanted gifts.

Unwanted gifts will be sold by many people.

Present Perfect Simple Many people have sold unwanted gifts.

Unwanted gifts have been sold by many people.

Modals

Many people can sell unwanted gifts.

Unwanted gifts can be sold by many people.

Past Continuous

Many people were selling unwanted gifts.

Unwanted gifts were being sold by many people.

Past Perfect Simple Many people had sold unwanted gifts.

Unwanted gifts had been sold by many people.

Modal Perfects

Many people must have sold unwanted gifts. Unwanted gifts must have been sold by many people.

have to

Many people have to sell unwanted gifts.

be going to

Many people are going to sell unwanted gifts. Unwanted gifts are going to be sold by many people.

Unwanted gifts have to be sold by many people.

Forma
Afirmativa: frmase co verbo to be + o participio do verbo

principal.

Negativa: s cmpre engadir not ao auxiliar to be + o participio

do verbo.
In the end, the party wasnt held last night.
(Ao final non se celebrou a festa a pasada noite.)

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Interrogativa: as preguntas comezan con to be, pois o suxeito

colcase entre o auxiliar e o participio.

Were you advised by your parents?
(Aconsellronte os teus pais?)

Grammar Appendix

Se na pregunta hai un modal, un verbo en futuro ou un

tempo composto, a frase pasiva comeza co modal ou o verbo
auxiliar, o mesmo ca na voz activa.
Can the dress be taken back to the shop?
(Pdese volver o vestido tenda?)
Have the windows been cleaned?
(Limpronse as fiestras?)
As preguntas que levan partcula interrogativa tamn
invirten a orde do verbo auxiliar e do suxeito, ags cando a
partcula fai de suxeito.
What present have you been given?
(Que agasallo che fixeron?)
Who was chosen as president?
(Quen foi elixido como presidente?)
Como pasarmos unha oracin a pasiva

A pasiva mis frecuente en ingls ca en galego; ns adoitamos

empregar o verbo en activa ou na forma impersoal.
Poer o verbo to be no mesmo tempo que tia o verbo
principal na voz activa.
He sold his car last week.
His car was sold last week.
(O seu coche foi vendido / vendrono a semana
pasada.)
Ponse como suxeito o primeiro complemento que haxa logo
do verbo en activa, sexa o directo ou indirecto.
They will send some books to Pam.
Some books will be sent to Pam.
(Mandaranlle algns libros a Pam.)
They will send Pam some books.
Pam will be sent some books.
(A Pam mandaranlle algns libros.)
Se o obxecto indirecto un pronome, cmpre cambialo
forma de suxeito.
She showed me her new house.
I was shown her new house.
(Amosoume a sa nova casa.)
Esta pasiva adoita empregarse cos verbos ask, give, lend,
pay, offer, promise, sell, send, show e tell, que levan o
dobre complemento: directo e indirecto.
Pasar o suxeito da oracin activa ao final da pasiva
precedido de by. E se un pronome persoal, cambialo pola
sa forma obxecto correspondente.
Shakespeare didnt write that play.
That play wasnt written by Shakespeare.
(Esa obra non a escribiu Shakespeare.)
The police arrested the thief.
The thief was arrested by the police.
(O ladrn foi arrestado pola polica.)
Como se ve no cadro da pxina anterior, os modais e be
going to non cambian, o verbo que os segue o que se pon
en pasiva (be + participio).
You can open the window.
The window can be opened. (Pdese abrir a vent.)

Bridges 2 Galician

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Usos

Os principais usos da voz pasiva son:

Salientar a accin mis ca o suxeito que a realiza.
Cando o suxeito que realiza a accin obvio, ou
descoecido, ou non se quere nomealo.
All the money has been stolen.
(Roubaron todo o dieiro.)
E relacionado co anterior, para evitar unha frase activa cuxo
suxeito sexa they, somebody, nobody, etc.
Someone left this hat here.
This hat was left here. (Deixaron aqu este chapeu.)

O
 s verbos causativos:
have / get + something + done
Os verbos have e get + un substantivo + un participio expresan
accins que encargamos a algun.
I had / got my bedroom painted.
(Pintei / Pintronme o dormitorio.)
Esta estrutura ten un sentido pasivo, pois o susbstantivo que vai
no medio recibe a accin do verbo que vai en participio. Mais
aditase traducir na voz activa.
Im going to have / get my hair cut next week.
(Vou cortar o pelo a semana que vn.) [farao outra
persoa, non eu]
Anda que have e get se empregan indistintamente, get mis
informal e, polo tanto, mis comn no ingls falado.
I must get my watch repaired.
(Teo que arranxar o meu reloxo.)

Phrasal Verbs
Chmanse as porque van seguidos dunha partcula (que pode ser
unha preposicin, un adverbio ou as das cousas), formando con
ela unha palabra nova.
Pick out the shoes you like the most.
(Elixe os zapatos que mis che gusten.)
Hai phrasal verbs transitivos (que deben levar complemento
directo) e intransitivos (que non o poden levar). Dentro dos
transitivos, hainos que permiten poer o complemento entre o
verbo e a partcula ou ben despois da partcula:
I picked my brother up.
I picked up my brother.
(Recolln a meu irmn.)
Porn, se o complemento directo un pronome, debe ir sempre
entre o verbo e a partcula:
I picked him up.
(Recollino.)
Outros phrasal verbs transitivos son inseparbeis, polo que o
complemento debe ir sempre despois da partcula:
Ill pay for the dinner.
(Pagarei eu a cea.)
Ill pay for it.
(Pagareina eu.)
Repara na listaxe de phrasal verbs que se incle en pxinas mis
adiante para ver mis casos.
10

Grammar Appendix

UNIT 4

Relationships

as ORACIONS
CONDICIONAIS
FIRST CONDITIONAL

Conditional clause

Result clause

Future Simple

If I feel better later, we will go shopping together.

(Se me sinto mellor mis tarde, iremos xuntos de compras.)

modal + base form

We might / may visit our relatives if we have got some

time.
(Podemos visitar os nosos parentes se temos tempo.)

Present Simple

If I am late, my parents worry.

(Se chego tarde, meus pais preocpanse.)

imperative

Search on the Internet if you want to learn more about

the Amish.
(Procura en Internet se queres aprender mis sobre os Amish.)

if
+ Present Simple
unless

Examples

SECOND CONDITIONAL

would

if
+ Past Simple

could / might

unless

+ base form

I would read more books if I had spare time.

(Lera mis libros se tivese tempo libre.)
Jane could / might help us if she were here.
(Jane podera axudarnos se estivese aqu.)

THIRD CONDITIONAL

If Mark and Jim had visited us, we would have been

delighted. (Se Mark e Jim nos tivesen visitado, nos estariamos
+ past participle encantados.)
if
+ Past Perfect
could / might have
If you hadnt been so busy, we could / might have met.
(Se non tiveses estado tan ocupado, poderiamos ternos
coecido.)
Son oracins compostas por unha proposicin subordinada que
Repara en que unless se emprega con moita frecuencia no
expresa a condicin (conditional clause) e unha principal que
primeiro condicional, mais menos frecuente no segundo
indica o resultado (result clause). Hainas de tres tipos:
condicional e nunca se emprega no terceiro.
would have

O primeiro condicional

O segundo condicional

Empregamos if + Present Simple na condicin e Future Simple

no resultado. Expresa o que ocorrer de cumprirse a condicin
sinalada.

Emprgase if + Past Simple na condicin, e would + verbo na

forma base no resultado. Expresa condicins hipotticas referidas
ao presente, dicir, que pouco probbel que ocorran, por iso
traducmolo como un pretrito imperfecto de subxuntivo.
If Tom liked Mary, he would invite her to have dinner
with him.
(Se a Tom lle gustase Mary, convidaraa a cear con el.)

Non importa a orde en que se coloquen as proposicins, mais se

a condicin vai primeiro aditase pr unha vrgula entre ambas
as das.
If we are honest with each other, our relationship will
work. (De sermos sinceros o un co outro, a nosa
relacin funcionar.)
Ademais do Future Simple, no resultado tamn se poden
empregar os verbos modais, o Present Simple ou o imperativo.
If it rains, we cant go to the beach.
(Se chove, non podemos ir praia.)
Para expresar que algo non ocorrer se non se cumpre a
condicin, a proposicin introdcese pola conxuncin unless,
que equivale a if not (a non ser que, non sendo que), ou
ngase o verbo en Present Simple.
Unless Anne moves to another city, she wont leave
her job. (A non ser que Ann se mude a outra cidade, ela
non deixar o seu traballo.)
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Se o verbo da condicin to be, aditase empregar were en

todas as persoas.
If he werent so upset, he would phone you.
(Se el non estivese tan desgustado, chamarate.)
Para dar consellos emprgase a frmula If I were.
If I were you, I would ask my parents for permission.
(Eu de ti, pedira permiso aos meus pais.)
No canto de would podense empregar could e might, mais
ambos os dous sinalan que a probabilidade menor. Equivalen a
podera ou talvez / quizais.
 I could go to the party if my parents lent me the car.
(Podera ir festa se meus pais me deixasen o coche.)
11

Grammar Appendix

 nless I were certain, I wouldnt say anything to him.

U
(A non ser que estivese segura, non lle dira nada.)

O terceiro condicional

Frmase con if + Past Perfect na condicin e would have +

participio no resultado. Neste caso a condicin imposbel, pois
refrese ao pasado e xa non pode realizarse.
You wouldnt have fallen in love with her if you had
known her intentions. (Non te teras namorado dela se
coeceses as sas intencins.)

As variantes para formaren o terceiro condicional son could

have e might have + participio na proposicin principal.
If you hadnt gone out last night, you could / might
have finished the project. (Se non tiveses sado esta
noite, poderas ter rematado o proxecto.)

As oracins temporais
As referidas ao futuro frmanse como as do primeiro condicional:
Present Simple na proposicin subordinada e futuro con will na
principal. O que cambian son as conxuncins, que neste caso son
when, as soon as, as long as, by the time, etc.
I will phone you as soon as I arrive home.
(Chamareite tan axia como chegue casa.)

AS ORACINS DESIDERATIVAS
Form

Uses

Examples

wish / if only
+ Past Simple

Refers to a present situation that the

speaker is unhappy about

wish / if only
+ Past Perfect

Expresses regret about a past action or

situation

wish / if only
+ could / would + base form

Expresses a desire for something to

happen in the future

As oracins desiderativas expresan un desexo e poden formarse

de das maneiras: co verbo wish ou coa expresin if only.
O verbo wish adoita levar como obxecto directo unha oracin
subordinada introducida pola conxuncin that (que adoita
omitirse). Equivale ao hipottico desexara ou gustara, ags
na 1 persoa que se traduce por oxal.
A expresin if only ten o mesmo significado: Oxal, Se polo /
cando menos....
I wish / If only he had been here last night.
(Oxal el tivese estado aqu a pasada noite.)
Tanto whish como if only poden empregarse con varios tempos
verbais, como se ve no cadro:
Co Past Simple refermonos a situacins presentes que
quixeramos mudar ou mellorar.
Rick wishes Mary had more patience.
(Rick desexara que Mary tivese mis paciencia.)
Se o verbo que vai en Past Simple to be cmpre
empregar were en todas as persoas, includas a 1 e a 3
( un resto do subxuntivo).
I wish he werent angry with me.
(Oxal el non estivese enfadado comigo.)

He wishes his house were bigger.

(Oxal a sa casa fose meirande.)
If only I lived near the school.
(Oxal vivise preto da escola.)
Pam wishes she and Tom hadnt broken up.
(Pam desexara que ela e Tom non tivesen roto.)
If only Sarah had arrived earlier.
(Oxal Sarah tivese chegado mis cedo.)
I wish I could improve my marks.
(Oxal poida mellorar as mias cualificacins.)
If only he would call me.
(Oxal me chame / chamase!)

Con could ou would + un verbo na forma base expresamos

os nosos desexos sobre situacins futuras, indicando que
pouco probbel que ocorran.
I wish / If only I could go to the party tomorrow.
(Oxal puidese ir festa ma.)
Se o suxeito de wish e o do verbo na forma base son
diferentes, empregamos would.
I wish Peter would stop behaving so badly.
(Oxal Peter deixase de se portar tan mal.)

Adxectivos seguidos de preposicin

Algns adxectivos adoitan ir seguidos dunha preposicin + un
substantivo, pronome ou xerundio.
Sophie is very fond of her grandmother.
(Sophie ten moito agarimo sa avoa.)
His parents were proud of him.
(Seus pais estaban orgullosos del.)
Im afraid of flying. (Dme medo voar.)
Repara na listaxe de adxectivos con preposicin que hai na
pxina 29.

Co Past Perfect refermonos a feitos pasados, lamentando o

que ocorreu.
I wish the exam hadnt been so difficult.
(Oxal que o exame non tivese sido tan difcil.)
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12

Grammar Appendix

Adxectivos compostos
Son das palabras unidas cun guin ou sen el e que modifican a
un substantivo. Algunhas combinacins son:
adxectivo ou nmero + substantivo + ed
broken-hearted (esnaquizado/a, desconsolado/a)
adxectivo, adverbio ou substantivo + verbo con ing
hard-working (traballador/a)

Unit 5

adxectivo ou adverbio + participio

well-known (coecido/a, famoso/a)
adxectivo + substantivo
last-minute (de ltima hora)
substantivo + adxectivo
world-famous (de sona no mundo enteiro)
substantivo + participio
air-conditioned (con ar acondicionado)

Tourism
AS ORACINS DE RELATIVO
DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES

Uses

Examples

There are many holidaymakers who / that prefer travelling in their own country.
(Hai moitos veraneantes que prefiren viaxar no seu propio pas.)
Dark tourism is a phenomenon which / that is attracting many people.
which and that refer to objects / things
(O turismo escuro un fenmeno que est a atraer a moita xente.)
It was in 1986 when / that the Chernobyl disaster took place.
when and that refer to a moment in time
(Foi en 1986 cando ocorreu o desastre de Chernobil.)
Many people visit places where tragedies have happened.
where refers to a particular place
(Moitas persoas visitan lugares onde ocorreron traxedias.)
Dr Barrett is a researcher whose study of dark tourism has just been completed.
whose refers to possession
(O dr. Barrett un investigador cuxo estudo sobre o turismo escuro vn de se rematar.)
who and that refer to people

NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES

Uses
who, which, when, where, whose
can all be used, but that cannot be used

Examples

In the past some people, who were rich, used to visit battlefields.
(No pasado algunha xente, que era rica, adoitaba visitar campos de batalla.)
This site, where a disaster occurred, has become popular with tourists.
(Este lugar, onde ocorreu un desastre, fxose popular polos turistas.)

Son oracins subordinadas adxectivas introducidas por un

pronome ou un adverbio relativo. Poden ser de dous tipos:
definning (especificativas) e non-defining (explicativas).

Defining Relative Clauses

Whom emprgase logo das preposicins, pero adoita

omitirse e pasar a preposicin logo do verbo.
Mrs Smith is the person to whom you have to talk.
Mrs Smith is the person you have to talk to.
(A Sra. Smith a persoa con quen tes que falar.)

As especificativas achegan informacin tan esencial sobre o seu

antecedente que sen elas a frase ficara incompleta.
A
 s mis comns comezan cos pronomes who, which e
that, que se poden omitir sempre e cando non sexan o
suxeito da oracin subordinada.
The man who lives next door is an actor.
(O home que vive ao lado actor.)
Who refrese a persoas e which a cousas, pero that pode
referirse a persoas e a cousas.
That is the girl (who / that) I met yesterday.
(Ela a rapaza que coecn onte.)
We went to see the film (which / that) you recommended.
(Fomos ver a pelcula que recomendaches.)
Whose xamais se pode omitir nin substitur por that.
This is the painter whose pictures are in the museum.
(Este o pintor cuxos cadros estn no museo.)
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 he book whose author died last year has become a

T
bestseller. (O libro cuxo autor morreu o ano pasado
converteuse nun xito de vendas.)

What s se emprega cando o antecedente est omitido.

I forgot what I wanted to tell you.

(Esquecn o que quera dicirche.)

Os adverbios relativos son when e where.

W
 hen pdese omitir ou substitur por that.
I dont remember the year when / that you were born.
(Non lembro o ano en que naciches.)
Where non se pode substitur por that e nalgns casos
omtese.
Thats the room where I slept last time.
(Ese o cuarto onde durmn a ltima vez.)
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Grammar Appendix
Enough, en troques, vai logo do adxectivo ou adverbio e

Non-defining Relative Clauses

expresa a idea de abondo / bastante.

She is good enough for that job.
(Ela boa abondo para ese traballo.)
Para expresarmos o contrario, s cmpre pr o verbo to be
en negativa. De feito, not + adxectivo ou adverbio + enough
adoita empregarse bastante mis que a afirmativa.
My coffee is not hot enough.
(O meu caf non est quente abondo.)
Un caso desemellante cando empregamos enough + un
susbtantivo, pois daquela funciona como un determinante e
ponse diante del.
I had enough reasons to be suspicious of him.
(Tia motivos abondo para sospeitar del.)

As explicativas engaden informacin extra sobre o seu

antecedente. Adoitan ir entre vrgulas. Frmanse con who,
which, when, where e whose mais nunca con that, e
ademais non se pode omitir o relativo.
Mary, who is my neighbour, has got two cats.
(Mary, que a mia vecia, ten dous gatos.)
He sent me flowers, which was very nice of him.
(Envioume flores, o cal foi moi ambel pola sa parte.)
Son moi formais, as que non se empregan no ingls falado.
Estruturas formal e informal

Cando o relativo vai acompaado dunha preposicin segue a

empregarse which se o antecedente unha cousa; mais se
unha persoa, no canto de who emprgase whom, este un
emprego moi formal. O mis comn en ambos os dous casos
pr a preposicin ao final da oracin de relativo e omitir o
pronome.
This is the hotel in which we stayed. [Formal]
This is the hotel (which) we stayed in. [Informal]
(Este o hotel no que nos aloxamos.)

Adxectivos seguidos de infinitivo

Moitos adxectivos en posicin predicativa van seguidos dun
infinitivo para expresaren sentimentos, actitudes ou reaccins
diante de algo.
Im pleased to see you. (Estou encantada de verte.)
Its not easy to understand. (Non doado de
entender.)

too / enough

A
 comparacin dos adxectivos:
as ... as

Too precede un adxectivo ou adverbio para indicar que a

calidade destes excesiva. Significa de mis, demasiado.

These shoes are too small for me.
(Estes zapatos son pequenos de mis para min.)

Unit 6

Para compararmos das persoas ou cousas e dicirmos que son

iguais en algo emprgase o comparativo de igualdade: as ... as
tan ... como/a, igual de ... ca/que e en negativa, not as ... as.
He is as tall as his father. ( tan alto coma seu pai.)
My marks are not as high as yours. (As mias
cualificacins non son tan boas como as tas.)

Celebrations
os modaIs

Modal
can

Uses

Ability
Request
Possibility
Suggestion

be able to

Ability

cant

Inability
Prohibition
Disbelief

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Examples

You can swim very well.

(Sabes nadar moi ben.)
Can you help me wash the car?
(Podes axudarme a lavar o coche?)
I can lend you my car.
(Podo prestarche o meu coche.)
You can bring something for my birthday party.
(Podes traer algo para a mia festa de aniversario.)
Dont worry. I will be able to find the street.
(Non te preocupes. Serei quen de atopar a ra.)
He is very nervous. He cant sleep.
(Est moi nervioso. Non pode durmir.)
You cant eat sweets before dinner.
(Non podes comer caramelos antes da cea.)
That cant be your father. He looks very young.
(Ese non pode ser teu pai. Parece moi novo.)

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Grammar Appendix
could

Past ability
Polite request
Polite suggestion
Possibility
Possibility

may / might

Polite request

may
would

Formal request
Offer

must

Obligation, strong necessity

Certainty that something is true

have to

Obligation, necessity

need to

Obligation, necessity

neednt

Lack of obligation / necessity

dont have to

Lack of obligation / necessity

mustnt

Prohibition

should / ought to

Advice, opinion

Os modais
Os modais son verbos especiais que teen estas caractersticas:
son invaribeis, isto , iguais en todas as persoas; non precisan do
para formaren a negativa nin a interrogativa; sempre van seguidos
dun verbo na forma base; e non teen infinitivo, participio nin
futuro, formas en ing, nin tempos compostos.
Be able to e have to to son semimodais, pois poden
conxugarse, e need to non un modal, mais os tres se incluron
no cadro pois comparten algns usos dos modais: habelencia,
obriga e necesidade.
can / be able to / cant
Can ten os seguintes usos:

Expresar habelencia ou capacidade (saber / poder).

Facer peticins, dar e pedir permiso.
Indicar posibilidade.
Tamn se emprega para facer suxestins.
Be able to expresa habelencia, como can, e emprgase en
todos os tempos verbais que can non ten.
Cant, ademais de significar imposibilidade no presente,

emprgase para expresar:

Bridges 2 Galician

B Burlington Books

My mother could dance when she was a child.

(Mia nai saba bailar cando era unha nena.)
Could you pass me that book, please?
(Poderas pasarme ese libro, por favor?)
We could visit him next week.
(Poderiamos visitalo a vindeira semana.)
My sister could come to the party.
(Mia irm podera vir festa.)
It may / might be a sunny weekend.
(Poida que sexa unha fin de semana soleada.)
May I borrow your dictionary, please?
(Podo coller emprestado o teu dicionario, por favor?)
Would you come with me to the wedding?
(Viras comigo voda?)
Would you like some coffee?
(Gustarache tomar caf?)
She must wear a uniform at her school.
(Debe levar uniforme na sa escola.)
My cousin has broken his leg. It must hurt him very much.
(O meu curmn rompeu a perna. Debeu de doerlle moito.)
You have to study hard if you want to get good marks.
(Tes que estudar arreo se queres obter boas cualificacins.)
I need to buy some meat for dinner.
(Teo que mercar carne para a cea.)
You neednt take me home today.
(Non cmpre que me leves casa hoxe.)
We dont have to attend the conference.
(Non temos que asistir conferencia.)
You mustnt step on the grass.
(Non deben pisar a herba.)
She should / ought to tell them the truth.
(Debera dicirlles a verdade.)
Falta de habelencia (non saber) ou de capacidade
(non poder).
Prohibicin.
Deducin negativa ou certeza de que algo imposbel.
could

o pasado de can e emprgase para expresar:

Habelencia ou capacidade no pasado.
Peticins mis educadas ca con can.
Suxestins menos directas ca con can.
Posibilidade mis remota ca con can.
may / might

Os dous expresan posibilidade, anda que mis remota con

might. En interrogativa, may unha maneira educada de pedir
algo; os pedimentos que comezan por May I have poden se
traducir por Dsme? ou Dme vostede?.
would

En interrogativa unha maneira normal de pedirlle a algun que

faga algo; co verbo like emprgase para facer ofrecementos ou
invitacins.
15

Grammar Appendix
must / have to

Os dous expresan obriga, pero must s se emprega en presente e

have to nos demais tempos. As persoas de autoridade empregan
must, mentres que have to o emprega todo o mundo para dicir
o que ten que facer.
Must tamn se emprega para expresar unha deducin lxica
sobre un feito presente (deber de, ter que).

Neednt en troques, si un modal e sinala ausencia de obriga e

necesidade, o mesmo que dont have to.
mustnt / dont have to
Mustnt indica prohibicin. En troques, dont have to significa

non ter que ou non ter por que, isto , ausencia de obriga e
necesidade, como neednt.
should / ought to

need to / neednt
Need to non un modal, pero emprgase en afirmativa, o
mesmo que have to, para expresar obriga e necesidade.

Os dous expresan consello ou opinin, mais should emprgase

moito mis (ought to moi raro en negativa e interrogativa).

os modaIS PERFECTOS
Modal Perfect

Uses

Examples

It must have been very hard for her to hear the truth.
(Debe ter sido moi duro para ela escoitar a verdade.)
She may have forgotten about our meeting.
A guess about a past action
(Poida que tea esquecido a nosa cita.)
Ability to do something in the past which I could have gone with him, but I decided to stay
in the end was not done
home. (Puiden ter ido con el, pero decidn ficar na casa.)
Certainty that something was true

must have
may / might have
could have

couldnt have

Certainty that something did not happen

would have

Desire to do something in the past which

in fact could not be done

should / ought to have

Criticism or regret after an event

shouldnt have

Criticism or regret after an event

neednt have

An unnecessary past action

They were really in love with each other. She

couldnt have broken up with him.
(Realmente estaban namorados o un do outro. Ela non
puido ter roto con el.)
We would have travelled to the USA, but we didnt
have enough money. (Quixemos ter viaxado aos EUA,
pero non tiamos cartos abondo.)
You should / ought to have told them we arent
friends any more.
(Deberas terlles dito que xa non somos amigos.)
We shouldnt have left before the concert ended.
(Non deberiamos ter marchado antes de que o concerto
rematase.)
I was going to make dinner. You neednt have made
it. (Eu a preparar a cea. Non precisabas facelo ti.)

must have + participio

shouldnt have + participio

Expresa unha conclusin lxica sobre un feito pasado.

Expresa unha opinin crtica arredor dun feito pasado, sinalando

que non debera ter ocorrido.

may / might have + participio

Emprgase para facer unha suposicin sobre algo pasado.

could have + participio

Sinala que se puido ter feito algo no pasado mais que finalmente
non se fixo.
couldnt have + participio

Expresa a certeza de que algo non ocorreu.

would have + participio

Sinala que se quixo ter feito algo no pasado mais que non se
puido debido a factores ou causas externas.
should / ought to have + participio

Con ambos os dous podmonos laiar do que ocorreu e de que non

acontecera o que queriamos.
Bridges 2 Galician

B Burlington Books

neednt have + participio

Sinala que non haba necesidade de facer o que se fixo.

Verbos seguidos de adxectivos

Moitos verbos van acompaados de adverbios de modo que
describen a accin.
Paul mustnt sing at the party. He sings badly.
(Paul non debe cantar na festa. Canta mal.)
Porn, os verbos que se refiren a estados ou percepcins van
seguidos de adxectivos. Neste caso o adxectivo describe ao
suxeito da frase, non se refire accin do verbo.
smell + good / bad (adx.) taste + salty (adx.)
seem + tired (adx.)
feel + emotional (adx.)
Janes perfume smells nice.
(O perfume de Jane ole ben.)
16

Grammar Appendix

Repara en que algns verbos poden sinalar tanto accins como

estados, e por iso poden ir seguidos dun adverbio e dun adxectivo.
You have to look quickly at the questions.
(Tes que mirar rapidamente as preguntas.)
She looks happy. (Semella leda.)

should / had better

Xa viches que should se emprega para dicir o que cremos que se
debera facer, dar un consello ou unha opinin. Pois had better
(ou a contraccin d better) outra forma moi coloquial de
expresar o mesmo.
Afirmativa: logo do suxeito poemos had better + un verbo

na forma base. Significa mellor que + un verbo en presente

de subxuntivo.
You had better (Youd better) see the doctor.
( mellor que vexas o mdico.)

Bridges 2 Galician

B Burlington Books

Negativa: s precisa not, dicir, had better + not + verbo na

forma base.
Youd better not go out in the rain.
( mellor que non saias coa choiva.)
Nota: Non se adoita empregar had better en interrogativa.
Por outra parte, ten un uso distinto de should pois tamn se
emprega para expresarmos unha advertencia, como avisando ao
ouvinte de que algo malo ou desagradbel lle pode ocorrer se
non fai o que lle dicimos. Daquela vn significar algo como Ser
mellor que, Mis vale que.
Youd better tidy your room now!
(Ser mellor que arranxes o teu cuarto xa!)
Youd better not take my car!
(Mis vale que non collas o meu coche!)

17

WORDLIST
The Wordlist includes vocabulary from the Students Book and the Vocabulary Builder (Workbook).

UNIT 1
achievement /L'WiAdlLmW/ logro, xito
appetite /'DUBWOW/ apetito
apple /'DUo/ maz
attempt /L'WClUW/ intento
average /'dLpBb/ medio/a
balanced diet /VDoLmgW 'XOLW/ dieta equilibrada
balanced meal /VDoLmgW 'lAo/ comida equilibrada
become aware of /VBYJl L'rCL Ld/ decatarse de
booked /VHYW/ reservado/a
breath /VpCe/ alento, respiracin
cabbage /'YDVBXj/ repolo, coia, col
calcium /'YDogiLl/calcio
catch a cold /YDa L 'YNoX/ arrefriarse, coller un
arrefriado
challenge /'WiDoLmb/ reto, desafo
chips /aBUg/ patacas fritidas
chocolate /'aFYoLW/ chocolate
comfort /'YJlcLW/ consolo
consist /YLm'gBgW/ constar
consume /YLm'gqIl/ consumir
cooked /YHYW/ cociado/a
crisps /YpBgUg/ patacas fritidas (de bolsa)
daily exercise /XMoi 'CYgLgOh/ exercicio diario
deal /XAo/ contrato
diet /'XOLW/ dieta
discomfort /XB'gYJlcLW/ inquedanza, desasosego,
desacougo
edible /'CXLVo/ comestbel
essential /B'gCmWio/ fundamental, esencial
exhaust (v) /BZ'hGgW/ esgotar
exhausted /BZ'hGgWBX/ esgotado/a
exhausting /BZ'hGgWBn/ esgotador/a
face /cMg/ enfrontarse a
fast-food (adx.) /cEgW'cIX/ de comida rpida
fat (sb) /cW/ graxa
fat (adx.) /cW/ gordo/a
fish /cBi/ peixe
figure out /'cBZL PW/ comprender, entender
flavour /'coMdL/ sabor
gain weight /ZMm 'rMW/ engordar, gaar peso
getting enough sleep /ZCWBn BmJc 'goAU/ durmir o preciso
go on /ZLH 'Fm/ seguir, continuar
hamburger /'kDlVKZL/ hamburguesa
healthy /'kCoei/ san/sa, saudbel
healthy eating /kCoei 'AWBn/ alimentacin sa
Bridges 2 Galician

B Burlington Books

ice cream /Og 'YpAl/ xeado

impersonal /Bl'UKgLmo/ impersoal
improve /Bl'UpId/ mellorar
inedible /Bm'CXLVo/ non comestbel
involved /Bm'dFodX/ involucrado/a
iron /'OLm/ ferro
light meal /oOW 'lAo/ comida lixeira
lose (your) appetite /oIh (qG) 'DUBWOW/ perder o apetito
lose weight /oIh 'rMW/ adelgazar, enfraquecer,
perder peso
meat /lAW/ carne
meditation /lCXB'WMim/ meditacin
mild /lOoX/ suave; non moi picante
milkshake /'lBoYiMY/ batido
multi-vitamin /lJoWi'dBWLlBm/ multivitanmico
nutritious /mqI'WpBiLg/ nutritivo/a
omelette /'FloLW/ tortilla
order (sb) /'GXL/ pedimento
ordinary /'GXmpi/ normal
overbooked /NdL'VHYW/ con exceso de reservas
overcooked /NdL'YHYW/ moi feito/a, cociado/a de mis
overweight /NdL'rMW/ gordo/a, obeso/a; (con) sobrepeso
packaged /'UDYBbX/ embalado/a, empaquetado/a
peanut /'UAmJW/ cacahuete
personal /'UKgLmo/ persoal
pizza /'UAWgL/ pizza
poor appetite /UG 'DUBWOW/ pouco apetito
poor health /UG 'kCoe/ sade delicada
population /UFUqH'oMim/ poboacin
positive thinking /'UFhLWBd eBnYBn/ pensamentos
optimistas
prearranged /UpAL'pMmXjX/convido/a, fixado/a
pre-packaged /UpA'UDYBbX/ (pre)empaquetado
protein /'UpLHWAm/ protena
quick meal /YrBY 'lAo/ comida rpida
quick recovery /YrBY pB'YJdLpi/ recuperacin rpida
reach /pAa/ chegar a
recommend /pCYL'lCmX/ recomendar
recover /pB'YJdL/ recuperarse, reporse
salad /'gDoLX/ ensalada
sandwich /'gDmrBa/ sndwich
sausage /'gFgBb/ salchicha
source /gGg/ fonte
spice /gUOg/ especia
spicy /'gUOgi/ picante
18

Wordlist
strength /gWpCne/ forza
stretch /gWpCa/ tramo, treito
turn into /WKm 'BmWL/ converter(se) en
uncooked /Jm'YHYW/ cr/cra, sen facer
undercooked /JmXL'YHYW/ medio cr/cra, pouco feito/a
underweight /JmXL'rMW/ de peso mis baixo do normal
unfit /Jm'cBW/ en baixa forma (fsica)
unhealthy /Jm'kCoei/ pouco san/sa / saudbel
unimportant /JmBl'UGWmW/ sen importancia
vitamin /'dBWLlBm/ vitamina
watch (your) weight /rFa (qG) 'rMW/ vixiar o peso
weigh /rM/ pesar
weight /rMW/ peso
yoga /'qNZL/ ioga
Eating in a Restaurant

What would you recommend?

Que recomenda? /
recomendara?
Have you got a table for (four)? Ten mesa para (catro)?
/rFW rHX qI pCYL'lCmX/

/kDd qI ZFW L 'WMVo cL (cG)/

We havent made up our minds yet. Anda non decidimos.

/rA kDdmW lMX JU E 'lOmXh qCW/

Would you like a (drink) with

your meal?

Queren (beber algo) coa

comida?

Wed like to order (dessert),

please.

Queriamos pedir (a
sobremesa), por favor.

No, its actually quite (mild).

Non, en realidade est

bastante (suave) / (non)
(moi picante).
(O prebe) est moi
(picante)?
Probe (o entrecot), est
bosimo.

/rHX qI oOY L ('XpBnY) rBf qG lAo/

/rAX oOY WL GXL (XB'hKW) UoAh/
/mN BWg 'DYWiHLoi YrOW (lOoX)/

Is the (sauce) very (spicy)?

/Bh fL (gGg) dCpi ('gUOgi)/

Try the (fillet steak), its

excellent.

/WpO fL (cBoBW gWMY) BWg 'CYgLoLmW/

Expressing Opinions

In my opinion, ...

Ao meu entender, ...

If you ask me, ...

Personally, ...

Para min (que) / Ao meu

entender, ...
Coido que... / Teo para
min...
Polo / No que a min se
refire...,
Polo / No que a min
atinxe....
Persoalmente, ...

It seems to me that ...

Parceme que...

/Bm lO L'UBmqLm/
/Bc qI 'EgY lA/

I think / believe that ...

/O 'eBnY / VB'oAd fDW/

As far as Im concerned ...

/Dh cE Dh 'Ol YLmgKmX/

/'UKgLmLoi/

/BW gAlh WL 'lA fDW/

UNIT 2

adventurous /LX'dCmWiLpLg/ atrevido/a

agree with /L'ZpA rBf/ estar de acordo con
Bridges 2 Galician

B Burlington Books

aim /Ml/ obxectivo, propsito

ambitious /Dl'VBiLg/ ambicioso/a
amused /L'lqIhX/ divertido/a
amusement /L'lqIhlLmW/ divertimento
amusing /L'lqIhBn/ divertido/a, gracioso/a
appearance /L'UBLpLmg/aspecto, aparencia
apply for /L'UoO cL/ solicitar
assistance /L'gBgWLmg/ axuda
attraction /L'WpYim/ atraccin
attractive /L'WpDYWBd/ atractivo/a
attractive appearance /LWpDYWBd L'UBLpLmg/ aspecto
atractivo/a
(go) back to work /(ZN) VDY WL 'rKY/ volver ao traballo
balanced /'VDoLmgW/ equilibrado/a
basic salary /'VMgBY gDoLpi/ salario base
be aware of /VA L'rS Ld/ ser consciente de
be fired /VA 'cOLX/ ser/ estar despedido/a
be hired /VA 'kOLX/ ser / estar contratado/a
be unemployed /VA JmBl'UoGX/ estar sen emprego /
en paro
belief /VB'oAc/ opinin
belong to /VB'oFn WL/ pertencer a
calm /YEl/ tranquilo/a
cause /YGh/ causar, provocar
challenging /'aDoBmbBn/ estimulante, que supn un
desafo
clear /YoBL/ claro/a (make [something] ~: deixar algo
claro)
company /'YJlULmi/ compaa, empresa
concentrate on /'YFmgmWpMW Fm/ concentrarse en
conservation /YFmdL'gCBim/ conservacin, proteccin
contact information /'YFmWDYW BmcLlMim/ informacin
de contacto
courageous /YL'pMbLg/valente
creative /YpA'MWBd/ creativo/a
degree /XB'ZpA/ ttulo
earn /Km/ gaar
employed /Bl'UoQX/ empregado/a, contratado/a
employee /Bl'UoQA/ empregado/a
employer /Bl'UoQL/ empresario/a, xefe/a
employment /Bl'UoQlLmW/ traballo, emprego
experienced (adx.) /BY'gUBLpiLmgW/ con experiencia
flexible working hours /coCYgLVo 'rGYBn PLh/ horario de
traballo flexbel
former /'cGlL/ ex, anterior
friendly /'cpCmXoi/ simptico/a, agradbel
fulfil /cHo'cBo/ desempear, cumprir
full-time /cHo'WOl/ xornada completa / a tempo completo
go-getter /'ZLHZCWL/ ambicioso/a
good people skills /ZHX 'UAUo gYBoh/ boas habilidades
sociais
hard-working /kEX'rKYBn/ traballador/a
19

Wordlist
helpful /'kCoUco/ atento/a, servicial
helping /'kCoUBn/ que axuda
hours /'PLh/ horas
humorous /'kqIlLpLg/ gracioso/a, divertido/a
independent /BmXB'UCmXLmW/ independente
intend /Bm'WCmX/ ter a intencin de, pretender
issue /'BiI/ tema, cuestin
job application /'bFV DUoBYMim/ solicitude de traballo
job requirements /'bFV pBYrOLlLmWg/ requisitos para
o traballo
job satisfaction /bFV gDWBg'cDYim/ satisfaccin no
traballo
job title /bFV 'WOWo/ cargo, posto
know /mN/ saber, coecer
knowledge /'mFoBb/ coecemento
knowledgeable /'mFoBbLVo/ entendido/a
knowledge of languages /mFoBb Ld 'oDnZrBbBh/
coecemento de idiomas
listen to /'oBgm WL/ escoitar (a)
low-profile /oLH'UpNcOo/ discreto/a
make sure /lCBY 'iT/ asegurarse de
mayor /lCL/ alcalde/sa
narrow /'mDpN/ estreito/a
nutritious /mqI'WpBiLg/ nutritivo/a
official /L'cBio/ funcionario/a
organise /'GZLmOh/ organizar
organised /'GZLmOhX/ organizado/a
out of work /PW Ld 'rKY/ parado/a, sen traballo
overtime /'NdLWOl/ horas extras
part-time job /'UEWWOl bFV/ traballo de media xornada
/ a tempo parcial
patient /'UMimW/ paciente
personality characteristics /UKgL'mDoLWi YDpLYWLpBgWBYg/
trazos da personalidade
physical strength /cBhBYo 'gWpCne/ forza fsica
polite /UL'oOW/ educado/a
population /UFUqH'oMim/ poboacin
position /UL'hBim/ posto, traballo
predictable /UpB'XBYWLVo/ previsbel
prediction /UpB'XBYim/ prognstico, predicin
previous work experience /UpAdiLg 'rKY BYgURpiLmg/
experiencia laboral anterior
production /UpL'XJYim/ producin
productive /UpL'XJYWBd/ produtivo/a
professional /UpL'cCiLmo/ profesional
professional training /UpLcCiLmo 'WpMmBn/ preparacin
profesional
promotion /UpL'lNim/ ascenso
qualification /YrFoBcB'YCBim/ ttulo, formacin
reliable /pB'oOLVo/ responsbel, de confianza
requirement /pB'YrOLlLmW/ requisito
research (v) /pB'gKa/ esculcar, investigar
Bridges 2 Galician

B Burlington Books

responsible /pB'gUFmgLVo/ responsbel

retire /pB'WOL/ xubilar(se)
retirement /pB'WOLlLmW/ xubilacin
run (v) /pJm/ organizar; gobernar
salary /'gDoLpi/ salario
scanner /'gYDmL/ escner
search for /'gKa cL/ procurar
steady job /gWCXi 'bFV/ emprego fixo
stubborn /'gWJVLm/ testn/ana, teimudo/a
succeed in /gLY'gAX Bm/ ter xito / triunfar en
successful /gLY'gCgco/ de xito (be ~: ter xito)
surprised /gL'UpOhX/ sorprendido/a
suspend /gL'gUCmX/ expulsar temporalmente; suspender
talk about /'WGY LVPW/ falar de / sobre
talk to /'WGY WL/ falar con
task /WEgY/ tarefa, angueira
think about /'eBnY LVPW/ opinar (sobre), parecer; pensar en
tip /WBU/ propina
train (v) /WpMm/ estudar; prepararse
training /'WpMmBn/ formacin; preparacin
town council /WPm 'YPmgo/ concello
university degree /qImB'dKgLWi XBZpA/ ttulo universitario
warning /'rGmBn/ advertencia, aviso
work experience /'rKY BYgURpiLmg/ experiencia laboral
working /'rKYBn/ traballador/a
Asking for Information

Is it a full-time / part-time
position?

un posto de xornada
completa / media xornada?

How much will I earn?

Canto vou gaar?

Is there a chance of
(promotion) in this job?

Hai posibilidade de
(ascenso) neste traballo?

I have got a degree in

(marketing).

Teo un ttulo /
Son licenciado en
(Mercadotecnia).

/Bh BW L 'cHoWOl / 'UEWOl

ULhBim/
/kP lJa rBo O 'Km/

/Bh fS L WiEmg Ld (UpL'lNim)

Bm fBg bFV/
/O kDd ZFW L XBZpA Bm
('lEYBWBn)/

The starting salary is (6) per O soldo inicial de (6

hour.
libras) a hora.
/fL 'gWEWBn gDoLpi Bh (gBYg UPmXh)
UL PL/

A Job Interview

Tell me a little about yourself. Fleme un pouco sobre

/WCo lA L 'oBWo LVPW qGgCoc/
vostede.
What do you do in your free Que fai no seu tempo
time?
libre?
/rFW XL qI XI Bm qG cpA 'WOl/

What work experience have

you got?
/rFW 'rKY BYgURpiLmg kDd qI
ZFW/

Cal a sa experiencia
laboral?
20

Wordlist
Sorry, Im not sure what you
mean.

/gFpi Ol mFW iT rFW qI 'lAm/

Perdoe, non entendo ben o

que quere dicir.

Could you repeat that, please? Podera repetilo, por favor?

/YLX qI pB'UAW fDW UoAh/

Bridge to Literature
crawl /YpGo/ arrastrarse
dare /XCL/ atreverse
feel dizzy /cAo 'XBhi/ marearse, estar mareado/a
lock (sb) /oFY/ pechadura

UNIT 3

accessories /LY'gCgLpih/ complementos

afford /L'cGX/ permitirse
appreciate /L'UpAiiCBW/ apreciar, valorar
assistant /L'gBgWLmW/ axudante
attend /L'WCmX/ asistir a
average /'dLpBb/ medio/a (on ~: como media, por
termo medio)
bargain (sb) /'VEZLm/ oferta
bargain (v) /'VEZLm/ relear
bargain over the price /VEZLm NdL fL 'UpOg/ relear o
prezo
bid /VBX/ oferta
boutique /VI'WAY/ boutique, tenda de roupa
brand-name /'VpDmXmMl/ de marca
brand-new /'VpDmXmqI/ enteiramente novo/a
budget /'VJbBW/ orzamento
buy second-hand items /VO gCYLmXkDmX 'OWLlh/
mercar artigos de segunda man
buyer /'VOL/ comprador/a
car boot sale /YE 'VIW gMo/ feira onde se expoen as
mercadoras no maleteiro dun coche
career /YL'pBL/ profesin, traxectoria profesional
chain store /'aMm gWG/ tenda dunha cadea
check out /aCY 'PW/ ollar, botar unha ollada; pagar
e marchar (hotel)
commercial /YL'lKio/ anuncio (de TV)
consumer /YLm'gqIlL/ consumidor/a
convenient /YLm'dAmBLmW/ cmodo/a
debt /XCW/ dbeda
design (v) /XB'hOm/ desear
designed /XB'hOmX/ deseado/a
designer /XB'hOmL/ deseador/a
designer brand /XB'hOmL VpDmX/ marca de deseo
discount /'XBgYPmW/ desconto
discuss /XB'gYJg/ falar de
fabric /'cDVpBY/ tecido, material

Bridges 2 Galician

B Burlington Books

find designer brands /cOmX XB'hOmL VpDmXh/ atopar

marcas de deseo
get a discount /ZCW L 'XBgYPmW/ acadar un desconto
get a refund /ZCW L 'pAcJmX/ cobrar unha devolucin
get rid of /ZCW 'pBX Fd/ desfacerse de
gift /ZBcW/ agasallo, galano
greengrocer /'ZpAmZpLHgL/ froteiro/a
imitation (sb) /BlB'WMim/ imitacin
item /'OWLl/ artigo, produto
manage /'lDmBb/ dirixir
market /'lEYBW/ mercado
matter /'lDWL/ importar
online shopping /'FmoOm iFUBn/ mercar pola internet
opposite /'FULhBW/ enfronte de
owner /'NmL/ propietario/a, dono/a
pay /UM/ pagar
pay back /UM 'VDY/ volver (cartos); (fig.) vingarse
pay for /'UM cL/ pagar (por)
pay in instalments /UM Bm Bm'gWGolLmWg/ pagar a prazos
pay off /UM 'Fc/ pagar a pena
payment /'UMlLmW/ pago, pagamento
pick out /UBY 'PW/ elixir, escoller
pick up /UBY 'JU/ recoller, ir buscar
point out /UQmW 'PW/ sinalar
purchase (sb) /'UKWiLg/ compra
purchase (v) /'UKWiLg/ comprar, mercar
receipt /pB'gAW/ tcket / resgardo de compra
recipient /pB'gBUiLmW/ destinatario/a
research (sb) /pB'gKa/ estudo (de mercado)
return purchases /pBWKm 'UKWiLgBh/ volver as compras
rip-off /'pBU Fc/ estafa
second-hand /gCYLmX'kDmX/ segunda man
seller /'gCoL/ vendedor/a
shop around /iFU L'pPmX/ comparar prezos
site /gOW/ pxina web
size /gOh/ talla
special offer /'gUCio FcL/ oferta especial
spokesperson /'gUNsUKgm/ voceiro/a
take advantage of /WMY LX'dEmWBb Ld/ aproveitar(se) de
take after /WMY 'EcWL/ semellarse a
take back /WMY 'VDY/ volver; retractarse, retirar (o dito)
take down /WMY 'XPm/ baixar; apuntar, tomar nota
take in /WMY 'Bm/ meter (a unha peza de vestir)
terrific /WC'pBcBY/ genial
try on /WpO 'Fm/ probarse (roupa, calzado)
use a credit card /qIh L 'YpCXBW YEX/ empregar unha
tarxeta de crdito

21

Wordlist
Going Shopping

How much is this?

Canto custa isto?

Have you got another size?

Ten outra talla?

/kP 'lJa Bh fBg/

/kDd qI ZFW LmJfL 'gOh/

No, thank you. Im just looking. Non, grazas. S estou a

/mN eDnY qI Ol bJgW 'oHYBn/ mirar.
Oh, thats too expensive.
Ah, iso caro de mis.
/N fDWg WI BY'gUCmgBd/

Yes, Im looking for (some

jeans).

Si, estou a procurar (uns

vaqueiros).

OK. Ill take it.

Vale / De acordo. Lvoo.

What size are you?

Que talla ten / usa?

/qCg Ol oHYBn cL (gLl 'bAmh)/

/NYM Oo 'WMY BW/
/rFW 'gOh L qI/

Agreeing and Disagreeing

I agree / disagree because ...

Im in favour of ...

Estou / Non estou de

acordo porque
Estou a prol de

Im against ...

Estou en contra de

/O L'ZpA / 'XBgLZpA VBYFh/

/Ol Bm 'cMdL Ld/
/Ol L'ZCmgW/

I think its a good idea, but ... Coido que (unha) boa
/O eBnY BWg L ZHX 'OXR VLW/
idea, mais
I think it would be better to ... Coido que sera mellor
/O eBnY BW rHX Vi 'VCWL WL/

UNIT 4

afraid of /L'cpCBX Fd/ amedrentado/a de (be ~: ter

medo de)
annoyed /L'mQX/ amolado/a, molesto/a
arrogant /'DpLZLmW/ soberbio/a, fachendoso/a
attractive /L'WpDYWBd/ atractivo/a
break away from /VpCBY L'rCB cpLl/ separarse de;
romper con
break up /VpMY 'JU/ separarse, romper
broken-hearted /VpNYLm'kEWBX/ esnaquizado/a,
desacougado/a
calm /YEl/ tranquilo/a
carriage /'YDpBb/ carruaxe, coche
cheerful /'aRco/ ledo/a, alegre
common interests /'YFlLm BmWpLgWg/ intereses comns
confused /YLm'cqIhX/ confundido/a, desconcertado/a
considerate /YLm'gBXLpLW/ atento/a, considerado/a
couple /'YJUo/ parella
date /XMW/ citacin, cita
delight /XB'oOW/ engaiolar, encantar
delighted /XB'oOWBX/ engaiolado/a, encantado/a
disappointed /XBgL'UQmWBX/ decepcionado/a
disappointing /XBgL'UQmWBn/ decepcionante
disappointment /XBgL'UQmWlLmW/decepcin
Bridges 2 Galician

B Burlington Books

easy-going /Ahi'ZNBn/ pouco esixente

egotistic /CZL'WBgWBY/ egosta
embarrassed /Bl'VDpLgW/ avergoado/a
excited /BY'gOWBX/ emocionado/a, entusiasmado/a
experience /BY'gUBLpiLmg/ experimentar
fail /cMo/ suspender
fall in love with /cGo Bm 'oJd rBf/ namorarse de
feel comfortable with /cAo 'YJlcWLVo rBf/ estar ben /
sentirse cmodo/a con
follow /'cFoN/ seguir, obedecer
(be) fond of /(Vi) 'cFmX Ld/ (terlle) lei a
forbid /cL'VBX/ prohibir
friendly /'cpCmXoi/ simptico/a, agradbel
generosity /bCmL'pFgLWi/ xenerosidade
generous /'bCmLpLg/ xeneroso/a
get along /ZCW L'oFn/ levarse ben
get on (your) nerves /ZCW Fm (qG) 'mKdh/ poer os nervios
de punta
get to know /ZCW WL 'mN/ (chegar a) coecer
good-looking /ZHX'oHYBn/ guapo/a
grateful /'ZpMWco/ agradecido/a
hardly /'kEXoi/ apenas
hard-working /kEX'rKYBn/ traballador/a
have a sense of humour /kDd L gCmg Ld 'kqIlL/ ter
sentido do humor
honesty /'FmLgWi/ honradez, sinceridade
horsedrawn carriage /'kGgXpGm YDpBb/ coche de cabalos
in love /Bm 'oJd/ namorado/a
isolate /'OgLoMW/ illar
jealous /'XjCoLg/ envexoso/a
jealous of /'XjCoLg Ld/ envexoso/a de
keep in touch /YAU Bm 'WJWi/ estar en contacto
kind-hearted /YOmX'kEWBX/ bondadoso/a
lazy /'oCBhi/ lacazn/ana, preguiceiro/a
lifestyle /'oOcgWOo/ estilo de vida
lose friends /oIh 'cpCmXh/ perder amigos/as
lose (your) patience /oIh (qG) 'UMimg/ perder a paciencia
loyalty /'oQLoWi/ lealdade, fidelidade
make friends /lCBY 'cpCmXh/ facer amigos/as
miserable /'lBhpLVo/ triste, aflixido/a
moody /'lIXi/ temperamental, de humor varibel
number (v) /'mJlVL/ ascender a
outgoing /'PWZNBn/ socibel, extrovertido/a
parents /'UCLpLmWg/ pais
pass /UEg/ aprobar
patience /'UMimg/ paciencia
pleased for /'UoAhX cL/ ledo/a, contento/a por (algun)
pleased with /'UoAhX rBf/ satisfeito/a
proud /UpPX/ orgulloso/a, fachendoso/a
proud of /'UpPX Ld/ orgulloso/a de, fachendoso/a de
reject /pB'bCYW/ rexeitar
22

Wordlist
relative /'pCoLWBd/ parente
relaxed /pB'oYgW/ relaxado/a
reliable /pB'oOLVo/ de confianza
relieve /pB'oAd/ aliviar
relieved /pB'oAdX/ aliviado/a (problema, situacin)
run away /pJm L'rCB/ fuxir, escapar, escapulir
satisfaction /gDWBg'cDYim/ satisfaccin
satisfied /'gDWBgcOX/ satisfeito/a
self-centred /gCoc'gCmWLX/ egocntrico/a
sense of humour /gCmg Ld 'kqIlL/ sentido do humor
share common interests /iS YFlLm 'BmWpLgWg/ compartir
os mesmos intereses
shy /iO/ tmido/a, apoucado/a
sibling /'gBVoBn/ irmn/
similar background /gBlLoL 'VDYZpPmX/ orixe semellante
sorry about /'gFpi LVPW/ (sentir) mgoa/ lstima
por (algo)
sorry for /'gFpi cL/ (sentir) mgoa / lstima por
spouse /gUPg/ cnxuxe; marido ou muller
terrified /'WCpBcOX/ arrepiado/a
tolerant /'WFoLpLmW/ tolerante
treat /WpAW/ tratar
trust (sb) /WpJgW/ confianza
turn a blind eye to /WKm L VoOmX 'O WL/ facer a vista
gorda a
turn their back on /WKm fS 'VDY Fm/ volverlle as costas a
upset /JU'gLW/ magoado/a, desgustado/a; amolado/a,
enfadado/a
youth /qIe/ (para) mozos/as
Expressing Feelings

Whats the matter?

Im sorry to hear that.

Cal o problema?, Que

che pasa?
Sntoo / Lamntoo.

Congratulations!

Parabns!

Im so pleased for you.

Algrome moito por ti.

Dont worry about it.

Non te preocupes.

Thats great news!

Que boas noticias!

What a shame!

Que mgoa!, Que pena!

Brilliant!

Xenial!, Fenomenal!

/rFWg fL 'lDWL/

/Ol gFpi WL 'kR fDW/

/YLmZpDaH'oMimh/

/Ol gN 'UoAhX cL qI/

/XLHmW 'rJpi LVPW BW/
/eDWg 'ZpMW mqIh/
/rFW L 'iMl/
/'VpBoiLmW/

Asking For and Giving Advice

Can you give me some advice? Poderas aconsellarme?

/YLm qI ZBd li gLl LX'dOg/

What would you do if you

were me?

Que faras ti de min?

What should I do?

Que debera / debo facer?

/rFW rHX 'qI XI Bc qI rL lA/

/rFW iLX O 'XI/

Bridges 2 Galician

B Burlington Books

I think it would be a good

idea to ...

Coido que sera (unha) boa

idea...

Maybe you should ...

Its better to ...

Talvez / Se cadra
deberas...
Ser / mellor...

If I were you, I would

Eu de ti / De min a ti...

Why dont you ... ?

Por que non...?

How about ... ?

Que che parece se...?

/O eBnY BW rHX Vi L ZHX O'XR WL/

/'lMVi qI iHX/
/BWg 'VCWL WL/

/Bc 'O rL qI O rHX/

/rO 'XNmW qI/
/kP L'VPW/

Bridge to the Environment

attend /L'WCmX/ asistir a
encourage /Bm'YJpBb/ animar, alentar
harass /'kDpLg/ acosar
income /'BmYJl/ ingresos
make a living /lMY L 'oBdBn/ gaar a vida
non-profit /mFm'UpFcBW/ sen nimo de lucro
raise /pMh/ criar
resources /pB'hGgBh/ recursos
seedling /'gAXoBn/ planta de sementeira
stubborn /'gWJVLm/ teimudo/a
submit /gLV'lBW/ someterse

UNIT 5

accommodation /LYFlL'XMim/ aloxamento

actually /'DYWiToi/ certamente, realmente
advice /LX'dOg/ consello
airfare /'CLcS/ tarifa area
airport /'CLUGW/ aeroporto
air travel /'CL WpDdo/ viaxe en avin
baggage /'VDZBb/ equipaxe
boarding card /'VGXBn YEX/ tarxeta de embarque
bore (v) /VG/ aborrecer
boring /'VGpBn/ aborrecido/a
break /VpMY/ descanso
camping trip /'YlUBn WpBU/ viaxe para ir de acampada
campsite /'YlUgOW/ rea de acampada
caravan /'YDpLdDm/ caravana
come up with /YJl 'JU rBf/ atopar
crowded /'YpPXBX/ ateigado/a de xente
cruise /YpIh/ cruceiro
danger /'XMmbL/ perigo
dangerous /'XMmbLpLg/ perigoso/a
departure /XB'UEWiL/ sada
departure time /XB'UEWiL WOl/ hora de sada
directions /XL'pCYimh/ indicacins
23

Wordlist
do volunteer work /XL dFoLm'WR rKY/ traballar como
voluntario/a
enterprising /'CmWLUpOhBn/ emprendedor/a
event /B'dCmW/ acontecemento
exit /'CYgBW/ sada
foreign country /cFpLm 'YJmWpi/ pas estranxeiro
fulfil the dream of a lifetime /cHocBo fL XpAl Ld L
'oOcWOl/ cumprir o soo de toda unha vida
fun /cJm/ divertido/a
get away from it all /ZCW L'rM cpLl BW Go/ fuxir de todo
go abroad /ZLH L'VpGX/ ir ao estranxeiro
guidebook /'ZOXVHY/ gua (libro)
guided tour /ZOXBX 'WT/ percorrido turstico; visita
guiada
hectic /'kCYWBY/ atarefado/a
historical /kB'gWFpBYo/ histrico/a
impressive /Bl'UpCgBd/ impresionante
introduce /BmWpL'XqIg/ presentar
isolate /'OgLoMW/ illar
isolated /'OgLoMWBX/ illado/a
journey /'bKmi/ viaxe
justify /'bJgWBcO/ xustificar
landmark /'oDmXlEY/ monumento (asociado a un lugar
en particular); punto de referencia
leisurely /'oCjLoi/ relaxado/a
lively /'oOdoi/ animado/a, marchoso/a
location /oN'YMim/ situacin, emprazamento
look for adventure /oHY cG LX'dCmWiL/ procurar aventura
major /'lMbL/ importante, de relevancia
make reservations /lCBY pChC'dMimh/ facer reservas,
reservar
meet the locals /lAW fL 'oNYoh/ coecer xente da zona
noisy /'mQhi/ ruidoso/a
occur /L'YK/ acontecer, ocorrer
package holiday /'UDYBb kFoLXM/ viaxe organizada
peaceful /'UAgco/ tranquilo/a
plane ticket /'UoCBm WBYBW/ billete de avin
pleased to see you/UoAhX WL 'gA qI/ encantado/a de verte
relaxing /pB'oYgBn/ relaxante
reminder /pB'lOmXL/ lembranza, recordo
resort holiday /pB'hGW kFoLXM/ vacacins nun complexo
turstico
safari /gL'cEpi/ safari
scenery /'gAmLpi/ paisaxe
seat belt /'gAW VCoW/ cinto de seguridade
see historical places /gA kBgWFpBYo 'UoMgBh/ ver lugares
histricos
service charge /'gKdBg WiEb/cargo por servizo
site /gOW/ lugar
take it easy /WMY BW 'Ahi/ tomalo con vagar
take off /WMY 'Fc/ irse, marchar
Bridges 2 Galician

B Burlington Books

take on a personal challenge /WMY Fm L UKgLmo

'WiDoLmb/ aceptar / enfrontarse a un reto persoal
thrill /epBo/ emocin, entusiasmo
travel-sickness /'WpdogBYmLg/ mareo (pola viaxe)
travel agent /'Wpdo MbLmW/ axente de viaxes
travellers cheques /'WpdLoLh aCYg/ cheque de viaxes
trek /WpCY/ expedicin
underdeveloped /JmXLXB'dCoLUW/ subdesenvolvido/a
unspoilt /Jm'gUQoW/ virxe, que non perdeu a sa beleza
natural
warning /'rGmBn/ advertencia, aviso
well-earned /rCo'KmX/ ben merecido/a
youth hostel /'qIe kFgWo/ albergue / pousada xuvenil
Planning a Holiday

Are there any cheap

air tickets?

/E fS Cmi WiAU 'S WBYBWg/

Hai algn billete de avin

barato?

What will the weather be like Que tempo ir nese

then?
momento?
/rFW rBo fL 'rCfL Vi oOY fCm/

Will (we) be picked up from

the (airport)?

Recolleranos en / Virn
buscarnos a (o aeroporto)?

/rBo (rA) VA UBYW JU cpLl fL

('SUGW)/

What is the best time of year

to visit?
/rFW Bh fL VCgW WOl Ld 'qR WL
dBhBW/

Cal a mellor poca do

ano para ir de visita?

I want to travel around on my Quero viaxar pola mia

own.
conta.
/O rFmW WL WpDdo LpPmX Fm lM
'Nm/

Is (transport) included?

/Bh ('WpDmgUGW) BmYoIXBX/

Wed like to travel around

(South America).

/rCX oOY WL WpDdo LpPmX (gPe

L'lCpBYL)

Est includo (o
transporte)?
Gustaranos viaxar por
(Sudamrica).

Id like something inexpensive Quixera algo que non sexa

and near the (city centre).
moi caro e que estea preto
/OX oOY gJleBn BmBY'gUCmgBd
de (o centro)
LmX mR fL (gBWi gCmWL)/

Describing Pictures

Here you can see that ...

Aqu pode verse que...

In the background, there is /

there are
/Bm fL 'VDYZpPmX fS Bh /

No fondo, hai...

It looks as if ...

Seica... / Parece coma se...

This must / could be ...

Isto debe de / podera ser...

They seem to be ...

Semellan estar / Seica

estn...

/kBL qI YDm 'gA fDW/

fS L/

/BW 'oHYg Lh Bc/

/fBg 'lJgW / 'YHX VA/

/fM 'gAl WL VA/

24

Wordlist

UNIT 6

ancestor /'DmgCgWL/ devanceiro/a

cancel /'Ymgo/ cancelar
celebrate /'gCoBVpMW/ celebrar
cheer /aR/ aclamar
claim /YoMl/ asegurar, aseverar
commemorate /YL'lClLpMW/ conmemorar
complain /YLl'UoMm/ queixarse
concerned /YLm'gKmX/ preocupado/a
costume /'YFgWqIl/ disfrace
cultural event /YJoWiLpLo B'dCmW/ acontecemento cultural
culture shock /'YJoWiL iFY/ choque cultural
custom /'YJgWLl/ costume
disguise (v) /XBg'ZOh/ disfrazar(se)
dress up /XpCg 'JU/ disfrazarse; poerse elegante,
vestir(se) de etiqueta
dress up in traditional costumes /XpCg JU Bm WpLXBiLmo
'YFgWqIlh/ vestirse con traxes tradicionais / tpicos
emotional /B'lNiLmo/ emotivo/a, conmovedor/a
endangered /Bm'XMmbLX/ en perigo de extincin
ethnic group /'CemBY ZpIU/ grupo tnico
exciting /BY'gOWBn/ emocionante
expense /BY'gUCmg/ gasto (at the ~ of: a custa de)
extravagant /BY'gWpDdLZLmW/ extravagante
fall on deaf ears /cGo Fm XCc 'Rh/ caer en saco roto
family get-together /cDlLoi 'ZCWWLZCfL/ xuntanza /
festa familiar
feel emotional /cAo B'lNiLmo/ emocionarse
festival /'cCgWBdo/ festa; festival
give gifts /ZBd 'ZBcWg/ dar galanos
identity /O'XCmWLWi/ identidade
increasing /Bm'YpAgBn/ crecente
join in the celebrations /bQm Bm fL gCoB'VpMimh/
participar nas festas
joyful /'bQco/ feliz, alegre, ledo/a
leaflet /'oAcoLW/ folleto
local (sb) /'oNYo/ vecio/a
local / national celebration /oNYo / mDimLo gCoB'VpMim/
festa local/nacional
look forward to /oHY 'cGrLX WL/ desexar / devecer por,
agardar con impaciencia
maintain /lCBm'WMm/ manter
marriage /'lDpBXj/ matrimonio
occur /L'YK/ celebrarse; acontecer, ocorrer
offer congratulations /FcL YLmZpDWiI'oMimh/ dar os
parabns
otherwise /'JfLrOh/ do contrario
outskirts /'PWgYKWg/ aforas
parade /UL'pMX/ desfile
party-goer /'UEWiZNL/ asiduo/a a festas
perform /UL'cGl/ interpretar (msica); actuar
Bridges 2 Galician

B Burlington Books

postpone /UL'gULHm/ aprazar, adiar, pospor

provide /UpL'dOX/ subministrar, ofrecer
religious /pB'oBbLg/ relixioso/a
religious ceremony /pBoBbLg 'gCpLlLmi/ cerimonia
relixiosa
remember /pB'lLlVL/ lembrarse de, recordar
remind /pB'lOmX/ lembrar
say prayers /gM 'UpSh/ rezar, pregar
serious /'gBLpiLg/ serio/a
slave /goMd/ escravo/a
spectator /gUCY'WMWL/ espectador/a
take part in /WMY 'UEW Bm/ participar en
take place /WCBY 'UoMg/ celebrarse, ter lugar
tense /WCmg/ tenso/a
tension /'WCmim/ tensin, tirantez
threat /epCW/ ameaza
threaten /'epCWm/ ameazar
trademark /'WpCBXlEY/ marca
turn up /WKm 'JU/ aparecer, presentarse
unique /qI'mAY/ nico/a, excepcional
vary /'dCLpi/ variar
venue /'dCmqI/ local, lugar para celebrar un
acontemento
viewer /'dqIL/ telespectador/a
wave flags /rMd 'coDZh/ axitar bandeiras
wedding /'rCXBn/ voda
Discussing Festivals

What is the name of the

holiday?

Como se chama a festa?

/rFW Bh fL mMl Ld fL 'kFoLXM/

How often does it take place? Con que frecuencia se

/kP 'Fcm XJh BW WMY UoMg/
celebra?
When does it occur?
Cando se celebra?
/'rCm XJh BW LYK/

Where does it take place?

Onde se celebra?

What do people do?

Que fai a xente?

/'rCL XJh BW WMY UoMg/

/'rFW XL UAUo XI/

Describing an Event

A typical food is

Unha comida tpica ...

Its customary to ...

(o) costume...

According to tradition ...

Segundo a tradicin...

Historically ...

Historicamente...

The best part is ...

A mellor parte ...

One custom is ...

Un costume ...

Its acceptable to ...

aceptbel...

/L 'WBUBYo cIX Bh/

/BWg 'YJgWLlLpi WL/

/LYGXBn WL WpL'XBim/
/kB'gWFpBYoi/

/fL 'VCgW UEW Bh/

/'rJm YJgWLl Bh/

/BWg LY'gCUWLVo WL/

25

PHRASAL VERBS
aim at: estar encamiado/a, pretender (algunha cousa)
ask for: pedir
be over: ter(se) acabado
break away from: separarse de, romper con
break down: avariarse, derramarse
break into: introducirse / meterse en; entrar a roubar en
break up: separarse, romper; rematar
bump into: tropezar / atoparse con
call on: pasar a ver, visitar
carry on: continuar, levar adiante
catch on: ter xito
cater for: atender / ofrecer servizos a
check in: rexistrarse (hotel); facturar (aeroporto)
check out: mirar, botar unha ollada; pagar e marchar (hotel)
clean up: limpar
clear away: quitar, retirar
close down: pechar (definitivamente)
close off: acordoar (unha zona)
come back: regresar, volver
come down: baixar
come on: vamos!, vea!
come over: pasar pola casa, vir (visitar)
come up with: atopar
cut down: talar, cortar
cut in: interromper
cut off: cortar (o subministro), interromper(se) (conversa)
cut out: suprimir, recortar
deal with: tratar de
dress up: disfrazarse; poerse elegante, vestir de etiqueta
end up: acabar, rematar
fall off: caer de
feel like: apetecer, ter ganas de
figure out: comprender, entender
fill in: cubrir (impreso, documento)
find out: saber de; descubrir, esculcar
get across: comunicar, facer entender; cruzar, atravesar
get along: levarse ben
get around: desprazarse / moverse por
get away: escapar, fuxir, escapulir
get back: volver, tornar; recuperar
get by: defenderse (lingua); amaarse
get in: entrar
get into: entrar / caber (roupa); contraer (dbedas);
entrar / meterse en
get off: baixar (dun autobs, tren)
get over: superar
get rid of: desfacerse de
get through: comunicar(se)
Bridges 2 Galician

B Burlington Books

get to: chegar a

get together: reunir(se), xuntar(se)
get up: erguerse
give away: revelar; delatar
give back: devolver, volver
give up: deixar, renunciar a
go against: ir en contra de, ser contrario a
go away: marchar, irse
go back: volver, regresar
go down: baixar
go off: marchar, irse; soar (alarma)
go on: continuar, seguir
go out: sar
grow up: crecer
hand out: repartir, distribur
hang out: pasar o tempo
identify with: relacionar / asociar con
join in: tomar parte / participar en
keep on: seguir, continuar
keep out: non deixar entrar /pasar
leave out: omitir, saltarse, deixar fra
let in: deixar entrar; facer pasar
log into: acceder a, entrar en (unha pxina web)
look after: coidar (a / de)
look around: botar unha ollada, mirar arredor (dun mesmo)
look around for: buscar
look back: mirar cara atrs (no tempo)
look back at: lembrar
look down: mirar cara abaixo
look for: buscar, procurar
look forward to: desexar, devecer por
look into: investigar, esculcar
look out: ter coidado / conta
look up: visitar, ir ver a algun; procurar (informacin)
make up: inventar(se); reconciliarse, facer as paces
make up for: compensar
move out: mudarse, marchar
pass by: pasar por diante
pass down: transmitir, pasar
pass on: dar, pasar
pay back: volver (cartos); (fig.) vingarse
pay for: pagar (por)
pay off: pagar a pena
pick out: elixir, escoller
pick up: recoller, ir buscar
point out: sinalar
pull up: subir, erguer
put away: gardar, poer no seu sitio
26

Preposition List
put off: desanimar(se)
put out: sacar, tirar, expulsar
put up: poer, pr, ofrecer
ring up: chamar, telefonar
run around: (fig.) ir ao seu aire
run away: fuxir, escapar, escapulir
run for: presentarse como candidato/a (a un cargo)
set out: sar, prse en camio
set up: establecer(se), fundar
shop around: comparar prezos
show up: aparecer / presentarse nun sitio
sit down: sentar(se)
slow down: reducir a velocidade, ir mis amodo
stand up: erguerse, poerse a p
start over: comezar outra vez / desde cero
take after: asemellarse a
take back: volver; retractarse, retirar (o dito)
take down: baixar; apuntar, tomar nota de

take in: meter (a unha peza de vestir)

take off: ir(se)
take on: aceptar (un reto)
take out: convidar; sacar
take part in: participar en
take up: comezar a
throw down: tirar, lanzar, guindar
try on: probarse (roupa, calzado)
turn down: baixar (o volume); rexeitar
turn into: converter(se) en
turn off: apagar
turn on: acender, prender
turn out: resultar
turn over: dar a volta (a unha cousa)
turn up: aparecer, presentar
win over: convencer
work out: facer exercicio
write back: contestar (por escrito)

PREPOSITION LIST
Verbs + Prepositions

Nouns + Prepositions

agree with: estar de acordo con

appear on: sar a
apply for: solicitar
arrive in: chegar a (unha cidade,
un pas)
believe in: crer en
belong to: pertencer a
care about: preocuparse / interesarse por
come to: chegar a
concentrate on: concentrarse en
decide on: decidirse por
dream of: soar con
earn from: gaar grazas a
listen to: escoitar (a)
look at: mirar (a)
search for: procurar, esculcar
serve as: servir de
spend on: gastar en
succeed in: ter xito / triunfar en
talk about: falar de / sobre
talk to: falar con
think about: opinar (sobre), parecer;
coidar en

an average of: unha media de

break from: descanso de
change in: cambio en
cost of: prezo /custo de
idea of: idea de
importance of: importancia de
majority of: maiora de
member of: membro de
nature of: natureza de
number of: cantidade / nmero de
population of: poboacin de
reminder of: lembranza / recordo de
sign of: sinal de

Bridges 2 Galician

B Burlington Books

Adjectives + Prepositions
(after to be)

afraid of: asustado de

appropriate for: apropiado / axeitado
para
aware of: consciente de
fond of: (terlle) lei a
interested in: interesado en
jealous of: envexoso de
pleased for: ledo/a, alegre, contento
por (algun)
pleased with: satisfeito de
proud of: orgulloso / fachendoso de
sorry about: (sentir) mgoa / pena por
(algunha cousa)
sorry for: (sentir) mgoa / pena por
surprised by: sorprendido por / con

27

IRREGULAR VERBS
base form (V1)

be /VA/
beat /VAW/
become/VB'YJl/
begin /VB'ZBm/
bend /VCmX/
bet /VCW/
bite /VOW/
bleed /VoAX/
blow /VoLH/
break /VpMY/
bring /VpBn/
build /VBoX/
burn /VKm/
burst /VKgW/
buy /VO/
catch /Ya/
choose /aIh/
come /YJl/
cost /YFgW/
cut /YJW/
deal /XAo/
dig /XBZ/
do /XI/
draw /XpG/
dream /XpAl/
drink /XpBnY/
drive /XpOd/
eat /AW/
fall /cGo/
feed /cAX/
feel /cAo/
fight /cOW/
find /cOmX/
fly /coO/
forget /cL'ZCW/
forgive /cL'ZBd/
freeze /cpAh/
get /ZCW/
give /ZBd/
go /ZN/
grow /ZpN/
hang /kn/
have /kd/
hear /kBL/
hide /kOX/
hit /kBW/
hold /kNoX/
hurt /kKW/
keep /YAU/
know /mN/
lay /oCB/
lead /oAX/
learn /oKm/
leave /oAd/

Bridges 2 Galician

Past Simple (V2)

Past Participle (V3)

was / were /rFh/rK/

been /VAm/
beat /VAW/
beaten /'VAWm/
became /VB'YMl/
become /VB'YJl/
began /VB'Zm/
begun /VB'ZJm/
bent /VCmW/
bent /VCmW/
bet /VCW/
bet /VCW/
bit /VBW/
bitten /'VBWm/
bled /VoCX/
bled /VoCX/
blew /VoI/
blown /VoLHm/
broke /VpLHY/
broken /'VpLHYm/
brought /VpGW/
brought /VpGW/
built /VBoW/
built /VBoW/
burnt / burned /VKmW/VKmX/
burnt / burned /VKmW/VKmX/
burst /VKgW/
burst /VKgW/
bought /VGW/
bought /VGW/
caught /YGW/
caught /YGW/
chose /aLHh/
chosen /'aLHhm/
came /YMl/
come /YJl/
cost /YFgW/
cost /YFgW/
cut /YJW/
cut /YJW/
dealt /XCoW/
dealt /XCoW/
dug /XJZ/
dug /XJZ/
did /XBX/
done /XJm/
drew /XpI/
drawn /XpGm/
dreamt / dreamed /XpClW/XpAlX/ dreamt / dreamed /XpClW/XpAlX/
drank /XpnY/
drunk /XpJnY/
drove /XpLHd/
driven /'XpBdm/
ate /CBW/
eaten /'AWm/
fell /cCo/
fallen /'cGom/
fed /cCX/
fed /cCX/
felt /cCoW/
felt /cCoW/
fought /cGW/
fought /cGW/
found /cPmX/
found /cPmX/
flew /coI/
flown /coLHm/
forgot /cL'ZFW/
forgotten /cL'ZFWm/
forgave /cL'ZMd/
forgiven /cL'ZBdm/
froze /cpLHh/
frozen /'cpLHhm/
got /ZFW/
got /ZFW/
gave /ZMd/
given /'ZBdm/
went /rCmW/
gone /ZFm/
grew /ZpI/
grown /ZpNm/
hung / hanged /kJn/knX/
hung / hanged /kJn/knX/
had /kX/
had /kX/
heard /kKX/
heard /kKX/
hid /kBX/
hidden /'kBXm/
hit /kBW/
hit /kBW/
held /kCoX/
held /kCoX/
hurt /kKW/
hurt /kKW/
kept /YCUW/
kept /YCUW/
knew /mqI/
known /mNm/
laid /oCBX/
laid /oCBX/
led /oCX/
led /oCX/
learnt / learned /oKmW/oKmX/
learnt / learned /oKmW/oKmX/
left /oCcW/
left /oCcW/
B Burlington Books

GALEGO

ser, estar
golpear, bater
chegar a ser
comezar, empezar
dobrar(se)
apostar
trabar
sangrar
soprar
crebar, romper, rachar
traer
construr
queimar
estoupar, estourar
mercar
coller, agarrar
elixir
vir
custar
cortar
comerciar, tratar
cavar, sachar
facer
debuxar
soar
beber
conducir
comer
caer
alimentar
sentir(se)
loitar
atopar
voar
esquecer
perdoar
conxelar(se)
conseguir; recibir
dar
ir
crecer; cultivar
pendurar
ter
or, ouvir
acochar
golpear, bater, pegar
suxeitar, soster
ferir, facer dano
gardar, manter
saber, coecer
poer, pr, estender
guiar, conducir
aprender
deixar; marchar, sar
28

Irregular Verbs
base form (V1)

lend /oCmX/
let /oCW/
lie /oO/
lie /oO/ (regular verb)
light /oOW/
lose /oIh/
make /lCBY/
mean /lAm/
meet /lAW/
pay /UM/
put /UHW/
read /pAX/
ride /pOX/
ring /pBn/
rise /pOh/
run /pJm/
say /gM/
see /gA/
sell /gCo/
send /gCmX/
set /gCW/
sew /gN/
shake /iMY/
shine /iOm/
shoot /iIW/
show /iLH/
shut /iJW/
sing /gBn/
sink /gBnY/
sit /gBW/
sleep /goAU/
smell /glCo/
speak /gUAY/
spell /gUCo/
spend /gUCmX/
spill /gUBo/
spoil /gUQo/
spread /gUpCX/
spring /gUpBn/
stand /gWmX/
steal /gWAo/
stick /gWBY/
sting /gWBn/
swear /grCL/
sweep /grAU/
swim /grBl/
take /WMY/
teach /WAa/
tear /WCL/
tell /WCo/
think /eBnY/
throw /epN/
understand /JmXC'gWmX/
wake up /'rMY JU/
wear /rCL/
win /rBm/
write /pOW/

Bridges 2 Galician

Past Simple (V2)

Past Participle (V3) galego

lent /oCmW/
let /oCW/
lay /oCB/
lied /oOX/
lit /oBW/
lost /oFgW/
made /lCBX/
meant /lCmW/
met /lCW/
paid /UMX/
put /UHW/
read /pCX/
rode /pLHX/
rang /pn/
rose /pLHh/
ran /pm/
said /gCX/
saw /gG/
sold /gLHoX/
sent /gCmW/
set /gCW/
sewed /gNX/
shook /iHY/
shone /iFm/
shot /iFW/
showed /iLHX/
shut /iJW/
sang /gn/
sank /gnY/
sat /gW/
slept /goCUW/
smelt / smelled /glCoW/glCoX/
spoke /gULHY/
spelt / spelled /gUCoW/gUCoX/
spent /gUCmW/
spilt / spilled /gUBoW/gUBoX/
spoilt / spoiled /gUQoW/gUQoX/
spread /gUpCX/
sprang /gUpn/
stood /gWHX/
stole /gWLHo/
stuck /gWJY/
stung /gWJn/
swore /grG/
swept /grCUW/
swam /grl/
took /WHY/
taught /WGW/
tore /WG/
told /WLHoX/
thought /eGW/
threw /epI/
understood /JmXC'gWHX/
woke up /'rLHY JU/
wore /rG/
won /rJm/
wrote /pLHW/

lent /oCmW/
emprestar
let /oCW/
permitir, deixar
lain /oCBm/
tombarse, deitarse
lied /oOX/
mentir
lit /oBW/
acender, prender
lost /oFgW/
perder
made /lCBX/
facer, fabricar
meant /lCmW/
significar, querer dicir
met /lCW/
coecer a; reunirse con
paid /UMX/
pagar
put /UHW/
poer, pr
read /pCX/
ler
ridden /'pBXm/
montar
rung /pJn/
chamar, telefonar
risen /'pBhm/
elevarse, erguerse
run /pJm/
correr
said /gCX/
dicir
seen /gAm/
ver
sold /gLHoX/
vender
sent /gCmW/
enviar
set /gCW/
colocar
sewn /gNm/
coser
shaken /'iMYm/
axitar
shone /iFm/
brillar, escintilar
shot /iFW/
disparar
shown /iLHm/
amosar
shut /iJW/
pechar
sung /gJn/
cantar
sunk /gJnY/
afundir
sat /gW/
sentar
slept /goCUW/
durmir
smelt / smelled /glCoW/glCoX/ ulir, cheirar
spoken /'gULHYm/
falar
spelt / spelled /gUCoW/gUCoX/ soletrear
spent /gUCmW/
gastar; pasar (tempo)
spilt / spilled /gUBoW/gUBoX/
verter
spoilt / spoiled /gUQoW/gUQoX/ arruinar, estragar
spread /gUpCX/
untar; espallar
sprung /gUpJn/
choutar, brincar
stood /gWHX/
estar a p
stolen /'gWLHom/
roubar
stuck /gWJY/
apegar
stung /gWJn/
picar (un insecto)
sworn /grGm/
xurar
swept /grCUW/
varrer
swum /grJl/
nadar
taken /'WMYm/
coller, levar
taught /WGW/
aprender, ensinar
torn /WGm/
rachar, esgazar
told /WLHoX/
dicir, contar
thought /eGW/
coidar, pensar
thrown /epNm/
guindar, tirar
understood /JmXC'gWHX/
comprender, entender
woken up /'rLHYm JU/
espertar
worn /rGm/
levar posto, poer, vestir
won /rJm/
gaar
written /'pBWm/
escribir

B Burlington Books

29

CADROS RESUMO DAS EQUIVALENCIAS DOS

TEMPOS VERBAIS ENTRE O INGLS E O GALEGO
LEMBRA: os tempos verbais do Subxuntivo galego tradcense en ingls polos seus correspondentes en indicativo.
As, o Presente de Subxuntivo, o Futuro de Subxuntivo e o Pretrito Imperfecto de Subxuntivo traduciranse igual
.ca o Presente, o Futuro e o Pretrito Imperfecto de Indicativo, respectivamente

TEMPOS
VERBAIS
TEMPOS VERBAIS

tenses
TENSES

PRESENTE

PRESENT SIMPLE

Eu ando
Ti andas
El/Ela anda
Ns andamos
Vs andades
Eles/Elas andan

I walk
You walk
He/She walks
We walk
You walk
They walk

PRETRITO IMPERFECTO

Eu andaba
Ti andabas
El/Ela andaba
Ns andabamos
Vs andabades
Eles/Elas andaban

PRETRITO PERFECTO

Eu andei
Ti andaches
El/Ela andou
Ns andamos
Vs andastes
Eles/Elas andaron

Bridges 2 Galician

B Burlington Books

OUTRAS
EQUIVALENCIAS

PRESENT CONTINUOUS

PERFRASE

I am walking
You are walking
He/She is walking
We are walking
You are walking
They are walking

Eu estou a andar / andando

Ti ests a andar / andando
El/Ela est a andar / andando
Ns estamos a andar / andando
Vs estades a andar / andando
Eles/Elas estn a andar / andando

PAST CONTINUOUS

PERFRASE

I was walking
You were walking
He/She was walking
We were walking
You were walking
They were walking

Eu estaba a andar / andando

Ti estabas a andar / andando
El/Ela estaba a andar / andando
Ns estabamos a andar / andando
Vs estabades a andar / andando
Eles/Elas estaban a andar / andando

PAST SIMPLE

I walked
You walked
He/She walked
We walked
You walked
They walked
PRESENT PERFECT

PERFRASE

I have walked
You have walked
He/She has walked
We have walked
You have walked
They have walked

Eu teo andado
Ti tes andado
El/Ela ten andado
Ns temos andado
Vs tedes andado
Eles/Elas teen andado

30

Cadros Resumo

TEMPOS VERBAIS

TENSES

OUTRAS
EQUIVALENCIAS

PRETRITO
PLUSCUAMPERFECTO

PAST PERFECT

PERFRASE

Eu andara
Ti andaras
El/Ela andara
Ns andaramos
Vs andarades
Eles/Elas andaran

I had walked
You had walked
He/She had walked
We had walked
You had walked
They had walked

Eu tia andado
Ti tias andado
El/Ela tia andado
Ns tiamos andado
Vs tiades andado
Eles/Elas tian andado

FUTURO

WILL

Eu andarei
Ti andars
El/Ela andar
Ns andaremos
Vs andaredes
Eles/Elas andarn

I will walk
You will walk
He/She will walk
We will walk
You will walk
They will walk

FUTURO DO PRETRITO

CONDITIONAL

Eu andara
Ti andaras
El/Ela andara
Ns andariamos
Vs andariades
Eles/Elas andaran

I would walk
You would walk
He/She would walk
We would walk
You would walk
They would walk

INFINITIVO CONXUGADO

INFINITIVE / GERUND

Eu andar
Ti andares
El/Ela andar
Ns andarmos
Vs andardes
Eles/Elas andaren

to) walk / walking(

Para a traducin do Future Continuous e Future Perfect repasa os puntos correspondentes na Revisin
Gramatical e na Unidade 1 deste mesmo apndice gramatical.

Bridges 2 Galician

B Burlington Books

IH-006-275

31