Fluid Mechanics and Machinery

09CE408 FLUID MECHANICS AND
MACHINERIES LABORATORY
LAB OBSERVATION NOTE BOOK
Department of Mechanical Engineering,

Kongu Engineering College
Perundurai, Erode -638 052
TamilNadu, India
CONTENTS
S.NO
DATE
NAME OF THE EXPERIMENTS
PAGE
MARKS
NO
SIGN
1. (a). ORIFICE (CONSTANT HEAD METHOD)

AIM
To determine the co-efficient of discharge of the Orifice by constant head
method.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. Orifice fitted to a Orifice tank
2. Collecting tank fitted with piezo meter
3. Calipers
4. Stop watch
5. Meter scale
FORMULA
1. Actual discharge
Qa = Ay / t
A = Area of the collection tank
(m2/s)
(m2)
y = Depth of water collection in the tank (m)

t = time taken for y cm rise in the collection tank. (s)
2. Theoretical Discharge
Qt = a 2g h
(m3/s)
a = Area of the Orifice = d2 / 4
(m2)
d = diameter of the Orifice
(m)
h = Head
(m)
3.Coefficient of discharge of Orifice Cd = Qa / Qt

Qa = Actual discharge
Qt = Theoretical Discharge
PROCEDURE
1. The diameter of the Orifice and the internal dimensions of the collection tank are
measured.
2. The supply valve to the storage tank is regulated and water flow controlled so that
water level becomes constant at a head, h in m.
3
3. The outlet valve of the collecting tank is tightly closed and the time required for y
cm rise of water in the collecting tank is noted using stop watch.
4. The above procedure is repeated for different heads and the observations are
tabulated.
GRAPH
1. h Vs Co-efficient of discharge (Ordinary Graph)
2. h Vs Actual discharge (Ordinary Graph)
MODEL GRAPH
Qa
cd
m3/ s
h (m)
h(m)
MODEL CALCULATION
1. Actual discharge
Qa = Ay / t
( m3/s)
A = Area of the collection tank in (m2)

l = Length of the collection tank = m
b = breath of the collection tank =.m
A= l*b
y = Depth of water collection in the tank = .m
t = time taken for y cm rise in the collection tank.
2. Theoretical Discharge Qt = a 2g h ( m3/s)

(m2 )
d = diameter of the Orifice = .m

h = Head =-----------m
3.Coefficient of discharge of venturimeter cd = Qa / Qt

Qa = Actual discharge = m3/sec
Qt = Theoretical Discharge = m3/sec
OBSERVATION
Diameter of the Orifice
= m
Size of the Collection tank
=m xm
Length of the Collection tank l
= m
Breadth of the Collection tank b = m
TABULATION
Sl.No
Head
h in m
Time taken for

y cm rise in the
tank insec
Actual discharge
3
Qa = Ay / t m /sec
Theoretical
discharge
Qt = a 2gh
3
m /sec
Coefficient of
discharge
Cd = Q a / Q t
Average Cd =
RESULT
The value of co-efficient of discharge of Orifice by Constant head method
(The average value of Cd from tabular column)
Cd
1. (b). ORIFICE (VARIABLE HEAD METHOD)

AIM
To determine the co-efficient of discharge of the Orifice by variable head method.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. Orifice fitted to a Orifice tank
3. Calipers
4. Stop watch
5. Meter scale
FORMULA
1. Coefficient of discharge of Orifice Cd = 2A (h1 -h2 )
--------------------t a 2 g
Where,
A = Area of the Orifice tank (m2 )
h1 -h2 = Difference between the head in the Orifice tank (m)
t = Time required for the liquid to descend
(m2 )
d = diameter of the Orifice (m)

g = Acceleration due to gravity.
PROCEDURE
1. The diameter of Orifice and internal plan dimension of collection tank are
measured.
2. The supply valve to Orifice tank is regulated and water is allowed into the
tank, so that the tank is nearly full.
3. The supply valve is completely closed and water level is allowed to descend.
4. When descending water crosses the selected head h 1 stop watch is started
and time required t for the water to cross head h2 is noted.
5. The above procedure is repeated for different values of h 1 and h2 and time
taken for each case is measured.
6. The observations are tabulated and co-efficient of discharge is calculated.
MODEL CALCULATION
1. Head h1
= ---------------- m
2. Head h2
= --------------- m
3. h1
= --------------- m
4. h2
= --------------- m
5. h1 -h2
= ------------- m
6.
Coefficient of discharge of Orifice Cd =
2A (h1 -h2 )
--------------------Ta 2 g
Where,
A = Area of the Orifice tank in m2
l = Length of Orifice tank = ------- --- m
b= Breath of the Orifice tank = ---------- m
A = l* b = ------------m2
h1 -h2 = Difference between the head in the Orifice tank (m)
T = Time required for the liquid to descend = -------------- sec
a = Area of the Orifice = d2 / 4 = -------------- m2
d = diameter of the Orifice = -------------- m2
OBSERVATION
Diameter of the Orifice d
= m
Size of the Orifice tank
=m xm
Length of the Orifice tank l
= m
Breadth of the Orifice tank b
= m
TABULATION
Head in m
Sl.No
h1 in m
h2 in m
h1
h2
h1 - h2
Time t
taken to
descend
10cm
(sec)
Coefficient of
discharge
Cd = 2A ( h1 - h2)) /
(ta2g )
Average Cd =
RESULT
The value of co-efficient of discharge of Orifice

by Variable Head method
Cd =
2. (a). MOUTH PIECE (CONSTANT HEAD METHOD)

AIM
To determine the co-efficient of discharge of the mouth piece by constant head
method.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. Mouth piece fitted to a mouth piece tank
3. Calipers
4. Stop watch
5. Meter scale
FORMULA
1. Actual discharge
Qa = Ay / t ( m3/s)
A = Area of the collection tank (m2)

Qt = a 2g h
a = Area of the mouth piece = d2 / 4
( m3/s)
(m2)
d = diameter of the mouth piece (m)

h = Head (m)
3. Coefficient of discharge of Mouth Piece Cd = Qa / Qt
PROCEDURE
1. The diameter of the mouth piece and the internal dimensions of the collection tank
are measured.
2. The supply valve to the storage tank is regulated and water flow controlled so that
water level becomes constant at a head, h in m.
10
3. The outlet valve of the collecting tank is tightly closed and the time required for y
cm rise of water in the collecting tank is noted using stop watch.
4. The above procedure is repeated for different heads and the observations are
tabulated.
GRAPH
i.
h Vs Co-efficient of discharge (Ordinary Graph)
ii.
h Vs Actual discharge (Ordinary Graph)
MODEL GRAPH
Qa
cd
m3/ s
h (m)
h (m)
MODEL CALCULATION
1. Actual discharge
Qa = Ay / t (m3/s)
A = Area of the collection tank in m2

A= l*b
11
2. Theoretical Discharge Qt = a 2g h
( m3/s)
a = Area of the mouth piece = d2 / 4 (m2)

d = diameter of the mouth piece = .m
h = Head =-----------m
3.Coefficient of discharge of venturimeter cd = Qa / Qt
= m3/s
Qt = Theoretical Discharge = m3/s

OBSERVATION
Diameter of the Mouth Piece
d= m
=m xm
= m
TABULATION
Sl.No
Head
h in m
Time taken for

y cm rise in
the tank
insec
Actual
discharge
Qa = Ay / t
3
m /sec
Theoretical discharge
Qt =
a 2gh
3
m /sec
Coefficient of
discharge
Cd = Q a / Q t
Average Cd =
RESULT
The value of co-efficient of discharge of Mouth piece by Constant head method
Cd
12
2. (b). MOUTH PIECE (VARIABLE HEAD METHOD)

AIM
To determine the co-efficient of discharge of the mouth piece by variable head
method.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Mouth piece fitted to a mouth piece tank
Collecting tank fitted with piezo meter
Calipers
Stop watch
Meter scale
FORMULA
1. Coefficient of discharge of Mouth Piece Cd =
2A (h1 -h2 )
--------------------Ta 2 g
Where,
A = Area of the mouth piece tank (m2)
h1 -h2 = Difference between the head in the mouth piece tank (m)
T = Time required for the liquid to descend
a = Area of the mouth piece = d2 / 4
d = diameter of the mouth piece
PROCEDURE
1. The diameter of Mouthpiece and internal plan dimension of collection tank are
measured.
2. The supply valve to mouthpiece tank is regulated and water is allowed into
the tank, so that the tank is nearly full.
3. The supply valve is completely closed and water level is allowed to descend.
4. When descending water crosses the selected head h 1 stop watch is started
and time required T for the water to cross head h2 is noted.
13
5. The above procedure is repeated for different values of h1 and h2 and time
taken for each case is measured.
6. The observations are tabulated and co-efficient of discharge is calculated.
MODEL CALCULATION
1. Head h1
= ---------------- m
2. Head h2
= --------------- m
3. h1
= --------------- m
4. h2
= --------------- m
5. h1 -h2
= ------------- m
6. Coefficient of discharge of Mouth Piece Cd =
2A (h1 -h2 )
--------------------t a 2 g
Where,
A = Area of the mouth piece tank in m2
l = Length of mouth piece tank = ------- --- m
b= Breath of the mouth piece tank = ---------- m
A = l* b = ------------m2
h1 -h2 = Difference between the head in the mouth piece tank
t = Time required for the liquid to descend = -------------- sec
a = Area of the mouth piece = d2 / 4 = -------------- m2
d = diameter of the mouth piece = -------------- m2
14
OBSERVATION
Diameter of the Mouth piece d
= m
Size of the Mouth Piece tank
=m xm
Length of the Mouth Piece tank
l= m
Breadth of the Mouth Piece tank b
= m
TABULATION
Head in m
Sl.No
h1 in m
h2 in m
h1
h2
h1 - h2
Time t
taken to
descend
10cm (sec)
Coefficient of
discharge
Cd = 2A ( h1 - h2))
------------------------(t a2g )
Average Cd =
RESULT
The value of co-efficient of discharge of Mouth piece
by Variable Head method
Cd
15
3. RECTANGULAR NOTCH
AIM
To determine the Coefficient of discharge for the given rectangular notch.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. Notch tank
2. Rectangular Notch
3. Hook Gauge
5. Stop watch
6. Meter scale
FORMULA
1. Head Over the Sill H = H1 H2 (m)
H1 - Sill Level of the tank in m
H2 Final Hook Gauge Reading in m
2. Actual Discharge Qa = Ay / t (m3/ s)
Qa = Actual discharge in m3/ s
y = Depth of water collection in the tank inm
t
= time taken for y cm rise in the collection tank in sec
3. Theoretical Discharge Qt = 2
L 2g H 3/2 ( m3/ s)
3
Qt = Theoretical Discharge in m3/Sec
L = Length of the notch in m
H = Head over the sill in m
4. Co-efficient of discharge Cd =
Qa
Qt
Qt = Theoretical Discharge in m3/s
16
PROCEDURE
1. The internal plan dimensions of the collecting tank and the length of the notch
are measured.
2. The supply valve is opened and water is allowed to rise only up to the sill of the
notch and the supply valve is closed tightly.
3. The tip of the points of the hook gauges is adjusted such that the tip coincides
with free water surface.
4. The sill level of the notch is noted from the hook gauge reading H1
5. The supply valve is opened and water is allowed to flow through the notch. When
the flow becomes steady, the reading in the hook gauge (H2) is noted.
6. The outlet valve of the collection tank is tightly closed and the time taken for y
cm rise in the collection tank is noted.
7. The experiment is repeated by varying the discharge through the channel by
adjusting the control valve and thus for various heads over the notch.
8. The observations are tabulated and the co-efficient of discharge is calculated.
GRAPHS
i.
ii.
h Vs Cd (Ordinary Graph)
h Vs Qa (Ordinary Graph)
MODEL GRAPH
Qa
cd
m3/ s
(m)
h (m)
17
MODEL CALCULATIONS
1. Head Over the Sill H = H1 H2 (m)
H1 - Sill Level of the tank
=----------m
H2 Final Hook Gauge Reading
=----------- m
2. Actual Discharge Qa = Ay / t
Qa =------------------ m3/ Sec
A= l*b
t = time taken for y cm rise in the collection tank in sec
3. Theoretical Discharge Qt =
2 L 2g H 3/2
( m3/ s)
3
Qt = Theoretical Discharge in m3/Sec
L = Length of the notch in m
H = Head over the sill in m
Qt =------------------- m3/ s
4. Co-efficient of discharge Cd =
Qa
Qt
Qt = Theoretical Discharge in m3/s
18
SYSTEM DATA
Breadth of the Notch
= m
Size of the collection tank
=m xm
Length of the colleciton tank
= m
Breadth of the collection tank
= m
TABULATION
Sl.No
Hook Gauge
Reading in m
Final
Sill
Hook
Level
Gauge
H1 in
reading
m
H2 in m
Head over
the sill
H=H1-H2
in m
3/2
Time
taken for
y cm
rise in
the tank
insec
Actual
discharge
Qa = Ay / t
3
m /sec
Theoretical
discharge
3/2
Qt = 2 L 2g H
-------------3
Coefficient of
discharge Cd
= Qa / Qt
Average Cd =
RESULT
The value of co-efficient of discharge of rectangular notch Cd
19
4.VENTURIMETER
AIM
To determine the co-efficient of discharge of the venturimeter
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. Venturimeter
2. Differential U tube manometer.
4. Stop watch
5. Meter scale
FORMULA
h = h1 h2 (m)
1. Difference in Head
h1 = Manometric deflection in one limb

h2 = Manometric deflection in another limb
2. Head loss,
hf = Sm S1
S1
m of water
Sm = Specific gravity of mercury = 13.6

S1 = Specific gravity of water = 1
hf = 12.6 h
3. Actual discharge
Qa = Ay / t ( m3/ s)

4.
Theoretical Discharge
a1.a2 2gh f
Qt = ------------------ ( m3/ s)
a12 a22
a1 = Area of the pipe = d12 / 4 (m2)

d1 = diameter of the pipe (m)
20
a2 = Area of the throat = d22 / 4 (m2)

d2 = diameter of the throat (m)
Coefficient of discharge of venturimeter cd = Qa / Qt
Qa = Actual discharge (m3/ s)
Qt = Theoretical Discharge (m3/ s)
PROCEDURE
1. The system details of the equipment pertaining to the experiment. Eg.
Diameter of the pipe at normal section, diameter of the venturimeter at
throat section ,size of the collecting tank are noted down.
2. The water is let to flow through the venturimeter and is collected in the
collection tank by opening the inlet value at upstream end of the
venturimeter.
3. The limbs of the manometer are flushed by operating the manometric
stop cocks.
4. The manometer stop cocks are set to read position after eliminating the air
bubbles.
5. The left limb and right limb readings of the manometer are observed for
each discharge.
6. The exit value of the collecting tank is closed and the time taken for 10cm
rise of water is noted using a stop watch.
7. The steps 5 and 6 are repeated by varying the inlet valve opening. The
outlet of the collecting tank is opened immediately after taking the reading
to avoid overflow of the tank.
8. After sufficient readings are taken the inlet valve is closed.
9. The observations are tabulated.
21
GRAPH
i.
hf Vs Co-efficient of discharge (Ordinary Graph)
ii.
hf Vs Actual discharge (Ordinary Graph)
MODEL GRAPH
Qa
cd
hf
hf
Model Calculations:
Difference in Head h = h1 h2
(m)
h1 = ..m
h2 = ..m
Head loss,
hf = Sm S1
S1

hf = 12.6 h
22
Actual discharge
Qa = Ay / t
(m3/ s)

A = l * b (m2)
a1.a2 2ghf
Qt = --- --------------a12 a22
(m3/ s)
d1 = diameter of the pipe = .m

a1 = Area of the pipe = d12 / 4
(m2)
d2 = diameter of the throat = m

a2 = Area of the throat = d22 / 4
(m2)
Coefficient of discharge of venturimeter cd = Qa / Qt

Qa = Actual discharge = m3/s
23
SYSTEM DATA
Diameter of the pipe
d1
= . m
Diameter of the orifice meterd2 = ..m

Specific gravity of the mercury
Specific gravity of the water
=..m x ..m
Length of the collection tank
= m
= m
TABULATION
Manometric
Deflection
Sl.No
h1
(cm)
h2
(cm)
h=h1
h2
(cm)
hf =12.6h
-2
x10 m
hf
Time
taken for
y cm
rise in
the tank
in sec
Actual
discharge
Qa = Ay /
3
t m /sec
Theoretical
discharge
Qt = a1.a2 2gh
-----------------2
2
(a1 a2 )
3
m /sec
Coefficient of
discharge Cd
= Qa / Qt
Average Cd =
RESULT
The value of co-efficient of discharge of venturimeter Cd
24
5. ORIFICEMETER
AIM
To determine the co-efficient of discharge of the orificemeter.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. Orifice meter
4. Stop watch
5. Meter scale
FORMULA
h = h1 h2
h1 = Manometric deflection in one limb
(m)
(m)
h2 = Manometric deflection in another limb (m)

2. Head loss,
h f = Sm S1
S1
m of water

h f = 12.6 h
3. Actual discharge
Qa = Ay / t (m3/ s)

a1.a2 2ghf
Qt = ------------------ (m3/ s)
a12 a22
a1 = Area of the pipe = d12 / 4
(m2)
d1 = diameter of the pipe
(m)
a2 = Area of the orifice = d22 / 4 (m2)

d2 = diameter of the orifice
(m)
25
5.Coefficient of discharge of orificemeter cd = Qa / Qt

PROCEDURE
1. The system details of the equipment pertaining to the experiment. Eg.
Diameter of the pipe at normal section, diameter of the orifice, size of the
collecting tank are noted down.
2. The water is let to flow through the orifice meter and is let into the collection
tank by opening the inlet value at upstream end of the orificemeter.
3. The limbs of the manometer are flushed by operating the manometric stop
cocks.
4. The manometer stop cocks are set to read position after eliminating the air
bubbles.
5. The left limb and right limb readings of the manometer are observed for each
discharge.
6. The exit value of the collecting tank is closed and the time taken for 10cm rise
of water is noted using a stop watch.
7. The steps 5 and 6 are repeated by varying the inlet valve opening. That is
varying the discharge.
8. The outlet of the collecting tank is opened immediately after taking the
reading to avoid overflow of the tank.
Graph:
1. Head Loss Vs Co-efficient of discharge (Ordinary Graph)
2. Head Loss Vs Actual discharge (Ordinary Graph)
26
MODEL GRAPH
Qa
cd
m3/ s
hf (m)
hf (m)
Model Calculations :
h = h1 h2 (m)
h1 = ..m
h2 = ..m
2. Head loss,
hf = Sm S1 h
m of water
S1
hf = 12.6 h
3. Actual discharge
Qa = Ay / t (m3/ s)

A= l*b
27
4.
a1.a2 2ghf
Qt = ------------------ ( m3/ s)
a12 a22
d1 = diameter of the pipe = .m
a1 = Area of the pipe = d12 / 4 (m2)
d2 = diameter of the orifice = m
a2 = Area of the orifice= d22 / 4 (m2)
5. Coefficient of discharge of orificemeter cd = Qa / Qt

= m3/s

SYSTEM DATA
d1
= . m
Diameter of the orifice meterd2 = ..m

=..m x ..m
= m
= m
28
TABULATION
Manometric
Deflection
Sl.No
h1
(cm)
h2
(cm)
h=h1
h2
(cm)
hf =12.6h
-2
x10 m
hf
Time
taken for
y cm rise
in the tank
in sec
Actual
discharge
Qa = Ay /
3
t m /sec
Theoretical
discharge
Qt = a1.a2 2gh
-----------------2
2
a1 a2
3
m /sec
Coefficient of
discharge
Cd = Q a / Q t
Average Cd =
RESULT
The value of co-efficient of discharge of orificemeter
Cd
29
6. IMPACT OF JET ON VANES APPARATUS

AIM
To conduct an experiment on the jet on Vane apparatus and determine the vane
efficiency.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. Vanes
2. Weights
3. Meter scale
4. Collection tank
5. Pressure Gauge
FORMULA
1. Flow rate,
Where,
A
Q = Ay / t
( m3/ s)
= Area of the collection tank (m2)
= Depth of Water collection in tank (m)
= Time taken for y cm rise in the collection tank (s)
2. Mass flow rate
M = 1000 x Q.
3. Jet velocity
V = Q / a (m/s)
(kg/s)
= d2/4
= Area of the nozzle
= Diameter of the nozzle (m)
(m2)
4. Theoretical input force F = MV / g (sin T1 - sin T2 )

T1
= 900
T2
= -900
= MV /g [ Sin 900 Sin (-900) ]
For semi-circular vane,

F
= MV/ g [Sin 900 + Sin 900 ]

= MV / g [1+1]
= 2MV / g
(N)
30
5. Vane efficiency =
2W / F
W = Counter load in Kgf.
PROCEDURE
1. Fit the required vane on the lever.
2. Balance the lever system by means of counter weight for no loading.
3. Place a small weight on the hanger.
4. Open the gate valve and adjust the jet, so that the weight arm is balanced.
5. Collect water in the collecting tank.
6. Note the pressure gauge reading, the weight placed and the time for 10cm
rise in collection tank.
7. Change the weights on the hanger and repeat the same procedure.
8. The observations are tabulated and vane efficiency of discharge is calculated.
MODEL CALCULATIONS
1. Flow rate,
Q = Ay / t
( m3/ s)
Where,
= l x b = m2
A = Area of the collection tank

l = Length of the collection tank
= .m
b = Breadth of the collection tank
=..m
y= Depth of Water collection in tank
= .m
t= Time taken for y cm rise in the collection tank = . s

= .m3 / s
Q = Discharge
2. Mass flow rate
M = 1000 x Q.
M = . kg /s
3. Jet velocity
V=Q/a
= Area of the nozzle
= d2/4 = ..m2
= Diameter of the nozzle
= m
= . m / sec
31
4. Theoritical input force
F = MV / g (Sin T1 - sin T2)
For semi-circular vane,
T1
= 900
T2
= -900
= MV /g [ Sin 900 Sin (-900) ]

= MV/ g [Sin 900 + Sin 900 ]
= MV / g [1+1]
= 2MV / g
5. Vane efficiency
W = Counter load
(kgm/s)
=
2W / F
= ..kgf
=..kgm/s
F = Theoretical input force
SYSTEM DATA
Diameter of the Nozzle
= m
=m xm
= m
32
TABULATION
Sl.
No
Vane Type
Inlet
Pressure
P in Kg
2
/cm
Time
taken for
y cm rise
in the tank
insec
Flow
Rate
Q =Ay / t
3
m /sec
Mass
Flow
rate M
in
Kg/se
c
Jet
Velocity V
in m/sec
Input
force
F in
kg
Counter
load W
in Kg
Vane
Efficiency =
(2W) /F
RESULT
The vane efficiency = . %
33
7. DARCY FRICTION FACTOR (FRICTION LOSS)

AIM
To determine the Darcys friction factor for a material of the given pipe and to
study the variation of Reynolds number under varying flow conditions.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
3. Stop watch
4. Metre scale
FORMULA
h = h1 h2 (m)
h1 = Manometric deflection in one limb in m

h2 = Manometric deflection in another limb in m
2. Head loss,
hf = Sm S1
S1
h m of water

S1 = Specific gravity of water
=1
hf = 12.6 h
3. Actual discharge
Q = Ay / t (m3/ s)

y = Depth of water collection in the tank inm
4. Velocity v = Q /a
(m/s)
Q = Actual discharge (m3/ s)

a = Area of the pipe = d2 / 4 (m2)
d = diameter of the pipe inm
5. Friction factor ,
hf = flv2 / 2gd
34
f = 2gdhf
lv2
g = Acceleration due to gravity
d = diameter of the pipe in m
hf = loss of head in m
l = length of the pipe in m
v = velocity of water in the pipe in m / sec
6. Reynolds Number = vd /
v = Velocity of water in the pipe in m / sec
d = diameter of pipe in m
= Kinematic viscosity of water in m2/sec
Procedure :
1. The system details of the equipment are noted down pertaining to the
experiment. like Length of pipe, diameter of the pipe, size of the collecting
tank.
2. The flow is admitted into the pipe by opening the inlet value.
3. The manometer is flushed by operating the manometric stop cocks.
4. After flushing, the manometer stop cocks are set to read position.
5. The left limb and right limb readings of the manometer are noted.
GRAPH
i.
Velocity Vs hf
(Ordinary Graph)
35
MODEL GRAPH
hf
v
Model Calculations :
1. Difference in Head h = h = h1 h2 (m)
h1 = ..m
h2 = ..m
2. Head loss,
hf = Sm S1
S1
m of water

hf = 12.6 h
3. Actual discharge
Q = Ay / t (m3/ s)

A= l*b
36

4. Velocity v = Q / a
Q = Actual discharge =..m3 / s
a
= Area of the pipe = d2 / 4
d = diameter of the pipe = m
5. Friction factor ,
hf = flv2 / 2gd
f = 2gdhf
lv2
g = Acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m / s2.
d = diameter of the pipe
= m
hf = loss of head
= m
l = length of the pipe
= .m
v = velocity of water in the pipe = ..m / s

6. Reynolds Number = vd /
v = Velocity of water in the pipe = ..m / s
d = diameter of pipe
= .. m
= Kinematic viscosity of water
SYSTEM DATA
Diameter of the smaller piped
= . m
=..m x ..m
= m
= m
Kinematic viscosity of water
= ..m2/s
37
TABULATION
Manometric Deflection
h1
h2
h=h1h2
(cm) (cm)
(cm)
hf =
12.6h
x10-2m
Time
taken for
y cm
rise in
the tank
Q = Ay / t
m3/sec
Velocity
v=Q/a
m/s
Friction
factor
f= 2gdhf /
lv2
Reynolds
Number
Re=vd/
Average f =
RESULT
The value of friction factor
f =
(The average value of f from tabular column)
38
8. FLOW THROUGH PIPE MINOR LOSSES

AIM
To determine the Co-efficient of Contraction (Minor Losses) of the given pipe.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
9. Stop watch
10. Meter scale
FORMULA
h = h1 h2 (m)
h1 = Manometric deflection in one limb in m

h2 = Manometric deflection in another limb in m
2. Head loss,
hf = Sm S1
S1
m of water

S1 = Specific gravity of water
hf = 12.6 h
=1
m of water
3. Actual discharge
Q = Ay / t
(m3/ s)

y = Depth of water collection in the tank in m
4. Velocity of water in smaller pipe v = Q /a (m/s)
Q = Actual discharge
A = Area of the smaller pipe = d2 / 4
d = diameter of the smaller pipe in m
39
5. Sudden Contraction
Cc =
v
v+ (2ghf)

hf = loss of head in m of water
V= Velocity of water in the smaller pipe in m / sec
Procedure :
1. The system details of the equipment are noted down pertaining to the
experiment. Eg. diameter of the smaller pipe, size of the collecting tank.
2. The flow is admitted into the pipe by opening the inlet value.
3. The manometer is flushed by operating the manometric stop cocks.
4. After flushing, the manometer stop cocks are set to read position.
5. The left limb and right limb readings of the manometer are noted.
GRAPH
i.
Velocity Vs hf
(Ordinary Graph)
40
MODEL GRAPH
hf
(m)
(m/s)
Model Calculations:
1. Difference in Head h = h = h1 h2
(m)
h1 = ..m
h2 = ..m
2. Head loss,
hf = Sm S1
S1
m of water

hf = 12.6 h
3. Actual discharge
Q = Ay / t (m3/ s)
41

A = l * b (m2)
4. Velocity of water in smaller pipe V = Q /a

Q = Actual discharge
a = Area of the Smallert pipe = d2 / 4
d = diameter of the smaller pipe in m
5. Coefficient of Contraction
Cc =
v
v+ 2ghf

hf = loss of head inm
v= Velocity of water in the smaller pipe in m / s
SYSTEM DATA
Diameter of the smaller piped
= . m
=..m x ..m
= m
= m
42
TABULATION
Sl.No
Manometric Deflection
h1
h2
h=h1h2
(cm) (cm)
(cm)
hf =
12.6h
x10-2m
Time
taken for
y cm
rise in
the tank
Q = Ay / t
m3/sec
Velocity
V= Q / a
m/s
Sudden
Contraction
V
Cc =--------------(V+ (2ghf))
Average Cc =
RESULT
The value of Sudden Contraction Cc
(The average value of f from tabular column)
43
9. (a). PELTON WHEEL - CONSTANT HEAD METHOD

AIM
To conduct a load test on Pelton wheel turbine by keeping constant head and
variable speed.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. Pelton Wheel
2. Supply pump
3. Venturimeter fitted with differential manometer
4. Rope brake dynamo meter
5. Tachometer
6. Pressure gauge
7. Set of weighs
FORMULA
1. Venturi head in column of water

h =[ ( sm s0 ) / s0 ] * X
Where,
in m of water
sm = Specific gravity of mercury

S0
= Specific gravity of water
= h 1 h2
h1
= manometric reading in one limb
h2
= manometric reading in another limb (m)
(m)
2. Discharge Q = K * Cd * h
(m)
(m3/ s)
Cd = Qa / Qt
Q = Cd * Qt
44
Q = Cd *
a1.a2 2gh
-------------a12 a22
Q = Cd * K * h
Where, K = a1.a2 2g / a12 a22
3. Pressure gauge reading = x Kgf/cm2
Pressure head Hd = x * 10 m of water
4. Velocity head,
Hv = vd2/2g
= [ ( Q/Ad )2 / 2g ]
= Q2/2g [ 1/Ad2 ]
Where,
Ad = Area of delivery pipe = dd2 / 4

dd = Diameter of delivery pipe
5. .Total head H = Hd + Hv
Where, Hd = Delivery head
(m)
(m)
Hv = Velocity head (m)

6.
Input power = Q H / 1000 (kW)

Where, = Specific weight of water
H = Total head in meter of water
7. Dead weight of the hanger = W D (kgf)

8. Load in the hanger = W H (kgf)
9. Total weight
= W D + W H (kgf)
10. Spring balance reading = S (Kgf)

11. Net weight = [(W D + WH)-S] (Kgf)
12. Force = [(W D + W H)-S] * 9.81 N
13. Torque = F * R Nm
Where F = Force in Newtons
R = (D + d )/ 2
45
D = Diameter of the drum

d = Diameter of the rope
14. Output power = [ 2NT / 60 * 1000 ] kW

Where,
N = Speed of the turbine (rpm)

T = Torque in (Nm)
15. Efficiency = [Output / Input] * 100

16. Unit Speed NU= N/ H
17. Unit Power PU = P/ H 3/2
P- Output Power
18. Unit Discharge QU = Q / H
19. Specific Speed Ns = NP / H5/4
Where N = Speed of the runner at maximum efficiency.
P = Output power at maximum efficiency.
H = Total head in meter of water.
PROCEDURE
1. The pump is started and the discharge is directed on to the pelton wheel.
2. The gate opening is adjusted to the required level.
3. The pressure gauge is adjusted for the required head by adjusting the inlet
valve.
4. For the particular constant head, the following observations are made.
a) Manometer readings (h1 & h2)
b) Pressure gauge reading.
c) Shaft speed
d) Dead weight & load in the hanger
e) Spring balance reading.
5. By varying the load in the hanger in steps of 3 kgs, the shaft speed & spring
Balance reading are noted.
46
6. The total head, input power, torque, output power, efficiency, velocity of jet,
velocity of wheel, speed ratio and specific speed are calculated.
7. The characteristics curves are drawn by plotting speed along X axis and
variables along Y axis.
8. From the graph, the following results are found.

a) Maximum efficiency of the turbine.
b) Brake power at maximum efficiency.
c) Speed at maximum efficiency.
d) Specific speed.
GRAPHS
a) Unit Speed vs Efficiency.
b) Unit Speed vs Unit power.
c) Unit Speed Vs Unit Discharge.
MODEL GRAPH
Efficiency
&
Unit Power
Unit Speed
Unit Discharge
Unit Speed
47
MODEL CALCULATIONS
h =[ ( sm s0 ) / s0 ] * x
Where,
m of water

S0
= h1 h2 (m)
h1
h2
= manometric reading in another limb = .. m
= . m
h =[ ( sm s0 ) / s0 ] * x
= 12.6 * x m of water
Cd = Qa / Qt
Q = Cd * Qt
Q = Cd *
a1.a2 2gh
-------------a12 a22
Where,
K = a1.a2 2g / a12 a22
a1 = Area of the pipe = d12/ 4
d1 = Diameter of pipe in m
a2 = Area of the throat = d22/ 4 d2= Diameter of throat in m

Q= Qa = Cd * K * h
3. Pressure gauge reading = x Kgf/cm2 = . Kgf/cm2
4. Velocity head,
Hv = vd2/2g (m)
= [ ( Q/Ad )2 / 2g ]
= Q2/2g [ 1/Ad2 ]
Where,
dd = Diameter of delivery pipe = .. m
48
5 .Total head H = Hd + Hv
Hd = Delivery head = .. m of water.
Hv = Velocity head = .. m of water.
6. Input power = Q H / 1000
= Specific weight of water= 9810 N/m3
H = Total head in meter of water =.. m of water.
8. Load in the hanger
9. Total weight
= W H (kgf)
= WD + WH
(kgf)
=
10. Spring balance reading = S (Kgf) =
12. Force = [(W D + W H)-S] * 9.81 N
13. Torque = F * R
(Nm)
F = Force in Newtons
R = (D + d )/ 2
D = Diameter of the drum = m
d = Diameter of the rope = m
14. Output power = [ 2NT / 60 * 1000 ]
Where,
kW
N = Speed of the turbine = rpm.

T = Torque in N.m= N.m

17.
Unit Power PU = P/ H 3/2

P- Output Power
18.
Unit Discharge QU = Q / H
49
19.
Specific Speed Ns = NP / H5/4

N = Speed of the runner at maximum efficiency.= . rpm
P = Output power at maximum efficiency = kW
H = Total head
= . m of water
SYSTEM DATA
3.
d1
= . m
Diameter of the throat
d2
= ..m
Diameter of the Brake drum D
= . m
Diameter of the rope
= ..m
Dead weight of the hanger
=. .Kg
Co efficient of discharge of venturimeter Cd =
50
Loads in kg
Total Load Spring
Balance Reading
Net wt =
Springbalance reading
Total load
Load
In the hanger
Manometric
Deflection
Dead wt.of
Hanger
Kw
Input power
Total head
In m
Velocity head inm
Discharge
3
m /sec
h=
12.6 *(h1h2) *
-2
10 in m
h2
(cm)
h1
(cm)
m of water
In Rpm
Kg /cm
Speed
Sl.No
Pressure
gauge
reading
51
Unit discharge QU
Unit Power PU
Unit Speed NU
in %
Output power in KW"
Torque
F in
N
RESULT
Maximum efficiency of the turbine = %
Unit speed corresponding to maximum efficiency = .. rpm
Unit power corresponding to maximum efficiency = ..kw
Unit discharge corresponding to maximum efficiency = .. m 3/ s
52
9. (b). PELTON WHEEL -- CONSTANT SPEED METHOD

AIM
To conduct a load test on Pelton wheel turbine under constant speed and
variable head .
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. Pelton Wheel
2. Supply pump
5. Tachometer
6. Pressure gauge
7. Set of weighs
FORMULA

h =[ ( sm s0 ) / s0 ] * x
Where,
m of water

S0
= h 1 h2
h1
h2
= manometric reading in another limb
2. Discharge Q = K * Cd * h (m3/ s)
Cd = Qa / Qt
Qa = Cd * Qt
Qa = Cd *
( m3/ s)
a1.a2 2gh
-------------a12 a22
53
Q = Qa = Cd * K * h
Where, K = a1.a2 2g / a12 a22

3. Pressure gauge reading = x Kgf/cm2
4. Velocity head,
Hv = vd2/2g (m)
= [ ( Q/Ad )2 / 2g ]
= Q2/2g [ 1/Ad2 ]
Where,
dd = Diameter of delivery pipe

5. .Total head H = Hd + Hv
Hv = Velocity head
6. Input power = Q H / 1000 (kW)
9. Total weight
= WH
= W D + WH
(kgf)
(kgf)
10. Spring balance reading = S
(Kgf)
11. Net weight = [(W D + WH)-S]
(Kgf)
12. Force = [(W D + W H)-S] * 9.81 N

13. Torque = F * R (Nm)
R = (D + d )/ 2
54
14. Output power = [ 2NT / 60 * 1000 ] (kW)

Where,
N = Speed of the turbine

T = Torque in (Nm)

Where N = Speed of the runner at maximum efficiency.
P = Output power at maximum efficiency.
H = Total head in meter of water.
PROCEDURE
1. The pump is started and the discharge is directed on to the pelton wheel.
2. The gate opening is adjusted to the required level.
3. The required constant speed is set up by operating the inlet valve without
any load in the hanger..
4. For the particular constant speed, the following observations are made.
a. Manometer readings (h1 & h2)
b. Pressure gauge reading.
c. Shaft speed
d. Dead weight & load in the hanger
e. Spring balance reading.
5. By adding the load in the hanger the speed of the runner is automatically
reduced.(To maintain a constant speed, the inlet valve is opened slowly and
allow more amount of water striking on the vanes. The speed of the runner is
checked until the constant speed is obtained.)
6. After getting the constant speed the observations are made as on step 4.
7. The procedure is repeated by varying the load in the hanger.
8. The total head, input power, torque, output power, efficiency, velocity of jet,
55
9. The characteristics curves are drawn by plotting input power along X axis and
a. Maximum efficiency of the turbine.
b. Brake power at maximum efficiency.
c. Specific speed.
GRAPHS
i.
Discharge Vs Efficiency.
ii.
Discharge Vs Output power.
MODEL GRAPH
Efficiency
&
Output power
Discharge
MODEL CALCULATIONS
h =[ ( sm s0 ) / s0 ] * X
Where,
m of water

S0
= h1 h2 (m)
h1
h2
h =[ ( sm s0 ) / s0 ] * X
= . m
m of water
56
(m3/ s)
Cd = Qa / Qt
Qa = Cd * Qt
Q= Qa = Cd * a1.a2 2gh
-------------a12 a22
Where,
K = a1.a2 2g / a12 a22

Qa = Cd * K * h
Pressure gauge reading = x Kgf/cm2 = . Kgf/cm2
Pressure head Hd = X * 10 m of water
3. Velocity head,
Hv = vd2/2g (m)
= [ ( Q/Ad )2 / 2g ]
= Q2/2g [ 1/Ad2 ]
Where,
dd = Diameter of delivery pipe = .. m
Ad = Area of delivery pipe = dd2 / 4.. (m2)
4. Total head H = Hd + Hv
Hv = Velocity head = .. m of water.
= Specific weight of water =9810 N / m3
8. Total weight
= WH
= WD + WH
(kgf)
( kgf)
=
57
9. Spring balance reading = S (Kgf) =

11. Force = [(W D + W H)-S] * 9.81 N
R = (D + d )/ 2
13. Output power = [ 2NT / 60 * 1000 ]
Where,
kW


N = Speed of the runner at maximum efficiency. = . rpm
P = Output power at maximum efficiency = kW
H = Total head
= . m of water
SYSTEM DATA
d1
= . m
d2
= ..m
= . m
= ..m
=. .Kg
58
Loads in kg
Total Load Spring Balance
Reading
Net wt =
Spring
balance reading
Total load
Load
In the hanger
Manometric
Deflection
Dead wt.of
Hanger
Kw
Input power
Total head
In m
Velocity head inm
Discharge
3
m /sec
h=
12.6 *(h1h2) *
-2
10 in m
Pressure
gauge
reading
h2
(cm)
h1
(cm)
m of water
Kg /cm
Speed
In Rpm
Sl.No
F in
N
in %
Output power in KW"
Torque
TABULATION
59
RESULT
Maximum efficiency of the turbine
= .%
Output power corresponding to maximum efficiency
= .kw
Discharge corresponding to maximum efficiency
= ..m 3/s
Specific speed of the turbine
= .rpm
60
10. (a). FRANCIS TURBINE - CONSTANT HEAD METHOD

AIM
To conduct a load test on Francis turbine by keeping constant head and variable
speed.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. Francis turbine
2. Supply pump
5. Tachometer
6. Pressure guage
7. Set of weights
FORMULA
h =[ ( sm s0 ) / s0 ] * X
Where,
m of water

S0
= h1 h2 (m)
h1
h2
(m)
(m3/s)
Cd = Qa / Qt
Qa = Cd * Qt
(m3/s)
Q= Qa = Cd * a1.a2 2gh
-------------a12 a22
(m3/s)
61
Qa = Cd * K * h (m3/s)
Where, K = a1.a2 2g / a12 a22

3. Pressure gauge reading = x Kg/cm2
Pressure head or Delivery Head Hd = x * 10 m of water
4. Total head H = Hd
8. Total weight
= WH
= WD + WH
(kgf)
(kgf)
9. Spring balance reading = S Kgf

10. Net weight = [(W D + WH)-S] Kgf
11. Force = [(W D + W H)-S] * 9.81 N
R = (D + d )/ 2
Where,

T = Torque in Newton meter

P- Output Power
62
PROCEDURE
1. The pump is started and the discharge is directed on to the francis turbine.
2. The pressure gauge is adjusted for the required head by adjusting the inlet
valve.
3. For the particular constant head, the following observations are made .
c) Shaft speed
4. By adding the load in the hanger the head of the turbine is automatically
reduced.(To maintain a constant head, the inlet valve is opened slowly and allow
more amount of water striking on the vanes. The gate valve is opened until the
constant head is obtained.)
5. After getting the constant head the observations are made as on step 3.
6. The procedure is repeated by varying the load in the hanger in steps of 4 kgs.
7. The total head, input power ,torque, output power , efficiency, velocity of jet,
8. The characteristics curves are drawn by plotting speed along X axis and
a) Maximum efficiency of the turbine.
b) Brake power at maximum efficiency.
c) Speed at maximum efficiency.
GRAPHS
1.
Unit Speed vs Efficiency.
2.
Unit Speed vs Unit power.
3.
Unit Speed Vs Unit Discharge.
63
MODEL GRAPH
Efficiency
&
Unit Power
Unit Speed
Unit Discharge
Unit Speed
MODEL CALCULATIONS

h =[ ( sm s0 ) / s0 ] * x
Where,

S0
= h 1 h2
h1
h2
= . m
h =[ ( sm s0 ) / s0 ] * X m of water
64
(m3/s)
Cd = Qa / Qt
Qa = Cd * Qt (m3/s)
Qa = Cd *
a1.a2 2gh
-------------a12 a22
(m3/s)
Where,
K = a1.a2 2g / a12 a22
Qa = Cd * K * h
(m3/s)
3. Pressure gauge reading = x Kg/cm2 = . Kg/cm2

Pressure head or Delivery Head = x * 10 m of water
= Specific weight of water
6. Dead weight of the hanger = W D
8. Total weight
= WH
= WD + WH
=
9. Spring balance reading = S kg =

10. Net weight = [(W D + WH)-S] kg
11. Force = [(W D + W H)-S] * 9.81 N
12. Torque = F * R
R = (D + d )/ 2
65

Where,


P- Output Power
SYSTEM DATA
d1
= . m
d2
= ..m
= . m
= ..m
=. .Kg
66
Loads in kg
Net wt =
Reading
Spring
balance reading
Total load
Load
In the hanger
Manometric
Deflection
Dead wt.of
Hanger
Input power
Kw
Total head
In m
Discharge
3
m /sec
h=
12.6 *(h1h2) *
-2
10 in m
Pressure
gauge
reading
h2
(cm)
h1
(cm)
m of water
Kg /cm
Speed
n rpm
Sl.No
F in
N
67
Unit discharge QU
Unit Power PU
Unit Speed NU
in %
Output power in KW"
Torque
TABULATION
RESULT
1. Maximum efficiency of the turbine = %
2. Unit speed corresponding to maximum efficiency = .. rpm
3. Unit power corresponding to maximum efficiency = ..kW
4. Unit discharge corresponding to maximum efficiency = .. m 3/ sec
68
10. (b). FRANCIS TURBINE - CONSTANT SPEED METHOD

AIM
To conduct a load test on Francis turbine under constant speed and variable
head.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. Francis turbine
2. Supply pump
5. Tachometer
6. Pressure guage
7. Set of weighs
FORMULA
h =[ ( sm s0 ) / s0 ] * X m of water
Where,

S0
= h 1 h2
h1
= manometric reading in one limb (m)
h2
2. Discharge Q = K * Cd * h ( m3/s)
Cd = Qa / Qt
Qa = Cd * Qt
Qa = Cd *
a1.a2 2gh
-------------a12 a22
(m3/s)
69
Qa = Cd * K * h
(m3/s)
Where, K = a1.a2 2g / a12 a22

3. Pressure gauge reading = x Kg/cm2
8. Total weight
= WH
= WD + WH
(kgf)
(kgf)
9. Spring balance reading = S
(Kgf)
10. Net weight = [(W D + WH)-S]
(Kgf)
11. Force = [(W D + W H)-S] * 9.81 N

12. Torque = F * R
(Nm)

R = (D + d)/ 2
D = Diameter of the drum (m)
d = Diameter of the rope (m)
Where,

T = Torque in (Nm)
70
PROCEDURE
1. The pump is started and the discharge is directed on to the Francis
turbine.
2. The required constant speed is set up by operating the inlet valve
without any load in the hanger.
3. For the particular constant speed, the following observations are made.
c) Shaft speed
4.
By adding the load in the hanger the speed of the runner is
automatically reduced. (To maintain a constant speed, the inlet valve is

opened slowly and allow more amount of water striking on the vanes. The
speed of the runner is checked the until the constant speed is obtained.)
5. After getting the constant speed the observations are made as on step
3.
6. The procedure is repeated by varying the load in the hanger in steps of
4 kgs.
7. The total head, input power, torque, output power, efficiency are
calculated.
8. The characteristics curves are drawn by plotting discharge along X
axis and variables along Y axis.
d) Maximum efficiency of the turbine.
e) Brake power at maximum efficiency.
71
GRAPHS
1. Discharge Vs efficiency.
2. Discharge Vs output power.
MODEL GRAPH
Efficiency
&
Output power
Discharge
MODEL CALCULATIONS
h =[ ( sm s0 ) / s0 ] * x
Where,
S0

X
= h 1 h2
h1
S0
= h 1 h2
h1
h2
= . m
= . m
h =[ ( sm s0 ) / s0 ] * x
Cd = Qa / Qt
Qa = Cd * Qt
Qa = Cd *
a1.a2 2gh
72
-------------a12 a22
Where,
K = a1.a2 2g / a12 a22
Q = Qa = Cd * K * h
3. Pressure gauge reading = x Kg/cm2 = . Kg/cm2
= Specific weight of water

8. Total weight
= WH
= WD + WH
(kgf)
(kgf)
=
9. Spring balance reading = S Kgf =
10. Net weight = [(W D + WH)-S] Kgf
11. Force = [(W D + W H)-S] * 9.81 N
12. Torque = F * R
(Nm)
R = (D + d )/ 2
13. Output power = [ 2NT / 60 * 1000 ] KW
Where,


73
Loads in kg
Net wt =
Reading
Spring
balance reading
Total load
Load
In the hanger
Manometric
Deflection
Dead wt.of
Hanger
Kw
Input power
Total head
In m
Discharge
3
m /sec
h=
12.6 *(h1h2) *
-2
10 in m
Pressure
gauge
reading
h2
(cm)
h1
(cm)
m of water
Kg /cm
Speed
In Rpm
Sl.No
F in
N
in %
Output power in KW"
Torque
TABULATION
74
SYSTEM DATA
d1
= . m
d2
= ..m
= . m
= ..m
=. .Kg
RESULT
1. Maximum efficiency of the turbine = %
2. Output power corresponding to maximum efficiency = kw
3. Discharge corresponding to maximum efficiency = ..m 3/s
4. Specific speed of the turbine= rpm
75
11. JET PUMP

AIM
To determine the characteristics of a Jet pump and varying the discharge and
obtain the best-driven conditions by drawing the performance curves.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. Jet pump
2. Collecting tank
3. Piezometer
4. Meter scale
5. Stop watch
6. Energy meter
7. Pressure gauge
8. Vacuum gauge
FORMULA
1. Delivery head = x kg / cm2
= x * 10 m of water
2. Discharge Q = Ay/ t
(m3/s)
Where, A = Area of collection tank

y = Depth of collection in tank
t = Time taken for y cm rise in the collection tank
3.Total head H = Hd + Hs (m)
Hs = Datum head or Static head
4. Input power = n*3600 / T*EC
(kW)
Where, n = number of revolutions in the energy meter disc

T = Time taken for n revolution
EC = Energy meter constant
5. Output power = Q H / 1000 (kW)
76
PROCEDURE
1. The pump set up is studied and details of the pump size, speed of the pump, energy
meter constant are noted.
2. The internal plan dimension of the collecting tank and the distance between the
centre of pressure gauge and the top level of the water surface (static head) are
measured.
3. With the delivery valve fully closed, the driving unit is started.
4. By regulating the delivery valve, the discharge and hence the delivery head are
varied. For each position of the delivery valve, from completely closed to maximum
open, the following observations are made.
a) Pressure gauge reading in meter of water.
b) Time taken for y cm rise in the collection tank.
c) Time taken for n revolutions in the energy meter disc.
5. The delivery head readings are varied by opening the delivery valve and the
observations are repeated.
6. The readings are noted till the delivery valve fully closed. When the delivery valve is
fully closed, there is no discharge and hence the time taken for collection of liquid in
the collection tank is infinity.
7. The motor is stopped.
8. The above observations for different valve openings are tabulated and the
discharge, total head, input power, efficiency of the pump is calculated.
9. The graphs are drawn. From the graph the following results are found.
a) Overall efficiency
b) Total head corresponding to maximum efficiency.
c) Input power corresponding to maximum efficiency.
GRAPHS
1. Discharge Vs Overall efficiency
2. Discharge Vs Total head
3. Discharge Vs Input power
77
MODEL GRAPH
Efficiency
Total head
Input power
Discharge
MODEL CALCULATIONS
= x * 10 m of water
(m3/s)
Where, A = Area of collection tank in m2

Size of the collection tank = m x .m
b = Breath of the collection tank = .m
y = Depth of collection in tank in m
Discharge Q = Ay/ t
= m3/sec
3.Total head H = Hd + Hs
Where, Hd = Delivery head = .. m of water
Hs = Datum head = .. m
Total head H = Hd + Hs
= .. m of water
78

Where, n = number of revolutions in the energy meter disc = ..rev
T= Time taken for n revolution = . sec
EC = Energy meter constant = . rev / kW.h

= kW
6. Output power = Q H / 1000
Where, = Specific weight of water = 9810 N/m3
H = Total head in meter of water = . m of water
Output power = Q H / 1000
= kW
79
SYSTEM DATA
Speed of the pump
= . rpm
Energy meter constant
= .rev/kw.h
Diameter of the delivery pipe dd = ..m

=..m x ..m
= m
= m
80
TABULATION
Delivery head
Sl.No
Kg /
2
cm
m
water
Static head or
of
Datum Head
m
Total head
inm of water
Time for y cm
rise in the tank
Sec
Q = Ay/t
m3/sec
Time for n
revolution in
the disc sec
Input power
Kw
Output
power
Kw
Overall
Efficiency
%
81
RESULT
From the performance curve of the pump,
1. The maximum efficiency of the pump
2. The discharge corresponding to maximum efficiency
= %
= .. m 3/ sec
3. The input power corresponding to maximum efficiency = .. Kw

4. Total head corresponding to maximum efficiency
= .. m of water
82
12. CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

AIM
To determine the characteristics of a centrifugal pump under constant speed and
varying the discharge and obtain the best-driven conditions by drawing the performance
curves.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. Centrifugal pump
2. Collecting tank
3. Piezometer
4. Meter scale
5. Stop watch
6. Energy meter
7. Pressure gauge
8. Vacuum gauge
FORMULA
1. Suction head = x mm of mercury
= x * 10-3 * 13.6 m of water
= x * 10 m of water
3. Velocity head,
Hv = ( vs2 / 2g ) ~ ( vd2/2g )
= [ (Q/As)2 / 2g ] ~ [ ( Q/Ad )2 / 2g ]
= Q2/2g [ 1/As2
~ 1/Ad2 ]
Where, As = Area of suction pipe = ds2 / 4 in m2

ds = Diameter of suction pipe in m
Ad = Area of delivery pipe = dd2 / 4 in m2
dd = Diameter of delivery pipe in m
83
y = Depth of collection in tank in m

t = Time taken for y cm rise in the collection tank in Sec
5. Total head H = Hs + Hd + Hv + Hc in m
Where, Hs = Suction head
Hd = Delivery head
Hv = Velocity head
Hc = Correction head
6. Input power = n*3600 / T*EC in KW
T= Time taken for n revolution
EC= Energy meter constant in rev / Kw.Hr
7. Output power = Q H / 1000 in KW
Where, = Weight density of water in N / m3
Q = Discharge in m3/ Sec
8.Efficiency = [Output / Input] * 100
PROCEDURE
1. The pump set up is studied and details of the pump size, speed of the pump,
energy meter constant are noted.
2. The internal plan dimension of the collection tank and the difference in level
between the centre of vacuum and pressure gauges are measured.
3. The pump is primed with water.
4. With the delivery valve fully closed, the driving unit is started.
5. By regulating the delivery valve, the discharge and hence the delivery head
are varied. For each position of the delivery valve, from completely closed to
maximum open, the following observations are made.
a. Vacuum gauge reading in mm of mercury.
b. Pressure gauge reading in meter of water.
c. Time taken for y cm rise in the collection tank.
d. Time taken for n revolutions in the energy meter disc.
84
7. The readings are noted till the delivery valve fully closed. When the delivery
valve is fully closed, there is no discharge and hence the time taken for
collection of liquid in the collection tank is infinity.
a. Overall efficiency
b. Total head corresponding to maximum efficiency.
c. Input power corresponding to maximum efficiency.
GRAPHS
1. Discharge Vs Overall efficiency
2. Discharge Vs Total head
3. Discharge Vs Input power
MODEL GRAPH
Efficiency
Total head
Input power
Discharge
85
MODEL CALCULATIONS
= x * 10-3 * 13.6 m of water
= x * 10 m of water
3. Velocity head,
Hv = ( vs2 / 2g ) ~ ( vd2/2g )
= [ (Q/As)2 / 2g ] ~ [ ( Q/Ad )2 / 2g ]
= Q2/2g [ 1/As2
Where
~ 1/Ad2 ]
ds = Diameter of suction pipe = .m

As = Area of suction pipe = ds2 / 4
dd = Diameter of delivery pipe = m
Hv =.. Q2
Discharge Q = Ay/ t
= m3/sec
5.
Total head H = Hs + Hd + Hv + Hc
Where, Hs = Suction head = m of water
Hd = Delivery head = .. m of water
Hv = Velocity head = .. m of water
Hc = Correction head = .. m
Total head H = Hs + Hd + Hv + Hc
= .. m of water
86

EC = Energy meter constant = . rev / Kw.h
Input power = n*3600 / T*EC
= Kw
Output power
= Q H / 1000
= kw
87
]
SYSTEM DATA
8.
Speed of the pump
= . rpm
Correction head
= . m
Energymeter constant
= .rev/kw.h
Diameter of the suction pipe ds = ..m

=..m x ..m
= m
= m
88
TABULATION
Suction head
Sl.No
mm
of Hg
m of
water
Delivery head
Kg /
2
cm
m
of
water
Correction
head
m
Time for y cm
rise in the
tank
Sec
Q = Ay/t
m3/sec
Total head
Inm of
water
Time for n
revolution in
the disc
sec
Input
power
Kw
Output
power
Kw
Overall
Efficiency
%
89
RESULT
1. The maximum efficiency of the pump = %
2. The discharge corresponding to maximum efficiency = .. m 3/ sec
3. The input power corresponding to maximum efficiency = .. Kw
4. Total head corresponding to maximum efficiency = .. m of water
90
13. RECIPROCATING PUMP

AIM
To conduct the test on single acting reciprocating pump and to obtain its
performance curve.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. Reciprocating pump
2. Collecting tank
3. Piezometer
4. Meter scale
5. Stop watch
6. Energy meter
7. Pressure gauge
8. Vacuum gauge
FORMULA
= x * 10-3 * 13.6 m of water
= x * 10 m of water
Where, A = Area of collection tank
4. Total head H = Hs + Hd + Hc
Where, Hs = Suction head
Hd = Delivery head
Hc = Correction head
T= Time taken for n revolution
EC = Energy meter constant
91

PROCEDURE
1. The pump set up is studied and details of the pump size, diameter of the piston,
stroke length, diameter of piston rod, energy meter constant are noted.
2. The internal plan dimension of the collecting tank and the difference in level
between the centers of vacuum and pressure gauges (Correction head) are
measured.
3. The delivery valve is fully opened and the pump is started. (Under any
circumstances the delivery valve should not completely closed as discharge is to
be collected in positive displacement pump, otherwise the pump cylinder will
burst due to cumulative building pressure, joins will leak, pressure gauge will fail)
4. After the pump has started, the delivery pressure is adjusted to any required
value by operating delivery valve. For each position of the delivery valve, the
following observations are made.
a. Vacuum gauge reading in mm of mercury.
b. Pressure gauge reading in meter of water.
c. Time taken for y cm rise in the collection tank.
d. Time taken for n revolutions in the energy meter disc.
a. Overall efficiency
b. Total head corresponding to maximum efficiency.
c. Input power corresponding to maximum efficiency.
92
GRAPH
1. Total head Vs Overall efficiency
2. Total head Vs Discharge
3. Total head Vs Input power
MODEL GRAPH
Efficiency
Discharge
Input power
Total Head
MODEL CALCULATIONS
= x * 10-3 * 13.6 m of water
= x * 10 m of water
y = Depth of collection in tank = ----------------- m
93
Discharge Q = Ay/ t
= m3/sec
4. Total head H = Hs + Hd +Hc

Where, Hs = Suction head = m of water
Hd = Delivery head = .. m of water
Hc = Correction head = .. m
Total head H = Hs + Hd + Hc
= .. m of water
5. Input power = n*3600 / T*EC in KW
EC = Energy meter constant = . rev / Kw.h
Input power = n*3600 / T*EC
= Kw
Output power = Q H / 1000
= kw
94
SYSTEM DATA
9.
Speed of the pump
= . rpm
Correction head
= . m
Energymeter constant
= .rev/kw.h
Diameter of the suction pipe ds = ..m

=..m x ..m
= m
Breadth of the collection tank = m
95
TABULATION
Suction head
Sl.No
mm
of Hg
m of
water
Delivery head
Kg /
2
cm
m
of
water
Correction
head
m
Time for y cm
rise in the
tank
Sec
Q = Ay/t
m3/sec
Total head
Inm of
water
Time for n
revolution in
the disc
sec
Input
power
Kw
Output
power
Kw
Overall
Efficiency
%
96
RESULT
The maximum efficiency of the pump = %
The discharge corresponding to maximum efficiency = .. m 3/ sec
The input power corresponding to maximum efficiency = .. Kw
Total head corresponding to maximum efficiency = .. m of water
97
KONGU ENGINEERING COLLEGE, PERUNDURAI,ERODE-638 052

Department of Mechanical Engineering
Fluid Mechanics and Machinery Laboratory
SYSTEM DETAILS
1. ORIFICE(Constant Head)
: 20 mm
: 74.5 cm x 60.5 cm
ORIFICE(Variable Head)
: 20 mm
Size of the Orifice tank
: 79 cm x 64 cm
2. MOUTH PIECE(Constant Head)

: 30 mm
: 74 cm x 60 cm
MOUTH PIECE (Variable Head)

: 30 mm
Size of the Mouth Piece tank
: 78.5 cm x 64 cm
3. RECTANGULAR NOTCH
Breadth of the Notch
: 20 cm
: 98.5 cm x 64.5 cm
4. VENTURI METER
Diameter of the Pipe
: 50 mm
Diameter of the Throat
: 30 mm
: 95 cm x 74.5 cm
Specific Gravity of Mercury
: 13.6
Specfic Gravity of Water
:1
98
5. ORIFICE METER
: 25 mm
Diameter of the Orifice Meter
: 15 mm
: 95 cm x 74.5 cm
: 13.6
:1
6. IMPACT OF JET ON VANES

Diameter of the Nozzle
: 0.006 m
: 30 cm x 30 cm
7. PIPE FRICTION FACTOR (Major loss)

: 40mm
Length of the Pipe
: 3m
: 70 cm x 68.5 cm
: 13.6
:1
Kinematic Viscosity of Water
: 1.06 x 10-6 m2 /s
8. PIPE FRICTION FACTOR(Minor loss)

: 40mm
Length of the Pipe
: 3m
: 70 cm x 68.5 cm
: 13.6
:1
Kinematic Viscosity of Water
: 1.06 x 10-6 m2 /s
99
9. PELTON WHEEL TURBINE

: 65 mm
: 50 mm
: 13.6
:1
Diameter of the Brake Drum
: 0.4 m
Diameter of the Rope
: 0.015 m
Dead Weight of the Hanger
: 2 Kgf
Cd for Venturi Meter
: 0.98
10. FRANCIS TURBINE

: 100 mm
: 59.16 mm
: 13.6
:1
Diameter of the Brake Drum
: 0.3 m
Diameter of the Rope
: 0.016 m
Dead Weight of the Hanger
: 2 kgf
Cd for Venturi Meter
: 0.98
Correction Head
: 0.24 m
11. JET PUMP

Capacity of the Pump
: 1 HP
Speed of the Pump
: 2880 rpm
Diameter of the Suction Pipe
: 3.81 cm
Diameter of the Delivery Pipe
: 2.54 cm
: 59 cm x 59 cm
Energy meter Constant
: 1200 Rev/kW.hr
100
12. CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

: 1.5 HP
Speed of the Pump
: 1450 rpm
Diameter of the Suction Pipe
: 6.35 cm
Diameter of the Delivery Pipe
: 5.08 cm
: 210 cm x 88 cm
: 200 Rev/ kW.hr
Correction Head
: 0.38 m
13. RECIPROCATING PUMP

: 1.5 HP
Speed of the Pump
: 280 rpm
: 59 cm x 59 cm
: 1200 Rev/kW.hr
Correction Head
: 0.06 m
Diameter of the Cylinder
: 2.5 cm
Length of the Cylinder
: 6.5 cm
101

Fluid Mechanics and Machinery

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09CE408 FLUID MECHANICS AND

Department of Mechanical Engineering,

NAME OF THE EXPERIMENTS

1. (a). ORIFICE (CONSTANT HEAD METHOD)

A = Area of the collection tank

y = Depth of water collection in the tank (m)

a = Area of the Orifice = d2 / 4

d = diameter of the Orifice

3.Coefficient of discharge of Orifice Cd = Qa / Qt

A = Area of the collection tank in (m2)

2. Theoretical Discharge Qt = a 2g h ( m3/s)

d = diameter of the Orifice = .m

3.Coefficient of discharge of venturimeter cd = Qa / Qt

Size of the Collection tank

Length of the Collection tank l

Breadth of the Collection tank b = m

Time taken for

1. (b). ORIFICE (VARIABLE HEAD METHOD)

d = diameter of the Orifice (m)

Coefficient of discharge of Orifice Cd =

Size of the Orifice tank

Length of the Orifice tank l

Breadth of the Orifice tank b

The value of co-efficient of discharge of Orifice

2. (a). MOUTH PIECE (CONSTANT HEAD METHOD)

A = Area of the collection tank (m2)

a = Area of the mouth piece = d2 / 4

d = diameter of the mouth piece (m)

h Vs Co-efficient of discharge (Ordinary Graph)

h Vs Actual discharge (Ordinary Graph)

A = Area of the collection tank in m2

a = Area of the mouth piece = d2 / 4 (m2)

Qt = Theoretical Discharge = m3/s

Size of the Collection tank

Length of the Collection tank l

Breadth of the Collection tank b = m

Time taken for

2. (b). MOUTH PIECE (VARIABLE HEAD METHOD)

6. Coefficient of discharge of Mouth Piece Cd =

Size of the Mouth Piece tank

Length of the Mouth Piece tank

Breadth of the Mouth Piece tank b

= time taken for y cm rise in the collection tank in sec

H2 Final Hook Gauge Reading

Size of the collection tank

Length of the colleciton tank

Breadth of the collection tank

(The average value of Cd from tabular column)

h1 = Manometric deflection in one limb

Sm = Specific gravity of mercury = 13.6

A = Area of the collection tank (m2)

a1 = Area of the pipe = d12 / 4 (m2)

a2 = Area of the throat = d22 / 4 (m2)

hf Vs Co-efficient of discharge (Ordinary Graph)

hf Vs Actual discharge (Ordinary Graph)

Sm = Specific gravity of mercury = 13.6

A = Area of the collection tank in m2

d1 = diameter of the pipe = .m

d2 = diameter of the throat = m

Coefficient of discharge of venturimeter cd = Qa / Qt

Diameter of the pipe

Diameter of the orifice meterd2 = ..m

Specific gravity of the water