Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Chapter 6
ABSTRACT
Petrofacies analysis is defined as the characterization and classification
of pore types and fluid saturations as revealed by petrophysical measurements of a reservoir. The word petrofacies makes an explicit link
between petroleum engineers concerns with pore characteristics as
arbiters of production performance and the facies paradigm of geologists
as a methodology for genetic understanding and prediction. In petrofacies
analysis, the porosity and resistivity axes of the classical Pickett plot are
used to map water saturation, bulk volume water, and estimated permeability, as well as capillary pressure information where it is available.
When data points are connected in order of depth within a reservoir, the
characteristic patterns reflect reservoir rock character and its interplay with
the hydrocarbon column. A third variable can be presented at each point
on the crossplot by assigning a color scale that is based on other well logs,
often gamma ray or photoelectric effect, or other derived variables.
Contrasts between reservoir pore types and fluid saturations are reflected
in changing patterns on the crossplot and can help discriminate and characterize reservoir heterogeneity.
Many hundreds of analyses of well logs facilitated by spreadsheet and
object-oriented programming have provided the means to distinguish patterns typical of certain complex pore types (size and connectedness) for
sandstones and carbonate reservoirs, occurrences of irreducible water saturation, and presence of transition zones. The result has been an improved
means to evaluate potential production, such as bypassed pay behind pipe
and in old exploration wells, or to assess zonation and continuity of the
reservoir.
73
74
Watney et al.
INTRODUCTION
Reservoir characterization and modeling are ongoing procedures used as the reservoir is developed.
Well log data and occasional cores provide the fundamental stratigraphic information critical to delineating flow units, a primary objective of reservoir
characterization. Flow units are correlatable and mappable regions in the reservoir that control fluid flow.
Their distinction is usually centered on comparing
permeability and porosity information. Flow unit
classification is refined as fluid recovery, pressure
data, or chemical fingerprinting are obtained. Often,
particularly in older fields, production is commingled
and cannot be used to substantiate flow units. Moreover, the costs of extensive fluid and pressure testing
are not economical. The question examined in this
paper is whether the traditional definition of flow
units can be modified to include additional information obtained from basic suites of well logs. An
approach referred to as petrofacies analysis is
described that extends the use of well logs to maximize information that relates to pore type and fluid
flow. In particular, the utility of distinguishing vertical and lateral trends and patterns of irreducible bulk
volume water, water saturation, and porosity is evaluated as a tool to improve the definition of flow units
using well logs. Petrofacies are defined as portions of
the reservoir that exhibit distinctive geological facies
and petrophysical attributes.
Selecting flow units from core and log data is subjective, due to judging whether reservoir conformance
(interconnection) and lateral continuity exist without
actual fluid flow information (Willhite, 1986). Consistent, explicitly defined methodological steps must be
developed to ensure that each well is treated similarly
to make the approach robust and to help ensure that
the procedure can be repeated and improved as more
information becomes available.
The initial task is correlating the reservoir interval
and establishing stratigraphic subdivisions and lithofacies. Next, the correlated stratigraphic intervals are
mapped with the subsurface control to test coherency
of the data. At this stage, porosity and permeability
data are integrated with stratigraphic units and lithofacies to define porous and permeable flow units.
This information is then compared with the production and well-test data to check for consistency and
correlations.
STUDY AREA
Petrofacies analysis was applied to a lower Morrowan (Lower Pennsylvanian) sandstone reservoir in
Arroyo field, Stanton County, Kansas (T29S, R41W)
(Figure 1). Arroyo field, operated by J.M. Huber Corporation, was discovered in 1992 by subsurface methods. Cumulative production exceeds 651,000 bbl of
oil and 21 Gcf of natural gas. Arroyo field is a combination structural stratigraphic trap, currently containing 6240 proven productive acres with 24 oil and
gas wells and 3 dry holes. The field contains two
reservoirs, the lower Morrowan sandstone and the St.
Louis Limestone (oolite). The lower Morrowan sandstone is located at approximately 1715 m (5626 ft)
below the surface. The sandstone ranges from 0 to 19
m (0 to 62 ft) thick and is lenticular throughout the
field (Figure 2). The porosity of the sandstone ranges
75
Kansas
13
14
15
16
17
ARNOLD 1
ARNOLD 13-1
14-1 KENDRICK
FRETZ 16-2
SMITH TRUST 22-1
23-1 KENDRICK
ARNOLD 23-2
KENDRICK 23-2
SCOTT 21-1
ARNOLD 23-1
23
22
21
20
UNEY 24-1
24
IRWIN TRUST
22-2 SANTA FE
21-1 SANTA FE
22-1 KENDRICK
22-1 SANTA FE
28-1 LAUMAN
29
SPIKES 1-29
28
27
26-1 SANTA FE
26
25
1 mile
Figure 1. (a) Index map of Arroyo field identifying cross section (shown in Figure 2) and with well names and
distribution.
up to 20% and averages 14%. All positions of the sandstone have been perforated in the field, with some
wells reported as only gross intervals. Initial reservoir
pressure was 1434 psi.
The upper portion of the sandstone has produced
only natural gas, and the lowest portion has produced
significant amounts of both oil and gas. No water has
been produced in any of the wells. Also, no oil-water
contact has been recognized. The reservoir drive
appears to be gas expansion.
A considerable amount of supporting data on
Arroyo field, including digital well logs, completion
reports, and interpretive maps, cross sections, and synthetic seismograms, are included in a digital publication
76
Watney et al.
Figure 1. (b) An isopachous map of the lower Morrowan interval (top middle Morrowan limestone to top
Mississippian). Contour interval is 25 ft.
METHODOLOGY
Volumetric properties of pore space and fluid saturation can be calculated from porosity logs (density,
neutron, or sonic) and resistivity logs using the standard Archie equations. When plotted on a doublelogarithmic plot of porosity versus resistivity (a
Pickett plot), additional information on pore size and
fluid producibility may be deduced by the use of pattern recognition informed by basic reservoir engineering principles. A template Pickett plot is shown in
Figure 3 for the upper Morrowan in the Arroyo field.
A water line (Ro) expresses the theoretical resistivityporosity coordinates of all zones that are completely
saturated with water. The water line is established by
the first Archie equation that links the formation factor, F, to the ratio of the resistivity of the completely
water-saturated rock, Ro, to the resistivity of the formation water, Rw, to the porosity of the rock:
F = Ro Rw = a m
using an Arroyo field formation water resistivity, Rw,
of 0.04 ohm-m and Archie parameter values of a = 1
and m = 1.8, which express pore geometry in the Morrowan sandstone. Contours for different values of
water saturation parallel the water line, with spacing
determined by the saturation exponent, n (generally
with a value of about 2 in water-wet rocks) in the second Archie equation:
I = Rt Ro = 1 Sw n
77
Figure 2. West-to-east stratigraphic well log cross section through Arroyo field containing Lauman 28-1, Santa
Fe 21-1, Santa Fe 22-1, Santa Fe 22-2, and Kendrick 22-1 wells. Datum of section is middle Morrowan limestone. Correlated stratigraphic intervals are correlated through the lower Morrowan sandstone interval. Line
of cross section is shown on Figure 1a.
least productive at the bottom. Notice that the bottom
example was not completed for production, but abandoned because a DST (drill-stem test) yielded nothing
but saltwater. The associated Pickett plot shows a
rather ragged scatter of mostly low-porosity zones
with high water saturations that probably reflect residual hydrocarbon saturations. This pattern is common
at the margins of fields, as is this well, and contrasts
BVW
100
Rw=0.04
a=1
10
Sw
=50
%
Sw=
100
%
m=1.8
n=2 10
100
0.04
0.03
Porosity%
10
Resistivity, ohm-m
100
78
Watney et al.
cumulative
100
10
MCF
1000K
Well #20686
Porosity%
100
10
100K
rate
10K
1K
Perforated
28 ft
100
10
cumulative
Well #20649
Porosity%
1
100
10
10
0
MCF
1000K
100K
10K
rate
1K
Perforated
33 ft
10
100
10
10
Resistivity,
1000K
10K
rate
10
10
0
MCF
100K
100
10
Well #20692
Porosity%
1
100
cumulative
Well #20671
Porosity%
1
100
1K
Perforated
16 ft
10
2
3
40
year
No production
DST: 1196 feet
salt water
100
ohm-m
79
Figure 5. Pickett plot of lower Morrowan sandstone in the Santa Fe 22-1 annotated with gamma ray. Note
that this Pickett plot has contours of bulk volume water and permeability, the latter estimated from Timur
equation.
tests are necessary to more definitively constrain the
definition of flow units.
A west-to-east cross section was chosen to further
characterize the sandstone reservoir using the petrofacies analysis approach (Figure 2). The cross section
crosses the valley in two places, separated by an intervening high area.
The questions addressed in this analysis include the
following: (1) Is additional evidence available to confirm or reject the continuity of sandstones across the
intervening high region residing between the valleys?
(2) What is the evidence of vertical conformance and
lateral continuity? (3) How do properties of the sandstones compare on either side of the valley? (4) Can the
definition of flow units be improved? (5) How do the
flow units compare with the detailed stratigraphic
subdivisions?
In addition to the stratigraphic analysis, the procedure included four operations: (1) construct Pickett plots for each of the wells on the cross section, (2)
perform a cluster analysis of basic petrophysical
data to independently define similar reservoir properties, (3) prepare a series of color cross sections of
selected petrophysical variables with datums on sea
level elevation and a stratigraphic marker (middle
Morrowan limestone located above the sandstone),
RESULTS
The digital data from five well logs comprising a
west-to-east cross section in Arroyo field were examined
using petrofacies analysis. The objective was to compare
well data on the cross section to test for evidence of lateral continuity. Correlations shown in Figure 2 suggest
that most of the units are continuous. Units that are not
shown as continuous may also be connected from outside of the plane of the cross section.
Pickett Plots
LAS (log ASCII standard) digital well log files were
read into an Excel-Visual Basic program called PfEFFER to generate the Pickett crossplots. The initial
Pickett crossplots provide a visual differentiation of
the variation in the porosity, resistivity, water saturation, and bulk volume water. Permeability lines are
annotated on the crossplots, estimated using the
empirical relationship between water saturation and
80
Watney et al.
BVW=0.03
BVW=0.04
BVW=0.05
Sante Fe 22-1
Sw=20% 1
BVW=0.02
Sw=40%
POROSITY, %
Sw=60%
Sw=80%
Sw=100%
Stratigraphic
Sequence
0.1
11
9
5
3
1
0.01
1
10
100
RESISTIVITY, Ohm-m
Figure 6. Pickett plot of lower Morrowan sandstone in the Santa Fe 22-1 annotated with stratigraphic units
shown in type log in Figure 2.
GR
PHI
ILD
PEF
SW
BVW
Timur k
Strat. sequence
1
50
100
-0.1
0.1
0.3
0.5
10
100
0.5
0.05
0.1
0.1
10
100
Cluster anal.
9
11
5360
5360
5380
5380
5400
5400
5420
5420
5360
5360
5360
5360
5360
5360
5360
5380
5380
5380
5380
5380
5380
5380
5400
5400
5400
5400
5400
5400
5400
5420
5420
5420
5420
5420
5420
5420
5440
5440
5440
5440
5440
5440
5440
5440
5440
5460
5460
5460
5460
5460
5460
5460
5460
5460
5480
5480
5480
5480
5480
5480
5480
5480
5480
5500
5500
5500
5500
5500
5500
5500
5500
5500
5520
5520
5520
5520
5520
5520
5520
5520
5520
Figure 7. Display of well log suite from the Santa Fe 22-1 well accompanied by derived information including
water saturation (Sw), bulk volume water (BVW), permeability derived from Timur equation (Timur k), stratigraphic units, and amalgamation groups from cluster analysis.
81
Sw=20% 1
BVW=0.03
BVW=0.04
BVW=0.05
Sante Fe 22-1
BVW=0.02
Sw=40%
POROSITY, %
Sw=60%
Sw=80%
Sw=100%
0.1
Cluster Analysis
5
4
3
2
1
0.01
1
10
100
RESISTIVITY, Ohm-m
Figure 8. Pickett plot of lower Morrowan sandstone in the Santa Fe 22-1 annotated with amalgamation groups
from cluster analysis.
Cluster Analysis
k a = 1 10 4 4.5 Sw 2
82
Watney et al.
Stratigraphic Sequences
Datum = Subsea Elevation
Subsea
-1923.5
-1924
-1924.5
-1925
-1925.5
-1926
-1926.5
-1927
-1927.5
-1928
-1928.5
-1929
-1929.5
-1930
-1930.5
-1931
-1931.5
-1932
-1932.5
-1933
-1933.5
-1934
-1934.5
-1935
-1935.5
-1936
-1936.5
-1937
-1937.5
-1938
-1938.5
-1939
-1939.5
-1940
-1940.5
-1941
-1941.5
-1942
-1942.5
-1943
-1943.5
-1944
-1944.5
-1945
-1945.5
-1946
-1946.5
-1947
-1947.5
-1948
-1948.5
-1949
-1949.5
-1950
-1950.5
-1951
-1951.5
-1952
-1952.5
-1953
-1953.5
-1954
-1954.5
-1955
-1955.5
-1956
-1956.5
-1957
-1957.5
-1958
-1958.5
-1959
-1959.5
-1960
-1960.5
-1961
-1961.5
-1962
-1962.5
-1963
-1963.5
-1964
-1964.5
-1965
-1965.5
-1966
-1966.5
-1967
-1967.5
-1968
-1968.5
-1969
-1969.5
-1970
-1970.5
-1971
-1971.5
-1972
-1972.5
-1973
-1973.5
-1974
-1974.5
-1975
-1975.5
-1976
-1976.5
-1977
-1977.5
-1978
-1978.5
-1979
-1979.5
-1980
-1980.5
-1981
-1981.5
-1982
-1982.5
-1983
-1983.5
-1984
-1984.5
-1985
-1985.5
-1986
-1986.5
-1987
-1987.5
-1988
-1988.5
-1989
-1989.5
-1990
-1990.5
-1991
-1991.5
-1992
-1992.5
-1993
-1993.5
-1994
-1994.5
-1995
-1995.5
-1996
-1996.5
-1997
-1997.5
-1998
-1998.5
-1999
-1999.5
-2000
-2000.5
-2001
-2001.5
-2002
-2002.5
-2003
-2003.5
-2004
-2004.5
-2005
-2005.5
-2006
-2006.5
-2007
-2007.5
-2008
-2008.5
-2009
-2009.5
-2010
-2010.5
-2011
-2011.5
-2012
-2012.5
-2013
-2013.5
-2014
-2014.5
-2015
-2015.5
-2016
-2016.5
-2017
-2017.5
-2018
-2018.5
-2019
-2019.5
-2020
-2020.5
-2021
-2021.5
-2022
-2022.5
-2023
-2023.5
-2024
-2024.5
-2025
-2025.5
-2026
-2026.5
-2027
-2027.5
-2028
-2028.5
-2029
-2029.5
-2030
-2030.5
-2031
-2031.5
-2032
-2032.5
-2033
-2033.5
-2034
-2034.5
-2035
-2035.5
-2036
-2036.5
-2037
-2037.5
-2038
-2038.5
-2039
-2039.5
-2040
-2040.5
-2041
-2041.5
-2042
-2042.5
-2043
-2043.5
-2044
-2044.5
-2045
-2045.5
-2046
-2046.5
-2047
-2047.5
-2048
-2048.5
-2049
-2049.5
-2050
-2050.5
-2051
-2051.5
-2052
-2052.5
-2053
-2053.5
-2054
-2054.5
-2055
-2055.5
-2056
-2056.5
-2057
-2057.5
-2058
-2058.5
-2059
-2059.5
-2060
-2060.5
-2061
-2061.5
-2062
-2062.5
-2063
-2063.5
-2064
-2064.5
-2065
-2065.5
-2066
-2066.5
-2067
-2067.5
-2068
-2068.5
-2069
-2069.5
-2070
-2070.5
-2071
-2071.5
-2072
-2072.5
-2073
-2073.5
-2074
-2074.5
-2075
-2075.5
-2076
-2076.5
-2077
-2077.5
-2078
-2078.5
-2079
-2079.5
-2080
-2080.5
-2081
-2081.5
-2082
-2082.5
-2083
-2083.5
-2084
-2084.5
-2085
-2085.5
-2086
-2086.5
-2087
-2087.5
-2088
-2088.5
-2089
-2089.5
-2090
-2090.5
-2091
-2091.5
-2092
-2092.5
-2093
-2093.5
-2094
-2094.5
-2095
-2095.5
-2096
-2096.5
-2097
-2097.5
-2098
-2098.5
-2099
-2099.5
-2100
-2100.5
-2101
-2101.5
-2102
-2102.5
-2103
-2103.5
-2104
-2104.5
-2105
-2105.5
-2106
-2106.5
-2107
-2107.5
-2108
-2108.5
-2109
-2109.5
-2110
-2110.5
-2111
-2111.5
-2112
-2112.5
-2113
-2113.5
-2114
-2114.5
-2115
-2115.5
-2116
-2116.5
-2117
-2117.5
-2118
-2118.5
-2119
-2119.5
-2120
-2120.5
-2121
-2121.5
-2122
-2122.5
-2123
-2123.5
-2124
-2124.5
-2125
-2125.5
-2126
-2126.5
-2127
-2127.5
-2128
-2128.5
-2129
-2129.5
-2130
-2130.5
-2131
-2131.5
-2132
-2132.5
-2133
-2133.5
-2134
-2134.5
l. 28-1
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
s. f. 21-1
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Index
1-2
2-4 4-6 6-10 10-12
s. f. 22-1
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
s. f. 22-2
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
k. 22-1
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
11
83
84
Watney et al.
Gamma Ray
Datum = Subsea Elevation
bsea
-1923.5
-1924
-1924.5
-1925
-1925.5
-1926
-1926.5
-1927
-1927.5
-1928
-1928.5
-1929
-1929.5
-1930
-1930.5
-1931
-1931.5
-1932
-1932.5
-1933
-1933.5
-1934
-1934.5
-1935
-1935.5
-1936
-1936.5
-1937
-1937.5
-1938
-1938.5
-1939
-1939.5
-1940
-1940.5
-1941
-1941.5
-1942
-1942.5
-1943
-1943.5
-1944
-1944.5
-1945
-1945.5
-1946
-1946.5
-1947
-1947.5
-1948
-1948.5
-1949
-1949.5
-1950
-1950.5
-1951
-1951.5
-1952
-1952.5
-1953
-1953.5
-1954
-1954.5
-1955
-1955.5
-1956
-1956.5
-1957
-1957.5
-1958
-1958.5
-1959
-1959.5
-1960
-1960.5
-1961
-1961.5
-1962
-1962.5
-1963
-1963.5
-1964
-1964.5
-1965
-1965.5
-1966
-1966.5
-1967
-1967.5
-1968
-1968.5
-1969
-1969.5
-1970
-1970.5
-1971
-1971.5
-1972
-1972.5
-1973
-1973.5
-1974
-1974.5
-1975
-1975.5
-1976
-1976.5
-1977
-1977.5
-1978
-1978.5
-1979
-1979.5
-1980
-1980.5
-1981
-1981.5
-1982
-1982.5
-1983
-1983.5
-1984
-1984.5
-1985
-1985.5
-1986
-1986.5
-1987
-1987.5
-1988
-1988.5
-1989
-1989.5
-1990
-1990.5
-1991
-1991.5
-1992
-1992.5
-1993
-1993.5
-1994
-1994.5
-1995
-1995.5
-1996
-1996.5
-1997
-1997.5
-1998
-1998.5
-1999
-1999.5
-2000
-2000.5
-2001
-2001.5
-2002
-2002.5
-2003
-2003.5
-2004
-2004.5
-2005
-2005.5
-2006
-2006.5
-2007
-2007.5
-2008
-2008.5
-2009
-2009.5
-2010
-2010.5
-2011
-2011.5
-2012
-2012.5
-2013
-2013.5
-2014
-2014.5
-2015
-2015.5
-2016
-2016.5
-2017
-2017.5
-2018
-2018.5
-2019
-2019.5
-2020
-2020.5
-2021
-2021.5
-2022
-2022.5
-2023
-2023.5
-2024
-2024.5
-2025
-2025.5
-2026
-2026.5
-2027
-2027.5
-2028
-2028.5
-2029
-2029.5
-2030
-2030.5
-2031
-2031.5
-2032
-2032.5
-2033
-2033.5
-2034
-2034.5
-2035
-2035.5
-2036
-2036.5
-2037
-2037.5
-2038
-2038.5
-2039
-2039.5
-2040
-2040.5
-2041
-2041.5
-2042
-2042.5
-2043
-2043.5
-2044
-2044.5
-2045
-2045.5
-2046
-2046.5
-2047
-2047.5
-2048
-2048.5
-2049
-2049.5
-2050
-2050.5
-2051
-2051.5
-2052
-2052.5
-2053
-2053.5
-2054
-2054.5
-2055
-2055.5
-2056
-2056.5
-2057
-2057.5
-2058
-2058.5
-2059
-2059.5
-2060
-2060.5
-2061
-2061.5
-2062
-2062.5
-2063
-2063.5
-2064
-2064.5
-2065
-2065.5
-2066
-2066.5
-2067
-2067.5
-2068
-2068.5
-2069
-2069.5
-2070
-2070.5
-2071
-2071.5
-2072
-2072.5
-2073
-2073.5
-2074
-2074.5
-2075
-2075.5
-2076
-2076.5
-2077
-2077.5
-2078
-2078.5
-2079
-2079.5
-2080
-2080.5
-2081
-2081.5
-2082
-2082.5
-2083
-2083.5
-2084
-2084.5
-2085
-2085.5
-2086
-2086.5
-2087
-2087.5
-2088
-2088.5
-2089
-2089.5
-2090
-2090.5
-2091
-2091.5
-2092
-2092.5
-2093
-2093.5
-2094
-2094.5
-2095
-2095.5
-2096
-2096.5
-2097
-2097.5
-2098
-2098.5
-2099
-2099.5
-2100
-2100.5
-2101
-2101.5
-2102
-2102.5
-2103
-2103.5
-2104
-2104.5
-2105
-2105.5
-2106
-2106.5
-2107
-2107.5
-2108
-2108.5
-2109
-2109.5
-2110
-2110.5
-2111
-2111.5
-2112
-2112.5
-2113
-2113.5
-2114
-2114.5
-2115
-2115.5
-2116
-2116.5
-2117
-2117.5
-2118
-2118.5
-2119
-2119.5
-2120
-2120.5
-2121
-2121.5
-2122
-2122.5
-2123
-2123.5
-2124
-2124.5
-2125
-2125.5
-2126
-2126.5
-2127
-2127.5
-2128
-2128.5
-2129
-2129.5
-2130
-2130.5
-2131
-2131.5
-2132
-2132.5
-2133
-2133.5
-2134
-2134.5
L. 28-1
11
56
50
47
43
42
42
45
42
37
33
34
38
38
37
33
37
37
40
37
38
35
34
33
36
35
36
35
36
37
38
38
35
32
33
36
39
40
42
41
40
40
42
43
42
39
36
33
35
50
74
95
104
104
106
111
117
116
120
122
124
107
87
80
103
117
104
72
53
63
83
105
110
97
72
50
38
36
40
47
55
61
61
53
50
49
66
86
118
140
153
149
129
96
62
44
37
36
37
39
39
38
38
42
43
46
45
46
41
45
43
45
42
40
38
37
42
41
41
39
40
38
37
37
41
41
42
39
40
40
42
44
57
62
61
47
43
39
35
30
28
29
29
29
31
32
35
35
32
30
29
28
29
29
30
30
32
33
32
30
31
31
32
37
39
38
30
29
29
29
29
28
33
33
32
29
29
28
26
26
29
33
37
38
39
37
39
37
36
28
25
25
29
34
35
38
40
41
41
40
44
49
55
53
46
36
34
39
43
43
41
38
40
38
36
34
41
45
46
41
39
39
43
46
46
42
38
38
39
41
39
35
31
31
32
36
38
43
40
41
38
37
34
33
36
42
43
43
48
53
54
48
44
42
39
42
47
49
45
37
35
40
43
43
42
42
40
35
33
31
30
31
32
32
37
55
61
56
39
36
37
49
69
86
85
67
51
40
35
30
27
24
25
28
29
29
30
36
49
61
71
73
74
s.f. 21-1
11
62
56
57
63
69
65
60
54
55
54
51
48
50
51
54
50
48
42
41
45
49
51
46
43
43
42
45
43
46
50
51
52
44
39
35
38
42
48
49
50
49
48
46
41
43
50
68
89
103
112
111
97
76
57
48
45
42
45
43
42
50
69
87
108
120
115
100
86
83
80
76
74
70
68
66
61
56
56
71
89
101
116
127
132
110
80
62
56
61
61
66
70
72
67
56
43
40
41
42
40
41
42
40
39
37
39
37
38
39
41
38
38
36
36
35
32
32
33
36
42
47
54
53
50
42
39
38
41
44
46
46
48
53
53
52
47
45
42
44
42
43
41
41
33
25
18
21
30
44
54
50
43
36
36
35
36
43
52
65
82
100
115
115
97
67
40
28
24
23
23
24
25
25
25
25
24
23
23
23
24
25
32
38
55
77
99
102
91
87
100
117
121
107
90
75
70
75
78
80
90
120
135
134
116
105
93
84
75
72
78
82
76
62
46
39
33
30
28
30
32
Index
0-20
100-120.01
s.f. 22-1
11
99
99
98
96
93
93
94
93
96
94
93
89
88
88
92
93
93
90
91
92
92
91
93
91
94
88
92
90
91
87
86
91
94
91
90
94
97
99
95
98
95
96
90
86
86
93
101
102
103
100
103
100
103
106
105
94
74
60
60
66
66
55
43
36
30
30
28
28
24
26
25
30
29
34
34
37
34
35
34
33
28
26
27
29
30
31
29
28
26
26
26
26
27
28
32
33
33
32
31
30
31
33
36
36
37
34
34
32
33
32
32
29
29
30
33
33
34
32
32
33
35
37
36
37
35
34
33
32
31
29
31
31
30
28
32
34
33
34
33
32
30
28
29
28
30
31
33
36
37
36
34
34
34
39
39
37
32
31
32
32
34
38
41
39
37
34
33
34
36
39
39
41
51
64
76
72
64
58
64
93
117
128
103
70
48
50
65
67
59
46
48
62
70
67
59
68
88
95
83
68
63
66
67
64
61
61
61
67
67
72
78
82
87
84
90
92
95
84
63
39
26
24
24
26
38
58
75
78
78
72
74
76
89
98
108
110
110
108
105
95
78
71
77
83
85
86
94
104
102
97
79
66
s. f. 22-2
11
110
110
111
110
109
112
110
112
107
102
99
103
110
111
115
111
109
104
105
105
107
109
111
110
109
108
111
112
114
114
117
119
116
115
116
117
115
117
116
122
121
120
119
123
127
122
122
124
125
125
122
123
124
127
126
122
126
129
129
118
114
117
125
127
130
130
132
130
121
99
67
45
38
40
42
42
41
39
41
44
49
63
101
176
243
270
234
159
91
48
39
36
35
39
44
58
65
63
48
35
36
41
48
52
49
45
37
35
32
31
31
33
35
35
34
37
51
74
96
110
110
108
93
83
73
70
63
52
42
36
33
33
35
38
37
36
36
40
46
45
42
35
36
34
37
39
38
36
35
37
38
37
37
35
35
37
39
40
42
41
41
40
42
40
38
34
34
34
37
38
39
37
39
41
40
38
36
38
39
36
33
29
31
31
33
30
29
29
30
31
36
45
52
49
44
42
43
42
38
38
41
44
49
50
47
41
35
36
35
40
49
58
56
51
46
47
45
54
67
88
104
111
101
93
90
95
91
83
88
99
119
117
105
81
70
66
20-40
120.01-140.01
40-60
140.01-160.01
60-80
160.01-180.01
80-100
180.01-200.01
k. 22-1
11
111
101
96
93
102
103
108
106
105
104
106
108
112
114
115
122
121
119
112
110
113
114
118
120
120
117
115
122
124
125
121
124
124
127
123
129
129
133
127
129
126
124
119
118
124
130
132
129
122
119
121
125
126
127
126
126
128
128
138
140
147
141
118
94
80
86
96
95
85
72
58
52
40
39
37
39
35
34
35
37
38
37
39
44
49
50
45
41
41
53
67
79
70
50
36
29
34
42
63
74
79
69
58
48
39
33
28
27
27
29
27
26
26
28
29
30
38
52
67
74
74
60
46
35
35
42
51
63
63
62
59
60
59
58
65
77
85
77
58
44
39
42
43
58
80
92
92
85
84
83
72
59
46
42
39
37
36
38
38
36
35
38
40
38
37
37
40
42
43
38
34
29
32
36
40
40
35
32
31
34
37
39
39
37
35
34
35
37
38
37
35
35
35
36
36
37
36
33
33
37
41
40
40
41
43
46
46
49
51
57
59
62
59
56
52
52
56
56
55
52
53
54
55
54
53
52
51
53
54
52
46
45
41
44
43
49
55
64
78
91
93
89
78
80
69
57
41
31
26
26
27
28
30
32
35
36
35
32
30
30
31
34
34
32
27
28
27
30
29
32
32
33
34
36
35
33
34
34
36
35
34
33
33
32
33
33
35
34
34
34
36
37
37
37
38
40
40
41
41
40
37
36
36
39
38
38
41
44
46
46
45
44
39
37
35
33
31
32
33
34
34
37
40
42
44
45
45
44
44
48
47
47
44
44
46
46
50
54
54
52
47
48
48
49
61
82
Figure 10. East-to-west color-image cross section depicting gamma ray variation across Arroyo field. The
section includes same wells as in Figure 2. Wells are annotated with perforations as bar along right side of
each well. Section also shows correlations of stratigraphic sequences. Cross section is part of an Excel
spreadsheet and is at the resolution of the digitized data (0.5 ft in this example). Vertical scale bar shown on
this and ensuing structural sections. No horizontal scale (wells are equally spaced). (a) [above] Structural
version of cross section with a sea level datum.
85
86
Watney et al.
87
88
Watney et al.
89
CONCLUSIONS
The stratigraphic units serve as adequate means to
classify flow units in this reservoir, with added refinements using petrofacies analysis. Petrofacies analysis
uses Pickett plots to decipher reservoir properties of
90
Watney et al.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES CITED